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A Seminar report on

Operating System
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science.

SUBMITTED TO: www.studymafia.com

SUBMITTED BY: www.studymafia.com

www.studymafia.com PREFACE
I have made this report file on the topic Operating System, I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic. My efforts and wholehearted co corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I e!press my sincere gratitude to """"..who assisting me throughout the prepration of this topic. I than# him for providing me the reinforcement$ confidence and most importantly the trac# for the topic whenever I needed it.

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INDEX
Serial no.
%. '. ). *. ,. .. /. 1. 3.

Topic
Introduction of &perating System (istory What is &perating System +unctions of &perating System -volution of &perating System Types of &perating System 0ses of &perating System 2dventage Conclusion

Page No.

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Introd ction
2n operating system is an integrated set of programs that is used to manage the various resources and overall operations of a computer system. It is designed to support the activities of a computer installation. Its prime ob4ective is to improve the performance and efficiency of a computer system and increase facility$ the ease with which a system can be used. Thus$ li#e a manager of a company$ an operating system is responsible for the smooth and efficient operation of the entire computer system. Moreover$ it ma#es the computer system user friendly. That is$ it ma#es it easier for people to interface with and ma#e use of the computer. &perating system goes by many different names$ depending on the manufacture of the computer$ other terms used to describe the operating are5 monitor$ e!ecutive$ supervisor$ controller and master controller programs.

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History
The 1940's - First Generations The earliest electronic digital computers had no operating systems. Machines of the time were so primitive that programs were often entered one bit at time on rows of mechanical switches 6plug boards7. 8rogramming languages were un#nown 6not even assembly languages7. &perating systems were unheard of . The 1950's - Second Generation By the early %3,9:s$ the routine had improved somewhat with the introduction of punch cards. The ;eneral Motors <esearch =aboratories implemented the first operating systems in early %3,9:s for their IBM /9%. The system of the ,9:s generally ran one 4ob at a time. These were called single stream batch processing systems because programs and data were submitted in groups or batches. The 1960's - Third Generation The systems of the %3.9:s were also batch processing systems$ but they were able to ta#e better advantage of the computer:s resources by running several 4obs at once. So operating systems designers developed the concept of multiprogramming in which several 4obs are in main memory at once> a processor is switched from 4ob to 4ob as needed to #eep several 4obs advancing while #eeping the peripheral devices in use. +or e!ample$ on the system with no multiprogramming$ when the current 4ob paused to wait for other I?& operation to complete$ the C80 simply sat idle until the I?& finished. The solution for this problem that evolved was to partition memory into several pieces$ with a different 4ob in each partition. While one 4ob was waiting for I?& to complete$ another 4ob could be using the C80. Fourth Generation With the development of =SI 6=arge Scale Integration7 circuits$ chips$ operating system entered in the system entered in the personal computer and the wor#station age. Microprocessor technology evolved to the point that it becomes possible to build des#top computers as powerful as the mainframes of the %3/9s. Two operating systems have dominated the personal computer scene5 MS @&S$ written by Microsoft$ Inc. for the IBM 8C and other machines using the Intel 1911 C80 and its successors$ and 0AIB$ which is dominant on the large personal computers using the Motorola .133 C80 family.

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!"at is an Operating System#

2n operating system 6sometimes abbreviated as C&SC7 is the program that$ after being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program$ manages all the other programs in a computer. The other programs are called applications or application programs. The application programs ma#e use of the operating system by ma#ing requests for services through a defined application program interface 628I7. In addition$ users can interact directly with the operating system through a user interface such as a command language or a graphical user interface 6;0I7. 2n operating system performs these services for applications5

In a multitas#ing operating system where multiple programs can be running at the same time$ the operating system determines which applications should run in what order and how much time should be allowed for each application before giving another application a turn. It manages the sharing of internal memory among multiple applications. It handles input and output to and from attached hardware devices$ such as hard dis#s$ printers$ and dial up ports. It sends messages to each application or interactive user 6or to a system operator7 about the status of operation and any errors that may have occurred. It can offload the management of what are called batch 4obs 6for e!ample$ printing7 so that the initiating application is freed from this wor#. &n computers that can provide parallel processing$ an operating system can manage how to divide the program so that it runs on more than one processor at a time.

www.studymafia.com F$NCTIONS
Today most operating systems perform the following functions5 %. 8rocessor management i.e. assignment of processors to different tas#s being performed by the computer system. '. Memory management$ that is$ allocation of main memory and other storage areas to the system programs as well as user programs and data. ). Input?output management that is coordination and assignment of different input and output devices while one or more programs are being e!ecuted. *. 2utomatic transition from 4ob to 4ob as directed by special control statements. ,. Maintenance of internal time cloc# and log of system usage foe all users. .. +acilities easy communication between the computer system and computer operator. 2n operating system performs a wide variety of 4obs. -ach of 4obs are performed by one or more computer programs and all the computer programs and all the computer programs are 4ointly #nown as an operating system. &ut of the complete operating system$ normally$ one control program resides in the main memory of the computer system. This control program is #nown as the residential program or resident routine. The other programs are stored on the dis# and are called transient programs or transient routines. The control programs transfers these programs in to the main memory and e!ecutes them as and when they are need. It may be recalled here that the capacity of the main memory of any computer system is very small as compared to its secondary storage devices. This is the reason why only the control program is stored in main memory and the rest of the operating system is stored on dis#. The effect$ besides the hardware$ each computer system consists of an operating system that enables a user to effectively use the system.The operating system tends to insolate the hardware from the user. The user communicates with the operating system$ supplies application programs and input data$ and receives output results.

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The in between software layers isolate the hardware of a computer system from its users The operating system tends to isolate the hardware from the user. The user communicates with the operating system$ supplies application programs and input data$ and receives output results.

www.studymafia.com E%O&$TION OF OPERATIN' S(STE)

It is believed the one of the first operating system was developed in the early %3,9s for the IBM /9% computers. This operating system was elementary in nature and was not so powerful as the operating system of todayDs computers. Since then$ lot of research wor# has been carried out in this direction with the result that today we have very powerful operating systems which are machine independent and can e!ecute several 4obs at a time on the same machine. The main aim of all the researchers involved in the development of operating system was to devise ways to minimiEe the idle time of the computer system and to use the computer system in the most efficient and economical way. In the early days of computers$ 4ob to 4ob transition was not automatic. +or each and every 4ob to be e!ecuted by the computer$ the operator had to clear the main memory to remove any data remaining from previous 4ob. 2fter the completion of one 4ob$ the same process had to be repeated for the ne!t 4ob by the computer operator. The automatic 4ob to 4ob transition facility provided by the operating system reduced the idle time of the computer to a great e!tent. But still$ there was another scope for reducing the idle time of C80. The speed of C80 is much more as compared to the speed of Input?output devices. (ence$ it was normally idle while a particular 4ob was busy with some input?output operation. So the ne!t attempt of operating system developers was to overcome this speed mis match by e!ecuting more than one programs at the same time.

www.studymafia.com T(PES OF OPERATIN' S(STE)

Within the broad family of operating systems$ there are generally four types$ categoriEed based on the types of computers they control and the sort of applications they support. The categories are5

*atc" Processing
Batch processing is one of the oldest methods of running programs that is still being employed by many data processing centers for processing their 4obs. It is based on the idea of automatic 4ob to 4ob transition facility provided by almost all operating systems. In a batch mode$ each user prepares his program off line and submits it at the computer centre. 2 computer operator collects the programs that have been punched on cards and stac# one 4ob on or program on top of another. When a batch of program is collected$ the operator loads this batch of programs into the computer at one time where they are e!ecuted one after another.

Real+Time

<eal time operating systems are used to control machinery$ scientific instruments and industrial systems. 2n <T&S typically has very little user interface capability$ and no end user utilities$ since the system will be a Csealed bo!C when delivered for use. 2 very important part of an <T&S is managing the resources of the computer so that a particular operation e!ecutes in precisely the same amount of time$ every time it occurs. In a comple! machine$ having a part move more quic#ly 4ust because system resources are available may be 4ust as catastrophic as having it not move at all because the system is busy.

Time s"aring
Time sharing operating system is a operating system in which available C80 time is divided into equal slots. then these slots are assigned to all the users connected to the system. any user can use the system only for the specified time slot. if he finishes his wor# within the given time slot$ thats fine but if he still got some wor# pending then he will again wait for his turn to complete the remaining wor#. The time slots of C80 are distributes to all the connected users in first come first serve basis and then their turn comes in round robin fashion. but the C80 processes info so fast that you will hardly #now when your turn comes and goes 57 generally time sharing operating system are used when a powerfull server computer serves several client computers.

Single+ ser, single tas,

2s the name implies$ this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can effectively do one thing at a time. The 8alm &S for 8alm handheld computers is a good e!ample of a modern single user$ single tas# operating system.

Single+ ser, m lti+tas,ing

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This is the type of operating system most people use on their des#top and laptop computers today. Microsoft:s Windows and 2pple:s Mac&S platforms are both e!amples of operating systems that will let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time. +or e!ample$ it:s entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the te!t of an e mail message.

) lti+ ser

2 multi user operating system allows many different users to ta#e advantage of the computer:s resources simultaneously. The operating system must ma#e sure that the requirements of the various users are balanced$ and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn:t affect the entire community of users. 0ni!$ FMS and mainframe operating systems$ such as MVS$ are e!amples of multi user operating systems. It:s important to differentiate between multi user operating systems and single user operating systems that support networ#ing. Windows '999 and Aovell Aetware can each support hundreds or thousands of networ#ed users$ but the operating systems themselves aren:t true multi user operating systems. The system administrator is the only CuserC for Windows '999 or Aetware. The networ# support and all of the remote user logins the networ# enables are$ in the overall plan of the operating system$ a program being run by the administrative user. With the different types of operating systems in mind$ it:s time to loo# at the basic functions provided by an operating system.

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$ses o- Operating System

The main use of an operating system is to ensure that a computer can be used and does e!actly what the user wants it to$ the commands that are given by the user need to be understood by the operating system that is in place do the computer or device can act accordingly. The ability to have one single operating system ma#es everything much easier as there don:t have to be too many different processes for the technology to do what it is told. 8roblems can be avoided and ta#en care of as quic#ly as possible with an operating system as it can control everything. It is simple$ if there wasn:t an operating system in place with all different types of technology$ and then they would not wor# as they are supposed to and therefore technology would not have advanced as much as it currently has. 2ll you need to #now is that the necessity of having an operating system is very important and you would not be able to have the technology wor#ing as you wanted it to without the system in place. <esources and documents are also ta#en care of by the system so there are going to be no problems when it comes to #eep important documents and using them when you need to. Gou can #eep many different resources and be sure that the operating system will ensure that they are not going to be removed by the device unless you tell it to. With an operating system you can be in complete control without any worries of the technology failing you. Without and operating system all of the computers and devices that we have would not be as resourceful or as reliable as they currently are in today:s society.

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Ad.antages
The main advantage of using an operating system is that it enables users to run their own computer without any #nowledge of coding. Without an operating system$ your hardware would not wor# at all$ until you wrote your own code for the hardware telling it what to do. 2n operating system 6&S7 is software$ consisting of programs and data that runs on computers$ managing computer hardware resources and providing services for various application software. +or hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation$ the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware$ although the application code is usually e!ecuted directly by the hardware and will frequently call the &S or be interrupted by it. &perating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer> from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers. -!amples of popular modern operating systems are5 BS@$ =inu!$ Mac &S B$ Microsoft Windows and 0AIB. 2n operating system consists of many parts. &ne of the most important components is the #ernel$ which controls low level processes that the average user usually cannot see> it controls how memory is read and written$ the order in which processes are e!ecuted$ how information is received and sent by devices li#e the monitor$ #eyboard and mouse and decides how to interpret information received from networ#s. The user interface is a component that interacts with the computer user directly$ allowing them to control and use programs. The user interface may be graphical with icons and a des#top or te!tual$ with a command line. 2pplication programming interfaces provide services and code libraries that let application developers write modular codes$ reusing well defined programming sequences in user space libraries or in the operating system itself.

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CONC&$SION
In last we can conclude that operating system ma#es the computer user friendly$ this means it ma#es it easier for people to interface with and ma#e use of the computer. 2part from that operating system performs a wide variety of 4obs. The functions of operating system are transparent to the user. The user communicates with the operating system supplies application program and input data and receives output results. This shows that operating system is very important part of computer.