Prosthodontic Terms: The Glossary of

THE GLOSSARY OF
PROSTHODONTIC
TERMS
A
Abbe flap \ab# e flap\ [Robert Abbe, New York, N.Y. surgeon, 18511928]: eponym for a lip switch operation. A triangular, full
thickness flap from the lower lip used to fill in a deficit in the
upper lip. Specifically applied to the midportion of the upper or
lower lip called also lip switch operation
A., HEALING
A.,
DENTAL
IMPLANT
A.,
INTERMEDIATE A., ONE PIECE A., PREPARATION PIECE
A., STANDARD A., TWO PIECE A.
Abbe, R. A new plastic operation for the relief of deformity due to double
harelip. Med Rec 1898;53:477.
ab duct \ab dukt#\ vt (1834): to draw away from the median plane
comp ADDUCT
ab er rant \a-ber#ant\ adj (ca. 1798) 1: a deviation from the normal or
usual course, form, or location 2: straying from the normal way
ab frac tion \ab frak#shun\ n (1991): the pathologic loss of hard
tooth substance caused by biomechanical loading forces. Such
loss is thought to be due to flexure and chemical fatigue degradation of enamel and/or dentin at some location distant from the
actual point of loadingcomp ABLATION,
ABRASION,
ATTRITION, and EROSION
ab la tion \a-bl a#shun\ n (15c) 1: separation or detachment; extirpation; eradication 2: removal of a part, especially by cuttingsee
ABFRACTION, EROSION
abrade \uh-br ad#\ vt (1677): to rub away the external covering or
layer of a partcomp ATTRITION, EROSION
abra sion \a-br a #shun\ n (1656) 1: the wearing away of a substance
or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual
or
abnormal mechanical process 2: an abnormal wearing away of
the tooth substance by causes other than masticationcomp
ATTRITION, EROSION
1
abra sive \uh-br a # siv, -ziv\ n (1853): a substance used for abrading,
smoothing, or polishing
2
abra sive \uh-br a # siv, -ziv\ adj (1875) 1: tending to abrade 2: causing irritationabra sive ly adv, abra sive ness n
ab ra si vity \uh-br a#siv--t e, -ziv--t e\ v (1998): the property of
one material to wear away another material by means of frictional
contact
absorbed dose \ab-so rbd#,-zo rbd# do s\: the amount of energy
from
ionizing radiation absorbed per unit mass of matter, expressed in
Gray units
ab sorp tance \ab-so rp#tans, -zo rp#tans\ n (ca. 1931): the ratio of
the radiant energy absorbed by a body to that incident upon it
ab sorp tion \ab-so rp#shun, -zo rp#-\ n (1741) 1: the uptake of
substances into or through tissues, e.g., mucosa, skin, and intestine
2: in radiology, the uptake of energy by matter with which the radiation interactssee A. of RADIATIONcomp ADSORPTION
absorption of radiation \ab-so rp#shun uv r a#d e- a#shun\:
collision- like interactions between the individual particulate or
quantum components of a beam of radiation and the subatomic parts
of matter that occur at random during irradiation. Each interaction may
result in partial or complete transfer of energy
abut ment \a-but#ment\ n (1634) 1: that part of a structure that directly receives thrust or pressure; an anchorage 2: a tooth, a
portion of a tooth, or that portion of a dental implant that serves to
support and/or retain a prosthesisusage see ANGULATED
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VOLUME 94 NUMBER 1
abutment analog n (2005): a replica of the superior portion of a

dental implant. Usually used to provide an exact form of the
dental implant abutment within the dental laboratory during
fabrication of a prosthesis supported in part or whole by the
dental implant
abutment clamp \a-but#ment klamp\ (1998): any device used for positioning a dental implant abutment upon the dental implant body
abutment driver n (2005): any hand instrument usually specifically
made to assist in insertion and securing of a dental implant abutment to the superior portion of a dental implant
abutment healing cap n (2005): any temporary cover used to
provide a seal over the superior portion of a dental implant; most
such covers are metallic and are intended for interim usage
following exposure of the dental implants superior surface
abutment post n (2005): that component of a dental implant abutment which extends into the internal structure of a dental implant
and is used to provide retention and/or stability to the dental implant abutment
abutment screw n (1998): that component which secures the dental
implant abutment to the dental implant body. See also
ATTACHMENT SCREW
ac cel er ant \ak-sel#a-rant#\ n (1916): a substance used to accelerate
a process (as in enhancing the speed of a chemical reaction)
ac cel er a tor \ak-sel#a-r a#ter\ n (1611) 1: a substance that speeds
a chemical reaction 2: in physiology, a nerve, muscle, or
substance
that quickens movement or response
ac cre tion \a-kr e#shun\ n (1615) 1: the process of enlargement
or growth by a gradual build-up 2: in periodontics, the
accumulation on teeth or dental implants of foreign material such
as plaque, cal- culus, and materia alba
acentric relation: see ECCENTRIC RELATION
ach ro mat ic \ak#ra-mat#k\ adj (1766) 1: lacking in hue and saturation, therefore falling into a series of colors that varies only
in lightness or brightness 2: possessing no hue; being or involving black, gray or white
achromatopsia \ a-kro #ma-top#zh e-a\ n 1: monochromatism 2: a
type
of monochromatism in which all colors are perceived as achromatic, called also achromatism, total color perception deficiency
acid etched bonded splint: see RESIN-BONDED SPLINT
acid etched bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
acid etched fixed partial denture: see RESIN-BONDED
PROSTHESIS
ac quire \a-kw r#\ vt ac quired; ac quir ing (15c) 1: to obtain
as
ones own; to come to have as a new or additional trait, characteristic or capability 2: attained with time
acquired centric: see ECCENTRIC RELATION, MAXIMAL
INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired centric occlusal position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION,
MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired centric position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION,
acquired centric
relation: see ECCENTRIC RELATION,
acquired eccentric relation \a-kw rd# k-sen#trk r-l a#shun\: any
eccentric relationship position of the mandible relative to the maxilla,
whether conditioned or learned by habit, which will bring the
teeth into contact
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THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

DENTISTRY
acquired occlusal position \a-kw rd# a-klo o #zal pa-zish#an\: the
relationship of teeth in maximum intercuspation regardless of
jaw positionsee MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acquired occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
acrylic resin \a-krl#k rez#n\ 1: pertaining to polymers of acrylic acid,
methacrylic acid, or acrylonitrile; for example, acrylic fibers or
acrylic resins 2: any of a group of thermoplastic resins made by polymerizing esters of acrylic or methylmethacrylate acids
acrylic resin base \a-krl#k rez#n b as\: a denture base made of
acrylic resin
acrylic resin veneer: usually referring to fixed dental prosthesis, the veneering or lamination of the facial and/or buccal surfaces of a
crown or fixed dental prosthesis using acrylic resin. The intention
of such veneering is to provide a natural tooth color to the
viewable portions of the restoration
activated resin obs : see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
ac ti va tor \ak#t-v a# to r\ n : a removable orthodontic prosthesis
intended to stimulate perioral muscles
ac tiv a tor \ak#t-v a# to r\ n. (1998) 1: any chemical agent which
trig- gers an initiator chemical to begin a chemical reaction. 2: a
substance used in small proportions to increase the effectiveness of
an accelerator chemical
acute closed lock \a-kyo o t# klo zd lok\: a form of
temporomandibular
joint dysfunction characterized by limitation in jaw movement
caused by anterior displacement of the intra-articular disc and associate with pain, limitation of jaw opening to 25 to 30 mm (as measured in the incisor area) and, with jaw opening, a deflection of the
mandible toward the affected joint
acute pain: pain having a brief and relatively severe course
adaptation \ad#ap-t a#shun\ n (1610) 1: the act or process of
adapting; the state of being adapted 2: the act of purposefully
adapting two surfaces to provide intimate contact 3: the
progressive adjustive changes in sensitivity that regularly
accompany continuous sensory stimulation or lack of stimulation
4: in dentistry, (a) the degree of fit between a prosthesis and
supporting structures, (b) the degree of proximity of a restorative
material to a tooth preparation, (c) the adjustment of
orthodontic bands to teeth
adaptation syndrome \ad#ap-t a#shun sn#dro m#\: a syndrome
characterized by alterations in response as an accommodation to
the environment
adaptive occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
additive color mixture \ad# -tv kul#ur mks#chur\: the perceived
color that results when the same area of the retina of the eye is illuminated by lights of different spectral distribution such as by two
colored lightscomp SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYSTEM
ad duct \a-dukt#,-a-\ vt (1836): to draw toward the median plane or
toward the axial line comp ABDUCT
ad her ence \ad-hr#ens, -enz\ n (1531): the act, quality, or action
of adhering; persistent attachment
ad he sion \ad-h e#zhun\ n (1624) 1: the property of remaining in
close proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction of
molecules to a substance or molecular attraction existing between
the surfaces of bodies in contact 2: the stable joining of parts to
each other, which may occur abnormally 3: a fibrous band or structure by which parts abnormally adherecomp CAPSULAR
FIBROSIS,
FIBROUS
A., INTRACAPSULAR A.,
MYOFIBROTIC CAPSULAR CONTRACTURE
1
ad he sive \ad-h e#siv, -ziv\ adj (1670): sticky or tenacious
2
ad he sive \ad-h e#siv, -ziv\ n (1912) 1: any substance that creates

close adherence to or on adjoining surfaces 2: a luting agentsee
DENTURE A., MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHETIC A.
adhesive capsulitis \ad-h e#siv,-ziv kap#sul- #tis\: within the
temporomandibular joint, any situation in which the disk is in normal position, joint space volume is decreased, and motion is restricted
THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

adhesive failure \ad-h e#siv,-ziv f al#yur\ (1998): bond failure at an
interface between two materials due to a tensile or shearing force
see COHESIVE FAILURE
acquired occlusal position agnosia

d
adhesive resin: any resin material with incorporated adhesive chemicals such as organophosphates, HEMA (hydroxyethyl methacrylate), or 4-META (4 methacrylethyl trimellitic anhydride); in
dentistry, it describes the luting agents used with resin bonded
prostheses
adiadochokinesia \ad# e-a do cho k n e#zha\ n : inability to
perform rapid alternating movements such as opening and
closing the jaws or lips, raising and lowering the eyebrows, or
tapping the fin- ger
adipose atrophy \ad#-po s# at#ra-f e\: reduction of fatty tissue
adjustable anterior guidance \a-just#a#bul an-tr# e-or g d#ns\: an
anterior guide on an articulator whose surface may be altered to
provide desired guidance of the articulators movement
mechanism; the guide may be programmed (calibrated) to accept
eccentric interocclusal records
adjustable articulator \a-just#a#bul
ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\:
an
articulator that allows some limited adjustment in the sagittal and
horizontal planes to replicate recorded mandibular movements
see ARTICULATOR
adjustable axis facebow: see FACE-BOW
adjustable occlusal pivot \a-just#a bul a klo o #sal pv#ot\ obs : an
occlusal pivot that may be adjusted vertically by means of a screw
or other device (GPT4)
ad just ment \a-just#mant\ n (1644) l: the act or process of modifying
physical parts 2: in dentistry, a modification made on a dental
prosthesis or natural tooth to enhance fit, function, or acceptance
by the patientsee OCCLUSAL A.
ad sorp tion \ad-so rp#shun, -zo rp#-\ n (1882): the adhesion, in
an extremely thin layer, of molecules to the surfaces of liquids
or
solids
with
which
they
are
in
contactcomp
ABSORPTIONad sorp tive adj
adult speech aid prosthesis \a-dult# sp ech ad pros-th e#ss\: a
definitive maxillofacial prosthesis which can improve speech in
adult cleft palate patients either by obturating (sealing off) a
palatal cleft or fistula, or occasionally by assisting an
incompetent soft palate. Both mechanisms are necessary to
achieve velopharyngeal competency. Editors note: Generally this
prosthesis is fabricated when no further growth is anticipated and
the objective is to achieve long term use, hence, more precise
materials
and
techniques are utilized. Occasionally such
procedures are accomplished in conjunction with precision
attachments in fixed dental prostheses undertaken on some or all
maxillary teeth, to achieve improved estheticssyn PROSTHETIC
SPEECH APPLIANCE, SPEECH AID, SPEECH BULB
af ter im age \af#ter m#j\ n (1874): in visual acuity, a prolongation
or renewal of a visual sensory experience, ascribable to residual excitation after external stimuli have ceased to operate
afterloading technique \af#ter-lo d#ing tek-n ek#\: in therapeutic
radiology, the use of applicators for brachytherapy so designed
that they may be quickly loaded with radioactive sources after
placement within the patient
agar \ a#gar#, a#gar#\ n (1889): a complex sulfated polymer of
galac- tose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum,
Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is a mucilaginous
substance that melts at approximately 100 C and solidifies into a
gel at approximately 40 C. It is not digested by most bacteria
and is used as a gelation agent in dental impression materials and
a solid culture media for microorganisms.
age atrophy \ aj at#ra-f e\: a wasting away; the normal diminution of
all tissues due to advanced age
agen e sis \ a-jen#-ss\ n (ca. 1879): absence, failure of formation,
or imperfect development of any body partsee CONDYLAR
AGENESIS
ag na thia \ag-n a#th e-a\ n : a developmental anomaly characterized
by absence of the mandible
ag no sia \ag-no #zha\ n (ca. 1900): diminution or loss of the ability
to recognize the import of sensory stimuli; the varieties
correspond DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
agnosia
analgesic
with the senses and are distinguished as auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile, and visual
ag o nist \ag#a-nst\ n (ca. 1626) 1: in physiology, a muscle that is
controlled by the action of an antagonist with which it is paired
2: in anatomy, a prime mover 3: in pharmacology, a drug that
has an affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity in cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances
air abrasion: see AIRBORNE PARTICLE ABRASION
air-bone gap \ar#bo n# gap\: in audiology, the difference in patient
acuity to sound transmitted though air and through bone that
reflects hearing loss due to middle ear dysfunction or pathology
airborne-particle abrasion \ar#bo rn# par#t-kal a-br a#zhun\: the
process of altering the surface of a material through the use of abrasive
particles propelled by compressed air or other gases
air chamber: see RELIEF AREA
air conduction \ar kon-duk#shun\: the normal process of
conducting sound waves through the ear canal to the tympanic
membrane
air dose \ar do s\: in therapeutic radiology, the amount of energy
absorbed per unit mass of tissue at a given site, in air
Akers clasp \A #kerz klasp\ [Polk E. Akers, Chicago, III, dentist]:
eponym for a one piece cast partial denture with cast clasps. He is
said to have improved and standardized the one piece casting
method for fabricating gold alloy removable partial dental
prostheses in the early 1920ssee SUPRABULGE CLASP
Akers PE Partial dentures. J Amer Dent Assoc 1928;15:717-22.
ala \ a#la\ n, pl alae (1738): a wing or a wing-like anatomic part

or processalar adj
ala nasi \a#la nas# e\ n : in anatomy, the cartilaginous processes
forming the wing-like flare of each nares
ala-tragus line \a#lah tra#gus l n\: a line running from the inferior
border of the ala of the nose to some defined point on the tragus
of the ear, usually considered to be the tip of the tragus. It is
frequently used, with a third point on the opposing tragus, for
the purpose of establishing the ala tragus plane. Ideally the alatragus plane is considered to be parallel to the occlusal plane. The
occlusal plane is at an angle of approximately 10 degrees
relative to the Frankfort horizontal plane, when viewed in the
mid-sagittal planesee CAMPERS LINE
al gi nate n (ca. 1909): see IRREVERSIBLE HYDROCOLLOID
all-ceramic restoration: see CERAMIC RESTORATION
al lo dynia \al o deen#ya\ n : pain resulting from a non-noxious
stimulus to normal skin or mucosa
al lo ge ne ic \al a jn#k\ adj (1963): in transplantation biology, denoting individuals (or tissues) that are of the same species however
antigenically distinctcalled also homologous
allogeneic graft: see HOMOGRAFT
al lo graft \al#a-graft#\ n (1964): a graft of tissue between genetically
dissimilar members of the same speciescalled also allogeneic graft
and homograft
al lo plast \al#a plast#\ n 1: an inert foreign body used for implantation
within tissue 2: a material originating from a nonliving source that
surgically replaces missing tissue or augments that which remains
alloplastic graft \al#a-plas#tk graft\: a graft consisting of an inert
material
alloplastic material \al#a-plas#tk ma-tr# e-al\: any non-biologic
material suitable for implantation as an alloplast
al loy \al#oi#, a-loi#\ n (14c): a mixture of two or more metals or metalloids that are mutually soluble in the molten state; distinguished as
binary, ternary, quaternary, etc., depending on the number of metals within the mixture. Alloying elements are added to alter the
hardness, strength, and toughness of a metallic element, thus obtaining properties not found in a pure metal. Alloys may also be
classified on the basis of their behavior when solidified usage:
see BASE METAL, NOBLE METAL

alloying element \a-loi#ng el#a-ment\ (1998): metallic or non-metallic elements added to or retained by a pure metal for the purpose of
giving that metal special properties
all-polymer prosthesis: a fixed dental prosthesis fabricated from

nonmetallic or ceramic components typically composed of an
internal glass fiber-reinforced composite framework covered by a
particulate composite resin
alpha particle \al#fa par#t-kal\ n (1903): a positively charged nuclear
particle identical with the nucleus of a helium atom that consists of
two protons and two neutrons and is ejected at high speed in certain radioactive transformations
altered cast \o l#terd kast\: a final cast that is revised in part before
processing a denture basecalled also corrected cast, modified
cast
altered cast
partial denture impression \o l#terd
kast
par#shal den#cher m-presh#an\: a negative likeness of a portion
or portions of the edentulous denture bearing area(s) made
independent of and after the initial impression of the natural teeth.
This technique employs an impression tray(s) attached to the
removable dental prosthesis framework or its likeness
aluminum oxide \a-lo o #mi-num ok#s d#\ 1: a metallic oxide
constituent of dental porcelain that increases hardness and viscosity 2: a
high strength ceramic crystal dispersed throughout a glassy phase
to increase its strength as in aluminous dental porcelain used to
fabricate aluminous porcelain crowns 3: a finely ground ceramic
particle (frequently 50 um) often used in conjunction with airborne particle abrasion of metal castings before the application of
porcelain as with metal ceramic restorations
aluminous porcelain \a-lo o #mi-nus po r#si-lin, po r#-\: a ceramic
material composed of a glass matrix phase with 35% or more of aluminum oxide, by volume
al ve o lar \al-v e#a-ler\ adj (1799): that part of the jaws where
the teeth arise
alveolar augmentation \al-v e#a-ler o g#men-t a#shun\: any
surgical procedure employed to alter the contour of the residual
alveolar ridge
alveolar bone \al-v e#a-ler bo n\: the bony portion of the mandible
or
maxillae in which the roots of the teeth are held by fibers of the
periodontal ligamentcalled also dental alveolus
alveolar crest: see RESIDUAL RIDGE CREST
alveolar mucosa \al-v e#a-ler myo o -ko #sa\: the fixed mucosal
covering of the alveolar process, loosely attached to the bone
alveolar process \al-v e#a-ler pro-ses#\: the cancellous and
compact
bony structure that surrounds and supports the teeth
alveolar reconstruction \al-v e#a-ler r e#kon-struk#shun\ : any
surgical procedure employed to recreate a severely resorbed
residual alveolar ridge
alveolar resorption: see RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION
alveolar ridge: see RESIDUAL RIDGE
al ve o lec tomy n : see OSTEOTOMY
al ve o lo plasty n : see OSTEOTOMY
al ve o lus n, pl al ve o li (ca. 1706): one of the cavities or sockets
within the alveolar process of the maxillae or mandible in which
the attachment complex held the root of a tooth after the tooths
removal
amal gam n: 1: an alloy of mercury 2: dental amalgam is an alloy of
mercury, silver, copper, and tin, which may also contain palladium,
zinc, and other elements to improve handling characteristics and
clinical performance
am bient \AM-bee-unt\ adj: existing or present on all sides; encompassing
a mor phous \a-mo r#fus\: without crystalline structure; having random arrangement of atoms in space
an al ge sia \an#al-j e z e-a,-zha\ n (ca. 1706): absence of sensibility
to pain, designating particularly the relief of pain without loss of
conDENTISTRY
sciousness
1
an al ge sic \an#al-j e# zk, -sk\ adj: relieving
pain
2
an al ge sic \an#al-j e#zk, -sk\ n : an agent that alleviates pain
without causing loss of consciousnesssee A. BLOCKING
AGENT, A. DIAGNOSTIC BLOCK

DENTISTRY
analgesic blocking agent \an#al-j e#zk blok#ing a#jent\: any
analgesic that blocks or prohibits sensory perception
analgesic diagnostic block \an#al-j e#zk d #ag-nos#tk blok\: the
selective use of a local anesthetic injection or application of a topical anesthetic to identify a pain source
an a log \an#a-lo g, -log\ n (1826) 1: in dentistry, something that
is analogous in part or whole to something else; i.e., a replica of a
portion of an implant abutment made of brass, aluminum, steel, or
plastic 2: an organ similar in function to an organ of another animal
or plant but with different structure and originspelled also analogue
an am ne sis \an#am-n e#ss\ n, pl -ne ses (ca. 1593) 1: a recalling
to
mind; a reminiscence 2: the past history of disease or injury based
on the patients memory or recall at the time of interview and examination 3: a preliminary past medical history of a medical or psychiatric patient
anatomic crown \an#a-tom#k kroun\: the portion of a natural tooth
that extends coronal from the cementoenamel junctioncalled
also anatomical crown
anatomic landmark \an#a-tom#k land#mark\: a recognizable anatomic structure used as a point of reference
anatomic occlusion \an#a-tom#k a-klo o #zhun\: an occlusal
arrangement for dental prostheses wherein the posterior
artificial teeth have masticatory surfaces that closely resemble
those of the natural healthy dentition and articulate with similar
natural or artificial surfacescalled also anatomical occlusion
anatomic teeth \an#a-tom#k t eth\ 1: artificial teeth that duplicate
the
anatomic forms of natural teeth 2: teeth that have prominent cusps
on the masticating surfaces and that are designed to articulate with
the teeth of the opposing natural or prosthetic dentition 3: anatomic teeth with cuspal inclinations greater than 0 degrees that
tend to replica natural tooth anatomyusage cusp teeth (30 to
45 degrees) are considered anatomic teeth. Modified occlusal
forms are those with a 20-degree cusp incline or lesscalled also
anatomical teeth
Boucher CO. J PROSTHET DENT 1953;3:633-56.
anatomy \a-nat#a-m e\ n, pl -mies (14c) 1: a branch of

morphology that involves the structures of organs 2: the
structural makeup esp. of an organ or any of its parts 3:
separating or dividing into parts for examinationan a tom ic
or an a tom i cal adj
ANB angle \A N B ang#gl\: in cephalometric analysis, the angle
formed between the nasion point A line and the nasion point B line
anchorage area \ang#ker-j ar# e-a\ : that area which, by its
situation, configuration and/or preparation, is suitable for the
retention of
a prosthesis
anchorage component: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
BODY
anchorage element: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
ABUTMENT ELEMENT(S)
ancillary prostheses: one of the three main categories of dental prostheses made by those in the field of prosthodontics; any prosthesis
not able to be described as either a dental prosthesis or a maxillofacial prosthesis. Examples may include guides, stents, splints, conformers, carriers and the like. Most such prostheses are intended
for short term or special usage
Anderson splint [Roger Anderson, American orthopedic surgeon,
1891-1971]: eponym for a skeletal traction splint with pins inserted into proximal and distal ends of a fractured bone.
Reduction is obtained by an external plate attached to the pins
called also BYPHASIC SPLINT
Anderson R. Ambulatory method of treating fractures of the shaft of the femur. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1936;62:865.
Andrews bridge \an#dro o s brj\: the combination of a fixed

dental
prosthesis incorporating a bar with a removable dental prosthesis
that replaces teeth within the bar area, usually used for edentulous
anterior spaces. The vertical walls of the bar may provide retention
analgesic blocking agent
angular cheilitis
for the removable component. First attributed to James Andrews,

DDS, Amite, LA
Everhart, RJ and Cavazos, E. Jr. Evaluation of a fixed removable partial denture: Andrews Bridge System. J Prosthet Dent 1983;50(2):180-4
an es the sia \an#s-th e#zha\ n (ca. 1721): loss of feeling or

sensation;
also spelled anaesthesia
anesthesia dolorosa \an#s-th e#zha do #la-ro #sa\: pain within an
area or region that is anesthetic or anesthetized
1
an es thet ic \an#s-thet#k\ adj (1846) 1: capable of producing anesthesia 2: lacking awareness or sensitivity
2
an es thet ic \an#s-thet#k\ n (1848) 1: a substance that produces
anesthesia 2: something that brings relief
angle of gingival convergence \ang#gl uv jn#ji-val, -jn-j #- kunvu r#jens\ 1: according to Schneider, the angle of gingival
convergence is located apical to the height of contour on the
abutment tooth. It can be identified by viewing the angle formed
by the tooth surface gingival to the survey line and the analyzing
rod or undercut gauge in a surveyor as it contacts the height of
contour 2: the angle formed by any surface of the tooth below
the survey line of the height of contour, with the selected path of
insertion of a prosthesis
3: the angle formed by the tooth surface below the height of contour with the vertical plane, when the occlusal surface of the tooth
is oriented parallel to the horizontal plane
Schneider RL. J Prosthet Dent 1987;58:194-6.
angle of incidence \ang#gl uv n#s-dens\: the angle formed between

the axis of a light beam and a perpendicular to the objects surface
angle of reflection \ang#gl uv r-flek#shun\: the angle formed between
the axis of a reflected light beam and a perpendicular to the objects
surface
Angles classification of occlusion \ang#gulz klas#a-f-k a#shun uv
a- klo o #shun\
[Edward
Harley
Angle,
American
orthodontist,
1855-1930]: eponym for a classification system of occlusion based
on the interdigitation of the first molar teeth originally described
by Angle as four major groups depending on the anteroposterior
jaw relationship. Class IV is no longer in use. Class I (normal
occlusion or neutrooclusion): the dental relationship in which
there is normal anteroposterior relationship of the jaws, as
indicated by correct interdigitation of maxillary and mandibular
molars, but with crowding and rotation of teeth elsewhere, i.e., a
dental dysplasia or arch length
deficiency. Class II
(distoclusion): the dental relationship in which the mandibular
dental arch is posterior to the maxillary dental arch in one or
both lateral segments; the mandibular first molar is distal to
the maxillary first molar. Class II can be further subdivided
into two divisions. Division
1: bilateral distal retrusion with a narrow maxillary arch and protruding maxillary incisors. Subdivisions include right or left (unilaterally distal with other characteristics being the same).
Division 2: bilateral distal with a normal or square-shaped maxillary arch, retruded maxillary central incisors, labially malposed
maxillary lateral incisors, and an excessive vertical overlap.
Subdivisions include right or left (unilaterally distal with other
characteristics the same). Class III (mesioocclusion): the dental relationship in which the mandibular arch is anterior to the maxillary arch in one or both lateral segments; the mandibular first
molar is mesial to the maxillary first molar. The mandibular incisors are usually in anterior cross bite. Subdivisions include
right or left (unilaterally mesial with other characteristics the
same). Class IV: the dental relationship in which the occlusal relations of the dental arches present the peculiar condition of being in distal occlusion in one lateral half and in mesial occlusion
in the other (no longer used).
Angle EM. Classification of malocclusion. Dental Cosmos 1899;41:248-64,
350-7.
angular cheilitis \ang#gya-ler k -l #ts\: inflammation of the angles
DENTISTRY
of the mouth
causing redness and the production of fissures
called also perleche

DENTISTRY
angulated abutment anti-rotation

d
angulated abutment \ang#gya-l at#d a-but#ment\ (1998): any

endosteal dental implant abutment which alters the long axis
angulation between the dental implant and the angulated dental
implant abut- mentsyn ANGLED ABUTMENT
an ky lo glos sia \ang#k-lo-glos#e-ah, -glo-sha\ n : the binding of the
tip of the tongue to the floor of the mouth or the alveolar ridge due
to abnormal attachment of the lingual frenum. This often restricts
movement of the tongue, often due to the position of the lingual
frenulum, resulting in speech impediments; may be complete or
partialcalled also adherent tongue, lingua frenata, and tongue-tie
ankylosis \ang#ki-lo #ss\ n, pl -lo ses (1713): immobility and
consol- idation of a joint or tooth due to injury, disease, or a surgical
procedure see BONY A., EXTRACAPSULAR A., FIBROUS
A.,
INTRACAPSULAR A.; spelled also anchylosis
an neal \a-n el#\ vt (1580) 1: to heat a material, such as metal or
glass, followed by controlled cooling to remove internal stresses
and create a desired degree of toughness, temper, or softness to a
material
2: to heat a material, such as gold foil, to volatilize and drive off
impurities from its surface, thus increasing its cohesive
properties. This process is termed degassing 3: to homogenize an
amalgam alloy by heating in an oven
an nu lar \an#ya-ler\ n (1571): a term used to describe a ring like anatomic structure
an o don tia \an#o -don#sh e-a\ n : a rare dental condition
characterized by congenital absence of all teeth (both deciduous
and permanent)comp HYPODONTIA, OLIGODONTIA
an o don tism n : see ANODONTIA
anomalous
trichromatic
vision
\a-nom#a-lus
tr #kro
-mat#k vzh#un\: a form of defective color vision in which three
stimuli are required for color matching, but the proportions in
which they are matched differ significantly from those required
by the normal trichromat. There are three forms of anomalous
trichromatic vision: protanomalous, deuteranomalous, and
tritanomalous
a nom a ly \a-nom#a-l e\ n, pl a nom a lies (1664) 1: something
different, abnormal, peculiar, or not easily classified 2: an
aberration or deviation from normal anatomic growth,
development, or function 3: marked deviation from the normal
standard, especially as a result of congenital defects
ANS: Acronym for Anterior Nasal Spine. The outline of the anterior
nasal spine as seen on the lateral cephalometric radiograph. It is
used as a cephalometric landmark
an tag on ist \an-tag#a-nst\ n (1599) 1: a tooth in one jaw that articulates with a tooth in the other jawcalled also dental antagonist 2: a substance that tends to nullify the actions of
another, as a drug that binds to cell receptors without eliciting
a biologic response 3: a muscle whose action is the direct opposite of another muscle
Antes Law [Irwin H: Ante, Toronto, Ontario Canada, dentist]: eponym, in fixed dental prosthodontics, for the observation that the
combined pericemental area of all abutment teeth supporting a
fixed dental prosthesis should be equal to or greater in pericemental
area than the tooth or teeth to be replaced; as formulated for removable dental prosthodontics, the combined pericemental area
of the abutment teeth plus the mucosa area of the denture base
should be equal to or greater than the pericemental area of the
missing teeth
Ante IH. The fundamental principles, design and construction of crown and
bridge prosthesis. Dent Item Int 1928;50:215-32.
an te ri or \an-tr# e-or\ adj (1541) 1: in front of or the front part;

situated in front of 2: the forward or ventral position 3: a term used to
denote the incisor or canine teeth or the forward region of the
mouth
anterior disk displacement: see DISK DISPLACEMENT

anterior guidance \an-tr# e-or g d#ns\ 1: the influence of the
contacting surfaces of anterior teeth on tooth limiting
mandibular movements 2: the influence of the contacting
surfaces of the guide pin and anterior guide table on articulator
movementsusage see
ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE 3: the fabrication of a relationship

of the anterior teeth preventing posterior tooth contact in all eccentric mandibular movementssee ANTERIOR PROTECTED
ARTICULA-TION, GROUP FUNCTION, MUTUALLY
PROTECTED ARTICULATION
anterior guide: see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
anterior guide pin \an-tr# e-or g d pn\: that component of an
articulator, generally a rigid rod attached to one member,
contacting the anterior guide table on the opposing member. It is
used for the purpose of maintaining the established vertical
separation. The anterior guide pin and table, together with
the condylar elements, direct the movements of the articulators
separate members
anterior guide table \an-tr# e-or g d t a#bl\: that component of an
articulator on which the anterior guide pin rests to maintain the occlusal vertical dimension and influence articulator movements. The
guide table influences the degree of separation of the casts in all
relationshipssee also ANTERIOR PROGRAMMING
DEVICE
anterior nasal spine \an-tr# e-or n a#zal sp n\: a sharp median
bony
process, adjacent to the inferior margin of the anterior aperture
of the nose, formed by the forward prolongation of the two maxillae
anterior open bite (obs): see ANTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSAL
RELATIONSHIP
anterior open occlusal relationship \an-tr# e-or o #pen a-klo o
#zal r- l a#shen-shp#\: the lack of anterior tooth contact in any
occluding position of the posterior teeth
anterior programming device \an-tr# e-or pro #gram ng d-v s#\:
an
individually fabricated anterior guide table that allows mandibular
motion without the influence of tooth contacts and facilitates the
recording of maxillomandibular relationships; also used for deprogrammingsee also deprogrammer
anterior protected articulation \an-tr# e-or pro -tek#td artk#yal a#shun\: a form of mutually protected articulation in which
the vertical and horizontal overlap of the anterior teeth
disengages the posterior teeth in all mandibular excursive
movementssee CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
anterior reference point \an-tr# e-or ref#er-ens, ref#rens point\:
any
point located on the midface that, together with two posterior reference points, establishes a reference plane
anterior teeth \an-tr# e-or t eth\: the maxillary and mandibular
incisors
and canines
anterior tooth arrangement \an-tr# e-or to o th a-ranj#ment\:
the positioning of the anterior teeth for esthetics and phonetics
anterior tooth form \an-tr# e-or to o th form\: the outline form
as
viewed in any selected plane or/and other contours of an anterior
tooth
anteroposterior curve \an-ter-o-po-str# e-or ku rv\: the
anatomic
curve established by the occlusal alignment of the teeth, as projected onto the median plane, beginning with the cusp tip of the
mandibular canine and following the buccal cusp tips of the premolar and molar teeth, continuing through the anterior border of the
mandibular ramus, ending with the anterior most portion of the
mandibular condyle. First described by Ferdinand Graf Spee,
German anatomist, in 1890see CURVE OF SPEE
antiflux \an#t e-fluks#\ n : materials that prevent or confines solder
attachment or flow
an ti me tab o lite \an#t e-ma-tab#a-l t\ n (1945): a substance
that competes with, replaces, or antagonizes
a particular
metabolite
anti-Monson DENTISTRY
curve: see REVERSE CURVE
an ti neo plas tic \an#t e-n e#a-plas#tk\ adj (1969) 1: inhibiting

or preventing the development of neoplasms; inhibiting the
maturation and proliferation of malignant cells 2: an agent
having such properties
antineoplastic drug \an#t e-n e#a-plas#tk drug\: an agent used in
treatment or palliation of the symptoms of cancer
anti-rotation \an#t e-ro -t a#shun\ (1998): a structural feature of
some endosteal dental implant components that prevents
relative

DENTISTRY
rotation of fastened parts. This feature may exist between a dental
implant body and the dental implant abutment, and/or the dental
implant abutment and dental implant abutment element(s)
an ti tra gus \an#t-tra#gus\ n, pl an ti tra gi: a projection of the cartilage of the auricle in front of the cauda helicis, just above the lobule and posterior to the tragus, from which it is separated by the
inter tragal notch
ap at ite \ap#a-t t#\ n (1803): calcium phosphate of the
composition
Ca5(PO4)3OH; one of the mineral constituents of teeth and bones
(with Ca CO3)
apertognathia: a condition in which the anterior or posterior teeth
are not in contact. See OPEN BITE; OPEN OCCLUSAL
RELATIONSHIP
ap er ture \ap#er-chur\ n (15c): an opening or open space; a hole
apex \ a#peks#\ n, pl apex es or api ces (1601) 1: the uppermost
point;
the vertex 2: in dentistry, the anatomic end of a tooth root
apha gia \a f a#j e-a, -ja\ n : inability to swallow; abstention from
eating apha sia \a-f a#zha\ n (1867): defect or loss of the power of
expression by writing, speech or signs, or of comprehending written or
spoken
language due to disease of or injury to the brain
apho nia \ a-fo #n e-a\ n. (1778): loss or absence of voice as a result
of the failure of the vocal cords to vibrate properly
api cal \ap#-kal, - a#p-\ adj (1828): of, relating to or pertaining to
the
top or apexapi cal ly adv
a plastic \ a-plas#tk\ adj : devoid of form; without development
apho nia \ a-fo #n e-a\ n (1778): loss or absence of voice as a result
of the failure of the vocal cords to vibrate properly
apla sia \a-pl a#zha, -zh e-\ n : defective development or congenital
absence of an organ or tissue
ap pli ance n, slang, obs (1561): see DEVICE, RESTORATION,
PROSTHESIS
ap posi tion \ap#a-zsh#un\ n (15c): the condition of being placed or
fitted together; in juxtaposition or coadaptation
ap prox i ma tion \a-prok#si-m a#shun\ n (15c) 1: the process
of drawing together 2: the quality of being close or near
ap prox i ma tive adj
aprax ia \ a-prak#s e-a\ n (1888): the loss of ability to carry out
familiar, purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or other
sensory
or motor impairment, especially the inability to make proper use of
an object
apron n, obs : see LINGUAL PLATE
arc of closure \ark uv klo #zhur\: the circular or elliptic arc created by
closure of the mandible, most often viewed in the mid-sagittal
plane, using a reference point on the mandible (frequently either
mandibular central incisors mesial incisal edge)
arc therapy \ark ther#a-p e\: in therapeutic radiology, external beam
radiation in which the source of radiation is moved about the patient
on an arc during treatment. Multiple arcs may be used. In some
cases the beam is stationary and the patient is rotated in a vertical
plane
arch bars \arch barz\: a rigid bar or/and wire used for
intermaxillary
fixation in treatment of fractures of the maxillae and mandible
and/or stabilization of injured teeth, generally attached to the remaining natural dentition and/or occlusal splints
arch form \arch form\: the geometric shape of the dental arch
when
viewed in the horizontal plane (square, tapering, ovoid, etc.)

arch length discrepancy \arch lengkth d-skrep#ens-s e\: the
abnormal relationship between the size of the mandible and/or
maxilla and their component teeth, especially as viewed and
analyzed in the occlusal plane
arch wire \arch-w r\ n : an orthodontic wire placed intraorally for
the application of force
ar con \ar#kon\ n : a contraction of the words ARTICULATOR and
CONDYLE, used to describe an articulator containing the condylar path elements within its upper member and the condylar elements within the lower member
anti-rotation articulator
d
arcon articulator \ar#kon ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\: an articulator that

applies the arcon design; this instrument maintains anatomic
guidelines by the use of condylar analogs in the mandibular element
and fossae assemblies within the maxillary element
arrow point tracer \ar#o point tr a#ser\ 1: a mechanical device used
to trace a pattern of mandibular movement in a selected plane
usually parallel to the occlusal plane 2: a mechanical device
with a marking point attached to one jaw and a graph plate or
tracing plane attached to the other jaw. It is used to record the
direction and range of movements
of the mandiblesee
GOTHIC ARCH TRACER
arrow point tracing: see STYLUS TRACING
ar thral gia \ar-thral#ja, -j e-a\ n (ca. 1848): pain in a joint or joints
ar thri tis \ar-thr #tis\ n (14c): inflammation of a joint or joints
arthrodial joint \ar-thro #d e al joint\: a joint that allows gliding
motion
of the surfaces
arthrodial movement \ar-thro #d e al mo o v#ment\: gliding joint
movement
ar throg ra phy \ar-throp#a-th e\ n 1: roentgenography of a joint
after injection of an opaque contrast material 2: in dentistry, a
diagnostic
technique that entails filling the lower, upper, or both joint spaces
of the temporomandibular joint with a contrast agent to enable radiographic evaluation of the joint and surrounding structures; used
to diagnose or confirm disk displacements and perforations
ar throp a thy n (ca. 1860): a disease of a joint
ar thro plas ty \ar-thro #plas-t e\ n : the surgical formation or
reformation of a joint
ar thro sis \ar-thro #ss\ n (1634) 1: a joint or articulation 2: a
disease of a joint
ar tic u lar \ar tk#ya-ler\ adj (15c): of or relating to a joint
articular capsule \ar tk#ya-ler kap#sel\: the fibrous ligament that
enc- loses a joint and limits its motion. It is lined with the synovial
membrane
articular cartilage \ar tk#ya-ler kar#tl-j\: a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage located on the joint surfaces of some bones not
found on the articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joints
which is covered with an avascular fibrous tissue
articular disc: a ring of fibrocartilage that separates the articular surfaces of a joint
articular temporomandibular joint disk: see DISK
1
ar tic u late \ar-tk#ya-l at#\ vb (1691) 1: to join together as a joint
2: the relating of contacting surfaces of the teeth or their artificial
replicas in the maxillae to those in the mandible
2
ar tic u late \ar-tk#ya-l at#, -lt\ adj (1586): in speech, to
enunciate
clearly or be clearly spoken
articulating paper \ar-tk#ya-l at#ing p a#per\: ink-coated paper
strips used to locate and mark occlusal contacts
ar tic u la tion \ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\ n (15c) 1: the place of union
or
junction between two or more bones of the skeletonsee
CRANIOMANDIBULAR A., TEMPOROMANDIBULAR A.
2: in speech, the enunciation of words and sentencessee
SPEECH A. 3: in dentistry, the static and dynamic contact relationship between the occlusal surfaces of the teeth during functionsee ANTERIOR PROTECTED A., BALANCED A.,
DENTAL
A., FUNCTIONAL A., MONO-PLANE
A.,
MUTUALLY PROTECTED A.
ar tic u la tor \ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\ n : a mechanical instrument that
represents the temporomandibular joints and jaws, to which maxillary
and mandibular casts may be attached to simulate some or all mandibular movementsusage: articulators are divisible into four classes. Class I articulator: a simple holding instrument capable of
accepting a single static registration; vertical motion is possible
DENTISTRYA. Class II articulator: an instrument

see NONADJUSTABLE
that permits horizontal as well as vertical motion but does not
orient the motion to the temporomandibular joints. Class III
articulator: an instrument that simulates condylar pathways by
using averages or mechanical equivalents for all or part of the
motion; these instru-

DENTISTRY
articulator autopolymer
d
ments allow for orientation of the casts relative to the joints and
may be arcon or nonarcon instrumentssee SEMI-ADJUSTABLE A. Class IV articulator: an instrument that will accept three
dimensional dynamic registrations; these instruments allow for orientation of the casts to the temporomandibular joints and simulation of mandibular movementssee FULLY ADJUSTABLE A.,
FULLY ADJUSTABLE GNATHOLOGIC A.
ar ti fact \ar#ti-fakt#\ n (1821) 1: any characteristic product of
human
activity, i.e., any hand-made object that could represent a
particular culture or stage in its technologic development 2: a
product of an artificial character due to extraneous agencyused
in medicine to signify details or conditions that are misleading or
unnatural due to imperfect materials or techniques
artificial crown \ar#ti-fish#al kroun\: a metal, plastic, or ceramic
restoration that covers three or more axial surfaces and the occlusal surface or incisal edge of a tooth
artificial denture: see COMPLETE DENTURE
artificial stone: see DENTAL STONE
asep sis \a-sep#ss, a-\ n (1892) 1: free from infection 2: the
prevention of contact with microorganisms
asep tic \a-sep#tk, a-\ adj (ca 1859): free of infection or septic
material; sterile; free from pathogenic microorganismsasep ti cal ly
adv
asym met ri cal \ a#s-met#r-kal\ adj (1690): characterized by or
pertaining to asymmetry
asym me try \ a-sm#-tr e\ n (1690): absence or lack of symmetry
or
balance; dissimilarity in corresponding parts or organs on opposite
sides of the body
asymmetry of movement \ a-sm#-tr e uv mo o v#mant\: the
condition
observed when mandibular movement has a lateral component
on opening and closing, especially when viewed in the frontal plane
asymmetry of the mandible \ a-sm#-tr e uv the man#di-bul\: the
condition that exists when the right and left sides of the mandible
are
not mirror images of one another
atrophic fracture \a trof#k frak#cher\: spontaneous fracture due to
atrophy
at ro phy \at#ra-f e\ n, pl -phies (1601) 1: a wasting away 2: a
diminution in size of a cell, tissue, organ or partatro phic adj
atro phy vbsee ADIPOSE A., AGE A., BONE A., DISUSE
A., MUSCULAR A., POSTMENOPAUSAL A., SENILE A.
attached gingival \a-tachd# jn#ja-va, jn#j -\: the portion of the
gingiva that is firm, dense, stippled, and tightly bound to the underlying periosteum, bone, and tooth
attachment \a-tach#ment\ n (15c) 1: a mechanical device for the fixation, retention, and stabilization of a prosthesis 2: a retainer consisting of a metal receptacle and a closely fitting part; the former
(the female {matrix} component) is usually contained within the
normal or expanded contours of the crown of the abutment tooth
and the latter (the male {patrix} component), is attached to a pontic or the denture frameworksee FRICTIONAL A., INTERNAL
A., KEY and KEYWAY A., PARALLEL A., PRECISION A.,
RESILIENT A., SLOTTED A.
attachment apparatus \a-tach#ment ap#a-r a#tus, -rat#us\: in
periodontics, a general term used to designate the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
attachment screw (1998): any component used to secure a fixed dental prosthesis to the dental implant abutment(s). See also
ABUTMENT SCREW

attenuation of radiation \a-ten#yo o - a#shun uv r a#d e- a#shun\:
the reduction in intensity of radiation as a result of scattering and
absorption of radiation. Attenuation of electron beams always
lowers the average beam energy
attrition \a-trsh#un\ n (14c) 1: the act of wearing or grinding down by
friction 2: the mechanical wear resulting from mastication or parafunction, limited to contacting surfaces of the teethcomp
ABRASION, EROSION
atypical facial pain \ a-tp#-kul f a#shul p an\: a painful syndrome

characterized by dull aching or throbbing, rather than
paroxysms of pain, such as seen in trigeminal, glossopharyngeal,
or postherpetic neuralgia, occurring in areas supplied by various
nerve groups, including the fifth and ninth cranial nerves and the
second and third cervical nerves. The distribution of atypical facial
pain does not follow the established pathways of innervation of
the major sensory nerves, however (i.e., trigeminal neuralgia).
Attacks last from a few days to several months and often occur
after dental care or sinus manipulation, but examination of the
teeth, nose, sinuses, ears, and temporomandibular joints seldom
reveals any abnormalities. A psy- chogenic or vascular etiology has
been suggested. This is believed by some to not be a specific
disease entity but rather a symptom, the etiology of which has not
been determinedcalled also atypical facial neuralgia and facial
causalgia
au dio gram \o #d e-o -gram\ n (1927): a record of the thresholds
of hearing of an individual over various sound frequencies
au di ol o gy \o #d e-ol-a-j e\ n (1946): the study of the entire
field of hearing, including the anatomy and function of the ear,
impairment of hearing, and the education or reeducation of the
person with hearing loss
au di om e ter \o #d e-om#-ter\ n (1879): an instrument used to
assess
hearing at various intensity levels and frequencies
au di tion \o -dsh#un\ n (1599): the power or sense of hearing
auditory discrimination \o #d-to r# e, -to r# e- d-skrm#a-n
a#shun\: ability to discriminate between sounds of different
frequency, intensity, and pressure pattern components; ability
to distinguish one speech sound from another
aug ment \o g-ment#\ vb (15c): to make greater, more
numerous, larger, or more intense
aug men ta tion \o g#men-t a#shun\ n (14c): to increase in size
beyond the existing size. In alveolar ridge augmentation, bone
grafts or alloplastic materials are used to increase the size of an
atrophic alveolar ridge
auricular defect \o -rk#ya-lar d e#fekt#, d-fekt#\: absence or partial
absence of the external ear
auricular prosthesis \o -rk#ya-ler pros-th e#ss\: a removable
maxillofacial prosthesis that artificially restores part or the
entire natural earcalled also artificial ear, ear prosthesis
auriculotemporal syndrome \o -r-ku -lo -tem#pral sn#dro m\:
sweating and flushing in the preauricular and temporal areas when certain foods are eaten
aus cul ta tion \o #skal-t a#shun\ n (ca. 1828): the process of
determining the condition of various parts of the body by
listening to the
sounds they emit
au tog e nous \o -toj#a-nus\ adj (1846): originating or derived
from sources within the same individual; self-produced; selfgenerated; autologous
autogenous graft \o -toj#a-nus graft\: a graft taken from the
patients
own bodycalled also autograft
auto glaze v: the production of a glazed surface by raising the
temperature of a ceramic to create surface flowcomp
OVERGLAZE
au to graft \o #ta-graft\ n (ca.1913): a graft of tissue derived from
another site in or on the body of the organism receiving itcalled
also
autochthonous graft, autologous graft, and autoplast
au tol o gous \o -tol#o -gus\ (ca. 1921) 1: related to self;
designating products or components of the same individual
organism 2: autogenous
autonomic nervous
DENTISTRY
system \o #ta-nom#k nu r#vus ss#tam\: the part
of
the nervous system that enervates the cardiovascular, digestive, reproductive, and respiratory organs. It operates outside of consciousness and controls basic life-sustaining functions such as
heart rate, digestion, and breathing. It includes the sympathetic
nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
au to poly mer \o #to -pol#a-mer\ n : a material that polymerizes
by chemical reaction without external heat as a result of the
addition
of an activator and a catalystau to poly mer i za tion vb

DENTISTRY
auto polymerizing resin \o #to -pol-a-mer- #zing rez#n\: a resin
whose polymerization is initiated by a chemical activator
average axis facebow \av#er-j, av#rj ak#ss f as bo \: a device used to
relate the maxillary cast to the condylar elements of an articulator using average anatomic landmarks to estimate the position of the
transverse horizontal axis on the face.
average value articulator \av#rj val#yo o ar-tk#ya-l a#ter\: an
articulator that is fabricated to permit motion based on mean mandibular
movementscalled also Class III articulator
avul sion \a-vul#shun\ n (1622): a forcible separation or detachment,
as in a tearing away of a body part surgically or accidentally
avulsion fracture \a-vul#shun frak#cher\: a tearing away or traumatic
separation of a part of a bone
axial contour: the shape of a body that is in its long axis
axial inclination \ak#s e-al n#kla n a#shun\ 1: the relationship of
the long axis of a body to a designated plane 2: in dentistry, the
alignment of the long axis of a tooth to a selected plane, often
the horizontal plane
axial loading \ak#s e-al lo #dng\: the force directed down the long
axis
of a body Editorial noteUsually used to describe the force of
occlusal contact upon a natural tooth, dental implant or other
object, axial loading is best described as the force down the long
axis of the tooth or whatever body is being described. Loading the
axis is an error in syntax
axial reduction: the amount of tooth removal (alteration, preparation) along its long axiscomp INCISAL REDUCTION,
OCCLUSAL REDUCTION
axial surface: the exterior of a body that is oriented in its long axis
axial wall: 1: the side of a body that is in its long axis 2: in dentistry,
the surface of a tooth preparation that is in its long axis
ax is \ak#ss\ n, pl ax es (14c): a line around which a body may rotate
or about which a structure would turn if it could revolvesee
CONDYLAR
A.,
SAGITTAL
A.,
TRANSVERSE
HORIZONTAL A., VERTICAL A.
axis of preparation \ak#ss uv prep#a-r a#shun\: the planned line
or
path of placement and removal for a dental restoration
axis orbital plane \ak#ss o r#b tal pl an\: the horizontal plane
established by the transverse horizontal axis of the mandible with
a point on the inferior border of the right or left bony orbit
(orbitale). This plane can be used as a horizontal reference point
ax le \ak#sul\ n (14c): a rigid shaft or rod that directs rotary motion
B
back pressure porosity \bak presh#er pa-ros#-t e\: porosity
produced in dental castings thought to be due to the inability of
gases in the mold to escape during the casting procedure
back ing \bak#ng\ n (1793): a metal support that attaches a veneer to
a prosthesis
back scat ter or back scat ter ing n (1940): see SCATTERED
RADIATION
balanced articulation \bal ansd ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: the bilateral,
simultaneous, anterior, and posterior occlusal contact of teeth in centric
and eccentric positionssee CROSS ARCH B.A., CROSS
TOOTH B.A.
balanced bite: see BALANCED ARTICULATION
balanced occlusal contact: see NONWORKING SIDE OCCLUSAL
CONTACTS
balanced occlusion: see BALANCED ARTICULATION
balancing condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
balancing contact: see BALANCING OCCLUSAL CONTACT
balancing interference \bal#ans ng n#ter-fear#ans\: undesirable contact(s) of opposing occlusal surfaces on the nonworking side
balancing occlusal
contact: see NONWORKING SIDE

OCCLUSAL CONTACTS
balancing occlusal surfaces \bal#ans ng a klo o #zal su r#fas es\ obs :
the
occluding surfaces of dentures on the balancing side (antero poste-
auto polymerizing resin
Beilby layer
riorly or laterally) that are developed for the purpose of stabilizing

dentures (GPT-4)
balancing side obs : see NONWORKING SIDE
bar \bar\ n (12c): a straight or curvolinear piece of metal or wood
that is longer than it is wide. It may have several uses including a
lever, barrier, fastener, handle, or support. In prosthodontics, it
serves to connect two or more parts of a removable dental
prosthesis or fixed dental prosthesisusage see B. CONNECTOR
bar clasp \bar klasp\: a clasp retainer whose body extends from a major
connector or denture base, passing adjacent to the soft tissues and
approaching the tooth from a gingivo-occlusal direction
bar clasp arm: see BAR CLASP
bar connector \bar ka-nek#tor\: a metal component of greater length
than width that serves to connect the parts of a removable partial
dentureusage see LABIAL B.C., LINGUAL B.C., PALATAL
B.C.
bar retainer \bar r-t a#ner\ obs : a metal bar usually resting on
lingual surfaces of teeth to aid in their stabilization and to act as
indirect retainers (GPT-4)see BAR CONNECTOR
basal \b a#sal, -zal\ adj (1828): pertaining to or situated near the base
basal bone \b a#sak bo n\: the osseous tissue of the mandible and
maxillae exclusive of the alveolar process
basal seat: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
basal surface: see DENTURE BASE
1
base \b as\ vt (1587): the act of placing a lining material under a
dental restoration
2
base \b as\ n (14c): any substance placed under a restoration that
blocks out undercuts in the preparation, acts as a thermal or chemical barrier to the pulp, and/or controls the thickness of the overlying restorationcalled also base materialusage: adjectives such
as insulating b., therapeutic b. may also be used
3
base \b as\ n (19c): the portion of a denture that supports the artificial
dentition and replaces the alveolar structures and gingival tissuessee DENTURE B.
base material \b as ma-tr# e-al\ obs : any substance of which a
denture
base may be made, such as acrylic resin, vulcanite, polystyrene, or
metal (GPT-4)
base metal \b as met#l\ : any metallic element that does not resist
tarnish and corrosionsee NOBLE METAL
base metal alloy \bas met#l al#oi#\: an alloy composed of metals that
are not noble
baseplate \b as#pl at\ n : a rigid, relatively thin layer of wax, shellac,
or thermoplastic (heat, chemical, photo activated) polymer
adapted over edentulous surfaces of a definitive cast to form a
base which, together with an attached occlusion rim made of wax
or similar material, serves as the record base see RECORD
BASE
baseplate wax \b as#pl at waks\: a hard wax used for making
occlusion rims, waxing dentures, and other dental procedures
basket endosteal dental implant \bas#kt en#da-st el# den#tl
m- plant\: a perforated, cylindric, endosteal dental implant, the
implant body of which is designed in the form of single,
double, and/or triple contiguous cylinder(s)
bead-brush technique: a method of applying an auto polymerizing
resin mix to a surface whereby a brush tip is first dipped in liquid
monomer and then polymer powder forming a small bead that is
incrementally applied to form the desired shape
beading \b e#dng\: creating an irregular surface by means of
stipples, dots, speckles, or the like
beam \b em\ n, obs : a term once used instead of bar with specific
reference to the bar connectorusage included cantilever beam,
continuous beam, simple beam (GPT-4)
bees wax n (1676): a low-melting wax obtained from honeycomb and
used as an ingredient of many dental impression waxes
Beilby layer [Sir George Thomas Beilby, British chemist, 18501924]: eponym for the molecular disorganized surface layer of a
highly polished metal. A relatively scratch-free microcrystalline
surface produced by a series of abrasives of decreasing coarseness.

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
Beilby layer bolus

d
Beilby GT. Aggregation and flow of solids, 1921.
bench set \bench set\: a stage of resin processing that allows a

chemical reaction to occur under the conditions present in the
ambient environment; also used to describe the continuing
polymerization of impression materials beyond the manufactures
stated set time
Bennett angle \Ben#et ang#gal\ obs : the angle formed between the
sagittal plane and the average path of the advancing condyle as viewed
in the horizontal plane during lateral mandibular movements
(GPT-4)
Bennetts movement [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental
surgeon, 1870-1947]: see LATEROTRUSION
Bennett NG. A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible.
Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
Bennetts side shift [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental

surgeon,
1870-1947]: see MANDIBULAR
LATERAL
TRANSLATION
Bennett NG A contribution to the study of the movements of the mandible.
Proc Roy Soc Med (Lond) 1908;1:79-98 (Odont Section)
1
bevel \bev#al\ n (1611): a slanting edge

bevel \bev#al\ vt : the process of slanting the finish line and curve of
a tooth preparation
Bezold-Brucke effect [Helmholtz, 1867]: the apparent change in hue
that accompanies a change in luminance
B.I.D.: acronym for L. Bis In Die, twice a day
bifid condyle \b #fd kon#d l#, -dl#\: a condylar anomaly where an
ex- aggerated central depression exists
bi fur ca tion \b #fur-k a#shu\ n (1615) 1: division into two
branches
2: the site where a single structure divides into two parts, as in two
roots of a tooth
bilaminar zone: see RETRODISCAL TISSUE
bi lat er al \b -lat#er-al\ adj (1775): having or pertaining to two sides
bilateral balanced articulation: also termed balanced articulation,
the bilateral, simultaneous anterior and posterior occlusal contact
of teeth in centric and excentric positions
bilateral distal extension removable partial denture \b -lat#er-al
ds#tal k-sten#shun r-mo o #va-bal par#shal den#chur\: a
removable dental prosthesis replacing the distal most tooth or
teeth on each side of one arch of the mouthsee KENNEDY
CLASSIFICATION
OF
REMOVABLE
PARTIAL
DENTURES
bimanual manipulation technique: a method for placement of the
mandible using both thumbs on the chin and the fingers on the inferior border of the mandible to guide the jaw into centric relation.
First described by Peter Dawson, DDS, St. Petersburg, FL
2
Dawson PE Temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction problems can be

solved. J Prosthet Dent 1973;29: 100-12
bimaxillary protrusion \b -mak#sa-ler# e pro -tro o #zhen\: a

simultaneous dental or skeletal protrusion of both the maxillary and mandibular jaws and/or teeth
bi meter \b -m e#ter\ n (20c): a gnathodynamometer equipped
with
a
central
bearing
plate
of
adjustable
heightsee
GNATHODYNAMOMETER
bio ac cept ability \b #o -ak-sep#ta-bl#-t e#\ (1998): the quality
of compatibility in a living environment in spite of adverse or unwanted side effects
bio com pat i ble \b #o -kom-pat#a-bal\ adj : capable of existing
in
harmony with the surrounding biologic environment
bio feed back \b #o -f ed#bak#\ n (1971) 1: the process of furnishing
an individual information, usually in an auditory or visual mode,
on the state of one or more physiologic variables such as blood
pressure, skin temperature muscle tonus or heart rate; this

procedure often enables an individual to gain some voluntary
control over the variable being sampled 2: the instrumental
process or technique of learning voluntary control over
automatically regulated body functions
bio
functional orthopedics: see FUNCTIONAL JAW
ORTHOPEDICS
bio in te gra tion \b #o -in#t-gr a#shun\ n (1998): the benign

acceptance of a foreign substance by living tissue see
OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
biologic width \b #a-loj#-kal\ (1998): the combined width of connective tissue and junctional epithelial attachment formed adjacent to a
tooth and superior to the crestal bone
Gargiulo, AW et al J Periodontology 1961; 32:261-267
Cohen, DW. Lecture at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, June 3, 1962
bio ma te ri al \b #o -ma-tr# e-al\ n (1966): any substance other

than a drug that can be used for any period of time as part of a
system that treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or
function of the body
bio me chan ics \b #o -m-kan#iks\ n, pl but sing or pl in
constr
(1933) 1: the application of mechanical laws to living structures,
specifically the locomotor systems of the body 2: the study of
biology from the functional viewpoint 3: an application of the
principles of engineering design as implemented in living organismssee also DENTAL B
bi om e try n (1831): the science of the application of statistical methods to
biologic facts, as the mathematical analysis of biologic data
bi op sy n, pl -sies (1895): the removal of tissue for histologic examination and diagnosis
bio sta tis tics \b #o -sta-ts#tks\ n, pl but sing in constr (1950):
the science of the application of statistical methods to biologic
facts, as the mathematical analysis of biologic datasee
BIOMETRY
biphasic pin fixation \b #o -f az#k pn fk-s a#shun\: the use of
external
pin fixation in the treatment of bone fractures
Bis-GMA: acronym for BISPHENOL-A GLYCIDYL DIMETHACRYLATE
Bisphenol-A glycidyl dimethacrylate: a high molecular weight resin
constituent of most dental composite resins
biscuit
bite
slang
:
see
MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
bisque bake \bsk b ak\ : a series of stages of maturation in the firing
of
ceramic materials relating to the degree of pyro chemical reaction
and sintering shrinkage occurring before vitrification (glazing)
called also biscuit bake
bite \b t\ vb, obs : the act of incising or crushing between the teethsee
OCCLUSION RECORD
bite analysis: see OCCLUSAL ANALYSIS
bite block: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bite closing: see DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite guard: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
bite opening: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite plane: see OCCLUSAL PLANE
bite plate: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
bite raising: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
bite rim: see OCCLUSION RIM, RECORD RIM
biting force: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
biting pressure: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
biting strength: see OCCLUSAL FORCE
black triangle: see INTERDENTAL GINGIVAL VOID
blade endosteal dental implant \bl ad en-dos-t e#al den#tl m-plant\:
a faciolingual narrowed, wedge-shaped dental implant body with
openings or vents through which tissue may grow
blade implant: see BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
block out \blok out\ adj : 1: elimination of undesirable undercuts on a
cast, 2: the process of applying wax or another similar temporary
substance to undercut portions of a cast so as to leave only those
undercuts essential to the planned construction of a prosthesis. A
blocked out cast may also include other surface modifications
DENTISTRY
needed relative
to the construction of the prosthesis
bo lus \bo #lus\ n (1562): a rounded mass, as a large pill or soft mass
of
chewed food

DENTISTRY
blowout fracture \blo #out frak#chur\: coll expression for a fracture
of the orbital floor caused by a sudden increase in intraorbital
pressure due to traumatic force
board-certified prosthodontist \bo rd-su r#ta-f d pros#thadon#tst\:
in the United States, as defined by the American Board of
Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist who has passed the certifying examination administered by the American Board of Prosthodontics
board-eligible prosthodontist \bo rd-el#-ja-bal pros#tha-don#tst\:
in the United States, as defined by the American Board of
Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist whose application for examination for certification is current and has been accepted for examination by the American Board of Prosthodontics
body porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the bulk of a ceramic
restorationcomp INCISAL PORCELAIN, GINGIVAL
PORCELAIN
boil out: see WAX ELIMINATION
Boley gauge: a caliper-type sliding gauge used for measuring thickness
and linear dimension
bond \bond\ n (12c) 1: the linkage between two atoms or radicals of a
chemical compound 2: the force that holds two or more units of
matter
togethersee
SECONDARY
BONDS,
VANDERWALLS BOND
bond strength \bond strengkth, strength\: the force required to break
a bonded assembly with failure occurring in or near the adhesive/
adherens interface
bonded bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
bond ing \bon#dng\ n (1976) 1: joining together securely with an
adhesive substance such as cement or glue 2: the procedure of
using an adhesive, cementing material or fusible ingredient to
combine, unite, or strengthen 3: an adhesive technique in dentistry
involving conditioning of enamel and/or dentin so as to create
tags in the tooth structure for mechanical retention of restorative
material
bonding agent \bon#dng a#jent\: a material used to promote
adhesion or cohesion between two different substances, or between a
material and natural tooth structures
bone \bo n\ n (bef. 12c): the hard portion of the connective
tissue
which constitutes the majority of the skeleton; it consists of an
inorganic or mineral component and an organic component
(the matrix and cells); the matrix is composed of collagenous fibers and is impregnated with minerals, chiefly calcium phosphate
(approx. 85%) and calcium carbonate (approx. 10%), thus imparting the quality of rigiditycalled also osseous tissuesee
ALVEOLAR B. BASAL B. CANCELLOUS B. COMPACT
B., CORTICAL B.
bone atrophy \bo n a-tro #f e\: bone resorption noted internally by a
decrease in density and externally by a reduction in form
bone augmentation: see AUGMENTATION
bone conduction \bo n kun-duk#shun\: the conduction of sound
to the inner ear through the bones of the skullcalled also
cranial conduction, osteotympanic conduction and tissue conduction
bone curettage \bo n kyo o r#-tazh\: the surgical shaving or
smoothing
of the bones external surface
bone expansion \bo n ik-span#shun\: manipulation of a bony ridge
by placement of an osteotome to split the cortical ridge and hence
enhance bone width
bone factor \bo n fak#tor\: relative response of alveolar bone to
stimulation or irritation; the ratio of osteogenesis to osteolysis
bone marrow \bo n mar#o \: the soft vascular tissue that fills bone
cavities and cancellous bone spaces which consists primarily of fat
cells, hematopoietic cells, and osteogenetic reticular cells
Bonwill triangle \Bon#wl tr #ang#gl\ [William Gibson Arlington

Bonwill, American dentist, 1833-1899]: eponym for a 4 inch equilateral triangle bounded by lines connecting the contact points of
the mandibular central incisors incisal edge (or the mid-line of
the mandibular residual ridge) to each condyle (usually its mid
point) and from one condyle to the other, first described by
Bonwill in 1858 while introducing his Anatomical Articulator
blowout fracture bulb

d
Bonwill WGA. Scientific articulation of the human teeth as founded on geometrical, mathematical and mechanical laws. Dental Items Int 1899;21:61756, 873-80.
bony ankylosis \bo #n e ang#ka-lo #ss\: the bony union of the

components of a joint resulting in complete immobility
bor der \bo r#der\ n (14c): the circumferential margin, edge or surface;
a bounding line, edge, or surfacesee DENTURE BORDER
border molding \bo r#der mo l#ding\ 1: the shaping of the border
areas of an impression material by functional or manual
manipulation of the soft tissue adjacent to the borders to duplicate
the contour and size of the vestibule 2: determining the extension
of a prosthesis by using tissue function or manual manipulation of
the tissues to shape the border areas of an impression material
border movement \bo r#der mo o v#ment\: mandibular movement
at
the limits dictated by anatomic structures, as viewed in a given
plane
border position: see POSTERIOR B. P.
border seal \bo r#der s el\: the contact of the denture border with
the underlying or adjacent tissues to prevent the passage of air or
other substances
border tissue movements: the action of the muscles and other tissues
adjacent to the borders of a denture
boxing an impression \bok#sing an m-presh#an\: the enclosure (box)
of an impression to produce the desired size and form of the base of
the cast and to preserve desired details
boxing wax \bok#sing waks\: wax used for boxing an impression
brac ing \br a#sng\ adj : the resistance to horizontal components
of masticatory force
brack et \brak#t\ n : an orthodontic device attached to an individual
tooth to hold arch wires
brazing investment \br a#zing n-vest#ment\ : an investment having
a binding system consisting of acidic phosphate such as
monoammo- nium phosphate
and a basic oxide such as
magnesium oxide
brazing material \br a#zing ma-tr# e-al\: an alloy suitable for use as
a
filler material in operations with which dental alloy(s) is/are joined
to form a dental restoration
braze \br az\ vt (1677): to join with a nonferrous alloy that melts at a
lower temperature than that of the metals being joined
breakdown potential \br ak#doun# pa-ten#shul\: the last noble
poten- tia where pitting and/or crevice corrosion will initiate and
propa- gate
bridge n, slang : see FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS
bridge work slang : see FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS
brittle \brt#l\ 1: easily broken or shattered; fragile or crisp, 2: prone
to fracture or failure; the fracture that occurs when the
proportional limit of a material is exceeded
brux ism \bruk-sz#em\ n (ca. 1940) 1: the parafunctional grinding of
teeth 2: an oral habit consisting of involuntary rhythmic or spasmodic nonfunctional gnashing, grinding, or clenching of teeth,
in other than chewing movements of the mandible, which may
lead to occlusal traumacalled also tooth grinding, occlusal neurosis
brux o ma nia \bruks-o -m a#n e-a, -m an#ya\ vb, obs : the
grinding of teeth occurring as a neurotic habit during the
waking state
(GPT-4)
buc cal \buk#al\ adj (ca. 1771): pertaining to or adjacent to the cheek
buccal flange \buk#al flanj\: the portion of the flange of a denture that
occupies the buccal vestibule of the mouth
buccal vestibule \buk#al ves#ti-byo o l\: the portion of the oral
cavity
that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar
ridge (in the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the
lateral side by the cheek posterior to the buccal frenula
buccolingual relationship \buk#o-lng#gwal r-l a#shun-shp\: any po-
DENTISTRY
sition of reference
relative to the tongue and cheeks
buc co ver sion \buk#ko -vu r#shun\ n : a deviation toward the cheek
bulb \bulb\ n, slang, chiefly dialectic : see OBTURATOR, SPEECH
AID PROSTHESIS

DENTISTRY
BULL cartilage
d
BULL: acronym for Buccal of the Upper, Lingual of the Lower

(cusps); applies to Clyde H. Schuylers rules for occlusal
adjustment of a normally related dentition in which those cusps
contacting in maximum intercuspation (mandibular buccal and
maxillary lingual) are favored by adjustment of those cusps that
are not in occlusal contact in maximum intercuspation
(maxillary buccal and mandibular lingual)called also the BULL
RULE
bur \bu r\ n (14c): a steel or tungsten carbide rotary cutting
instrument
bur head \bu r hed\ n (2005): the cutting portion of a dental bur
bur head length \bu r hed lengkth, length\ (2005): the axial
dimension of the bur head
bur head shape \bu r hed sh ap\ (2005): the geometrical outline form
of
the cutting surface edges, usually described successively by proximity from the shank to the tip end
bur shank \bu r shangk\ n (2005): that component of a dental
bur
which fits into the hand piece; the shaft section of the dental bur
that may be friction gripping or latch-type in form
bur nish \bu r#nsh\ vt (14c): to make shiny or lustrous by rubbing;
also to facilitate marginal adaptation of restorations by rubbing
the margin with an instrument
bur nish ibil i ty \bu r#nsh-a-bl#-t e\ n : the ease with which a
material can be burnished
burn out \burn out\ adj : see WAX ELIMINATION
butt \but\ v (14c): to bring any two flat-ended surfaces into contact
without overlapping, as in a butt joint
butt margin: see SHOULDER FINISH LINE
button implant obs : see MUCOSAL IMPLANT
C
Ca: acronym for CArcinoma or CAncer
CAD-CAM: acronym for Computer Aided Design-Computer Aided
Manufacturer (or Computer Assisted Machining)
calcium hydroxide \kal#s e-um h -drok#s d\: an odorless white
powder that is very slightly soluble in water and insoluble in
alcohol. Aqueous and non-aqueous suspensions of calcium
hydroxide are often employed as cavity liners to protect the
dental pulp from the irritant action of restorative materials;
also used in pulp capping, pulpotomy and apexification
procedures
calcium sulfate \kal#s e-um sul#f at#\: a product obtained
by
calcination of gypsum under steam pressure. The alpha form is
composed of regularly shaped grains, with low porosity, and
requiring little water for a satisfactory mix. Forms include
alpha, alpha-modified and beta.
calcium sulfate plaster \ka#s e-um sul#f at# plas#ter\: compounds
occurring in anhydrous form as anhydrite and in the natural form as
gypsum or gypsum dehydrate. The term plaster also applies to
a mixture consisting of water and calcium sulfate hemihydrate
(CaSo4. H2O)
cal cu lus n: in dentistry, a chalky or dark deposit attached to tooth
structure, essentially made of mineralized microbial plaque.
Found on tooth structure in a supragingival and/or a subgingival
location
cameo surface \kam# e-o su r#fas\ obs : the viewable portion of a
removable denture prosthesis; the portion of the surface of a denture that
extends in an occlusal direction from the border of the denture and
includes the facial, lingual, and palatal surface. It is the part of the
denture base that is usually polished, and includes the buccal and
lingual surfaces of the teeth (GPT-7)see POLISHED
DENTURE SURFACE

Campers line: see ALA-TRAGUS LINE
Campers plane \kam#perz pl an\ l: a plane established by the
inferior border of the ala of the nose (or the average between the
two) and the superior border of the tragus of each ear 2: a plane
passing from the acanthion to the center of each bony external
auditory meatus; called also acanthion-external auditory meatus
planesee also ALA-TRAGUS LINE
cam phoro quin one n: a visible-light-sensitive chemical responsible

for initiating free-radical polymerization
can cel lous bone \kan-sel#us, kan#se-lus bo n\ (1836): the reticular,
spongy or lattice-like portion of the bone; the spongy bone tissue
located in the medulla of the bone; this bone is composed of a variable trabecular network containing interstitial tissue that may be
hematopoietic
can dle \kan#dl\ n (12c): a unit of luminous intensity, equal to 1/60 of
the luminous intensity of a square centimeter of a black body
heated to the temperature of the solidification of platinum
(1773 C)
candle power \kan#dl pou#er\: luminous intensity expressed in candles
canine eminence \k a#n n# em#i-nans\: the labial prominence on
the maxillary alveolar process corresponding to the position of
the root of the canine tooth
canine guidance: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
canine protected articulation \k a#n n pra-tek#tid ar-tk#ya-l
a#shun\: a form of mutually protected articulation in which the
vertical and horizontal overlap of the canine teeth disengage the
posterior teeth in the excursive movements of the mandible
comp ANTERIOR PROTECTED ARTICULATION
canine protection: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
can ti lever \kan#tl- e#ver\ n (1667): a projecting beam or
member supported on one end
cantilever bridge: slang, see CANTILEVER FIXED DENTAL
PROSTHESIS
cantilever fixed dental prosthesis \kan#tl- e#ver fkst den#tl
pros- th e#sis \: a fixed dental prosthesis in which the pontic is
cantilev- ered, i.e., is retained and supported only on one end
by one or more abutments
cap splint \kap splnt\: a plastic or metallic device used in the treatment
of maxillary or mandibular fractures and designed to cover the clinical crowns of the teeth and usually luted to them
capillary attraction \kap#a-ler# e a-trak#shun\: that quality or state
which, because of surface tension, causes elevation or depression
of the surface of a liquid that is in contact with the solid walls of
a vessel
cap su lar \kap#su-ler\ adj (ca. 1730): pertaining to a capsule
capsular contracture: see CAPSULAR FIBROSIS
capsular fibrosis \kap#su-ler f -bro #ss\: fibrotic contracture of
the capsular ligament of the temporomandibular joint
capsular ligament \kap#su-ler lg#a-ment\: as it relates to the temporomandibular joint, a fibrous structure that separately encapsulates
the superior and inferior synovial cavities of the temporomandibular articulation
cap sule \kap#sal,-so o l\ n (1693): a fibrous sac or ligament that
enclo- ses a joint and limits its motion. It is lined with synovial
membrane
capsulitis \kap#sa-l #ts\ n : the inflammation of a capsule, as that of
the joint, lens, liver, or labyrinth
car at \kar#at\ n (15c): a standard of gold fineness. The percentage of
gold in an alloy, stated in parts per 24. Pure gold is designated 24
carat
carbide bur: a rotary cutting instrument made from tungsten carbide
carbon fiber: filaments made by high temperature carbonizing of
acrylic fiber. Used in the production of high strength composites
Cartesian coordinates: [Rene Descartes, French philosopher and
mathematician, 1596-1650]: eponym, one of two coordinates
relative to intersecting axes that locate a point on a plane or
one of three coordinates that locate a point in space
car ies n singular: a dental disease causing the destruction of enamel,
dentin and/or cementum. The etiology is generally ascribed to
acid-producing bacteria
car ti lage \kar#tl-j\ n (15c): a derivative of connective tissue arising
from the mesenchyme. Typical hyaline cartilage is a flexible, rather
elastic material with a semitransparent glasslike appearance. Its

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
ground substance is a complex protein through which there is distributed a large network of connective tissue fibers
case \k as\ n, substand, chiefly dialect (13c): 1: the dental patient 2:
a
particular instance of a disease, as a case of diphtheria; sometimes
used incorrectly to designate the patient with the disease process
case series substand : a collection of common diagnostic findings or/
treatment modalities within a group of patients, best termed a
patient series
case study substand : presentation of the diagnostic findings and treatment for a patient, usually termed a patient study
case history substand : the collected data about an individual, family,
environmental factors (including medical/dental history) and any
other information that may be useful in analyzing and diagnosing
conditions or for instructional purposes; best termed the patient
history
1
cast \kast\ vb (13c): to produce a shape by thrusting a molten liquid or
plastic material into a mold possessing the desired shape
2
cast \kast\ n (14c): a life-size likeness of some desired form. It is
formed within or is a material poured into a matrix or impression
of the desired formsee DENTAL C., DIAGNOSTIC C.,
FINAL C.,
PRELIMINARY
C.,
REFRACTORY
C.,
REMOUNT C.
cast clasp: a removable dental prosthesis clasp fabricated by the
lost-wax casting process
cast connector: a cast metal union between the retainer(s) and
pontic(s) in a fixed dental prosthesis
cast metal core: the foundation restoration made for a fixed dental
prosthesis formed indirectly by lost-wax casting
cast post-and-core: a one-piece foundation restoration for an
endodontically treated tooth that comprises a post within the
root canal and a core replacing missing coronal structure to form
the tooth preparation
cast relator \kast r-l a#tor\: a mechanical device that orients
opposing casts to each other without reference to anatomic
landmarkssee ARTICULATOR
castable \kast#a-bl\ n (1998): any refractory material that has a bonding agent added and can be mixed with water or other liquid agents
and poured in a mold to set
castable ceramic \kast#a-bl se-ram#ik\: for dental applications, a glassceramic material that combines the properties of a restorative material for function with the capability to be cast using the lost wax
process
1
cast ing \kas#tng\ n (14c): something that has been cast in a mold;
an object formed by the solidification of a fluid that has been
poured or injected into a mold
2
cast ing \kas#tng\ vt : the act of forming an object in a moldsee
VACUUM C.
casting flask \kas#tng flask\: see CASTING RING
casting ring \kas#tng rng\: a metal tube in which a refractory mold is
made for casting dental restorations
casting wax \kas#tng waks\: a composition containing various waxes
with desired properties for making wax patterns to be formed
into metal castings
cat a lyst \kat#l-st\ n (1902): a substance that accelerates a chemical
reaction without affecting the properties of the materials involved
cath ode \kath#o d\ n (1834): the negative pole in electrolysis
CAT: acronym for Computerized Axial Tomography
cau tery \ko #te-r e\ n, pl -ter ies (15c): the application of a caustic
substance, hot instrument, electric current, or other agent
used to burn, scar, or destroy tissue
cavity varnish \kav#-t e\ : a combination of copal resin or
other
synthetic resins dissolved in an organic solvent such as chloroform
or ether
CD: acronym for Complete Denture
CDA: acronym for Certified Dental Assistant
CDL: acronym for Certified Dental Laboratory

CDT: acronym for Certified Dental Technician
cartilage centric relation

d
cel lu li tis \sel#ya-l #ts\ n (1861): diffuse and especially

subcutaneous inflammation of connective tissue
1
ce ment \s-ment\ n (14c) 1: a binding element or agent used as a
substance to make objects adhere to each other, or something
serving to firmly unite 2: a material that, on hardening, will fill a
space or bind adjacent objects- syn luting agent
2
ce ment \s-ment\ vt (15c): to unite or make firm by or as if by cement;
to lute
ce men ta tion \se#men-t a#shun\ : 1: the process of attaching parts
by means of cement 2: attaching a restoration to natural teeth
by means of a cement (GPT-4)
cemented pin \s-men#td\: a metal rod luted into a hole drilled in
dentin to enhance retention
cemento-dentinal junction \se#men-to
den#t-nal jungk#shun\:
the area of union of the dentin and cementum
cemento-enamel junction \se#men-to -nam#al jungk#shun\: that
area where the enamel and cementum meet at the cervical region
of a tooth
ce me ntoid \s-men#toid#\ n : the uncalcified surface layer of
cementum including incorporated connective tissue fibers
ce men tum \s-men#tum\ n (1842): the thin calcified tissue of
ectomesenchymal origin that covers the root of a tooth
cementum fracture \s-men#tum frak#chur\: the tearing of fragments
of the cementum from the tooth root
center of the ridge \sen#ter uv th e rj\: the faciolingual or
buccolingual mid-line of the residual ridge
center of rotation: see ROTATION CENTER
central bearing \sen#tral bar#ng\ obs : the application of forces
between the maxilla and mandible (by means of a central bearing
tracing device) at a single point that is located as near as possible
to the center of the supporting areas of the maxillary and
mandibular jaws. It is used for the purpose of distributing
closing forces evenly throughout the areas of the supporting
structures
during
the registration
and recording
of
maxillomandibular
relations and during the correction of
occlusal errors (GPT-4)
central bearing point \sen#tral bar#ing point\ obs : the contact point of
a central bearing device (GPT-4)
central bearing tracing \sen#tral bar#ing tr as#ing\: the pattern
obtained on the horizontal plate used with a central bearing
tracing device
central bearing tracing device \sen#tral bar#ing tr as#ing d-v s\:
a
device that provides a central point of bearing or support
between the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. It
consists of a contacting point that is attached to one dental
arch and a plate attached to the opposing dental arch. The
plate provides the surface on which the bearing point rests or
moves and on which the tracing of the mandibular movement
is recorded. It may be used to distribute occlusal forces
evenly during the recording of maxillomandibular relationships
and/or for the correction of disharmonious occlusal contacts.
First attributed to Alfred Gysi, Swiss prosthodontist, in 1910
cen tric \sen#trk\ adj (1590) 1: located in or at a center; central 2:
concentrated about or directed toward a center
centric check bite: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric interocclusal record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric jaw record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric jaw relation: see CENTRIC RELATION
centric occlusion \sen#trk a-klo o #zhen\: the occlusion of
opposing teeth when the mandible is in centric relation. This
may or may not coincide with the maximal intercuspal position
comp MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
centric position \sen#trk pa-zish#en\ obs : the position of the mandible
when the jaws are in centric relation (GPT-1)
centric range: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT AREA
centric record: see CENTRIC RELATION RECORD
centric
relation
\sen#trk
r-l a#shun\
1:
the
DENTISTRY
maxillomandibular
relationship in which the condyles articulate
with the thinnest

DENTISTRY
centric relation chewing cycle

d
avascular portion of their respective disks with the complex in the

anterior-superior position against the shapes of the articular eminencies. This position is independent of tooth contact. This position is clinically discernible when the mandible is directed
superior and anteriorly. It is restricted to a purely rotary movement about the transverse horizontal axis (GPT-5) 2: the most
retruded physiologic relation of the mandible to the maxillae to
and from which the individual can make lateral movements. It
is a condition that can exist at various degrees of jaw separation.
It occurs around the terminal hinge axis (GPT-3) 3: the most retruded relation of the mandible to the maxillae when the condyles
are in the most posterior unstrained position in the glenoid fossae
from which lateral movement can be made at any given degree of
jaw separation (GPT-1) 4: The most posterior relation of the
lower to the upper jaw from which lateral movements can be
made at a given vertical dimension (Boucher) 5: a maxilla to mandible relationship in which the condyles and disks are thought to
be in the midmost, uppermost position. The position has been
difficult to define anatomically but is determined clinically by
assessing when the jaw can hinge on a fixed terminal axis (up
to 25 mm). It is a clinically determined relationship of the mandible to the maxilla when the condyle disk assemblies are positioned in their most superior position in the mandibular fossae
and against the distal slope of the articular eminence (Ash) 6:
the relation of the mandible to the maxillae when the condyles
are in the uppermost and rearmost position in the glenoid fossae.
This position may not be able to be recorded in the presence of
dysfunction of the masticatory system 7: a clinically determined
position of the mandible placing both condyles into their anterior
uppermost position. This can be determined in patients without
pain or derangement in the TMJ (Ramsfjord)
Boucher CO. Occlusion in prosthodontics. J PROSTHET DENT 1953;
3:633-56. Ash MM. Personal communication, July 1993.
Lang BR, Kelsey CC. International prosthodontic workshop on complete
denture occlusion. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan School of
Dentistry, 1973.
Ramsfjord SP. Personal communication, July 1993.
centric relation interocclusal record: see CENTRIC RELATION

RECORD
centric relation occlusion: see CENTRIC OCCLUSION
centric relation position: see CENTRIC RELATION
centric relation record \sen#trk r-l a#shun r-ko rd\: a registration
of the relationship of the maxilla to the mandible when the
mandible is in centric relation. The registration may be
obtained either intraorally or extraorally
centric slide \sen#trk sl d\ obs : the movement of the mandible while
in
centric relation, from the initial occlusal contact into maximum
intercuspation (GPT-4)
centric stop \sen#trk stop\: opposing cuspal/fossae contacts that
maintain the occlusal vertical dimension between the opposing
arches
ceph a lo gram n : see CEPHALOMETRIC RADIOGRAPH
ceph a lo m e ter \sef#a-lom#a-ter\ n : an instrument for measuring
the head or skull; an orienting device for positioning the head for
radiographic examination and measurement
cephalometric radiograph \sef#a-lo-met#rk r a#d e-o -graf#\: a
standardized radiograph of the skull
cephalometric tracing \sef#a-lo-met#rk tr a#sing\: a line drawing
of structural outlines of craniofacial landmarks and facial
bones, made directly from a cephalometric radiograph
cephalometry \sef#a-lam#a tr e#\ n, cephalometric \sef#a-lomet#rk\
adj 1: the science of measurement of the dimensions of the head
2: in dentistry, certain combinations of angular and linear measurements developed from tracing frontal and lateral radiographic head
films used to assess craniofacial growth and development on a
longitudinal basis and to determine the nature of orthodontic

treatment response
ceph a lo stat \sef#a-lo-stat\ n : an instrument used to position the

head to produce spatially oriented, reproducible, radiographs or
photographs
ce ram \sa-ram\ n : a heat treatment process that converts a specially
formulated glass into a fine grained glass-ceramic material
1
ce ram ic \sa-ram#ik\ adj (1850): of or relating to the manufacture of
any product made essentially from a nonmetallic mineral (as clay)
by firing at a high temperature
2
ce ram ic \sa-ram#ik\ n (1859): the product of ceramic manufacture
ceramic crown \sa-ram#ik kroun\: a ceramic fixed dental prosthesis
that restores a clinical crown without a supporting metal framework
ceramic inlay: a ceramic intracoronal restoration
ceramic flux \sa-ram#k fluks\: a glass modifier; metallic ions such as
calcium, potassium or sodium, usually as carbonates, which interrupt the oxygen/silica bond, thus enhancing fluidity
ce ram ics \sa-ram#iks\ n 1: compounds of one or more metals with a
nonmetallic element, usually oxygen. They are formed of chemical
and biochemical stable substances that are strong, hard, brittle, and
inert nonconductors of thermal and electrical energy 2: the art of
making porcelain dental restorations
ce ram ist \sa-ram#ist\ or cer am i cist \sa-ram#-sist#\ n (1855): one
who engages in ceramics
ceramometal restoration: see METAL CERAMIC RESTORATION
cermet \su r#met\ (1998): fused glass powder with silver
particles formed through high temperature sintering of a mixture
of the
two minerals
Certified Dental Laboratory: in the United States, a dental laboratory that has met established specific standards for personnel skills,
laboratory facilities and infection control and is certified by The
National Board for Certification of Dental Laboratories
Certified Dental Technician: in the United States, a dental technician
who has met established specific standards and is certified by The
National Board for Certification of Dental Laboratories
cervical \su r#v-kel\ adj (1681) 1: in anatomy, pertaining to the
cervix or neck 2: in dentistry, pertaining to the region at or
near the cementoenamel junction
cer vix \su r#viks\ n, pl cer vi ces \su r#v-sis\ (15c) 1: the neck 2:
a
constricted portion of a part or organ
1
cham fer \cham#fer\ n 1: a finish line design for tooth preparation in
which the gingival aspect meets the external axial surface at an
obtuse angle 2: a small groove or furrow 3: the surface found by
cutting away the angle of intersection of two faces of a piece of
material (i.e., stone, metal, wood): a beveled edge
2
cham fer \cham#fer\ vt cham fer ed; cham fer ing; cham fers 1: to
cut a furrow in 2: to make a chamfer on; to cut or reduce to a
chamfer; bevel 3: generally thought of as producing a curve from
the axial wall to the cavosurface
chamfer angle \cham#fer ang#gel\ n : the angle between a chamfered
surface and one of the original surfaces from which the chamfer
is cut
characterization: to alter by application of unique markings, indentations, coloration and similar custom means of delineation on a
tooth or dental prosthesis thus enhancing natural appearance
char ac ter ize \kar#ak-ta-r z\: to distinguish, individualize,
mark, qualify, singularize, or differentiate something
characterized denture base \kar#ak-ter# zd den#chur b as\: a
denture base with coloring that simulates the color and shading
of natural oral tissues
check bite slang : see INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
che ili tis \k -l #ts\: inflammation of the lip
cheiloplasty: plastic surgery of the lip
cheilorrhaphy: surgical correction of the cleft lip deformity
che ilo sis \k -lo #ss\: a fissured condition of the lips and angles of
the mouth; DENTISTRY

often associated with riboflavin deficiency
chew-in record: see STEREOGRAPHIC RECORD
chewing cycle: see MASTICATORY CYCLE

DENTISTRY
chewing force: see MASTICATORY FORCE
Christensens phenomenon \Krs#chen-senz f-nom#a-non#, -nen\
[Carl Christensen, Danish dentist and educator]: eponym for the
space that occurs between opposing occlusal surfaces during
mandibular protrusion
Christensen C. The problem of the bite. D Cosmos 1905;47:1184-95.
chroma \kro #ma\ n (1889) 1. the purity of a color, or its

departure from white or gray 2. the intensity of a distinctive hue;
saturation of a hue 3. chrome describes the strength or
saturation of the hue (color)see also SATURATION
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co. Inc. 1975:147. chromatic stimulus \kro -mat#ik stm#ya-lus\: a stimulus that
under prevailing conditions of adaptation gives rise to a

perceived
chromatic color
chromaticity coordinates \kro #ma-ts#-t e ko -o r#d-ntz\: the
two dimensions of any color order system that exclude the
lightness dimension and describe the chromaticity. Unless
otherwise specified, the term refers to the CIE coordinates x, y,
and z for Illuminant C and 2 degrees (1931) Standard
Observercalled also color coordinates
chromaticity diagram \kro #ma-ts#-t e d #a-gram\: a plane
diagram in which each point represents a different combination of
dominant wavelength and purity and which is usually constructed
in some form of a triangle with colorimetric
primaries
represented at the corners. The CIE standard chromaticity
diagram is essentially a right angle triangle representing
hypothetical primaries and the complete chromaticity gamut of
the CIE standard observer
chro mat ic ness \kro #mat#k-nes\ n : the intensity of hue as expressed
in the Natural Color System
chro ma top sia \kro #ma-top#zha\ n : an abnormal state of vision
in which colorless objects appear colored; a visual defect in
which colored objects appear unnaturally colored and colorless
objects appear color tinged
chron ic \kron#ik\ adj (1601): marked by long duration or
frequent recurrence; not acute; always presentchron ical ly
adjchro nic i ty n
chronic closed lock \kron#ik klo zd lok\: with respect to the
temporomandibular joint, a restriction in motion of the joint
caused by an anteriorly displaced intraarticular disk and usually
characterized by pain, especially during function
chronic pain \kron#ik p an\ : pain marked by long duration or
frequent recurrence
CIE: acronym for Commission Internationale dEclairage
CIE LAB system \C I E Lab ss#tem\: CIE LAB relates the tristimulus
values to a color space. This scale accounts for the illuminant and
the observer. By establishing a uniform color scale, color measurements can be compared and movements in color space defined
CIE standard illuminant \C I E stan#dard -lo o #ma-nent\: the
illuminants A, B, C, D65 and other illuminants, defined by the
CIE in terms of relative spectral power distributions; A =
Planckion radiation (a theoretical body that absorbs all incident
optical radiant energy) a temperature of about 2856 K; B =
Direct solar radiation
48,000 K; C = Average daylight; D65 = Daylight including the
ultraviolet region: 6500 K
cin e flu o ros co py \sn e#flo rah ska#ko p e\ n : dynamic
fluoroscopic images recorded on motion picture film cin e ra di
og ra phy \sn# a-ra#d e-o -gra#f e\ n : the making of a motion
picture record of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic
screen
cin gu lum \sng#gya-lum\ n, pl -la (1845) 1: an anatomical band or
encircling ridgecin gu late \sng#gya-l at\ adj 2: the
lingual lobe of many anterior teeth; a convex protuberance at the
lingual cervical one third of the anatomic crown

cingulum rest \sng#gya-lum rest\: a portion of a removable dental
prosthesis that contacts the prepared or natural cingulum of the
tooth, termed the cingulum rest seat
circumferential clasp \ser-kum-fa-ren#shal klasp\: a retainer that
encircles a tooth by more than 180 degrees, including opposite
chewing force closed bite

d
angles, and which generally contacts the tooth throughout the extent of the clasp, with at least one terminal located in an undercut
area
circumferential clasp arm: see CIRCUMFERENTIAL CLASP
clamping force: the compressive force which a fastener exerts on a
bolted joint. The stability of a bolted joint depends upon the
maintenance of the clamping force
clasp \klasp\ n (14c): the component of the clasp assembly that engages
a portion of the tooth surface and either enters an undercut for
retention or remains entirely above the height of contour to act
as a reciprocating element. Generally it is used to stabilize and retain a removable dental prosthesissee BAR C, CIRCUMFERENTIAL C., COMBINATION C., CONTINUOUS C.
clasp arm: see CLASP
clasp assembly \klasp a-sem#bl e\: the part of a removable dental
prosthesis that acts as a direct retainer and/or stabilizer for a
prosthesis by partially encompassing or contacting
an
abutment tooth usage: components of the clasp assembly
include the clasp, the reciprocal clasp, the cingulum, incisal or
occlusal rest, and the minor connector
clasp bridge slang : see UNILATERAL REMOVABLE DENTAL
PROSTHESIS
clasp guideline: see SURVEY LINE
classification system: see PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC
INDEX
clear ance \klr#ens\ n (1563) obs : a condition in which bodies
may pass each other without hindrance. Also, the distance between
bodies (GPT-4)
1
cleft \kleft\ n 1: a space or opening made through splitting 2: a hollow
between ridges or protuberances
2
cleft \kleft\ adj : partially split or divided
cleft palate \kleft pal#t\ n (1841) 1: a congenital fissure or elongated
opening in the soft and/or hard palate 2: an opening in the hard
and/or soft palate due to improper union of the maxillary process
and the median nasal process during the second month of intrauterine developmentsyn PALATAL CLEFTsee COMPLETE
C.P., OCCULT C.P.
cleft palate prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
cleft palate speech aid prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
clench ing \klen#chng\ vt (13c): the pressing and clamping of the jaws
and teeth together frequently associated with acute nervous
tension or physical effort
click \klk\ n (1611): a brief sharp sound; with reference to the temporomandibular joint, any bright or sharp sound emanating from the
jointsee CLICKING, EARLY CLOSING C., EARLY
OPENING C., LATE CLOSING C., LATE OPENING C.,
MID OPENING C. RECIPROCAL C.
click ing \kl#kng\ n (611): a series of clicks, such as the snapping,
cracking, or noise evident on excursions of the mandible; a
distinct snapping sound or sensation, usually audible (or by
stethoscope) or on palpation, which emanates from the
temporomandibular joint(s) during jaw movement. It may
or may not be associated with internal derangements of the
temporomandibular joint
clin i cal \kln#-kel\ adj (ca. 1755) 1: of or related to or conducted in
or as if within a clinic 2: analytical or detachedclin i cal ly adv
clinical crown \kln#-kel kroun\: the portion of a tooth that extends
from the occlusal table or incisal edge to the free gingival margin
clinical remount: see REMOUNT PROCEDURE
clin om e ter n (1811): a device for measuring angles of elevation,
inclination or declinationcli no met ric adjcli nom etry n
clip \klp\ n (15c) slang 1: any of numerous devices used to grip, clasp,
or hook 2: a device used to retain a removable dental prosthesis intraorally to a fixed abutment; i.e., a bar, crown, or other retainer
closed bite slang : see DECREASED OCCLUSAL VERTICAL
DIMENSION

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
closed lock combination clasp

d
closed lock \klo

zd lok\: an internal derangement of the
temporomandibular joint in which the disk is dislocated
anteriorly and usually medial to the condyle; displacement or
dislocation of the disk without spontaneous reduction on mouth
openingsee ACUTE CLOSED LOCK, CHRONIC CLOSED
LOCK, DISK DISPLACEMENT WITHOUT REDUCTION
closed reduction of a fracture \klo zd r-duk#shun uv a frak#chur\:
reduction (repositioning) and fixation of fractured bones
without making a surgical opening to the fracture site
closest speaking space \klo #sest sp e#king sp as\: the space between
the anterior teeth that, according to Dr. Earl Pound, should not
be more or less than 1 to 2 mm of clearance between the incisal
edges of the teeth when the patient is unconsciously repeating the
letter
S. Dr. Meyer M. Silverman termed this speaking centric, which
was defined as the closest relationship of the occlusal surfaces and
incisal edges of the mandibular teeth to the maxillary teeth during
function and rapid speech. This was later called closest speaking
level by Dr. Silverman and finally the closest speaking space
Silverman MM. Speaking centric. Dent Digest 1950;55:106-11.
Silverman MM. Accurate measurement of vertical dimension by phonetics
and speaking centric space. Dent Digest 1951;57:261-5.
Silverman MM. The speaking method in measuring vertical dimension.
J PROSTET DENT 1953;3:193-9.
Pound E. Esthetics and phonetics in full denture construction. J Calif Dent
Assoc 1950;20:179-85.
Pound E. The mandibular movements of speech and their seven related values. J PROSTHET DENT 1966;16:835-43.
Pound E. The vertical dimension of speech, the pilot of occlusion. J Calif
Dent Assoc 1975;6:42-7.
Pound E. Let /s/ be your guide. J PROSTHET DENT 1977;38:482-9.
clutch \kluch\ coll n : a device placed in both the maxillary and

mandibular arches for the purpose of supporting components
used to record mandibular movement
co ada pt ed \ko -a-dap#td\ adj (1836) 1: mutually adapted, especially by natural selection 2: in medicine, the proper realignment
of displaced partsco ad ap ta tion n
Coble balancer \Ko #bel bal#an-ser\ [Lucian
G. Coble,
North Carolina, U.S. dentist] 1: an intraoral balancing device used
to determine centric relation and the centric relation record 2:
used to equilibrate complete removable dental prostheses intraorally
see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING DEVICE
Coble LG. Correct centric position must be established for good denture fit
and function. Dent Survey 1951;27:1391-3.
Coble LG. A complete denture technique for selecting and setting up teeth.
J PROSTHET DENT 1960;10:455-8.
co he sion \ko -h e#zhun\ n (1660) 1: the act or state of

sticking together tightly 2: the force whereby molecules of matter
adhere to one another; the attraction of aggregation 3: molecular
attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout
their mass
cohesive failure \ko -h e#sv f al#yur\ : bond failure within a
dental material due to a tensile or shearing force see
ADHESIVE FAILURE
cold curing resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
collarless metal ceramic restoration \kol#er-les me#l sa-ram#k
res#ta- r a#shun\: a metal ceramic restoration whose cervical metal
portion has been eliminated. Porcelain is placed directly in contact
with the prepared finish line
collateral ligaments \ka-lat#er-al\: two or more ligaments paired to a
single joint for the specific purpose of restricting extension and
flexion within one plane only
colloid \kol#oid\: a material in which is suspended a constituent
in a finely divided state that is invisible to the eye but capable of
scattering light
colloidal silica: submicroscopic fumed silica frequently used as a
suspension in liquid; contained in the liquid mixed with many
phosphate-bonded casting investments to improve casting

smoothness and control expansion
col or \kul#or\ n (13c) 1: a phenomenon of light or visual perception

that enables one to differentiate otherwise identical objects 2: the
quality of an object or substance with respect to light reflected or
transmitted by it. Color is usually determined visually by measurement of hue, saturation, and luminous reflectance of the reflected
light 3: a visual response to light consisting of the three dimensions
of hue, value, and saturationsee
PERCEIVED C.,
PSYCHOPHYSICAL C.
color blindness \kul#or bl nd#ns\: abnormal color vision or
the inability to discriminate certain colors, most commonly along
the red-green axis
color constancy \kul#or kon#stan-s e\: relative independence
of perceived color to changes in color of the light source
color deficiency \kul#or d-fsh#en-s e\: a general term for all forms
of color vision that yield chromaticity discrimination below
normal limits, such as monochromatism, dichromatism, and
anomalous trichromatism
color difference \kul#or df#er-ens\: magnitude and character of the
difference between two colors under specified conditions; referred
to as delta E
color
difference equations \kul#or df#er-ens -kw a#zhanz,
-shanz\: equations that transform CIE (Commission Internationals
dEclairage) coordinates into a more uniform matrix such that a
specified distance between two colors is more nearly proportional
to the magnitude of an observed difference between them regardless of their hue
color notation \kul#or no -t a#shun\: the use of symbols in some
orderly
fashion by which the attributes of color may be defined or may be
set down in written formula
color rendering index \kul#or ren#der-ing n#deks\: a number from
1 to 100 given to a light source to indicate its relative equivalence
to pure white light which has a color rendering index (CRI) of 100.
The closer the number is to 100, the more it resembles pure white
light
color scale \kul#or sk al\: an orderly arrangement of colors showing
graduated change in some attribute or attributes of color as a value
scale
color solid \kul#or sol#d\: a symbolic figure in three dimensions that
represents the relations of all possible colors with respect to their
primary attributes of hue, lightness, and saturation. Usually, value
(lightness) appears as the vertical axis of the figure with hue and
saturation represented in polar coordinates about the lightness
axis, saturation being radial. The boundaries of the solid are
actually irregular, but it is sometimes represented as a cylinder, a
sphere, or a cube
color standard \kul#or stan#dard\: a color whose psychophysical dimensions have been accurately measured and specified
color stimulus \kul#or stm#yu-lus\ : visible radiation entering the
eye and producing a sensation of color, either chromatic or achromatic
color temperature \kul#or tem#per-a-cho o r#, tem#pra-\: the
temperature in degrees Kelvin (Celsius plus 273 ) of a totally
absorbing or black body (object) that produces colors as the
temperature changes. The range is from a dull red to yellow to
white to blue. This term is sometimes used incorrectly to describe
the color of
white light sources. The correct term to describe the color of
light sources is correlated color temperature
col or im e ter \kul#a-rm#-ter\ n (ca. 1863): a device that analyzes
color by measuring it in terms of a standard color, scale of colors,
or certain primary colors; an instrument used to measure light
reflected or transmitted by a specimen
col or ing \kul#or-ng\ n (14c) 1: the act of applying colors 2: something that produces color or color effects 3: the effect produced by
applying or combining colorssee EXTRINSIC C., INTRINSIC
C.
combination clasp \kom#bi-n a#shun klasp\: a circumferential
retainer for a removable dental prosthesis that has a cast reciprocal
DENTISTRY
arm and a wrought
wire retentive clasp

DENTISTRY
combination syndrome \kom#bi-n a#shun sn#dro m\: the
characteristic features that occur when an edentulous maxilla is
opposed by natural mandibular anterior teeth, including loss of
bone from the anterior portion
of the maxillary ridge,
overgrowth of the tuberosities, papillary hyperplasia of the
hard palates mucosa, extrusion of the lower anterior teeth,
and loss of alveolar bone and ridge height beneath the
mandibular
removable
dental prosthesis basesalso called
anterior hyperfunction syndrome
Kelly, E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture opposing a maxillary complete denture. J Prosthet Dent 1972;27:140-150.
comminuted fracture \kom#a-no o #td frak#chur\: a fracture in

which
the bone is broken in several places in the same region; a fracture in
which the bone is crushed and splintered
com mi nu te \kom#a-no o t\ vt -nut ed; -nut ing (1626) obs :
the reduction of food into small parts (GPT-4)com mi nu
tion
\kom#a-no
o
#shun\ n
com mis sure \kom#a-sho o r\ n (15c): a point of union or junction
especially between two anatomic parts i.e., corner of the mouth
com mis sur al \kom#z-ur#l\ adj
commissure splint \kom#a-sho o r splnt\: 1. a ancillary
prosthesis
placed between the lips that assist in achieving increased opening
between the lips 2. a device placed between the lips which assists
in achieving increased opening between the lips. Use of such
devices enhances opening where surgical, chemical or electrical
alterations of the lips has resulted in severe restriction or
contractures called also lip splint
compact bone \kom#pakt# bo n\: any osseous substance that is dense
or
hard
compaction composite resin \kon-dens-a#bel kom-poz#t rez#n\ : a
highly filled composite resin in which the filler particles have
been altered so that the material is compacted in a layered,
compression technique
compensating curve \kom#pen-s at#ng ku rv\ 1: the
anteroposterior
curving (in the median plane) and the mediolateral curving (in
the frontal plane) within the alignment of the occluding surfaces
and incisal edges of artificial teeth that is used to develop balanced
occlusion 2: the arc introduced in the construction of complete removable dental prostheses to compensate for the opening influences produced by the condylar and incisal guidances during lateral
and protrusive mandibular excursive movementscalled also compensating curvature, compensating curve
complementary colors \kom#pla-men#ta-r e, -tr e kul#orz\ : 1. two
colors that, when mixed together in proper proportions, result in a
neutral color. Colored lights that are complementary when mixed
in an additive manner form white light and follow the laws of additive color mixture. Colorants that are complementary when mixed
together form black or gray and follow the laws of subtractive
colorant mixture 2. colors located in directly opposite positions
on the color wheel. Colorants that are complementary when mixed
together form black or gray and follow the laws of subtractive color
complete arch subperiosteal implant \kom-pl et# arch sub-per# eost el m-plant\: a device placed under the periosteum on the
residual ridge to provide abutments for supporting a removable
or fixed dental prosthesis in a fully edentulous archusage of such
implants should be described by means of their relationship to their
bases of support, the alveolar bone. As such, at placement, the
implant is described as an eposteal dental implantsee
EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
complete cleft palate \kom-pl et# kleft pal#t \: an opening extending

through the anterior alveolar ridge, and primary and secondary
palatessee PALATAL CLEFT
complete crown \kom-pl et kroun\: a restoration that covers all the
coronal tooth surfaces (mesial, distal, facial, lingual, and occlusal)
complete denture \kom-pl et den#chur\: a removable dental
prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associated
structures of the maxillae or mandible; called a complete removable
dental prosthesis
combination syndrome condylar articulator

d
complete denture prosthetics \kom-pl et den#chur pros-thet#iks\: obs

1: the replacement of the natural teeth in the arch and their
associated parts by artificial substitutes 2: the art and science of
the restoration of an edentulous mouth (GPT-4)see COMPLETE DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
complete denture prosthodontics \kom-pl et den#chur pros#thodon#tks\: that body of knowledge and skills pertaining to the restoration of the edentulous arch with a removable dental prosthesis
complete facial moulage \kom-pl et f a#shal mo o -lazh\: an
impression procedure used to record the soft tissue contours of the
whole face complicated fracture \kom#pl-k a#td frak#chur\: a
fracture with significant injury to adjacent soft tissues (i.e.,
neurovascular injury) components of mastication: those factors of
food manipulation
and comminution that follow ingestion and precede deglutition
com po mer \kom#po -mer\ n (1998): a poly-acid modified
composite resin, composed of glass filler, acid-modified
dimethacrylate resin, and a photo initiator
components of occlusion \kom-po #nentz uv a-klo o #zhun\:
the
various elements that are involved in occlusion, such as the
temporomandibular joints, the associated musculature, the teeth,
their contacting surfaces and investing tissues, and/or the dental
supporting structuressee
also DETERMINANTS OF
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
composite resin: a highly cross-linked polymeric material reinforced
by a dispersion of amorphous silica, glass, crystalline, or organic
resin filler particles and/or short fibers bonded to the matrix by a
coupling agent
com pound n, slang (19c): see MODELING PLASTIC
IMPRESSION COMPOUND
compound joint \kom-pound# joint\: a joint involving three or more
bones
compression molding \kom-presh#on mo l#ding\: the act of
pressing or squeezing together to form a shape within a mold; the
adaptation, under pressure, of a plastic material into a mold
compression of tissue: see TISSUE DISPLACEMENT
compressive stress \kom-pres#v stres\: the internal induced force
that opposes the shortening of a material in a direction parallel to the
direction of the stresses; any induced force per unit area that resists
deformation caused by a load that tends to compress or shorten a
body computerized tomography \kom-pyo o #ta-r zd to
-mog#ra-f e\: (CT) the technique by which multidirectional xray transmission data through a body is mathematically
reconstructed by a computer to form an electrical cross-sectional
representation of
a patients anatomy. CT is used as an acronym to designate
any technical field associated with these techniques
con cres cen ce \kon-kres#ens\ n : the union of roots of approximating
teeth via deposition of cementum
con cre tion \kon-kr e#shun\ n : any inorganic mass in a natural cavity
or organ
compaction composite resin \kon-dens-a#bel kom-poz#t rez#n\: a
highly filled composite resin in which the filler particles have
been altered so that the material is compacted in a layered,
compression technique
con den sa tion n : 1: the compaction of dental amalgam using force
to remove excess mercury and ensure continuity of the matrix phase
2: the process of increasing the density of dental porcelains during
processing by removing excess water with vibration and blotting
condensation reaction \kon#den-s a#shun r e-ak#shun\: any
chemical reaction between two molecules to form a larger
molecule, with the elimination of a smaller molecule
conditional color match \kon-dsh#a-nal kul#or mach\: a pair of colors that appear to match only under limited conditions, such as a
particular light source and a particular observer; a metameric match
condylar agenesis \kon#da-lar a-jen#-ss\: a developmental

DENTISTRY
abnormality characterized by the absence of the condyle

condylar articulator
\kon#da-lar
ar-tk#ya-la-to r\:
an
articulator whose condylar path components are part of the
lower member

DENTISTRY
condylar articulator continuous spectrum

d
and whose condylar replica components are part of the upper

membercalled also nonarcon articulator
condylar axis \kon#da-lar ak#ss\: a hypothetical line through the
mandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate
condylar dislocation \kon#da-lar ds#lo -k a#shun\: a non selfreducing displacement of the mandibular condyle usually
forward of the articular eminence
condylar displacement: positioning of the condyle out of its normal
location in the glenoid fossa
1
condylar guidance \kon#da-lar g d#ns\ vt : mandibular
guidance generated by the condyle and articular disc traversing
the contour of the glenoid fossae
2
condylar guidance \kon#da-lar g d#ns\ n : the mechanical form located in the upper posterior region of an articulator that controls
movement of its mobile member
condylar guide assembly \kon#da-lar g d a-sem#bl e\: the
components
of an articulator that guide movement of the condylar analogues
condylar guide inclination \kon#da-lar g d n#kla-n a#shun\: the
angle formed by the inclination of a condylar guide control surface
of an articulator and a specified reference planesee LATERAL
CONDYLAR INCLINATION
condylar hinge position \kon#da-lar hnj pa-zsh#an\ obs : the
position
of the condyles of the mandible in the glenoid fossae at which hinge
axis movement is possible (GPT-4)
condylar inclination \kon#da-lar n#kla-na#shun\: the direction of the
lateral condyle path (GPT-4)
condylar path \kon#da-lar path\: that path traveled by the mandibular
condyle in the temporomandibular joint during various mandibular movements
condylar path element \kon#da-lar path el#a-ment\: the member of a
dental articulator that controls the direction of condylar movement
condylar path tracing \kon#da-lar path tr a#sng\: a graphic
registration of the movement of the condylesee
MANDIBULAR
TRACING
condylar slant: see CONDYLAR PATH, LATERAL CONDYLAR
PATH
condylar subluxation \kon#da-lar sub#luk-s a#shun\: a selfreducing
incomplete or partial dislocation of the condyle
con dy lar throsis \kon#da-lar-thro #ss\ n : an ellipsoidal
articulation; a modification of the ball/socket type of synovial joint
in which the articular surfaces are ellipsoid rather than spheroid.
Owing to the arrangement of the muscles and ligaments around
the joint, all movements are permitted except rotation about a
vertical axis called also articulation ellipsoidea, condylar
articulation, condylar joint, condyloid joint, or ellipsoidal joint
con dyle \kon#d l, -dl\ n (1634): an articular prominence of a
bone,
i.e., in the mandible, an ellipsoidal projection of bone that articulates with the glenoid fossacon dy lar adjsee CONDYLAR
PATH, LATERAL CONDYLAR PATH, MANDIBULAR
CONDYLE, NECK OF THE CONDYLE
condyle chord: see CONDYLAR AXIS
condyle head: see CONDYLE
condyle path: see CONDYLAR PATH
condylectomy: surgical removal of the condyle
condylotomy: surgical cut through the neck of the condyloid process.
Also refers to surgical removal of a portion of the articulating
surface of the mandibular condyle (called a condylar shave)
cone \ko n\ n (1562): one of the receptors of color vision found in
the
retinal layer of the eye and concentrated in the macula lutea
con gen i tal \kon-jen#-tl\ adj (1796): existing at, and usually before,
birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, irrespective

of their causation
connecting bar: see MAJOR CONNECTOR
connective tissue \ka-nek#tv tsh#o o \: a tissue of mesodermal
origin rich in interlacing processes that supports or binds
together other tissues
con nec tor \ka-nek#tor\ n (15c): in removable dental prosthodontics, the portion of a removable dental prosthesis that unites its
componentsusage: see BAR C., CONTINUOUS BAR C.,
MAJOR C., MINOR C.
2
con nec tor \ka-nek#tor\ n: in fixed dental prosthodontics, the
portion of a fixed dental prosthesis that unites the retainer(s) and
pontic(s)usage: see INTERNAL C., NONRIGID C., RIGID
C., SUBOCCLUSAL C.
connector bar: see BAR CONNECTOR
con sul ta tion
\kon-sul#t a#shun\ n (15c): a deliberation
between those who render health care regarding a patients
diagnosis and/or their treatment
1
con tact \kon#takt\ n (1626): the union or junction of surfaces; the
apparent touching or tangency of bodiesusage: see
PROXIMAL CONTACT
2
con tact \kon#takt\ vi (1834): to make contact; to bring into contact;
to enter or be in contact withusage: see BALANCING
OCCLUSAL C., DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL C., INITIAL
OCCLUSAL C., OCCLUSAL C.
contact surface \kon#takt su r#fas\: the region on the proximal surface
of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth
continuous bar connector \kon-tn#yo o -us bar ka-nek#tor\: a
metal bar usually resting on the lingual surfaces of mandibular
anterior teeth to aid in their stabilization and act as an indirect
retainer in extension base partial removable dental prostheses
continuous bar indirect retainer: see CONTINUOUS BAR
CONNECTOR
continuous
bar
retainer:
see
CONTINUOUS
BAR
CONNECTOR, INDIRECT RETAINER
continuous beam \kon-tn#yo o -us b em\ obs : a beam that
continues
over several supports, with those supports not at the beam end
bearing equally free supports (GPT-4)
continuous clasp \kon-tn#yo o -us klasp\ 1: in removable dental
prosthodontics, a circumferential retainer (clasp) whose body emanates
from an occlusal rest and extends across the buccal or lingual surface of more than one tooth (hence, continuing on) before engaging an undercut on the proximal wall farthest from the occlusal rest
th
2: any one of several early 20 century designs for clasping natural
teeth to retain a partial removable dental prosthesis; terms for such
clasps included wrought continuous interdental clasp, wrought
continuous interdental support.
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
Publishing, 1928:377-90.
continuous gum denture \kon-tn#yo o -us gum den#chur\ obs 1: an

artificial denture consisting of porcelain teeth and tinted
porcelain denture base material fused to a platinum base (GPT-4)
2: according to Joseph Richardson, plain single teeth, made
for the purpose, are arranged and soldered to a plate properly
fitted to the mouth, after which different mineral compounds,
made to represent the natural gums, roof, etc., are applied to the
plate and teeth in a plastic state, then carved and trimmed in
proper form, and by means of a strong furnace heat these
compounds, which are called the body and the gum enamel,
are fused, thus producing a continuous gum, root, and rugae of
the mouth, without seam or crevice. The technique is attributed
to Dr. John Allen (American) Richardson J. A practical treatise on
mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia:
Lindsay & Blakiston, 1880:307-35.
continuous loop wire clasp \kon-tn#yo o -us lo o p w r

klasp\ obs : attributed to J. Wright Beach, DDS, this clasp
assembly was used to completely encircle a tooth, particularly
a straight sided tooth, by means of one wire. If the retained
was not continuous, it was described as an open loop wire clasp
Roach FE. Partial dentures. The Dental Summary 1915:35:203-10.
continuous spectrum \kon-tn#yo o -us spek#trum\: a spectrum
DENTISTRY
or section of
the spectrum in which radiations of all wavelengths
are present; opposed to line spectra or band spectra

DENTISTRY
1
con tour \kon#to o r\ n (1662): an outline, especially of a curving

or irregular figure: the line representing this outline; the
general form or structure of somethingusage: see HEIGHT OF
CONTOUR, TRANSITIONAL CONTOUR
2
con tour \kon#to o r\ adj (1844): following contour lines or
forming
furrows or ridges along them; made to fit the contour of something
3
con tour \kon#to o r\ vt (1871): to shape the contour of; to shape
so as to fit contours; to construct in conformity to a contour
con tra be vel \kon#tra-bev#el\ n (20c) 1: an external bevel arising
from the occlusal surface or edge of a tooth preparation and placed
at an angle that opposes or contrasts the angle of the surface it arises
from 2: an external bevel arising from the occlusal surface or edge
of a preparationsee BEVEL
con trac tion \kon-trak#shun\ n (15c): in muscle physiology, the development of tension in a muscle in response to a stimulususage:
see ISOMETRIC C., ISOTONIC C., POSTURAL C.
con trac ture \kon-trak#chur\ n (1658): a permanent shortening of
a musclesee MUSCLE C., MYOFIBROTIC CAPSULAR C.,
MYOSTATIC C.
con tra lat er al \kon#tra-lat#er-al\ adj (1882): occurring on or acting
in conjunction with similar parts on an opposite side
contralateral condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
convergence angle \kon-vu r#jens ang#gel\ 1. the taper of a
crown
preparation 2. the angle, measured in degrees, formed between
opposing axial walls when a tooth or teeth are prepared for crowns
or fixed dental prostheses. Usage- this term is best described as the
total occlusal convergence
co or di na tion \ko -o r#dn- a#shun\ n (1643): smooth,
controlled
symmetrical movement
1
cope \ko p\ n (bef.12c): the upper half of any flask used in casting;
the upper or cavity side of a denture flask used in conjunction with
the drag or lower half of the flasksee DRAG
2
cope \ko p\ v: to dress, cover, or furnish with a cope; to cover, as if
with
a cope or coping
1
cop ing \ko #png\ n 1: a long, enveloping ecclesiastical vestment
2a:
something resembling a cope (as by concealing or covering) 2b:
coping
2
cop ing \ko #png\ n (ca. 1909): a thin covering or crownusage:
see
C. IMPRESSION, TRANSFER C.
coping impression \ko #png m-presh#an\: an impression,
usually encompassing an entire dental arch, that uses metal or resin
copings placed on prepared teeth. The copings are repositioned
before the pouring of a working cast
coping pick-up impression: see COPING IMPRESSION
coping prosthesis obs : see OVERDENTURE
copolymer resin \ko -pol#a-mer\: polymers formed from more
than one type of molecular repeat unit
copper band \kop#er band\ : a copper cylinder employed as a matrix
for
making an impression
cor al i form \kor#al-#form\ adj : having the form of coral; branched
like a coral; often with reference to certain types of hydroxylapatite
implant materials
core \ko r, ko r\ n (14c): the center or base of a structure
co ro nal \ko r#a-nal, ko r#-, ka-ro #nal\ adj (15c) 1: of or relating
to a corona or crown 2: or relating to any longitudinal plane or
section that passes through a body at right angles to the median
plane 3: pertaining to the crown of a tooth
coronal plane \ka-ro -nal pl an\: lying in the direction of the coronal
suture, of or relating to the frontal plane that passes through the
long axis of a body
coronoid maxillary space \ko r#a-noid#, kor#- mak#sa-ler# e sp as\:

the
region between the medial aspect of the coronoid process of the
mandible and the buccal aspect of the tuberosity of the maxilla,
bounded anteriorly by the zygomatic arch
coronoid process \ko r#a-noid#, kor#- pro-ses\: the thin
triangular
rounded eminence originating from the anterosuperior surface of
the ramus of the mandiblesee HYPERPLASIA OF THE C.P.
coronoidectomy: surgical removal of the coronoid process
contour creep
d
co ro no plas ty \kor#a-no -plas#t e\ n (20c): alteration or change

in morphology of the coronal portion of natural teeth by the use
of abrasive instruments
corrected cast: see ALTERED CAST
corrective wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
correlated color temperature \ko r#a-l a#tid kul#er tem#per-a-cho
o r\: the term describing the color of white light sources.
Specifically, it is the temperature of the Planckion (black body)
radiator that produces the chromaticity most similar to that
produced by the light source expressed in degrees Kelvin or in
mired; it is measured in degrees Kelvin, to which a black body
must be raised to provide the closest match, in chromaticity, to a
particular light source
cor rode \ka-ro d\ vt (15c) 1: deterioration of a metal due to an
electro- chemical reaction within its environment 2: to eat away by
degrees
as if by gnawing 3: to wear away gradually usually by chemical
action
cor ro sion \ka-ro #zhen\ n (15c): the action, process, or effect of
corroding; a product of corroding; the loss of elemental constituents to the adjacent environment
cor ro sive \ka-ro #sv\ adj (14c): tending or having the power to
corrode
cortical bone \ko r#t-kal\: the peripheral layer of compact osseous
tissue
Costens syndrome [James Bray Costen, American otolaryngologist,
1895-1962]: eponym for TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
Costen JB. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon disturbed functions of the temporomandibular joint. Ann Otol Rhinol
Laryngol, 1934;43:1-15.
coun ter die \koun#ter-d \ n, obs : the reverse image of a die; usually
made of a softer and lower fusing metal than the die (GPT-1)
coup ling \kup#lng\ n : a device that serves to link or connect the ends
of adjacent parts or objects
coupling lug \kup#lng lug\: a small projecting part of a larger
member; a projection or a casting to which a bolt or other part
may be attached
covalent bond \ko -v a#lent bond\ n (1939): a chemical bond
between
two atoms or radicals formed by the sharing of a pair (single bond),
two pairs (double bond), or three pairs (triple bond) of electrons
called also primary bond
cover screw: see HEALING SCREW
cranial base \kr a#n e-al b as\: the inferior part of the skull that is
thought to be relatively stable throughout life and is used in
cephalometrics as a landmark from which to measure changes due
to growth, time, or treatment
cranial prosthesis \kr a#n e-al pros-th e-ss\: a
biocompatible,
permanently implanted replacement (maxillofacial prosthesis) for
a portion of the skull bones; an artificial replacement for a portion
of the skull bonescalled also cranial implant, cranioplasty
prosthesis, skull plate
craniofacial defects \kr a#n e-o -f a#shal d e#fekts, d#fekts\:
malformations associated with the head and face craniofacial dysjunction
fracture: see LE FORT III FRACTURE
craniomandibular articulation \kr a#n e-o -man-db#ya-lar artk#yal a#shun\: both temporomandibular joints functioning together
as a bilateral sliding hinge joint connecting the mandible to
the craniumsyn TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTS
cra ter n : in periodontics, a saucer shaped defect of soft tissue or bone
1
craze \kr az\ vb. craz ed \kr azd\; craz ing \kr a#zng\ vt (14c):
to produce minute cracks on the surface or glaze of; to develop
a mesh of fine cracks
craze \kr az\ n DENTISTRY

(1534): a crack in
enamel)
1
creep \kr ep\ vi crept \krept\;
slip or gradually shift position;
to prolonged stress or exposure
a surface or coating (as of glaze or

creep ing \kr ep#ng\ (12c): to
to change shape permanently due
to high temperature

DENTISTRY
creep curve of Wilson

d
creep \kr ep\ n (1818): the slow change in dimensions of an object

due to prolonged exposure to high temperature or stress
crep i ta tion \krep#-t a#shun\ n : a crackling or grating noise in a
joint during movement, liken to the throwing of fine salt into a
fire or
rubbing hair between the fingers; the noise made by rubbing
together the ends of a fracture
crep i tus n : see CREPITATION, JOINT C.
crest \krest\ n (14c): a ridge or prominence on a part of a body; in
dentistry, the most coronal portion of the alveolar process
crest of the ridge \krest uv tha rj\: the highest continuous surface of
the residual ridgenot necessarily coincident with the center of
the ridge
crevicular epithelium \kre#v-kyo o #lar ep#a-th e#l e-um\: the
nonkeratinized epithelium of the gingival crevice
crevicular fluid \kre#v-cyo o #lar flo o #id\: the fluid that seeps
through the crevicular epithelium; this is usually increased in the
presence of inflammation
cribriform plate \krb#ra-fo rm\ obs : in dentistry, the alveolar
bone
proper
crist o bal ite \krs#to -ba#l t\ n : an allotropic form of crystalline
silica used in dental casting investments
cross arch balance: see C.A.B. ARTICULATION
cross arch balanced articulation \kro s, kros arch bal#ansd artk# ya-l a#shun\: the simultaneous contact of the buccal and
lingual cusps of the working side maxillary teeth with the opposing
buccal and lingual cusps of the mandibular teeth, concurrent with
contact of the nonworking side maxillary lingual cusps with the
mandibular buccal cusps
cross arch stabilization \kros, kro s arch st a#ba-l #z a-shun\:
resistance
against dislodging or rotational forces obtained by using a partial
removable dental prosthesis design that uses natural teeth on the
opposite side of the dental arch from the edentulous space to assist
in stabilization
cross bite: see REVERSE ARTICULATION
cross bite teeth: see REVERSE ARTICULATION TEETH
cross bite occlusion: see REVERSE ARTICULATION
cross pinning \kro s, kros pn#ing\: the augmentation achieved
in retention of a cast restoration by the placement of a pin
through the axial wall of a dental casting into tooth dentin
cross tooth balance: see BALANCED ARTICULATION, CROSS
TOOTH BALANCED ARTICULATION
cross tooth balanced articulation \kro s, kros to o th
bal#ansd ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: the harmonious contact of
opposing working side buccal and lingual cusps
1
crown \kroun\ n (12c) 1: the highest part, as the topmost part of the
skull, head or tooth; the summit; that portion of a tooth occlusal
to the dentinoenamel junction or an artificial substitute for this 2:
an artificial replacement that restores missing tooth structure by
surrounding part or all of the remaining structure with a
material such as cast metal, porcelain, or a combination of
materials such as metal and porcelain
2
crown \kroun\ vt (12c): to place on the head, as to place a crown on
a
tooth, dental implant or tooth substituteusage : implies fabrication of a restoration for a tooth on a natural tooth, dental implant
and/or dental implant abutment
crown flask \kroun flask\: a sectional, box like case in which a sectional
mold is made of artificial stone or plaster of parts for the purpose of
processing dentures or other resinous restorations
crown fracture \kroun frak#chur\: micro or macroscopic cleavage in
the coronal portion of a tooth
crown-implant ratio: the physical relationship between the portion of
the implant-supported restoration within alveolar bone compared
with the portion not within the alveolar bone, frequently deter-

mined by radiographic examination
crown lengthening slang : see LENGTHENING OF
CLINICAL CROWN
THE
crown-root ratio \kroun-ro o t r a#sho , r a#sh e-o #\: the

physical relationship between the portion of the tooth within
alveolar bone compared with the portion not within the alveolar
bone, as determined by radiograph
crown slitter \kroun slt#er\ obs : a mechanical device used to slit the
axial surface of a swayed artificial crown to facilitate its removal
[GPT-4]
cru ci ble \kro o #sa-bal\ n (15c): a vessel or container made of
any
refractory material (frequently porcelain) used for melting or
calcining any substance that requires a high degree of heat
crucible former \kro o #sa-bal fo r#mer\: the base to which a sprue
former is attached while the wax pattern is being invested in
refractory investment; a convex rubber, plastic, or metal base that
forms a concave depression or crucible in the refractory
investment
CT: acronym for Computerized Tomography
crypt \krpt\ n (1789) 1: a chamber wholly or partly underground 2:
in anatomy, a pit, depression or simple tubular gland
cuff \kuf\ n (14c): something that encircles; a band about any body
cul-de-sac \kul-d-sak\ n (1738): a blind pouch or tubular cavity
closed at one end
cumulative dose \kyo o m#ya-l a#tv, -ya-la-tv do s\: the total
accumulated dose resulting from a single or repeated exposure to
radiation of the same region or of the whole body; if used in area
monitoring, it represents the accumulated radiation exposure
over a given period of time
cure vb (14c): see POLYMERIZE
1
curve \ku rv\ adj (15c): bent or formed into a curve
2
curve \ku rv\ vb curved \ku rvd\; curv ing \ku rv#ing\ vi (1594): to
take a turn, change, or deviation from a straight line or plane
surface without
angularity or sharp breaks; a non-angular
deviation from a straight line or surfacesee REVERSE C.
curve of Monson \ku rv uv Mon-son\ [George S. Monson, St. Paul,
Minnesota, U.S. dentist, 1869-1933]: eponym for a proposed ideal
curve of occlusion in which each cusp and incisal edge touches
or conforms to a segment of the surface of a sphere 8 inches in
diameter with its center in the region of the glabella
Monson GS. Occlusion as applied to crown and bridgework. J Nat Dent
Assoc 1920;7:399-417.
Monson GS. Some important factors which influence occlusion. J Nat Dent
Assoc 1922;9:498-503.
curve of occlusion \ku rv uv a-klo o #shun\: the average curve

established by the incisal edges and occlusal surfaces of the
anterior and posterior teeth in either arch
curve of Pleasure \ku rv uv Plezh#er\ [Max A. Pleasure, New York,
U.S. dentist, 1903-1965] 1: eponym for a helicoid curve of
occlusion that, when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a
curve that is convex from the superior view, except for the last
molars which reverse that pattern 2: in excessive wear of the teeth,
the oblitera- tion of the cusps and formation of either flat or
cupped-out occlusal surfaces, associated with reversal of the
occlusal plane of the premolar, first and second molar teeth (the
third molars being generally unaffected), whereby the occlusal
surfaces of the mandibular teeth slope facially instead of lingually
and those of the maxillary teeth incline
linguallysyn
ANTIMONSON
CURVE,
FREQUENCY CURVE,
PROBABILITY CURVE, REVERSE CURVE
Pleasure MA. Prosthetic occlusiona problem in mechanics. J Am Dent
Assoc and Dent Cosmos 1937;24:1330-8.
Pleasure MA. Practical full denture occlusion. J Am Dent Assoc Dent
Cosmos 1938;25:1606-17.
curve of Spee [Ferdinand Graf Spee, Prosector of Anatomy, Kiel,

Germany, 1855-1937]: eponym for ANTEROPOSTERIOR
CURVE
Spee FG. Die Verschiebrangsbahn des Unterkiefers am Schadell. Arch Anat
Physiol (Leipz) 1890;16:285-94.
curve of Wilson [George H. Wilson, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. dentist,
DENTISTRY
1855-1922]
1: eponym for the MEDIOLATERAL CURVE 2: in
the theory that occlusion should be spherical, the curvature of

DENTISTRY
the cusps as projected on the frontal plane expressed in both arches;
the curve in the lower arch being concave and the one in the upper
arch being convex. The curvature in the lower arch is affected by an
equal lingual inclination of the right and left molars so that the tip
points of the corresponding cross-aligned cusps can be placed into
the circumferences of a circle. The transverse cuspal curvature of
the upper teeth is affected by the equal buccal inclinations of their
long axes
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia Lea & Febiger,
1911:22-37.
cur vi lin ear \ku r#va-ln# e-er\ adj (1710): consisting of or

bounded by curved lines; represented by a curved line
cusp n : cone-shaped protuberance on the crown of a tooth that forms
the occlusal surface
cusp angle \kusp ang#gal\: the angle made by the average slope of a
cusp with the cusp plane measured mesiodistal or buccolingually
cusp-fossa articulation scheme: an occlusal arrangement where the
maxillary and mandibular centric cusps articulate with the opposing
fossae in maximum intercuspation
cusp height \kusp h t\: the perpendicular distance between the tip of a
cusp and its base plane
cusp-marginal ridge articulation scheme: an occlusal arrangement
where the mandibular second premolar buccal cusp and mandibular molar mesiobuccal cusps articulate with the opposing occlusal
embrasures in maximum intercuspation
cusp plane \kusp pl an\: the plane determined by the two buccal
cusp
tips and the highest lingual cusp of a molar
cusp plane angle \kusp pl an ang#gal\: the incline of the cusp plane
in relation to the plane of occlusion
cuspal interference: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
cuspid guidance: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid
guided articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED
ARTICULATION
cuspid lift: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid lifted articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid protected occlusion: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid rise: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspid rise articulation: see CANINE PROTECTED ARTICULATION
cuspless teeth \kusp#les t eth\: teeth designed without cuspal
prominence on the occlusal surfacesee NONANATOMIC TEETH,
ZERO-DEGREE TEETH
custom anterior guide table: used for transferring to an articulator
the contacts of anterior teeth when determining their influence
on border movements of the mandible. Acrylic resin is molded
by the articulator pin to record and preserve this information
comp MECHANICAL ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE see also
ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
custom tray \kus#tum tr a\: an individualized impression tray
made
from a cast recovered from a preliminary impression. It is used in
making a final impression
cy ano acryl ate \s #a-no -ak#ra-l at\ n (20c): a single
component,
moisture activated, thermoplastic group of adhesives characterized
by rapid polymerization and excellent bond strength
D
Davis crown [Wallace Clyde Davis, Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S. dentist
(1866-1950)] obs : eponym for a dental restoration supported by a
dowel in the root canal over which was cemented a porcelain
tube tooth in direct contact with the root face of the tooth. A
later modification involved a gold casting that improved the fit
between the root and artificial tooth

Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 1st ed. Lincoln, Neb.: Author as
publisher, 1911.
curve of Wilson delayed dentition

d
Davis WC. Essentials of operative dentistry. 2nd ed. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1916.
de bride ment \d a#br ed-maN#, d-br ed#ment\ n (ca. 1842):

the removal of inflamed, devitalized, contaminated tissue or
foreign
material from or adjacent to a lesion
deciduous dentition: see PRIMARY DENTITION
de cor ti ca tion \d e-ko r#t-k a#shun\ n (ca. 1623) 1: a process of
removing the outer covering (as in enamel, bark, husks, etc.)
from something 2: surgical removal of the cortex of an organ, an
enveloping membrane or fibrinous coveringde cor ti cate
\d e-ko r#t-k at\ vtde cor ti cat or \d e-ko r#t-k
a#tor\ n
decreased occlusal vertical dimension \d-kr esd a-klo o #sal vu
r#t-kal d-men#shun\: a reduction in the distance measured
between two anatomic points when the teeth are in occlusal
contact
deep bite: see VERTICAL OVERLAP
deep heat therapy: see DIATHERMY
defective color vision \d-f ek#tv kul#er vzh#un\: the condition
in which color discrimination
is significantly reduced in
comparison with the normal trichromat. The forms of color
defective vision can be divided into three main groups
dichromatic vision, anomalous
trichromatic vision,
and
monochromatic
visionsee COLOR BLINDNESS, COLOR
DEFICIENCY
definitive cast: \d-f n#-tv kast\: a replica of the tooth surfaces,
residual ridge areas, and/or other parts of the dental arch
and/or facial structures used to fabricate a dental restoration or
prosthesis; called also final cast
defective occlusal contact \d-fek#tv a-klo o #sal kon#takt#\ obs :
contact
that is capable of guiding the mandible from its original path of
action into a different path of motion or capable of disturbing the
relation between a denture base and its supporting tissues
(GPT-1)
definitive obturator \d-fn#-tv ob#ta-r a#ter\: a maxillofacial
prosthesis that replaces part or all of the maxilla and associated
teeth lost due to surgery or trauma Editorial note: a definitive
obturator is made when it is deemed that further tissue changes or
recurrence of tumor are unlikely and a more permanent prosthetic
rehabilitation can be achieved; it is intended for long- term use
definitive palatal lift prosthesis: see PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS
definitive prosthesis \d-fn#-tv pros-th e#ss\: any dental or maxillofacial prosthesis designed for long-term use
definitive speech aid prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
de flec tion \d-flek#shun\ n (1605) 1: a turning aside or off course 2:
a continuing eccentric displacement of the mandibular midline
incisal path symptomatic of restriction in movement
deflective occlusal contact \d-flek#tv a-klo o #sal kon#takt\: a
contact that displaces a tooth, diverts the mandible from its
intended movement, or displaces a removable denture from its
basal seatusage : see
OCCLUSAL
DISHARMONY,
OCCLUSAL PREMATURITY
de for ma tion \d e#fo r-m a#shun, def#-er-\ n (15c): the change
of
form or shape of an object
de gas \d e-gas#\ vt; de gassed \d e-gasd#\ pt., pp; de gassing \d egas#- ing\ ppr (1920) 1: to remove gas from an object or substance
2: the name commonly used to denote the first heat cycle
(oxidation cycle) in fabrication of a metal ceramic restoration that
removes surface impurities from the metallic component and
produces surface oxides prior to the application of opaque
porcelain
degenerative arthritis: see OSTEOARTHRITIS
degenerative joint disease: see OSTEOARTHRITIS
de glu ti tion \d e#glo o -tsh#un\ n (1650): the act of swallowing
DENTISTRY
de hisce \d-hs#\
vt; de hisced \d-hsd\; de hisc ing \d-hs#sing\
(1658): to split or peal down along a natural line; to discharge
the contents by so splitting
de his cence \d-hs#sens\ n (ca. 1828): an act or instance of dehiscing,
i.e., separation of wound margins
delayed dentition \d-l ad# den-tsh#en\: the eruption of the first
teeth of the primary dentition or the permanent dentition
considerably later than the normally expected time (after the
thirteenth month

DENTISTRY
delayed dentition dental stone

d
of life for the primary dentition and after the seventh year of life for
the permanent dentition in humans)
delayed dis-occlusion: see DELAYED DISCLUSION
delayed disclusion \d-l ad# ds-klo o #shun\: deferred separation of
the posterior teeth due to the anterior guidance
de liv er y: see PLACEMENT
delta E \del#ta E\: total color difference computed by use of a color
difference equation. It is generally calculated as the square root
of the sums of the squares of the chromaticity difference and the
lightness difference. It signifies the difference between sample
and standard
de min er al iza tion \d e-mn#er-a-l -z a#shun\ n (ca. 1903) 1:
loss of minerals (as salts of calcium) from the body 2: in
dentistry,
decalcification, usually related to the dental caries process
de nas al i ty \d e-n a-zal#-t e\ n : the quality of the voice when the
nasal passages are obstructed to prevent adequate nasal
resonance during speechsee HYPONASALITY
de ner va tion \d e-nu r-v a#shun\ n (1905): resection of or removal
of
the nerves to an organ or part
den tal \den#tl\ adj (1594): of or pertaining to the teeth
dental arch \den#tl arch\: the composite structure of the natural teeth
and alveolar bone
dental articulation \den#tl ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: the contact
relationships of maxillary and mandibular teeth as they move
against each otherusage : this is a dynamic process
dental biomechanics \den#tl b #o -m-kan#iks\: the
relationship
between the biologic behavior of oral structures and the physical
influence of a dental restorationsyn DENTAL BIOPHYSICS
dental cast \den#tl kast\: a positive life size reproduction of a part or
parts of the oral cavity
dental casting investment \den#tl kas#tng n-vest#ment\: a material
consisting principally of an allotrope of silica and a bonding agent.
The bonding substance may be gypsum (for use in lower casting
temperatures) or phosphates and silica (for use in higher casting
temperatures)
dental dysfunction \den#tl ds-fungk#shun\: abnormal functioning of
dental structures; partial disturbance or functional impairment of a
dental organ
dental element \den#tl el#a-ment\: slang for a dental prosthesis that
receives part or all support/retention from one or more
endosteal, eposteal or transosteal dental implants
dental engineering \den#tl en#ja-nr#ing\ obs 1: the application
of
physical, mechanical, and mathematical principles to dentistry 2:
the application of engineering principles to dentistry (GPT-4)
dental esthetics \den#tl es-thet#ks, s\: the application of the
principles of esthetics to the natural or artificial teeth and
restorations
dental geriatrics \den#tl jer# e-at#rks\ 1: the branch of
dental
care involving problems peculiar to advanced age and aging 2:
dentistry for the aged patientsee GERODONTICS, GERODONTOLOGY
dental implant \den#tl m-plant\: 1. a prosthetic device made of alloplastic material(s) implanted into the oral tissues beneath the mucosal or/and periosteal layer, and on/or within the bone to
provide retention and support for a fixed or removable dental
prosthesis; a substance that is placed into or/and upon the jaw
bone to support a fixed or removable dental prosthesis 2. the
portion of an implant that provides support for the dental implant
abutment(s) through adaptation upon (eposteal), within
(endosteal), or through (transosteal) the bone usage:
although dental implants may be classified by their silhouette
or geometrical form (i.e., fin, screw, cylinder, blade, basket,
root form, etc.) generally dental implants are classified based on

their anchorage component as it relates to the bone that provides
support and stability. Thus, there are three basic types of dental
implants: eposteal dental implants, endosteal dental implants, and
transosteal dental implants. Some dental implants possess both
eposteal and endosteal components (by design or subsequent
anchorage change); the decision as to what anchor-
age system provides the most support at initial placement determines which category is used to best describe the dental implant;
the dental implant(s) provide bony support via the dental implant
attachment while the dental implant abutment(s) connect the dental implant to the fixed or removable dental prosthesissee
also DENTAL IMPLANT
ABUTMENT, ENDOSTEAL
DENTAL IMPLANT, EPOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT,
TRANSOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANTcomp MUCOSAL
INSERT
dental implant abutment \m#plant# a-but#ment\: the portion of a
dental implant that serves to support and/or retain any fixed or
removable dental prosthesisusage : frequently dental implant
abutments, especially those used with endosteal dental
implants, are changed to alter abutment design or use before a
definitive dental prosthesis is fabricated. Such a preliminary
abutment is termed an interim (dental implant) abutment. The
abutment chosen to support the definitive prosthesis is termed a
definitive (dental implant) abutment. Dental implant abutments
frequently are described by their form (i.e., cylindrical, barrel),
material (i.e., ceramic, titanium, zirconia ceramic), or special
design factors (i.e., internal hex lock, external hex lock, spline)
dental implant attachment \m#plant# a-tach#ment\: 1. the
biochemical/mechanical interconnection between the dental
implant and the tissues to which it is attached 2. slang expression
for the means of retention of the dental implant abutment to the
dental implant
dental implant analog: a replica of the entire dental implant, not
intended for human implantation
dental implant loading: the process of placing axial or tangential
force on a dental implant usually associated with the intentional
exposure of the dental implant either at the time of initial surgical
placement of the dental implant or subsequent surgical exposure.
Such forces may come from any of a variety of sources including
intentional or/ and unintentional occlusal loading, unintentional
forces from the tongue or other oral tissues, food bolus, as well as
alveolar/osseous deformation. Generally application
of
intentional occlusal forces may be termed immediate loading,
progressive loading, or delayed loading see AXIAL LOADING
dental implant system \m#plant ss#tem\ (1993): dental implant
components that are designed to mate together. An implant
system can represent a specific concept, inventor, or patent. It
consists of the necessary parts and instruments to complete the
implant placement and abutment components
dental impression \den#tl m-presh#en\: a negative imprint of an oral
structure used to produce a positive replica of the structure to be
used as a permanent record or in the production of a dental
restoration or prosthesissee IMPRESSION
dental impression wax \den#tl m-presh#en waks\: any thermoplastic
wax used to make impressions for dental use
dental plaster \den#tl plas#ter\: the beta-form of calcium sulfate
hemihydrate. It is a fibrous aggregate of fine crystals with
capillary pores that are irregular in shape and porous in character
dental prosthesis \den#tl pros-th e#sis\: an artificial replacement
(prosthesis) of one or more teeth (up to the entire dentition in
either arch) and associated dental/alveolar structures. Dental
prostheses usually are subcategorized as either fixed dental
prostheses or removable dental prostheses see also FIXED
DENTAL
PROSTHESIS,
REMOVABLE
DENTAL
PROSTHESIS; comp to MAXILLOFA- CIAL PROSTHESIS,
ANCILLARY PROSTHESIS
dental prosthetic laboratory procedures \den#tl pros-thet#ik lab#rato r# e pra-s e#jerz\: the steps in the fabrication of a dental
prosthesis that do not require the presence of the patient for their
completion
dental senescence \den#tl s-nes#enz\: that condition of the teeth and
associated structures in which there is deterioration due to aging or
premature aging processes
dental shade selection: see TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
dental stone \den#tl sto n\: the alpha-form of calcium sulfate
DENTISTRY
hemihydrate
with physical properties superior to the beta-form
(dental

DENTISTRY
plaster). The alpha-form consists of cleavage fragments and crystals
in the form of rods or prisms, and is therefore more dense than the
beta-form
den tate \den#t at#\ adj (1760): having teeth or pointed
conical
projections
den tin \den#tn\ n (1840): a calcareous material similar to but harder
and denser than bone that comprises the principle mass of the
toothden tin al adj; also spelled den tine \den#t en\
dentin porcelain obs:see BODY PORCELAIN
den ti tion \den-tsh#on\ n (1615): the teeth in the dental arch
dentofacial orthopedics \den#to -f a#shal o r#tha-p e#dks\: the
branch of dentistry that treats abnormal jaw and tooth
relationships
den to form \den#to -fo rm\: having the likeness of a tooth;
a tooth-like substitute
den tu lous \den#cha-lus\ adj (1926) 1: possessing natural teeth 2: a
condition in which natural teeth are present in the mouthsyn
DENTATE
den ture \den#chur\ n (1874): an artificial substitute for missing
natural teeth and adjacent tissuesusage: see COMPLETE D.,
DIAGNOSTIC D., DUPLICATE D., EXTENSION BASE
REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS., FIXED DENTAL
PROSTHESIS.,
IMMEDIATE
D.,
INTERIM
D.,
OVERDENTURE, PARTIAL
D.,
PROVISIONAL D.,
REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS., ROTATIONAL
PATH REMOVABLE PARTIAL D., TRANSITIONAL D.,
TREATMENT D., TRIAL D., UNILATERAL REMOVABLE
DENTAL PROSTHESIS
denture adhesive \den#chur ad-h e#sv\: a material used to adhere a
denture to the oral mucosa
denture basal surface: see DENTURE BASE
denture base \den#chur b as\: the part of a denture that rests on
the foundation tissues and to which teeth are attachedusage:
see TINTED D.B.
denture base material \den#chur b as ma-tr# e-al\: any substance
of
which a denture base may be made
denture base saddle \den#chur b as sad#l\ obs 1: the part of a
denture that rests on the oral mucosa and to which the teeth are
attached
2: the part of a complete or removable partial denture that rests
on the basal seat and to which the teeth are attached
(GPT-4)see DENTURE BASE
denture bearing area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
denture border \den#chur bo r#der\ 1: the margin of the denture
base at the junction of the polished surface and the impression
surface 2: the peripheral border of a denture base at the facial,
lingual, and posterior limits
denture characterization \den#chur kar#ak-ter--z a#shun\:
modification of the form and color of the denture base and teeth to produce
a more lifelike appearance
denture curing \den#chur kyo o r#ing\ obs : the process by which
the
denture base materials are hardened to the form of a denture
mold (GPT-4)see DENTURE PROCESSING
denture design \den#chur d-z n\ obs : a planned visualization of the
form and extent of a dental prosthesis arrived at after study of all
factors involved (GPT-4)
denture esthetics \den#chur es-thet#ks\: the effect produced by a
dental prosthesis that affects the beauty and attractiveness of the person
denture flange \den#chur flanj\: the part of the denture base that
extends from the cervical ends of the teeth to the denture border
denture flask: see CASTING FLASK, CROWN FLASK

denture foundation \den#chur foun-d a#shun\: the oral structures
available to support a denture
denture foundation area \den#chur foun-d a#shun ar# e-a\:
the
surfaces of the oral structures available to support a denture
denture occlusal surface \den#chur a-klo o #sal su r#fas\: the
portion of the surface of a denture that makes contact with its
antagonist
dental stone determinants of mandibular movement

d
denture packing \den#chur pak#ing\ substand : the act of pressing a

denture base material into a mold within a refractory flasksee
DENTURE RESIN PACKING
denture placement: see PLACEMENT
denture polished surface \den#chur pol#sht\: the portion of the
surface of a denture that extends in an occlusal direction from
the border of the denture and includes the palatal surface. It is
the part of the denture base that is usually polished, and it includes
the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth
denture processing \den#chur pro-ses#ing\ substand 1: the means by
which the denture base materials are polymerized to the form of
a denture 2: the conversion of the wax pattern of a denture or a
portion of a denture into resin or other material
denture prognosis \den#chur prog-no #ss\ obs : an opinion or judgment given in advance of treatment for the prospects for success
in the fabrication of dentures and for their usefulness (GPT-4)
denture prosthetics \den#chur pros-thet#iks\ obs 1: the replacement
of the natural teeth in the arch and their associated parts by
artificial substitutes 2: the art and science of the restoration of an
edentulous mouth (GPT-4)see COMPLETE DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS
denture resin packing \den#chur rez#n pak#ing\: filling and pressing a
denture base material into a mold within a refractory flask
denture retention \den#chur r-ten#shun\ 1: the resistance in the
movement of a denture away from its tissue foundation especially
in a vertical direction 2: a quality of a denture that holds it to the
tissue foundation and/or abutment teethsee DENTURE
STABILITY
denture service \den#chur su r#vs\: the procedures that are involved in
the diagnosis and subsequent fabrication and maintenance of artificial substitutes for missing natural teeth and associated structures
denture space \den#chur sp as\ 1: the portion of the oral cavity that is
or may be occupied by the maxillary and/or mandibular denture(s) 2:
the space between and around the residual ridges that is available
for dentures 3: the area occupied by dentures where formerly the
teeth, alveolar bone, and surrounding soft and hard tissues were
located
denture stability \den#chur sta-bl#-t e\ 1: the resistance of a denture
to movement on its tissue foundation, especially to lateral (horizontal) forces as opposed to vertical displacement (termed denture
retention) 2: a quality of a denture that permits it to maintain a
state of equilibrium in relation to its tissue foundation and/or
abutment teethsee DENTURE RETENTION
denture supporting area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
denture supporting structures \den#chur
sa-po r#tng
struk#churz\ obs : the tissues (teeth and/or residual ridges) that
serve as the foundation for removable partial or complete
dentures (GPT-4)
denture surfaces: see DENTURE POLISHED SURFACE
den tur ism \den#chur-izum\ n : the fabrication and delivery of
removable dentures by non-dentists
den tur ist \den#chur-ist\ n (1965) 1: any non-dentist who makes,
fits, and repairs removable dentures directly for the public 2: a
non-dentist licensed to provide complete dentures directly to the
public
de pas siv a tion \d e-pas#s-v a#shun\ n : loss of corrosion
protection
due to damage or removal of the protective oxide surface film on
a passivated metal
de pro gram mer \d e-pro #gram#er\ n: various types of devices
or
materials used to alter the proprioceptive mechanism during
mandibular closure
determinants of mandibular movement \d-tu r#ma-nent\: those
anatomic structures that dictate or limit the movements of the
mandible. The anterior determinant of mandibular movement is
the dental articulation. The posterior determinants of mandibular
movement are the temporomandibular articulations and their
DENTISTRY
associated structures

DENTISTRY
detrusion disk displacement with reduction

d
de tru sion \d e-tro o #shun\ n : downward movement of the

mandibular condyle
deuteranomalous vision \do o #ter-a-nom#a-lus, dyo o #-ter-anom#
a-lus vzh#on\: a form of anomalous trichromatism in which the
viewer requires more green in a mixture of red and green to match
spectral yellow than does a normal trichromat. The relative spectral
visual sensitivity does not differ noticeably from normal. Hue
discrimination is poor in the red to green region of the spectrum
deu ter an opia \do o #ter-a-no #p e-a, dyo o #-\ n (ca. 1901):
green color blindness
developmental
anomaly
\d-vel#op-men#tl
a-nom#a-l e\:
unusual sequelae of development; a deviation from normal shape
or size
developmental dysmorphia \d-vel#op-men#tl ds#mo r#f ea\:
anomaly of growth seemingly related to extrinsic interference
from contiguous or adjacent structures
developmental dysplasia \d-vel#op-men#tl ds-pl a#zha,-s e-a\: any
abnormality of growth or disharmony between parts due to growth
developmental hyperplasia \d-vel#op-men#tl h #per-pl
a#zha\:
excessive growth development
developmental hypoplasia \d-vel#op-men#tl h #po -pl a#zha\:
diminution in growth development
de vest \d-vest\ vb : the retrieval of a casting or prosthesis from an
investing medium
de vi a tion \d e#v e- a#shun\ n (15c): with respect to movement of
the mandible, a discursive movement that ends in the centered
position and is indicative of interference during movement
de vice \d-v s\ n : something developed by the application of ideas
or principles that are designed to serve a special purpose or
perform a
special functionsee RESTORATION
de vit ri fi ca tion
\d e-vt#ra-f-k a#shun\ n (1832): to
eliminate vitreous characteristics partly or wholly; to crystallize
di ag no sis \d #ag-no #sis\ n; di ag no ses pl (ca. 1861): the
determination of the nature of a disease
1
di ag nos tic \d #ag-nos#tik\ n (1625): the practice of diagnosis
2
di ag nos tic \d #ag-nos#tik\ adj (1625): relating to or used in
diagnosis
diagnostic cast \d #ag-nos#tik kast\: a life-size reproduction of a part
or parts of the oral cavity and/or facial structures for the purpose
of study and treatment planning
diagnostic denture \d #ag-nos#tik
den#chur\:
an interim
removable dental prosthesis placed for the purpose of evaluation
and planning later therapy
diagnostic index: see PROSTHODONTIC DIAGNOSTIC INDEX
diagnostic mounting: see MOUNTING
diagnostic occlusal adjustment: an evaluation of the process and implications of subtractive tooth adjustment on articulator-mounted
casts for the determination of the benefits and consequences of an
occlusal adjustment
diagnostic occlusal prosthesis: a removable dental prosthesis, usually
made of acrylic resin, that includes an overlay of the occlusal
surfaces, designed to evaluate a patients response to extensive
restorative intervention
diagnostic radiation \d #ag-nos#tik r a#d e- a#shun\: the use
of
radiographs for the determination of the nature of a disease
diagnostic setups: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
diagnostic splint: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
diagnostic study cast: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
diagnostic tooth preparation: preparations on dental casts
performed to evaluate and optimize definitive tooth preparations
diagnostic waxing: waxing of intended restorative contours on dental

casts for the purpose of evaluation and planning restorations
diagnostic wax up: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
diarthrodial joint \d #ar-thro -d e-al\: a freely moving joint
di ar thro sis \d #ar-thro #ss\ n (1578): a specialized
articulation permitting more or less free movement; a synovial
joint
di a ste ma \d #a-st e#ma\ n, pl -ma ta (1854): a space between
two adjacent teeth in the same dental arch
dia ther my \d #a-thu r#m e\ n (1909): tissue resistance generated

heat resulting from high-frequency electric current
di a tor ic \d #a-to r#ik\ adj : a channel placed in denture teeth
to serve as a mechanical means of retaining the teeth in a
chemically
dissimilar denture base material
dichromatic vision \d #kro -mat#k vzh#en\: defective color
vision characterized by the interpretation of wavelengths from
the red portion of the spectrum matching a given green. There
are two known sub classifications. One requires red light to be
approximately 10 times brighter than the red selected by the
other to achieve a similar color mismatch
di chro ma tism \d -kro #ma-tz#um\ n (1884): a form of
defective color vision in which a mixture of only two can match
all colors.
In dichromatic vision, the spectrum is seen as comprising only
two regions of different hue separated by an achromatic band.
Dichromatic vision can be subdivided into three types: protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia
die \d \ n (14c): the positive reproduction of the form of a prepared
tooth in any suitable substance
die spacer \d sp as#er\: an agent applied to a die to provide space for
the luting agent in the finished casting
differential diagnosis \df#a-ren#shal d #ag-no #ss\: the process of
identifying a condition by comparing the signs and symptoms
of all pathologic processes that may produce similar signs and
symptoms
dilaceration \dl-as#a-r a#shun\ 1: a tearing apart 2: in dentistry, a
condition due to injury of a tooth during its development and
characterized by a band or crease at the junction of the crown and
root, or alternatively by tortuous roots with abnormal curvatures
dimensional stability \d-men#shun-l sta-bl#-t e\: the ability of a
material to retain its size and form
dimensions of color \d-men#shunz uv kul#er\: terms used to describe
the three dimensional nature of color. In the Munsell Color Order
System, the dimensions are named hue, value, and chroma. These
are used to describe the color family (hue), the lightness/darkness
(value), and the purity or strength (chroma)
direct bone impression \d-rekt, d - bo n m-presh#on\: a negative
likeness of bone from which overlying tissues have been reflected
direct lift technique: a means of fabricating porcelain labial margins
whereby porcelain is condensed directly onto the diecomp
PORCELAIN WAX TECHNIQUE
direct pulp capping \d-rekt, d - pulp kap#ing\: application of a material to exposed vital pulp to protect it and promote healing
direct retainer \d-rekt, d - r-t a#ner\: that component of a partial
removable dental prosthesis used to retain and prevent
dislodgment, consisting of a clasp assembly or precision
attachment
direct retention \d-rekt, d - r-ten#shun\: retention obtained in a partial removable dental prosthesis by the use of clasps or attachments
that resist removal from the abutment teeth
dis ar tic u la tion \ds#ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\ n : separation of joint
parts
disc \dsk\ n : var. spelling of disk
disk-condyle complex \dsk-kon#d l, -dl kom#pleks#\: the condyle
and its disk articulation that functions as a simple hinge joint
disk \dsk\ n (1664): with respect to the temporomandibular joint, the
avascular intraarticular tissuespelled also disc
disk degeneration \dsk d-jen#a-r a#shun\: degenerative changes
in the temporomandibular joint articular disk
disk derangement \dsk d-ranj#ment\: an abnormal relationship of
the articular disk to the condyle, fossa, and or/and
eminence
disk detachment: a peripheral separation of the disk from its capsular,
ligamentous, or osseous attachments
disk dislocation: see DISK DERANGEMENT
disk displacement: see DISK DERANGEMENT
DENTISTRY
disk displacement
with reduction \dsk ds-pl as#ment wth rduk# shun\: disk displacement in which the temporomandibular
joint disk is displaced at rest (usually in an anterior-medial
direction)

DENTISTRY
but resumes a normal position on mandibular movement, usually
accompanied by a clicking sound
disk displacement without reduction \dsk ds-pl as#ment wthout
r-duk#shun\: disk displacement in which the temporomandibular
joint disk is displaced at rest and does not resume a normal position
on mandibular movement see CLOSED LOCK
disk interference \dsk n#ter-fr#ens\: interference with
mandibular
movement
due to disk related pathosis and/or
dysfunction
disk locking \dsk lok#ing\: disk derangement that will not reduce or
restore to its normal place or relationship
disk perforation \dsk pu r#fa-r a#shun\: a circumscribed tear in
the
articular disk, generally as the result of degenerative thinning in
the central portion, usually with longstanding increased compressive forces, permitting communication between the superior and
inferior joint spaces. There is no disruption at the peripheral
attachments to the capsule, ligaments, or bone
disk prolapse \dsk pro -laps\: rotation of the disk forward on the
condyle
disk space \dsk sp as\: the radiolucent
area on a
temporomandibular joint radiograph between the mandibular
condyle and the articular fossa
disk thinning \dsk thn#ing\: degenerative decrease in disk thickness,
usually as the result of long standing increased compressive forces
diskectomy: excision of the intraarticular disk
dis clu sion vb : see DISOCCLUSION
dis junc tor \ds-jungk#tor\ n : any component of a prosthesis that
serves to allow movement between two or more parts
dislocated fracture \ds#lo -k a#td frak#chur\: a fracture of a bone
near
an articulation, with displacement of the condyloid process out of
the articular fossa
dis lo ca tion \ds#lo -k a#shun\ n (15c): the state or act of
being dislocated, as displacement of one or more bones at a joint
usage: see CONDYLAR
D.,
FUNCTIONAL D.,
MANDIBULAR D., PARTIAL D.
dis oc clude: see DISOCCLUSION
dis oc clu sion \ds#a-klo o #zhen\ vb : separation of opposing
teeth during eccentric movements of the mandiblesee
DELAYED D., IMMEDIATE D.
displacement of the mandible \ds-pl as#ment uv tha man#da-bl\:
any abnormal relationship of the mandible when at rest
dis tal \ds#tal\ adj (1808): remote; farther from the point of reference;
away from the median sagittal plane of the face following the
curvature of the dental arch
distal extension partial denture: see EXTENSION BASE PARTIAL
REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS
dis to c clus sion:
see
ANGLES
CLASSIFICATION OF
OCCLUSION
dis to ver sion \ds#to -vu r#zhun\ vb : a deviation towards the
distal
distraction of the condyle \d-strak#shun uv tha kon#d l, -dl\:
displacement of the condyle in and inferior direction
distraction osteogenesis: a procedure whereby a segment of the jaw
is sectioned by osteotomy and gradually displaced by a controlled
movement
distributed mandibular lateral translation: see PROGRESSIVE
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION
disuse atrophy \ds-yo o s# at#ra-f e\: diminution in the size of a
cell, tissue, organ, or part as a result of inactivity
di ver gence \d-vu r#jens, d -\ n (1656) 1: a drawing apart as a
surface extends away from a common point 2: the reverse taper of

walls of a preparation for a restorationdi ver gen cy n, pl -cies \-c
ez\ (1709)
divergence angle \d-vu r#jens ang#gl\ (1998): the sum of the angles
of taper of opposing walls of a tooth preparation that diverge
away from each other
docking device: see RADIATION CONE LOCATOR
Dolder bar [Eugene J. Dolder, Zurich, Switzerland prosthodontist]:
eponym for one of many bar attachments that splint teeth or roots
together while acting as an abutment for a partial removable dental
disk displacement with reduction dysostosis

d
prosthesis. The bar is straight with parallel sides and a round top.
The sleeve or clip that fits over the bar gains retention by friction
only. The bar may be of variable size and is pear shaped in cross
section, as is its accompanying sleeve. This clip allows for some
measure of rotational movement about the bar
Dolder EJ. The bar joint mandibular denture. J PROSTHET DENT
1961;11:689-707.
donor site \do #ner s t\: an area of the body from which a graft is
taken
double lip: hyperplasia of the mucosa of the upper lip producing a
fold of tissue that gives the appearance of duplication of the lip
double wire clasp \dub#al w r klasp\ obs : a back-to-back wire
circumferential clasp
dove tail \duv#t al#\ n (1565): a widened portion of a prepared
cavity used to increase retention and/or resistance
dow el \dou#al\ n, obs (13c): a post usually made of metal that is fitted
into a prepared root canal of a natural tooth. When combined
with an artificial crown or core, it provides retention and
resistance for the restoration See POST
dowel core crown: see POST-CORE CROWN
dowel crown obs : see DAVIS CROWN, RICHMOND CROWN
dowel pin \dou#al pn\: a metal pin used in stone casts to remove die
sections and replace them accurately in the original position
drag \drag\ n : the lower or cast side of a refractory flask to which the
cope is fitted
draw \dro \ vt (bef. 12c): the taper or convergence of walls of a
preparation for a restoration; slangDRAFT, DRAUGHT
dross \dros, dro s\ n: 1. the solid scum formed on the surface of a metal
when molten or melted, often formed from oxides of various
metals but sometimes arising from impurities and waste materials,
2. waste matter; refuge
duc til i ty \duk-tl#-t e\ n (14c): the ability of a material to
withstand permanent deformation under a tensile load without
rupture; ability of a material to be plastically strained in tension.
A material is brittle if it does not have appreciable plastic
deformation in tension before rupture
dum my \dum# e\ n, pl dum mies \dum# ez\ (1598) obs : the
replacement tooth or pontic in a fixed partial denture
duplicate denture \do o #pl-kt den#chur\: a second denture
intended to be a replica of the first
du rom e ter \do o #rom--ter\ n (ca. 1890): an instrument for
measuring hardness
dwt: abbr [denarius + weight] pennyweight; called also pennyweight; a
measurement of weight in the troy system equal to 24 grains, or
0.05 ounce. Its metric equivalent is 1.555 grams
dye \d \ n : a colorant that does not scatter light but absorbs
certain wavelengths and transmits others
dynamic relations \d -nam#k r-l a#shunz\ obs : relations of two
objects involving the element of relative movement of one
object to another, as the relationship of the mandible to the
maxillae (GPT-4)
dynamic splint: see FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL SPLINT
dys es the sia \ds-es-th e#zha, -zh e-a, s-\ n : an unpleasant
abnormal sensation
dys func tion \ds-fungk#shun\ n (ca. 1916): the presence of
functional disharmony between the morphologic form (teeth,
occlusion, bones, joints) and function (muscles, nerves) that may
result in pathologic changes in the tissues or produce a functional
disturbance
dys geu sia \ds-gyo o #zha, -zh e-a\ n : any disturbance in the sense
of
taste
dys ki nes ia \ds-kn#s-zha, -ah e-a\ n (ca. 1706): impairment
of the power of voluntary movement resulting in fragmentary
or incomplete movementsee also INCOORDINATION
dys la lia \ds-la#l e-a\ n : defective articulation due to faulty learning
or to abnormality of the external speech organs and not due to
lesions
DENTISTRY
of the central nervous system
dys ma se sis \ds-mas#-ss\ n : difficulty in mastication

dys os to sis \ds-os#ta-ss\ n : imperfect ossification

DENTISTRY
dysphagia
electron volt
dysphagia \ds-pl a#zha\ n : difficulty in swallowing

dys phon ia \ds-fo #n e-a\ n (ca. 1706): impairment in the
voice;
difficulty in speaking
dys pla sia \ds-pl a#zha\ n (ca. 1923): abnormality of development
see MANDIBULAR D., MAXILLOMANDIBULAR D.

dys ton ia \ds-to n# ya\ n : acute irregular tonic muscular spasms,
often with contortions of the tongue, jaw, eyes, neck, and
sometimes the entire body
E
earbow \r-bo \ n (20c): an instrument similar to a facebow that
indexes to the external auditory meatus and registers the relation
of the maxillary dental arch to the external auditory meatus
and a horizontal reference plane. This instrument is used to
transfer the maxillary cast to the articulator. The earbow provides
an average anatomic dimension between the external auditory
meatus and the horizontal axis of the mandiblesee FACEBOW
early closing click \u r#l e klo s#ing klk\: a click emanating from
the
temporomandibular joint that occurs at the initiation of retrusive
translation
early mandibular lateral translation \u r#l e man-db#ya-lar\:
the
translatory portion of lateral movement in which the greatest
portion occurs early in the forward movement of the nonworking
side condyle as it leaves centric relationsee IMMEDIATE
MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION
early opening click \u r#l e o #pen-ing klk\: a temporomandibular
joint
click that occurs at initiation of the translation of the condyle(s)
EBA cement: acronym for eth oxybenzoic acid cement; reinforced
zinc oxide-eugenol cement with part of the eugenol replaced by
2-ethoxybenzoic acid
eccentric \k-sen#trk\ adj (14c) l: not having the same center 2:
deviating from a circular path 3: located elsewhere than at the
geometric center 4: any position of the mandible other than that
which is its normal position
eccentric checkbite: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
eccentric interocclusal record \k-sen#trk n#ter-a-klo o #sal
rek#erd\: a registration of any maxillomandibular position other
than centric relationship
eccentric jaw record: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
eccentric jaw relation \k-sen#trk jo r-l a#shun\ obs : any
relationship between the jaws other than centric relation (GPT-4)
eccentric occlusion \k-sen#trk a-klo o #shun\: an occlusion other
than
centric occlusion
eccentric position: see ECCENTRIC RELATION
eccentric record: see ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
eccentric relation \k-sen#trik r-l a#shun\: any relationship of the
mandible to the maxilla other than centric relationsee
ACQUIRED
E.R.
ec top ic \ek-top#k\ adj (1873): occurring in an abnormal position or
in an unusual manner or formec top i cal ly \ek-to# pk-l e\ adv
ectopic eruption \ek-top#ik -rup#shun\: eruption of a tooth out of its
normal place or position
ede ma \-d e#ma\ n (15c): abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the tissues
eden tics \ e-den#tiks\ n, obs : the art, science, and technique used
in treating edentulous patients (GPT-4)

e den tu late \ e-den#cha-l at\ v, obs : to remove all teeth
e den tu lous \ e-den#cha-lus\ adj (1782): without teeth, lacking
teeth
edentulism \ e-den#cha-lz-um\ (1998): the state of being
edentulous;
without natural teeth
edge to edge articulation \ej to o
ej ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\:
articulation in which the opposing anterior teeth meet along
their incisal edges when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation
edge to edge bite: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
edge to edge occlusion: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION

educationally qualified prosthodontist \ej#a-k a#shun-a-l e kwol#af d pros#tha-don#tst\: in the United States as defined by the
American Board of Prosthodontics, a prosthodontist who has
successfully completed
an advanced educational
program
accredited by the ADA and is eligible to apply for examination
by the American Board of Prosthodontics
e las tic \-las#tk\ adj (1653): susceptible to being stretched, compressed, or distorted and then tending to resume the original shape
elastic limit \-las#tk lm#it\: the greatest stress to which a material may
be subjected and still be capable of returning to its original
dimensions when such forces are released
elastic modulus \-las#tk moj#a-lus\: the stiffness or flexibility of a
material within the elastic range. Within the elastic range, the
material deforms in direct proportion to the stress applied as
represented by Hookes law
e las tic i ty \-la-sts#-t e\ n (1664): the quality that allows a
structure or material to return to its original form on removal of
an external
forcesee MODULUS OF E.
e las to mer \-las#ta-mer\ n (ca. 1934): a polymer whose glass transition temperature is below its service temperature (usually room
temperature). These materials are characterized by low stiffness
and extremely large elastic strainse las to mer ic adj
elastomeric impression material: a group of flexible chemical polymers, which are either chemically or physically cross-linked.
Generally, they can be easily stretched and rapidly recover their
original dimensions when applied stresses are released
electrical discharge machining \-lek#tr-kal ds-charj ma-sh en#ing\
1. the process by which metal(s) is (are) altered in form using
electrical current through conductive objects brought into
physical contact with the metal surface 2. a precision metal
removal process using an accurately controlled
electrical
discharge (a spark) to erode metal, usually performed in a
liquid dielectric medium syn SPARK EROSION
e lec trode \-lek#tro d\ n (1834) 1: a medium used between an
electric
conductor and the object to which it is to be applied 2: an x-ray
tube component from which electrons emanate or to which they
are attracted. The positive electrode is the anode; the negative
electrode is the cathode
electromagnetic spectrum \-lek#tro -mag-net#k spek#trum\:
the range of energy waves that extend from gamma rays to radio
waves. The eye is sensitive to a very narrow band of wavelengths
between about 380 and 760 nm
electromagnetic wave \-lek#tro -mag-net#k w av\: a disturbance
that
propagates outward from any electric charge that oscillates or is
accelerated; far from the charge, it consists of vibrating electric
and magnetic fields that move at the speed of light and are at right
angles to each other and to the direction of motion
electromyographic
biofeedback \-lek-tro -m -o #gra-fk b
#o - f ed#bak\: an instrumental process that helps patients learn
control over muscle tension levels previously under automatic
control
e lec tro my og ra phy \-lek#tro -m -og#ra-f e\ n (1948): the
graphic
recording
of the electrical potential
of musclesee
NOCTURNAL E.
e lec tron \-lek#tron\ n (1891): the elemental unit of electricity. A
stable elementary particle that is the negatively charged
constituent of ordinary matter, having a mass of about 9.11 3 10
28
g (equivalent to 0.511 MeV) and a charge of about
-19
-1.602 3 10
Coulombcalled also negative electron, negatron
electron accelerator \-lek#tron ak-sel#a-r a#ter\: a device used
in radiation treatment that accelerates electrons to high energies
DENTISTRY
electron beam
therapy \-lek#tron b em ther#a-p e\: treatment by
electrons accelerated to high energies by a machine such as the betatron
electron volt \-lek#tron vo lt\: a unit of energy equal to the energy
acquired by an electron when it passes through a potential difference
of 1 volt in a vacuum; it is equal to (1.602192 + 0.000007) 3 10
19
volt. Abbreviated eV

DENTISTRY
e lec tro plat ing \-lek#tro-pl a#tng\ vt (ca. 1864): the process
of covering the surface of an object with a thin coating of metal
by means of electrolysis
e lec tro pol ish ing
\-lek#tro -pol#sh-ng\
vt :
the
electrolytic removal of a thin layer of metal to produce a bright
surface
el e ments slang \el#a-ment\ (1993): when used in reference to dental
implants, component parts of a dental implant structure such as the
dental implant, dental implant abutment, and abutment screw
elevator muscle \el#a-v a#ter mus#el\: one of the muscles that,
on
contracting, elevates or closes the mandible
e lon ga tion \-lo ng#g a#shun\ n (14c) l: deformation as a result
of tensile force application 2: the degree to which a material
will stretch before breaking 3: the over eruption of a tooth
em bed ment \em-bed-ment\ n (1794): 1. the process of using a ceramic powder mixed with water to surround a glass-ceramic casting. The purpose of the procedure is to prevent distortion and
limit the shrinkage of the casting 2. with reference to the physics
of threaded unions, localized plastic deformation which occurs in
screw threads or the mated components when applying preload.
em bou chure \am#bo o -sho o r\ n (1760): the position and use
of the lips, tongue, and teeth in playing a wind instrument
em bra sure \em-br a#zher\ n (1702) l: the space formed when adjacent surfaces flair away from one another 2: in dentistry, the space
defined by surfaces of two adjacent teeth; there are four embrasure
spaces associated with each proximal contact area: occlusal/incisal,
mesial, distal, and gingival
em brittle \em-brt#l\ vt : to make brittle or plastic
emergence angle \-mu r#jens ang#gel\ (1993): the angle of the
dental implants transitional contour as determined by the relation
of the surface of the abutment to the long axis of the implant
body
emergence profile \-mu r#jens pro #f l\: the contour of a tooth
or
restoration, such as a crown on a natural tooth or dental implant
abutment, as it relates to the adjacent tissues
EMG: acronym for ElectroMyoGram
em i nence \em#i-nens\ n (15c): a prominence or projection,
especially one on the surface of a bone
empty mouth movement \emp#t e mouth mo o v#ment\:
voluntary or reflex movements of the mandible when not
engaged in incision or mastication
en am el \-nam#el\ n (15c): in dentistry, the hard, thin, translucent
layer of calcified substance that envelopes and protects the dentin
of the coronal aspect of the tooth; it is the hardest substance in
the bodycalled also adamantine layer
enamel projection: an apical extension of enamel, usually toward a furcation
in the roots
enamel projection \-nam#el pro-jek#shun\: An apical extension of

enamel, usually toward a furcation in the roots.
en am el o plas ty n : see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
en ar thro sis \en#ar-thro #ss\ n (1634): joints with a ball and socket
arrangement (e.g., hip)
endodontic implants: see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL
DENTAL IMPLANT
endodontic endosteal dental implant \en#do -don#tks en-dos#t
e-l den#tl m-plant#\: a smooth and/or threaded pin implant
that extends through the root canal of a tooth into periapical
bone and is used to stabilize a mobile tooth, sometimes called an
endodontic stabilizer
endodontic pin \en#do -don#tk pn\ obs : a metal pin that is
placed through the apex of a natural tooth into the bone to
stabilize a mobile
tooth
(GPT-4)see ENDODONTIC
ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endodontic stabilizer: see ENDODONTIC ENDOSTEAL

DENTAL IMPLANT
en dog en ous \en-doj#a-nus\ adj (1830): developing or originating
within the organism
en do scope \en#da-sko p\ n (1861): a flexible or rigid thin tube
used for examining the interior of a structure
electroplating epithelium
d
endosseous blade implant: see BLADE ENDOSTEAL DENTAL

IMPLANT
endosseous implant: see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
endosteal dental implant \en-dos#t e-l den#tl m-plant#\: a
device placed into the alveolar and/or basal bone of the
mandible or maxilla and transecting only one cortical plate.
The endosteal dental implant is composed of an anchorage
component, termed the endosteal dental implant, which, ideally,
is within the bone, and a retentive component, termed the
endosteal dental
implant abutment. The dental
implant
abutment connects to the dental implant (by means of screws,
thread/screw interfacing, compression/luting agent etc. that
can be termed elements), passes through the oral mucosa,
and serves to support and/or retain the prosthesis (fixed dental
prosthesis, removable dental prosthesis, maxillofacial
prosthesis). The dental implant abutment may be for interim
or definitive applicationusage: interim abutment, definitive
abutment. Descriptions of the dental implant or/and the
dental implant abutment that use silhouette or geometric
forms, such as cylinder, conical, pre-angled, angled, blade,
basket, or endodontic, may be used as adjectives to enhance
understanding of the geometry of any endosteal dental
implant. Also, descriptive adjectives may be used to delineate
the materials from which they are made, i.e. a ceramic dental implant abutment. Interim or definitive dental implant abutments
may be composed of one or more individual component parts,
each of which is termed an element. The dental implant abutment element(s) usually is (are) described by means of their geometric form, function or means of adaptation, i.e., screw,
coping, cylinder, lug, friction fitting, press-fit. Hence multiple
adjectives may be used to describe both the endosteal dental implant and abutment.see also BASKET E.D.I., BLADE E.D.I.,
DENTAL IMPLANT, ENDODONTIC E.D.I., EPOSTEAL
D.I., SCREW E.D.I., TRANSOSTEAL D.I.
endosteal dental implant (1998): that portion of the dental implant
that provides the anchorage to the bone through the process of tissue integration
endosteal dental implant abutment \en-dos#t e-l den#tl m-plant# abut#ment\ (1998): that portion of the dental implant which passes
through the oral mucosa and provides connection between the endosteal dental implant body and the prosthesis
endosteal dental implant abutment element (s) \en-dos#t e-l dentl m-plant a-but#ment el#a-ment\ (1998): any component used
to secure either the dental implant abutment to the dental
implant or the prosthesis to the dental implant abutment
endosteal dental implant \en-dos#t e-l den#tl m-plant#\ (1998)
that portion of the dental implant that provides the anchorage to
the bone through the process of tissue integration.
end-to-end bite: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
end-to-end occlusion: see EDGE TO EDGE ARTICULATION
entrance port \en-trans port\: the area of the surface of a patient or
phantom on which a radiation beam is incident
envelope of function \en#va-lo p uv fungk#shun\: the threedimensional space contained within the envelope of motion that
defines mandibular movement during masticatory function
and/or phonation
envelope of motion \en#va-lo p uv mo #shun\: the threedimensional space circumscribed
by mandibular
border
movements within which all unstrained mandibular movement
occurs
epithelial attachment: see JUNCTIONAL EPITHELIUM
epithelial cuff \ep#a-th e#l e-al kuf\: a term used to describe the
relationship between the mucosal and the dental implant. The
use of this term implies a close adherence, but not necessarily a
biochemical attachment, between the implant and mucosa
ep i the li um \ep#a-th e#-l e-um\ n, pl lia \-l e-a\ (1748): the
mucosal
tissue serving as the lining of the intraoral surfaces. It extends into
the gingival crevice and adheres to the tooth at the base of the
DENTISTRY
crev- icesee
CREVICULAR E, JUNCTIONAL E.

DENTISTRY
epithelization exposure
d
ep i the li za tion \ep#a-th e#l-z a#shun\ n (ca. 1934): the process

of becoming covered with or converted to epitheliumep i the
lize
\ep# a-th e#l z\
vt
eposteal dental implant \ep#os#t e-al den#tl m-plant#\: any dental
implant that receives its primary support by means of resting
upon the boneusage: a subperiosteal dental implant that
conforms to the superior surface of an edentulous area of
alveolar bone is an eposteal dental implant. Any retaining
screws or other elements that may secure the eposteal
framework to the alveolar bone and pass through the bone
represent endosteal dental implant components. Should the
eposteal framework penetrate the alveolar bone, technically, the
framework becomes an endosteal dental implantusage : an
eposteal dental implants support system has, heretofore, been
termed the implant frame, implant framework, or implant
substructure; however, this is an integral component of that
dental implants form and is not subservient to any other
component see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IM- PLANT,
SUBPERIOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, TRANSOS- TEAL
DENTAL IMPLANT
epoxy resin \ep#ok#s e, -pok#- rez#n\: a resin characterized by the
reactive epoxy or ethyloxyline groups that possess unique characteristics in terms of adhesion to metals, woods, and glasses
epoxy resin die \ep#ok#s e, -pok#- rez#n d \: a reproduction formed
in
epoxy resin
epulis fissuratum: overgrowth of intraoral tissue resulting from
chronic irritation
equalization of pressure \-kwl#a-z a#shun uv presh#ur\: the act
of
equalizing or evenly distributing pressure
equil i brate \-kwl#a-br at\ v -brat ed \-br a#td\; -brat
ing
\-br a#tng\; vt (1635): to bring or to place in
equilibrium
equil i bra tion \-kwl#a-br a#shun\ n (1635) 1: the act or acts of
placing a body in a state of equilibrium 2: the state or condition
of being in equilibriumusage: see MANDIBULAR E.,
OCCLUSAL E.
equil i bra tor \-kwl#a-br a#tor\ n (19c) obs : an instrument or
device used in achieving or helping maintain a state of
equilibrium
(GPT-4)
equi lib ri um \ e#kwa-lb#r e-um, ek#wa-\ (1608) 1: a state of even
adjustment between opposing forces 2: that state or condition
of a body in which any forces acting on it are so arranged that their
product at every point is zero 3: a balance between active forces
and negative resistance
e ro sion \-ro #zhun\ n (1541) 1: an eating away; a type of
ulceration
2: in dentistry, the progressive loss of tooth substance by chemical
processes that do not involve bacterial action producing defects
that are sharply defined, wedge-shaped depressions often in facial
and
cervical areascomp ABFRACTION, ABRASION,
ATTRITION
Essig splint [Norman S. Essig, DDS, Prof. of Prosthodontics, Temple
University School of Dentistry]: eponym for a stainless steel wire
passed labially and lingually around a segment of the dental arch
and held in position by individual ligature wires around the contact
areas of the teeth; it is used to stabilize fractured or repositioned
teeth and the involved alveolar bone. Variously ascribed to V. H.
Jackson, DDS, (N.Y.), C. J. Essig, DDS, N. S. Essig, DDS (Pa.),
or W. H. Atkinson, DDS

Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia:
Lea Brothers and Co., 1896:187, 208.
Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
Publishing Co., 1937.
es thet ic \es-thet#k\ 1: pertaining to the study of beauty and the sense

of beautiful. Descriptive of a specific creation that results from such
study; objectifies beauty and attractiveness, and elicits pleasure
2: pertaining to sensation var of AESTHETIC
esthetic reshaping \es-thet#k r e-sh ap#ng\: the physical
modification of the surfaces of teeth to improve appearance
es thet ics \es-thet#ks\ adj (1798) 1: the branch of philosophy dealing

with beauty 2: in dentistry, the theory and philosophy that deal
with beauty and the beautiful, especially with respect to the appearance of a dental restoration, as achieved through its form and/or
color. Those subjective and objective elements and principles underlying the beauty and attractiveness of an object, design or principlesee DENTAL E., DENTURE E.aes thet i cal ly adj
Estlanders operation [Jakob August Estlander, Finnish surgeon,
1831-1881]: eponym for a lip switch operation. A triangular flap
of tissue borrowed from the lower lip is transferred to the upper
lateral lip
1
etch \ech\ vb,vt (1634) la: to produce a retentive surface, especially on
glass or metal, by the corrosive action of an acid lb: to subject to
such etching 2: to delineate or impress clearly
2
etch \ech\ n (1896) 1: the effect or action of an etching acid on a surface 2: a chemical agent used in etching
etch ant \ech#ant\ n : an agent that is capable of etching a surface
etch ing \ech#ing\ vt (1632) 1: the act or process of selective dissolution 2: in dentistry, the selective dissolution of the surface of tooth
enamel, metal, or porcelain through the use of acids or other agents
(etchants) to create a retentive surface
ethylene oxide \eth#a-l en ok#s d#\: a bactericidal agent occurring as
a
colorless gas with a pleasant ethereal odor; the chemical in gas sterilization systems used for many items that cannot be sterilized in a
high heat system; used as a disinfectant, especially for disposable
equipment
etiologic factors \ e#t e-o -loj#k fak#tors\: the elements or
influences
that can be assigned as the cause or reason for a disease or lesion
see LOCAL E.F., SYSTEMIC E.F.
e ti ol o gy \ e#t e-ol#a-j e\ n (1555) 1: the factors implicated in
the cause or origin of a disease or disorder 2: the study or theory
of the factors causing disease
e vis cer a tion \-vs#a-r a#shun\ n : removal of the viscera or contents
of a cavity. In ophthalmology, the removal of the contents of the
eyeball, leaving the sclera
e vul sion \-vul#shun\ n (1611): extraction; removed, usually of a
sudden nature
ex am in a tion \g-zam#a-n a#shun\ n (14c): scrutiny or
investigation for the purpose of making a diagnosis or assessment
excoriate \ex-skor-ee-ayt\: to wear off the skin; to abrade
excoriation\ : a scratch or abrasion of the skin
ex cur sion \k-sku r#shun\ n (1577) 1: a movement outward and
back or from a mean position or axis; also, the distance traversed
2: in dentistry, the movement occurring when the mandible
moves away from maximum intercuspation
ex cur sive \k-sku r#sv\ adj (1673): constituting a digression;
characterized by digression
excursive movement \k-sku r#sv mo o v#ment\: movement
occurring when the mandible moves away from maximum
intercuspation
ex en ter a tion \k-zen#ta-r a#shun\ n : removal of an organ. Used
in connection with the eye, an orbital exenteration denotes the
removal of the entire eye and surrounding structures
exercise prosthesis \ek#ser-s z# proth#-ss\: a temporary,
removable dental prosthesis, usually without teeth and always
without occluding contact, used for the purpose of
reconditioning the supporting structures (especially the residual
ridge) by means of light, intermittent biting pressure applied
against bilaterally interposed fingers
exostosis: bony projection extending beyond the normal contour of a
bony surface
expansion prosthesis \k-span#shun proth#-ss\: a maxillofacial pros-
thesis used DENTISTRY

to expand the lateral segment of the maxilla in a unilateral or bilateral cleft of the soft and hard palates and alveolar
processes
ex po sure \k-spo #zher\ n (1606) 1: the act of laying open, as a
surgical or dental exposure 2: in radiology, a measure of the
roentgen
rays or gamma radiation at a certain place based on its ability to

DENTISTRY
cause ionization. The unit of exposure is the roentgen, called also
exposure dosesee ROENTGEN RAY
ex ten sion \k-sten#shun\ n (15c) 1: the movement by which the two
elements of any jointed part are drawn away from each other, the
process of increasing the angle between two skeletal levers having
end-to-end articulation with each other. The opposite of flexion
2: in maxillofacial prosthetics, that portion of a prosthesis added
to fill a defect or provide a function not inherent in a dental restoration, e.g., palatal extension, pharyngeal extensionsee
SECTION
extension base partial removable dental prosthesis \k-sten#shun b
as
par#shal r-mo o #va-bal den#tl pros-th e#ss\: a removable
dental prosthesis that is supported and retained by natural teeth
only at one end of the denture base segment and in which a
portion of the functional load is carried by the residual ridge
extension bridge: see CANTILEVER FIXED DENTAL
PROSTHESIS
extension outline \k-sten#shun out#l n\ obs 1: the outline of the
area of the entire basal seat of a denture 2: the outline on the
surface of a cast or mucous membrane that includes the entire area
to be covered by a denture (GPT-1)
external oblique ridge \k-stu r#nal o -bl ek# rj\: a smooth ridge on
the
buccal surface of the body of the mandible that extends from
the anterior border of the ramus, with diminishing prominence,
downward and forward to the region of the mental foremen.
This ridge changes very little in size and direction throughout
life
ex tir pate \ek#stir-p at#\ vt. -pat ed \-p a#td\ -pat ing \-p
a#tng\
(1539) 1. To pull up or out, to destroy completely. 2. To cut
out by surgery. ex tir pa tion \ek#stir-p a#shun\ n.
extracapsular ankylosis \ek#stra-kap#sa-lar ang#ka-lo #ss\:
ankylosis
due to rigidity of any structure external to the joint capsule
extracapsular disorder \ek#stra-kap#sa-lar ds-o r#der\: a problem
associated with the masticatory system in which the etiological
factors are located outside of the temporomandibular joint
capsule
ex tra coro nal \ek#stra-ko r#a-nal, kor#-, ka-ro #nal\ adj : that which
is
outside or external to, the crown portion of a natural tooth; e.g., an
extracoronal preparation, restoration, partial or complete crown
extracoronal attachment: any prefabricated attachment for support
and retention of a removable dental prosthesis. The male and
female components are positioned outside the normal contour of
the abutment toothsee INTRACORONAL ATTACHMENT,
PRECISION ATTACHMENT
extracoronal retainer \ek#stra-ko r#a-nal, kor#-, ka-ro #nal r-t
a#ner\:
that part of a fixed dental prosthesis uniting the abutment to the
other elements of a prosthesis that surrounds all or part of the prepared crown
extraoral tracing \ek#stra-o r#al, o r#- tr a#sng\: a tracing of
mandibular
movements made by means of devices that extend outside the oral
cavity; a tracing made outside the oral cavity
ex tra ver sion: see LABIOVERSION
ex tir pate vt -pat ed; -pat ing (1539) 1: to pull up or out; to destroy
completely 2: to cut out by surgeryex tir pa tion n
ex trin sic \k-strn#sk\ adj (1613): external, extraneous, as originating from or on the outsideex trin si cal ly adv
extrinsic coloring \k-strn#sk kul#or-ng\: coloring from without;
applying color to the external surface of a prosthesis

ex tru sion \k-stro o #zhun\ n (1540): the movement of teeth
beyond
the natural occlusal plane that may be accompanied by a similar
movement of their supporting tissues
ex u date \eks#yo o -d at#\ n : 1. exuded molten material 2. any
fluid
that gradually passing through tissues. Inflammatory exudate is a
fluid with a high content of serum proteins and leukocytes, formed
as a reaction to tissue injury.
exposure Farrar appliance

d
F
fab ri ca tion \fab#r-k a#shun\ n (1670): the building, making,
or constructing of a restoration
face form \f as form\ obs 1: the outline form of the face 2: the
outline
form of the face from an anterior view, sometimes described geometrically as square, tapering, ovoid, or by various combinations
of these basic forms (GPT-4)see FACIAL FORM
facebow \f as bo \: a caliper-like instrument used to record the spatial
relationship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference point or
points and then transfer this relationship to an articulator; it orients
the dental cast in the same relationship to the opening axis of the
articulator. Customarily the anatomic references are the mandibular condyles transverse horizontal axis and one other selected anterior point; called also hinge bowsee EARBOW, KINEMATIC F.
facebow fork \f as bo fork\: that component of the facebow used to
attach the occlusion rim to the facebow
facebow record \f as bo rek#erd\: the registration obtained by means
of a facebow
facebow transfer: the process of transferring the facebow record of the
spatial relationship of the maxillary arch to some anatomic reference point or points and transferring this relationship to an articulator
fac et \fas#t\ n (1625): a small, planar surface on any hard bodysee
WEAR FACETusage: the French spelling of facet, facette, has
continued to confuse the profession regarding pronunciation
facial \f a#shal\ adj : the surface of a tooth or other oral structure
approximating the face (including both the lips and cheeks)
facial augmentation implant prosthesis \f a#shal o g#men-t a#shun
m- plant proth#-ss\ 1: a maxillofacial prosthesis made of
implantable biocompatible material generally onlayed upon an
existing bony area beneath the skin tissue to fill in or selectively
raise portions of the overlaying facial skin tissues to create
acceptable contours. Although some forms of pre made surgical
implants are commer- cially available, the facial augmentation
implant prosthesis is usually custom made for surgical
implantation for each individual patient due to the irregular or
extensive nature of the facial deficit 2: an implantable
biocompatible material generally laid upon an existing bony area
beneath the skin tissues to fill in or selectively raise portions of
the overlaying facial skin tissues to create acceptable contours
(GPT7)called also facial implant
facial form \f a#shal form\: the outline form of the face from an
anterior
view
facial moulage \f a#shal mo o -lazh\: a negative reproduction
(impression) of the face that records soft tissue and bony
contours of the face. It is used for diagnostic purposes or to
create a prosthesis or implantsee
COMPLETE
F.M.,
MOULAGE, SECTIONAL F.M.
facial profile \f a#shal pro #f l\: the outline form of the face from a
lateral
view
facial prosthesis \f a#shal proth#-ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis that
artificially replaces a portion of the face lost due to surgery,
trauma, or congenital absencecalled also extraoral prosthesis,
prosthetic dress- ing
facial prosthetic adhesive \f a#shal pros-thet#k ad-h e#sv\: a
material
used to adhere a facial prosthesis to the skin
fac ing \f a#sng\ n (1566): a veneer of any restorative material used
on a natural tooth or prosthesis as a restoration to simulate a
natural tooth
failure \fa-t eg# f al#yer\: in dental materials, fracture of any physical
ma-
terial due to DENTISTRY

cyclic loading and unloading characterized by fracture
below its ultimate tensile strength
Farrar appliance [William B. Farrar, Alabama, U.S. dentist]: a type of
occlusal device used to position the mandible anteriorly; used in the
treatment of some types of temporomandibular joint disk
disorders Farrar WB. A clinical outline of temporomandibular joint
diagnosis and treatment. 7th ed. Montgomery: Walker Printing Co., 1983.

DENTISTRY
Farrar device fixed dental prosthesis

d
Farrar device: C. L. Goddard includes descriptions and illustrations of

several devices used to retract teeth and . for many other
purposes that are attributed to J. N. Farrar, DDS. Farrar also is
credited with various push- and pull-jacks for tooth movement,
and ap- pliances for moving roots forward and backward
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic
Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and Co., 1986:153-209.
dentistry. 1st ed.
fa tigue \fa-t eg#\: the breaking or fracturing of a material caused by

repeated cyclic or applied loads below the yield limit; usually viewed
initially as minute cracks followed by tearing and rupture; also
termed brittle failure or fracture ,metal ;.see FAILURE
feeding aid \f e#dng ad\ obs : an ancillary prosthesis that closes the
oralnasal cavity defect, thus enhancing sucking and swallowing, and
maintains the right and left maxillary segments of infants with cleft
palates in their proper orientation until surgery is performed to repair the cleftcalled also feeding appliance, feeding prosthesis
feeding appliance obs : see FEEDING AID
feeding prosthesis \f e#dng pros-th e#ss\ obs : a ancillary
prosthesis constructed for newborns with cleft palates to permit
normal sucking and feedingsee FEEDING AID
feld spar \feld#spar, fel#-\ n (1757) 1: any one of a group of
minerals,
principally aluminosilicate of sodium, potassium, calcium, or barium, that are essential constituents of nearly all crystalline rocks
2: a crystalline mineral of aluminum silicate with sodium, potassium, barium, and/or calcium; a major constituent of some dental
porcelains
feld spath ic \feld-spath#k, fel#-\ adj (ca. 1828): related to or containing feldspar; used especially with reference to porcelain glaze
feldspathic porcelain: porcelain fabricated from the natural mineral
group feldspar. The material is composed of compounds of oxygen
with lighter metals and nonmetals and is predominantly an amorphous (non-crystalline) matrix with one or more crystalline phases
(such as leucite K2O Al2O3 4SiO2)
fer rule \fer#al\ n (15c) l: a metal band or ring used to fit the root or
crown of a tooth 2: any short tube or bushing for making a tight
joint
1
fes toon \fe-sto o n\ n (1630) 1: any decorative chain or strip
hanging
between two points 2: in dentistry, carvings in the base material of
a denture that simulate the contours of the natural tissues that are
being replaced by the denture
2
fes toon \fe-sto o n\ vt (1800): to shape into festoons
FGP: acronym for Functionally Generated Path
fi bro in te gra tion \f #bro -n#t-gr a#shun\ n (1982): see
FIBROUS INTEGRATION
fibroosseous integration: see FIBROUS INTEGRATION
fi bro sis \f -bro #ss\ n (1873): the formation of fibrous tissue;
fibroid or fibrous degeneration
fi brous \f #brus\ adj (1626): composed of or containing fibers
fibrous adhesion \f #brus ad-h e#zhun\: a fibrous band or structure
by which parts abnormally adhere
fibrous ankylosis \f #brus ang#ka-lo #ss\: reduced mobility of a
joint
due to proliferation of fibrous tissue
fibrous integration \f #brus n#t-gr a#shun\: the presence of a layer
of intervening fibrous connective tissue between a dental implant
and the adjacent bone indicative of failed osseointegration
field \f eld\ n (bef. 12c) 1: an area or open space, as an operative field
or
visual field 2: a range of specialization or knowledge, study, or occupation
fil ter \fl#ter\ n (1563): in radiology, a solid screen insert, usually of
varying thicknesses and different metals (aluminum, copper, tin)
placed to filter out photons of longer wavelengths
final flask closure \f #nal flask klo #zher\: the last closure of a
dental flask before polymerizing, after trial packing of the mold

with a restorative material
final impression \f #nal m-presh#on\: the impression that
represents
the completion of the registration of the surface or object
fine \f n\ adj (13c) 1: free from impurities 2: of a metal: having a

stated proportion of pure metal in its composition, expressed in
parts per thousand . a gold coin 0.9265
fine ness \f n#nes#\ n : the proportion of pure gold in a gold alloy;
the parts per 1000 of gold
finish \fn#sh\ n (1779): to put a final coat or surface on; the refinement of form prior to polishing
finish junction: the path of union of a dental restoration with the
tooth finish line \fn#sh l n\ n (1899) 1: a line of demarcation
determined by two points 2 (obs) the peripheral extension of a tooth
preparation
3: the planned junction of different materials 4: (obs) the terminal
portion of the prepared tooth
fir ing \f r#ng\: the process of porcelain fusion, in dentistry,
specifically to produce porcelain restorations
first stage dental implant surgery \fu rst den#tal m-plant su r#jar e\: the initial surgical procedure in dental implant placement.
For eposteal dental implants, this refers to the reflection of the oral
mucosa, the impression made of the surgically exposed bone and
usually an interocclusal record made to fabricate the implant
body followed by surgical closure. For an endosteal implant, this
refers to the reflection of the oral mucosa and investing tissues,
preparation of the implantation site (i.e., removal of alveolar bone
and, occasionally, tapping), placement of the dental implant
body, and surgical closure of the overlying investing soft tissues
comp SECOND STAGE DENTAL IMPLANT SURGERY
Fischers angle [Rudolf Fischer, Swiss dentist, Zurich, Switzerland]:
eponym for the angle formed by the intersection of the protrusive
and nonworking side condylar paths as viewed in the sagittal plane
Fischer R. Beziehungen zwischen den Kieferbewegungen und der Kauflachenform der Zuhne. Schweizerische Monataschrift fur Zahnheilkunde
Zurich 1926;74.
Fischer R. Die Offnungsbewegungen des Unterkiefers und ibre Wiedergabe
am Artikulator. Schweizerische Monateschrift fur Zahnheilkunde
1935;45:867-99.
fis sure \fsh#ur\ n (15c): any cleft or grove, normally present or otherwise; a cleft or deep ditch in the surface of a tooth, usually due
to imperfect fusion of adjoining enamel lobes. Distinguished
from a groove or sulcuscalled also enamel fissure
fissured fracture \fsh#urd frak#shur\: a fracture that extends partially
through a bone with displacement of the bony fragments
fistula \fs#cha-la\ n, pl las \-las\ or lea \-lea\ (14c): a pathologic or
abnormal passage resulting from incomplete healing; a communication between two internal organs or one that leads from an internal organ to the surface of a body; usually designated according to
the parts it communicates with, as oral-nasal f.
fit \ft\ v, fit ted \ft#d\, also fit \ft\; fit ting \ft#ng\ vt (1586) 1: to
be suitable or to be in harmony with 2a: to conform correctly to
the shape or size of 2b: to insert or adjust until correctly in place;
to make or adjust to the correct size or shape, i.e., to adapt one
structure to another, as the adaptation of any dental restoration
to its site, in the mouth
fix \fks\ vt (14c): to make firm, stable, or stationery, to attach to another object so that separation of the parts cannot be accomplished
without breaking of the mechanical and/or chemical bonds that
hold the parts in spatial relationship with each other
fixed \fkst\ adj (14c): securely placed or fastened; stationary; not subject to change; immobile
fixed bridge: see FIXED DENTAL PROSTHESIS
fixed movable bridge \fkst mo o v#va-bal brj\ obs : a fixed partial
denture having one or more nonrigid connectors
fixed partial denture \fkst par#shal den#chur\: see FIXED
DENTAL PROSTHESIS
fixed dental prosthesis retainer \fkst den#tl pros-th e#ss r-t
a#ner\: the part of a fixed dental prosthesis that unites the
abutment(s) to the remainder of the restoration
fixed dental prosthesis \fkst den#tl pros-th e#ss\: any dental
prosthesis that is luted, screwed or mechanically attached or
otherwise DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
fixed dental prosthesis Frankfort horizontal plane

d
securely retained to natural teeth, tooth roots, and/or dental implant abutments that furnish the primary support for the dental
prosthesis. This may include replacement of one to sixteen teeth
in each dental arch. If a metallic or ceramic component is included
within the fixed dental prosthesis, that component is termed the
framework. Ed note: Dental prostheses (fixed dental prostheses, removable dental prostheses) as well as maxillofacial prostheses can
be supported and retained in part or whole by dental implants.
Terminology to assist in describing the means of retention, support
and dental materials should be limited to concatenation of three
and no more than four adjectives to provide clarity. Descriptive terminology (modifiers) expressed as adjectives to each fixed dental
prosthesis may include such items as the method of retention,
composition, nature of support, design characteristics, and/or form
of anchorage
Simon H, Yanase RT. Terminology for Implant Prostheses. Int J Oral
Maxillofac Implants 2003;18:539-43.
fixed prosthodontics \fkst pros#tha-don#tks\: the branch of

prosthodontics concerned with the replacement and/or
restoration of teeth by artificial substitutes that not readily
removed from the mouth
1
fix ture \fks#chur\ n : something that is fixed or attached, as a structural part or a permanent appendage
2
fix ture \fks#chur\ substand (1982): an endosteal dental implant
see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT, DENTAL IMPLANT
fixture cover \fks#chur kuv#er\ substand (1982): the component
placed over a dental implant during the healing phase to prevent tissue from proliferating into the internal portion of the implant
bodysee COVER SCREW
flabby tissue \flab# e tsh#o o \ obs : excessive movable tissue (GPT4)
1
flange \flanj\ n (ca 1688): a rib or rim used for strength, for guiding
or attachment of another objectsee BUCCAL F., DENTURE
F., LABIAL F.
2
flange \flanj\ vt, flang ed \flanjd\; flang ing \flanj#ing\ (ca. 1864):
to furnish with a flange
flange contour \flanj kon#to o r\ obs : the design of the flange of a
denture (GPT-4)
1
flask \flask\ n : a metal case or tube used in investing proceduressee
CASTING F., CROWN F.
2
flask \flask\ v : to flask or surround; to invest
flask closure \flask klo #zher\: the procedure of bringing two halves,
or parts, of a flask togethersee FINAL F.C., TRIAL F.C.
flask ing \flask#ing\ vt (20c) 1: the act of investing in a flask 2: the process of investing the cast and a wax replica of the desired form in a
flask preparatory to molding the restorative material into the desired product
flipper obs: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS; PROVISIONAL
PROSTHESIS
flowing composite resin \flo # a#bel kom-poz#t rez#n\ (1998):
composite resin that is less highly filled than conventional
composite resin and has improved wettability
flu o res cence \floo-res#ens\ n (1852): a process by which a material
absorbs radiant energy and emits it in the form of radiant energy of
a different wavelength band, all or most of whose wavelengths exceed that of the absorbed energy. Fluorescence, as distinguished
from phosphorescence, does not persist for an appreciable time after the termination of the excitation process
flu o res cent \floo-resent\ adj (1853): having or relating to fluorescence
fluoride gel carrier \floor# d jel kar# e-er\ (20c): a ancillary
prosthesis which covers the teeth in either dental arch and is used to
apply topical fluoride in close proximity to tooth enamel and
dentin for several minutes daily. Generally considered essential
for all patients with any natural dentition who undergo oral
radiation therapy to assist in prevention of extensive secondary
dental decaysyn FLUORIDE APPLICATOR
flux \fluks\ n (14c) 1: in physics, the rate of flow of a liquid, particles

or energy 2: in ceramics, an agent that lowers the fusion
temperature of porcelain 3: in metallurgy, a substance used to
increase fluidity and to prevent or reduce oxidation of a molten
metal 4: any substance applied to surfaces to be joined by
brazing, soldering or welding to clean and free them from oxides
and promote union
FMA: acronym for Frankfort Mandibular plane Angle
foil \foil\ n (14c): an extremely thin, pliable sheet of metal, usually of
variable thicknesssee GOLD F., PLATINUM F., TINFOIL
force \fo rs\ n (14c): an agency or influence that, when exerted on a
body, tends to set the body into motion or to alter its present state
of motion. Force applied to any material causing deformation of
that materialsee MASTICATORY F., OCCLUSAL F.
forces of mastication \fo rs-es uv mas#t-k a#shun\ obs : the motive
force
created by the dynamic action of the muscles during the physiologic act of mastication (GPT-4)
1
form \form\ n (13c): the shape or configuration of anything, as distinguished from its material
2
form \form\ vt (13c): to give shape, to mold, to adapt
for nix \fo r#nks\ n, pl for for ni ces \fo r#n-sez\ (1681): an
anatomical arch or fold
forward protrusion \fo r#werd pro -tro o #zhun\ obs : a protrusion
forward of centric position (GPT-3)
fossa \fo s#a\ n, pl fossae \fo s# e#\ (1771): an anatomical pit, groove,
or depression
foundation restoration \foun-d a#shun res#ta-r a#shun\: the
core buildup portion of a natural tooth restoration
foveae palatinae \fo #v e- e# pal#a-t n- e\: two small pits or
depressions in the posterior aspect of the palatal mucosa, one on
each side of the midline, at or near the attachment of the soft palate
to the hard palate
1
frac ture \frak#chur\ n (15c): the process or act of breaking; state of
being
brokensee
AVULSION
F., BLOWOUT F.,
CEMENTUM F., CLOSED REDUCTION OF A F.,
COMMINUTED F., COMPLICATED F., DISLOCATED F.,
FIS
SURED F., GREENSTICK F., GUERINS F., IMPACTED F.,
INDIRECT F., INTRACAPSULAR F., MIDFACIAL F., OPEN
F., PYRAMIDAL F., ROOT F., SECONDARY F., SIMPLE F.,
SPONTANEOUS F., SUBCONDYLAR F., SUBPERIOSTEAL
F.
2
frac ture \frak#chur\ v, frac tured \frak#churd\; frac tur ing \frak#
chur-ng\ vt (1612): to cause a fracture in; to break, rupture, or
tear
fracture strength \frak#chur strengkth\: strength at fracture based on
the original dimensions of the specimen
frame work \fr am#wu rk\ n (1644): 1. an interior or imbedded,
openwork or structural frame used to support some other object or objects 2. the skeletal portion of prosthesis (usually metal, sometimes
ceramic) around which and to which are attached the remaining
portions of the prosthesis to produce a finished restoration usage:
for dental prostheses, the framework may be any metal or combination of metals or ceramic material, with various forms including designed slots, incorporated corrective angulation patterns etc. which
provide rigidity to a dental prosthesis. Such a framework can be
made in whole or made of component parts. Frequently used to anchor a prosthesis to natural teeth (by cementation) or dental implant abutments (by cementation, mechanical undercuts, screws)
or both
Frankfort mandibular plane angle \Frangk#fort man#d-bu #lar pl
an ang#gal\: eponym for the angle formed by the intersection of
the Frankfort horizontal plane with the mandibular plane
Frankfort horizontal plane \Frangk#fort ho r#-zon#tl pl an\ 1:
eponym
for a plane established by the lowest point on the margin of the

right or left bony orbit and the highest point on the margin of
the right or left bony auditory meatus 2: a horizontal plane represented in profile by a line between the lowest point on the margin
of the orbit to the highest point on the margin of the auditory
meatus; adopted at the 13th General Congress of German
Anthropologists

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
Frankfort horizontal plane
generated occlusal path
(the Frankfort Agreement) at Frankfort am Main, 1882, and finally by the International Agreement for the Unification of
Craniometric and Cephalometric Measurements in Monaco in
1906; called also auriculo-orbital plane, eye-ear plane, Frankfort
horizontal (FH), Frankfort horizontal line
Frankfort plane: see FRANKFORT HORIZONTAL PLANE
free gingival \fr e jn#ja-va\ l: the part of the gingiva that surrounds
the tooth and is not directly attached to the tooth surface
free gingival groove: the line demarcating the junction between free
and attached gingival tissue
free gingival margin \fr e jn#ja-val mar#jn\: the unattached
gingiva surrounding the teeth in a collar-like fashion and
demarcated from the attached gingiva by a shallow linear
depression, termed the free gingival groove
free mandibular movement \fr e man-db#ya-lar mo o v#ment\ 1:
any mandibular movement made without interference 2: any
uninhib- ited movement of the mandible
free support \fr e sa-po rt\ obs : support that does not permit
translation
of the beam perpendicular to its axis and presumably offers no restraint to the tendency of the beam to rotate at the support
(GPT-4)
freedom in intercuspal position: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT
AREA
freeway space obs : see INTEROCCLUSAL REST SPACE
frem i tus \frem#-tus\ n (1879): a vibration perceptible on palpation;
in dentistry, a vibration palpable when the teeth come into contact
frenectomy: surgical excision of a frenum
fren u lum \fren#ya-lem\ n, pl la (1706): a connecting fold of membrane serving to support or retain a part
fren um \fr e#num\ n, pl fren ums or fre na: see FRENULUM
frictional attachment \frk#shun-al a-tach#ment\: a precision or semiprecision attachment that achieves retention by metal to metal
contact, without springs, clips or other mechanical means of
retentionsee PRECISION ATTACHMENT
friction retained pin \frk#shun r-t and pn\: a metal rod driven into
a hole drilled into dentin to enhance retention; retained solely
by dentinal elasticity
1
frit \frt\ n (1662) 1: the calcined or partly fused matter of which glass
is made 2: a mass of fused porcelain obtained by firing the basic
constituents and plunging them into water while hot. The frit is
ground to make porcelain powders
2
frit \frt\ vt fri tted \fr-td\; frit ing \fr#tng\ (1805) 1: to prepare
substances for glass by heating; to fuse 2: to convert into a frit
frontal plane \frun#tl\: any plane parallel with the long axis of the
body and at right angles to the median plane, thus dividing the
body into front and back parts. So called because this plane
roughly parallels the frontal suture of the skull
fulcrum line \fool#krum l n\ 1. a theoretical line passing through
the point around which a lever functions and at right angles to
its path of movement 2: an imaginary line, connecting occlusal
rests, around which a partial removable dental prosthesis tends to
rotate under masticatory forces. The determinants for the fulcrum
line are usually the cross arch occlusal rests located adjacent to the
tissue borne componentssee F.L. OF A REMOVABLE
PARTIAL DENTURE, RETENTIVE F.L.
fulcrum line of a removable dental prosthesis \fool#krum l n uv a
rmo o v#va-bal den#tl pros-th e#ss\: a theoretical line around
which a removable dental prosthesis tends to rotate
full denture: see COMPLETE DENTURE
full denture prosthetics \fool den#chur pros-thet#ks\ obs 1: the replacement of the natural teeth in the arch and their associated parts
by artificial substitutes 2: the art and science of the restoration of
an edentulous
mouth
(GPT-4)see COMPLETE
DENTURE PROSTHODONTICS
full thickness graft \fool thk-nes\: a transplant of epithelium consisting of skin or mucous membrane with a minimum of subcutaneous

tissue
full veneer crown: see COMPLETE CROWN

fully adjustable articulator \fool# e a-just-a#bal ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\:
an articulator that allows replication of three dimensional
movement of recorded mandibular motioncalled also Class IV
articulator
fully adjustable gnathologic articulator \fool# e a-just-a#bal nath#o
- loj#ik ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\: an articulator that allows replication of
three dimensional movement plus timing of recorded mandibular
motioncalled also Class IV articulator
functional articulation \fungk#sha-nal ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: the
occlusal contacts of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during
mastication and deglutition
functional chew-in record \fungk#sha-nal cho o -n rek#ord\ obs: a
record of the movements of the mandible made on the occluding
surface of the opposing occlusion rim by teeth or scribing studs
and produced by simulated chewing movements (GPT-4)
functional dislocation \fungk#sha-nal ds#lo -k a#shun\: dislocation
of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint due to a
seriously impaired disk-condyle complex function
functional jaw orthopedics \fungk#sha-nal jo o r#tha-p e#dks\: use
of
orthodontic prostheses that rely on the patients own musculature
for force application and that attempt to alter the skeletal structure
of the face
functional mandibular movements \fungk#sha-nal man-db#u -lar
mo o v#ments\: all normal, proper, or characteristic movements
of the mandible made during speech, mastication, yawning,
swallowing, and other associated movements
functional occlusal
harmony \fungk#sha-nal a-klo o #sal
har#ma-n e\ obs : the occlusal relationship of opposing teeth in
all functional ranges and movements that will provide the greatest
masticatory efficiency without causing undue strain or trauma on
the supporting tissues (GPT-4)
functional occlusion \fungk#sha-nal a-klo o #shun\ obs : the contacts
of the maxillary and mandibular teeth during mastication and
deglutition (GPT-4)
functional record \fungk#sha-nal rek#ord\: a record of lateral and
protrusive movements of the mandible made on the surfaces of
an occlusion rim or other recording surface
functional occlusal splint \fungk#sha-nal a-klo o #sal splnt\: a
device
that directs the movements of the mandible by controlling the
plane and range of motion
functional wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
functionally generated path \fungk#sha-na-l e jen#a-r at#d path\:
a registration of the paths of movement of the occlusal surfaces of
teeth or occlusion rims of one dental arch in plastic or other media
attached to the teeth or occlusal rims of the opposing arch
functioning condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
fur ca tion \fu r#k a#shun\ n : the anatomic region of a
multirooted tooth where the roots diverge
G
gag \gag\ n (1553) 1: an involuntary contraction of the muscles of the
soft palate or pharynx that results in retching 2: a surgical device
for holding the mouth open
galvanic skin response \gal-van#k\: the change in the electrical resistance of the skin in response to diverse stimuli
galvanic stimulation \gal-van#ik stm#ya-l a#shun\: stimulation
of muscles through the application of varying amplitudes and
pulsa- tions of electrical current; used in the treatment of muscle
disorders
gal van ism \gal#va-nz#um\ n (1797): accelerated corrosion of a
metal due to electrical contact with a more noble metal in a corrosive electrolyte. The resulting current flow can produce nerve stimulation, unpleasant tastes, and other physiological reactions
commonly associated with this term
ga vage \ga-vazh#\ n (1889): forced feeding especially through a
tube passedDENTISTRY
into the stomach
generated occlusal path: see FUNCTIONALLY GENERATED
PATH

DENTISTRY
ge nial \j-n#al\ adj (1566): pertaining to the chin
genial tubercles \j-n#al to o #ber-kalz, tyo o -\: mental spines;
rounded elevations (usually two pairs) clustered around the
midline on the lingual surface of the lower portion of the
mandibular symphysis. These tubercles serve as attachments for the
genioglossus and geni- ohyoid muscles
ge nio plasty \j-n#o -plas#t e\ n 1: a surgical procedure performed
to alter the contour of the mandibular symphysis 2: plastic surgery
of the chin
geriatrics \jer# e-at#r#ks\ n, pl but sing in constr (1909): the branch
of medicine that treats all problems peculiar to the aging patient,
including the clinical problems of senescence and senilitysee
DENTAL G., GERODONTICS, GERODONTOLOGY
gerodontics \jer#a-don#tks\ n, pl but sing in constr : the treatment of
dental problems of aging persons; also spelled geriodontics
gerodontology \jer#a-don-tol#a-j e\ n : the study of the dentition
and dental problems in aged or aging persons
Gillett bridge [Henry W. Gillett] obs : eponym for a partial removable
dental prosthesis utilizing a Gillett clasp system, which was composed of an occlusal rest notched deeply into the occlusal-axial surface with a gingivally placed groove and a circumferential clasp for
retention. The occlusal rest was custom made in a cast restoration
Kennedy E. The techniques of Gillett clasps in partial denture construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1928:292-317.
Cohn LA. The physiologic basis for tooth fixation in precision-attached partial dentures. J PROSTHET DENT 1956;6:220-44.
gin gi va \jn#ja-va, jn-j-\ n, pl vae \-v e#\: the fibrous investing

tissue, covered by epithelium, which immediately surrounds a
tooth and is
contiguous with its periodontal membrane and with the mucosal
tissues of the mouthsee ATTACHED G., FREE G.,
MARGINAL G.
gingival crevice \jn#ja-val krev#s\: a shallow fissure between the marginal gingiva and the enamel or cementum. It is bounded by the
tooth surface on one side, the crevicular epithelium on the other,
and the coronal end of the junctional epithelium at its most apical
pointcalled also gingival sulcus
gingival denture contour \jn#ja-val den#chur kon#to o r\: the form
of the denture base or other material around the cervical regions
of prosthetic teeth
gingival displacement \jn#ja-val ds-pl as#ment\: the deflection of
the marginal gingiva away from a tooth
gingival embrasure: the space between adjacent teeth that is cervical
to the interproximal contact area
gingival porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the cervical portion of a
ceramic restoration comp BODY PORCELAIN, INCISAL
PORCELAIN
gingival retraction: see GINGIVAL DISPLACEMENT
ginglymoarthrodial joint: any joint, such as the temporomandibular
joint, capable of both hinging and gliding articulation
ginglymus joint \jn#gla-mus joint\: a hinge joint
gin gly mus \jn#gla-mus\ n : a type of synovial joint which allows
movement in one plane only (i.e., forward and backward), such
as the hinge of a door; called also ginglymoid or hinge joint
ginglymus joint \jn#gla-mus joint\: a hinge joint
glare \glar\ v (13c): the disturbance of the sensitivity of the eye,
expe- rienced when portions of the field of view have a brightness or
intensity greatly in excess of that of the average for the field of view
glass-ceramic \glas sa-ram#ik\: a solid material, crystalline and partly
glassy, formed by controlled crystallization of a glass
glass ionomer \glas #a-no #mer\ (1998): a cement, luting or
restorative agent composed of an acid-soluble glass,
polyacrylic acid, and water that sets via an acid-base reaction
glaze \gl az\ vb glazed \gl azd\; glaz ing \gl a#zng\ vt (14c) 1: to
cover with a glossy, smooth surface or coating 2: the
attainment of a
smooth and reflective surface 3: the final firing of porcelain in
which the surface is vitrified and a high gloss is imparted to the

material 4: a ceramic veneer on a dental porcelain restoration
after it
genial GRAY
d
has been fired, producing a nonporous, glossy or semi-glossy surfacesee NATURAL G., OVERGLAZE
glenoid fossa: the concavity in the temporal bone by the zygomatic
arch that receives the mandibular condyle
gliding movement: see TRANSLATION
gliding occlusion \gl #dng a-klo o #zhun\ obs : used in the sense of
designating
contacts
of teeth
in motion
(GPT4)see ARTICULATION
glos sal gia \glo #sal-ja\ n : pain in the tongue
glos so py nia \glo #so -pn#ya\ n : painful or burning tongue
glos sec to my \glo #sek#ta-m e\ n : partial or total resection of
the tongue
glos so plas ty \glo #sa-plas-t e\ n: plastic surgery of the tongue
glos so py ro sis \glo #sa-p-ro #ss\ n : a form of paresthesia
characterized by pain, burning, itching, and stinging of the
mucosa of the tongue, without noticeable lesions; called also
burning tongue
gnath ic \nath#k\ adj (1882): of or pertaining to the jaw or cheek
gnath ion \nath# eon\ n : the lowest bony point, in the median plane
of the mandible
gnath o dy na mo me ter \nath#a-d n-a-mom#a-ter\ n 1: an
instrument for measuring the force exerted in closing the jaws 2:
an instrument used for measuring biting pressure
gnath ol o gy \nath#ol-a-g e\ n : the science that treats the biology
of the masticatory mechanism as a whole: that is, the
morphology, anatomy, histology, physiology, pathology, and the
therapeutics of the jaws or masticatory system and the teeth as
they relate to the health of the whole body, including applicable
diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitation procedures
Goddards linear occlusion (William H. Goddard, Louisville,
Kentucky, U.S. dentist, 1808-1883): see LINEAR OCCLUSION
Golden Proportion: the ratio between succeeding terms in a mathematical progression (called the Fibonacci series [Leonardo Pisano:
nickname Fibonacci, Italian Mathematician, c1170-c1240]) in
which each number is the sum of the two immediately preceding
it (i.e., 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, and so on). The ratio
converges on approximately 1.618 to 1. Claims have been made
that the Golden Proportion exists in natural dentitions in the ratio
of the widths of incisors and canines as seen from the facial surfaces
gold foil \go ld\ 1: pure gold rolled into extremely thin sheets 2: a precious-metal foil used in restoration of carious or fractured teeth
gothic arch tracer \goth#ik arch tr a#ser\ obs : the device that produces
a tracing that resembles an arrowhead or a gothic arch. The device
is attached to the opposing arches. The shape of the tracing
depends on the relative location of the marking point and the
tracing table. The apex of a properly made tracing is considered
to indicate the most retruded, unstrained relation of the mandible
to the maxillae, i.e., centric relation (GPT-4)see CENTRAL
BEARING TRACING DEVICE
gothic arch tracing: see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
graft \graft\ n (14c): a tissue or material used to repair a defect or deficiencysee
ALLOGRAFT,
ALLOPLASTIC
G.,
AUTOGENOUS G., AUTOGRAFT, FULL THICKNESS G.,
HETEROGRAFT, HOMOGRAFT, ISOGRAFT,
SPLITTHICKNESS G., XENOGENIC G.
Grassmans laws [author unknown]: eponym for three empirical laws
that describe the color-matching properties of additive mixtures of
color stimuli 1: to specify a color match, three independent variables are necessary and sufficient 2: for an additive mixture of color
stimuli, only their tri-stimulus values are relevant, not their spectral
compositions 3: in an additive mixture of color stimuli, if one or
more components of the mixture are gradually changed, the resulting tri-stimulus values also change gradually. (Laws do not hold for
all observing conditions)
GRAY \gr a\: aDENTISTRY

unit of absorbed radiation dose equal to 100 RADS.
Abbreviated Gy

DENTISTRY
greenstick fracture hinge axis of the mandible

d
greenstick fracture \gr en-stk\ n (1885): a fracture in which the

break in the bone is not complete. The bone appears to be bent
on one side while the other side of the bone is broken
Griffith flaws: eponymsee MICROCRACK
grinding-in \gr n#dng-n\ obs : a term used to denote the act of
cor- recting occlusal disharmonies by grinding the natural or
artificial teeth (GPT-1)see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
groove \gro o v\ n : a long narrow channel or depression, such as the
indentation between tooth cusps or the retentive features placed
on tooth surfaces to augment the retentive characteristics of
crown preparations
group function \gro o p fungk#shun\: multiple contact relations
between the maxillary and mandibular teeth in lateral movements
on the working side whereby simultaneous contact of several teeth
acts as a group to distribute occlusal forces
Guerins fracture [Alphonse Francois Marie Guerin, French surgeon,
1816-1895]: eponymsee LE FORT I FRACTURE
guid ance \g d#ns\ n (1590) 1: providing regulation or direction
to movement; a guide 2: the influence on mandibular
movements by the contacting surfaces of the maxillary and
mandibular anterior teeth 3: mechanical forms on the lower
anterior portion of an articulator that guide movements of its
upper membersee ADJUSTABLE
ANTERIOR G.,
ANTERIOR GUIDANCE, CONDYLAR G.
guide pin \g d pn\: the component of a dental implant system that
is
placed within the surgically prepared osseous site for an endosteal
implant. It assists in determination of location and angulation of
the site relative to other soft tissue or bony landmarks
guide plane \g d pl an\ obs 1: the plane developed in the occlusal
surfaces of the occlusion rims (viz., to position the mandible in
centric relation) 2: a plane which guides movement (GPT-4)
guide table \g d t a#bal\: the anterior element of an articulator on
which
the incisal pin rests. It may be custom contoured or mechanically
adjustedsee ANTERIOR G.T.
guided tissue regeneration \g #dd tsh#o o r-jen#a-r a#shun\:
any procedure that attempts to regenerate lost periodontal
structures or alveolar process through differential tissue
responses. Barrier techniques, using synthetic materials that may
or may not resorb, to exclude epithelial ingrowth (periodontal
regeneration) or connective tissue ingrowth (alveolar process
regeneration) that is believed to interfere with regeneration
guiding occlusion \g #dng a-klo o #shun\ obs: used in the sense of
designating contacts of teeth in motion (GPT-4)
guiding planes \g #dng pl anz\: vertically parallel surfaces on
abutment teeth or/and dental implant abutments oriented so as
to contribute to the direction of the path of placement and
removal of a removable dental prosthesis
guiding surfaces: see GUIDING PLANES
gum contour \gum kon#toor#\ obs : form of supporting structures of
the teeth or of the flanges of dentures around the teeth (GPT-1)
gums \gumz\ n, obs : the fibrous and mucosal covering of the alveolar
process or ridge (GPT-4)see GINGIVA
Gunnings splint [Thomas Brian Gunning, English-born American
dentist, 1813-1889]: eponym for a device fabricated from casts of
edentulous maxillary and mandibular arches to aid in reduction
and fixation of a fracture. His initial work described four types of
splints used in treating jaw fractures (1866-67), which allowed
openings for saliva flow, nourishment, and speechcalled also
occlusal splint
Fraser-Moodie W. Mr. Gunning and his splint. Br J Oral Surg 1969;
7:
112-5.
gus ta tion \gu-st a#shun\ n (1599): the act of perceiving taste

gyp sum \jp#sum\ n (14c): the natural hydrated form of calcium sulfonate, CaSO4 2H2O gypsum dihydrate
gypsum-bonded investment: any casting investment with gypsum as

a binder, also containing cristobalite or quartz as a refractory
material. The cristobalite and quartz are responsible for the
thermal ex-
pansion of the mold during wax elimination. Because gypsum is not

chemically stable at temperatures exceeding 650 C (1200 F),
these investments are typically restricted to castings of conventional
Type II, III, and IV gold alloys
H
habitual centric: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
habitual occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
Hader bar [after the Swiss tool and die technician, Helmut Hader]:
eponym for a rigid bar connecting two or more abutments, which,
when viewed in cross section, resembles a keyhole, consisting of a
rectangular bar with a rounded superior (occlusal) ridge that creates a retentive undercut for the female clip within the removable
prosthesis
Breim SL., Renner RP. An overview of tissue bars. Gen Dent 1982: 406-15.
hamular notch: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH

Hanaus Quint [Rudolph L. Hanau, (1881-1930) Buffalo, New
York, U.S. engineer, born Capetown, South Africa]: rules for balanced denture articulation including incisal guidance, condylar
guidance, cusp length, the plane of occlusion, and the compensating curve described by Rudolph Hanau in 1926
Hanau R. Articulation defined, analyzed, and formulated. J Am Dent Assoc
1926;13:1694-709.
hard palate \hard pal#t\: the bony portion of the roof of the mouth
healing abutment: see INTERIM ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT ABUTMENT
healing component: see INTERIM ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT ABUTMENT
healing screw \h e#lng skro o \: the component of an endosteal
dental implant system used to seal, usually on an interim basis, the
dental implant body during the healing phase after surgical
placement. The purpose of the healing screw is to maintain
patency of the internal threaded section for subsequent
attachment of the abutment during the second stage surgery
heel n : see DISTAL
height of contour \h t uv kon#toor#\: a line encircling a tooth and
designating its greatest circumference at a selected axial position
determined by a dental surveyor; a line encircling a body
designating its greatest circumference in a specified plane
hemi glos sec to my \hem#-glo -sek#ta-m e\ n : resection of one
side
of the tongue
hemi sec tion \hem#-sek#shun\ n : the surgical separation of a multirooted tooth, especially a mandibular molar, through the furcation
in such a way that a root and the associated portion of the crown
may be removed
hemostatic agent: any chemical, such as aluminum chloride or ferric
sulfate, that acts to control soft-tissue hemorrhage. Used during
impression making and restoration delivery
heterograft \het#a-ro -graft#\ n : a graft taken from a donor of
another speciescalled also xenograft
heterotopic pain
\het#er-a-ta#pk p an\: a general term
designating pain felt in an area other than the true originating site
high fusing ceramic: a ceramic with a maturation or fusion range of
1290o to 1370o C (2350o to 2500o F)
high fusing solder: any soldering alloy formulated to melt at approximately 1100 C (2012 F) used to form connectors before ceramic
application
high lip line \h lp l n\: the greatest height to which the inferior
border of the upper lip is capable of being raised by muscle
function
high noble metal alloy: as classified by the American Dental
Association (1984) any dental casting alloy with at least 60% noble
metal (Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os) by weight with at least 40% gold
American Dental Association: Classification system for cast alloys. J Am
Dent Assoc 1984;109:766.
hinge axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS

hinge axis of the mandible: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL
AXIS

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
hinge axis point: see POSTERIOR REFERENCE POINTS
hinge bow: see KINEMATIC FACEBOW
hinge joint \hnj joint\: a ginglymus joint; a joint that allows motion
around one axis
hinge movement: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
hinge position \hnj pa-zsh#an\ obs : the orientation of parts in a
manner permitting hinge movement between them (GPT-4)
homograft \ho #ma-graft#\ n (1923): a graft taken from one
human and transplanted to anothercalled also allograft
horizontal axis of the
mandible: see TRANSVERSE
HORIZONTAL AXIS
horizontal plane \ho r#-zon#tl, hor- pl an\: any plane passing
through
the body at right angles to both the median and frontal planes, thus
dividing the body into upper and lower parts; in dentistry, the plane
passing through a tooth at right angles to its long axis
horizontal plane of reference \ho r#-zon-tl, hor#- pl an uv ref#erans,
ref#rans\: a horizontal plane established on the face of the patient
by one anterior reference point and two posterior reference
points from which measurements of the posterior anatomic
determinants of occlusion and mandibular motion are made
horizontal overlap \ho r#-zon-tl, hor#- o #ver-lap#\: the projection
of
teeth beyond their antagonists in the horizontal plane
horizontal reference plane: see HORIZONTAL PLANE OF
REFERENCE
horseshoe plate \ho rs#sho o , ho rsh#- pl at\ obs : a
horseshoe or
V-shaped removable prosthesis
host site: see RECIPIENT SITE
hue \hyo o \ n (bef. 12c): often referred to as the basic color, hue is
the quality of sensation according to which an observer is aware of
the varying wavelengths of radiant energy. The dimension of color
dictated by the wavelength of the stimulus that is used to
distinguish one family of color from anotheras red, green, blue,
etc. The attribute of color by means of which a color is
perceived to be red, yellow, green, blue, purple, etc. White,
black, and grays possess no hue
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co. Inc, 1975:
14-6.
hunk bite obs: see INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD

hybrid \h #brd\ : 1. anything of mixed origin 2. offspring of two
plants or animals of different genus or species
hybrid denture \h #brd den#chur\: slang for any modification or
alteration in the usual form of a dental prosthesis
hybrid ionomer \h #brd #a-no #mer\: a conventional glass
ionomer that has been modified to include methacrylate groups in
the liquid component. It may contain photo initiators. Setting is
by an acid- base reaction with light and dual cure
polymerization synRESIN-MODIFIED GLASS IONOMER
hybrid prosthesis \h #brd pros-th e#ss\: slang for a nonspecific term
applied to any prosthesis that does not follow conventional design.
Frequently it is used to describe a dental prosthesis that is composed of different materials, types of denture teeth (porcelain, plastic, composite), variable acrylic denture resins, differing metals or
design etc. It may refer to a fixed dental prostheses, removable dental prostheses, or maxillofacial prostheses.
hydrocolloid \h #dra-kol#oid\ n (1916): a colloid system in which
water is the dispersion medium; those materials described as a
colloid sol with water that are used in dentistry as elastic
impression materialssee IRREVERSIBLE H., REVERSIBLE
H.
hydroxyapatite ceramic \h -drok#s e-ap#a-t t sa-ram#k\: a
composition of calcium and phosphate in physiologic ratios to
provide a dense, non-resorbable, biocompatible ceramic used for
dental implants and residual ridge augmentation
hygienic pontic \h #j e-en#k, h -jen#- pon#tk\: a pontic that is easier
to

clean because it has a domed or bullet shaped cervical form and
does not overlap the edentulous ridge
hygroscopic expansion \h #gra-skop#k k-span#shun\: expansion
due to the absorption of moisture
hinge axis point
imbibition
hyp al ge sia \h #pal-g e-a\ n : diminished sensitivity to pain

hy per ac tiv i ty \h #per-ak#tv#-t e\ n (1867): excessive motor
activity. It is frequently, but not necessarily, associated with
internal tension or a neurologic
disorder.
Usually the
movements are more rapid than customary for the person
hy per al ges ia \h #per-al-g e#s e-a\ n: increased sensitivity or
sensibility to painsee PRIMARY H.
hyperbaric chamber \h #per-bar#k\: an area in which a patient may
be subjected to pressure of ambient gases greater than 1 atmosphere
hyperbaric oxygenation \h #per-bar#k ok#s-ja-n a#shun\: the
admin- istration of oxygen under greater than atmospheric pressure;
called
also hyperbaric oxygen therapy
hy per ce men to sis \h #per-s-men#to #ss\ n : an excessive
deposition of cementum
hy per es the sia \h #per-s-th e#zha\ n (1849): increased sensitivity
to
stimulation
hy per na sal i ty \h #per-n a-zal#-t e\ n : a perceived voice quality
in which the nasal cavity acts as a resonating cavity for nonnasal sounds. Generally associated with palatopharyngeal
inadequacy
hy per os mia \h #per-oz#m e-a\ n : abnormally increased sensitivity
to odors
hy
per pla sia \h #per-pl a#zha\ n (1861): the abnormal

multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal
arrangement in a tissue
hyperplasia of the coronoid process: pathologic growth of the coronoid process of the mandible after normal growth has ended
called also osteoma of the coronoid
hyperplastic tissue \h #per-plas#tik tsh#o o \: excessive tissue
proliferation, usually as a response to chronic irritation
hy per tro phy \h -pu r#tra-f e\ n (1834): an enlargement or
overgrowth of an organ or tissue beyond that considered
normal as a result of an increase in the size of its constituent cells
and in the absence of tumor formation
hy po don tia \h #pa-don#zha\ n : congenital absence of one or more,
but not all, of the normal complement of teeth
hy po es the sia \h #po -s-th e#zha\ n : diminished sensitivity to
stimulation
hy po geu sia \h #pa-j e#us- e#a\ n : diminished acuteness of the
sense of tastecalled also hypogeusesthesia
hy po na sal i ty \h #po -n a-zal#-t e\ n : reduced nasal resonance
usually from obstruction in the nasopharynx or nasal passages
resulting
in an alteration of m, n, and -ng sounds
hy po pla sia \h #po -pl a#zha\ n (1889): defective or incomplete
development of an organ or tissue
hys ter e sis n : the lagging or delay in the effect of a systems change.
In dentistry, the affect of cooling and reheating of a casting investment can cause casting inaccuracy because the refractory and
binder will not revert to their original forms
I
i at ro gen ic \ -at#ra-jen#k\ adj (1924): resulting from the activity
of the clinician; applied to disorders induced in the patient by
the clinician
I-bar clasp: see CLASP
id io path ic \d# e-o -path#k\ adj (1669): self-originated;
of unknown causation
idling condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
il lum inance \-lo o #ma-nans\ n (ca. 1938) 1: density of luminous
flux on a surface 2: luminous flux incident per unit area of a
DENTISTRY
surface
il lum inant \-lo o #ma-nant\ adj (15c): mathematical description
of the relative spectral power distribution of a real or imaginary
light
source, that is, the relative energy emitted by a source at each wave
length in its emission spectrumsee CIE STANDARD
ILLUMINANT
im bi bi tion n : the act or process of imbibing or absorbing. In dentistry, an example is the dimensional change caused in hydrocolloid
impression materials if they are stored in water

DENTISTRY
imbrication lines incisal guidance

d
imbrication lines: lines in the dentin caused by changes in mineralization during formation. Also called incremental lines of von
Ebner [Anton Gilbert Victor von Ebner, Austrian histologist,
18421925]
immediate denture \-m e#d e-t den#chur\: any removable dental
prosthesis fabricated for placement immediately following the
removal of a natural tooth/teeth
immediate disocclusion \-m e#d e-t ds#a-klo o #shun\:
instantaneous
separation of the posterior teeth due to the anterior guidance
immediate insertion denture: see IMMEDIATE DENTURE
immediate lateral translation: see IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION
immediate mandibular lateral translation \-m e#d e-t mandb#ya- lar lat#ar-al trans-l a#shun\: the translatory portion of
lateral movement in which the nonworking side condyle
moves essentially straight and medially as it leaves the centric
relation positionsee also EARLY MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION; PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
immediate obturator: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
immediate replacement denture: see IMMEDIATE DENTURE
immediate side shift: see IMMEDIATE MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
immediate temporary obturator: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
impacted fracture \m-pak#td\: a fracture in which one fragment is
driven into another portion of the same or an adjacent bone
1
im plant \m-plant#\ vt (1890): to graft or insert a material such as
an alloplastic substance, an encapsulated drug, or tissue into the
body
of a recipient
2
im plant \m-plant#\ n (1809): any object or material, such as an
alloplastic substance or other tissue, which is partially or
completely inserted
or grafted
into
the
body
for
therapeutic, diagnostic, prosthetic, or experimental purposes
see DENTAL IMPLANT
implant connecting bar slang : usage a connecting bar is not an
implantable device. It receives support and stability from the
dental implant(s) through the dental implant abutments and is
termed a framework
implant crown \m#plant# kroun\ slang: usage a crown or fixed
dental prosthesis is not an implantable device. The prosthesis receives
support and stability from the dental implant see DENTAL
IMPLANT, DENTAL PROSTHESIS, CROWN
implant dentistry \m#plant# den#t-str e\ (1993): the selection,
planning, development, placement, and maintenance
of
restoration(s) using dental implants
implant denture \m#plant# den#chur\ slang: usage a denture is
not an implantable device. Dental prostheses (fixed dental
prostheses, removable dental prostheses) as well as maxillofacial
prostheses can be supported and retained in part or whole by
dental implants. Terminology to assist in describing the means of
retention, support and dental materials should be limited to
concatenation of three and no more than four adjectives to provide
clarity. Descriptive terminology (modifiers) expressed as adjectives
to each dental prosthesis may include the method of retention,
composition, nature of support, design characteristics, and form
of anchorage See also PROSTHESIS
Maxillofac Implants 2003; 18:539-43.
implant fixture: see DENTAL IMPLANT BODY

implant infrastructure \m#plant# n#fra-struk#chur\ slang : usage
while a dental implant may have an infrastructure, the proper geometric reference to such an area of the implant is referenced relative
to the long axis of the dental implant, in this case, the inferior portion of the dental implant
implant interface \m#plant# n#ter-f as\: the junction of the surface
of a dental implant and the surrounding host tissuessee

FIBROUS INTEGRATION, OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
implant prosthesis \m#plant# pros-th e#ss\ slang : usage- a prosthesis
is not an implantable device. Dental prosthesis such as crown and
other fixed dental prostheses, removable dental prostheses as well

as maxillofacial prostheses can be supported and retained in part
or whole by dental implants. Terminology to assist in understanding the means of retention and support should be limited to concatenation of three and no more than four adjectives to provide
clarity. Descriptive terminology may include the method of retention, composition, nature of support, design characteristics, and
form of anchorage
Maxillofac Implants 2003; 18:539-543.
implant prosthodontics \m#plant# pros#tha-don#tks\: the phase of

prosthodontics concerning the replacement of missing teeth
and/or associated structures by restorations that are attached to
dental implants
implant substructure \m#plant# sub#struk#chur\ slang : the metal
framework of a eposteal dental implant that is embedded beneath
the soft tissues, in contact with the bone, and stabilized by means
of endosteal screws. The periosteal tissues retain the framework
to the bone. The framework supports the prosthesis, frequently
by means of dental implant abutments and other superstructure
components
implant surgery \m#plant# su r#ja-r e\ (1993): the phase of
implant
dentistry concerning the selection, planning, and placement of
the implant body and abutment
im plan tol o gy \m#plan-tol#a-g e\ obs : a term historically
conceived as the study or science of placing and restoring dental
implants
see IMPLANT DENTISTRY, IMPLANT SURGERY, IMPLANT
PROSTHODONTICS
im ple ment n : see DEVICE
im pres sion \m-presh#an\ n (14c): a negative likeness or copy in reverse of the surface of an object; an imprint of the teeth and adjacent structures for use in dentistrysee ALTERED CAST
PARTIAL DENTURE I., DENTAL I., DIRECT BONE I., I.
AREA, I. MATERIAL, I. TRAY, MASTER I., PARTIAL
DENTURE I., PRELIMINARY I., SECTIONAL I., TUBE I.
impression area \m-presh#an ar# e-a\: the surface that is recorded in
an
impression
impression compound: slang: see MODELING PLASTIC I.C.
impression coping \m-presh#an ko
#png\ (1998): 1: that
component of a dental implant system used to provide a spatial
relationship of an endosteal dental implant to the alveolar ridge
and adjacent dentition or other structures. Impression copings
can be retained in the impression or may require a transfer (termed
an impression transfer procedure) from intraoral usage to the
impression after attaching the analog or replicas 2: any device
that registers the position of the dental implant or dental implant
abutment relative to adjacent structures; most such devices are
indexed to assure reproducible three dimensional location
impression material \m-presh#an ma-tr# e-al\: any substance or
combination of substances used for making an impression or negative
reproduction
impression post substand: see IMPRESSION COPING
impression surface \m-presh#an su r#fas\ obs : the portion of the
denture surface that has its contour determined by the
impression (GPT-4)see IMPRESSION AREA
impression technique \m-presh#an tek#n ek\ obs : a method and manner used in making a negative likeness (GPT-4)
impression tray \m-oresh#an tr a\ 1: a receptacle into which
suitable impression material is placed to make a negative likeness 2:
a device that is used to carry, confine, and control impression
material while making an impression
impression wax: see DENTAL IMPRESSION WAX
incisal guidance \n-s#zal g d#ans\ 1: the influence of the
contacting surfaces of the mandibular and maxillary anterior teeth
on mandib-DENTISTRY
ular movements 2: the influences of the contacting
surfaces of the guide pin and guide table on articulator
movements

DENTISTRY
incisal guide \n-s#zal g d\ obs : the part of an articulator that
maintains the incisal guide angle (GPT-4)see ANTERIOR GUIDE
TABLE incisal guide angle \n-s#zal g d ang#gal\ 1: anatomically,
the angle formed by the intersection of the plane of occlusion and
a line within the sagittal plane determined by the incisal edges of the
maxillary and mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in
maximum intercuspation 2: on an articulator, that angle formed,
in
the sagittal plane, between the plane of reference and the slope of
the anterior guide table, as viewed in the sagittal plane
incisal guide pin: see ANTERIOR GUIDE PIN
incisal guide table: see ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE
incisal porcelain: a porcelain blend used for the incisal portion of a
ceramic restorationcomp BODY PORCELAIN, GINGIVAL
PORCELAIN
incisal reduction: the amount of tooth preparation at the
incisal edgecomp INCISAL REDUCTION, OCCLUSAL
REDUCTION
incisal rest \n-s#zal rest\: a rigid extension of a removable partial denture that contacts a tooth at the incisal edge
incisal restoration \n-s#zal res#ta-r a#shun\: any restoration
extending along the incisal edge of a tooth
incisive foramen \n-s #sv fo r#man\: a foramen located in the
midline
on the anterior of the hard palate. It transmits the nasopalatine
nerves and vesselscalled also nasopalatine foramen
incisive papilla \n-s #sv pa-pl#a\: the elevation of soft tissue covering
the foramen of the incisive or nasopalatine canal
inclined plane \n-kl nd pl an\: any of the inclined cuspal surfaces of
a tooth
incomplete cleft palate \n#kam-pl e#td kleft pal#t\: a cleft
involving only a part of the hard or/and soft palate
in co or di na tion \n-ko -o r#dn- a#shun\ n (1876): inability to
move
in a smooth, controlled, symmetrical movement
in dex \n#deks#\ n (1571): a core or mold used to record or maintain
the relative position of a tooth or teeth to one another, to a cast, or
to some other structure
indirect fracture \n#d-rekt#, -d -\: a fracture at a point distant from
the primary site of injury due to secondary forces
indirect pulp capping \n#d-rekt#, -d - pulp kap#ng\: a procedure
that seeks to stimulate formation of reparative dentin by placing a
material over sound or carious dentin
indirect retainer \n#d-rekt#, -d - r-t a#ner\: the component of a
partial removable dental prosthesis that assists the direct retainer(s) in
preventing displacement of the distal extension denture base by
functioning through lever action on the opposite side of the fulcrum line when the denture base moves away from the tissues in
pure rotation around the fulcrum line
indirect retention \n#d-rekt#, -d - r-ten#shun\: the effect achieved
by one or more indirect retainers of a partial removable denture
prosthesis that reduces the tendency for a denture base to move
in an occlusal direction or rotate about the fulcrum line
in du rate \n#da-r at, dya-\ vb -rat ed \r a#td\; -rat ing \r
a#tng\
(1538):
to
make
hardin du ra tion
\n#da-r
a#shun\
nin du ra tive \n#da-r a#tv\
adj
in du rat ed \n#da-r a#td\ adj (1604): having become firm or
hard, especially by an increase in fibrous elements
in fra bulge \n#fra-bulj\ n : that portion of the crown of a tooth
apical to the survey line
infrabulge clasp \n#fra-bulj klasp\: a removable partial denture retentive clasp that approaches the retentive undercut from a cervical or
infrabulge direction
in fra erup tion \n#fra--rup#shun\ n : failure in eruption of a tooth

to
the established plane of occlusion
infrared soldering: joining the components of a fixed dental prosthesis with a specially designed unit that uses infrared light as its heat
sourcecomp OVEN SOLDERING
in fra oc clu sion \n#fra-a-klo o #shun\ n : malocclusion in which
the occluding surfaces of teeth are below the normal plane of
occlusion
incisal guide
interdental space
infrared radiation \n#fra-red\: electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths between 760 nm and 1000 nm
in fra struc ture \n#fra-struk#chur\ n : a metal or ceramic framework
onto which a second framework or prosthesis will be placed
ingot \ng#gat\ n : 1: a mold in which metal is cast 2: a mass of metal
cast into a shape convenient for storage and measure that can be
re melted for later casting
initial occlusal contact \-nsh#al a-klo o #sal kon#takt\: during
closure of the mandible, the first or initial contact of opposing
teeth between the arches
injection molding \n-jek#shun mo l#dng\: the adaptation of a
plastic material to the negative form of a closed mold by forcing
the material into the mold through appropriate gatewayssee
COMPRESSION MOLDING
in lay \n-l a#, n#l a#\ n (1667): a fixed intracoronal restoration; a
dental restoration made outside of a tooth to correspond to the
form of
the prepared cavity, which is then luted into the tooth
inlay wax: see CASTING WAX
in ser tion vb : see PLACEMENT
instantaneous axis of rotation \n#stan-t a#n e-as ak#ss uv ro -t
a#shun\: the hypothetical center of rotation of a moving body,
viewed in a given plane, at any point in time; for any body that has
planar motion, there exists, at any instant, some points that have
zero velocity and will be fixed at a given instant. The line joining
these points is the instantaneous axis of rotation. The intersection
of this line with the plane of motion is called the instantaneous
center of rotation
in stru ment \n#stra-ment\ n : a tool or implement, especially one
used for delicate work or for artistic or scientific purposessee
DEVICE
in tagl io \n-tal#yo , -tal#-\ n, pl -ios \-yo s\ (1644) 1: an incised or
en- graved figure in stone or any hard material depressed below the
surface of the material such that an impression from the design
would yield an image in relief 2: something carved in intaglio
intaglio surface \n-tal#yo , tal#- su r#fas\: the portion of the denture
or
other restoration surface that has its contour determined by the
impression; the interior or reversal surface of an object
integration: see FIBROUS I., OSSEOUS I., TISSUE I.
interalveolar space: see INTERARCH DISTANCE
interarch distance \n#ter-arch\: the interridge distance; the vertical
distance between the maxillary and mandibular dentate or edentate
arches under specified conditionssee REDUCED I.D.
interarch expansion device: see TRISMUS APPLIANCE
interceptive occlusal contact: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL
CONTACT
in ter con dy lar \n#ter-kon#da-lar\ adj : situated between two condyles
intercondylar axis: see CONDYLAR AXIS
intercondylar distance \n#ter-kon#da-lar ds#tans\: the distance between the rotational centers of two condyles or their analogues
intercuspal contact \n#ter-kus#pal kon#takt\: the contact between
the
cusps of opposing teeth
intercuspal contact area \n#ter-kus#pal kon#takt ar# e-a\: the range
of tooth contacts in maximum intercuspation
intercuspal occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
intercuspal position: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
in ter cus pa tion \n#ter-kus-p a#shun\ n, obs : the interdigitation
of
cusps of opposing teeth (GPT-4)
in ter den tal \n#ter-den#tl\ adj : between the proximal surfaces of
the teeth within the same arch
interdental gingival void: any interproximal soft tissue loss due to
periodontal disease, traumatic, mechanical or chemical preparation
or crown lengthening procedures
interdental papilla
DENTISTRY
\n#ter-den#tl pa-pl#a\: a projection of the gingiva
filling the space between the proximal surfaces of two adjacent
teeth
interdental space: see DIASTEMA, INTERARCH DISTANCE, and
INTERPROXIMAL SPACE

DENTISTRY
interdental splint
intrusion
interdental splint \n#ter-den#tl splnt\: a splint for treatment of fractures and consisting of a metal or acrylic resin prostheses wired to
the teeth in the maxilla and mandible and joined to keep the segments immovablesee GUNNINGS SPLINT
interdigitated occlusion: see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
in ter dig i ta tion n : see MAXIMAL INTERCUSPAL POSITION
in ter fer ence \n#ter-fr#ans\ n (1783): in dentistry, any tooth contacts that interfere with or hinder harmonious mandibular movement
interim denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
interim endosteal dental implant abutment \n#ter-m en-dos#t eal den#tl m#plant# a-but#ment\: any dental implant abutment
used for a limited time to assist in healing or modification of the
adjacent tissues
interim obturator \n#ter-m ob#ta-r a#tor\: a maxillofacial
prosthesis which is made following completion of initial healing
following surgical resection of a portion or all of one or both
maxillae; frequently many or all teeth in the defect area are
replaced by this prosthesis. This prosthesis replaces the surgical
obturator which is usually inserted
at or
immediately
following the resection. Generally, an interim obturator is
made to facilitate closure of the resultant defect after initial
healing has been completed. Editorial Note: Unlike the
surgical obturator, which usually is made prior to surgery and
frequently revised in the operating room during surgery, the
interim obturator is made when the defect margins are clearly
defined and further surgical revisions are not planned. It is a
provisional prosthesis... Also, it frequently must be revised (termed
an obturator prosthesis modification) during subsequent dental
procedures (i.e. restorations, gingival surgery, etc.) as well as to
compensate for further tissue shrinkage before a definitive obturator
prosthesis is made.
interim ocular prosthesis \n#ter-m ok#ya-lar pros-th e#ss\: an interim replacement generally made of clear acrylic resin for an eye
lost due to surgery or trauma. No attempt is made to reestablish estheticssyn CONFORMER, EYE SHELL, SHELL, OCULAR
CONFORMER
interim palatal lift prosthesis: see PALATAL LIFT PROSTHESIS
interim prosthesis \n#ter- pros-th e#ss\: a fixed or removable dental
prosthesis, or maxillofacial prosthesis, designed to enhance esthetics, stabilization and/or function for a limited period of time, after
which it is to be replaced by a definitive dental or maxillofacial
prosthesis. Often such prostheses are used to assist in
determination of the therapeutic effectiveness of a specific
treatment plan or the form and function of the planned for
definitive prosthesissyn PROVISIONAL PROSTHESIS,
PROVISIONAL RESTORATION
interlock \n#ter-lok\ n (1874): a device connecting a fixed unit or a
removable dental prosthesis to another fixed unit
interlocking cast core: a foundation restoration for an endodontically
treated, multirooted tooth that comprises multiple castings to engage divergent roots
intermaxillary fixation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR FIXATION
intermaxillary relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
intermediary jaw movement \n#ter-m e#d e-er# e jo mo o
v#ment\ obs :
all movements between the extremes of mandibular excursions
(GPT-3)
intermediate abutment \n#ter-m e#d e-t a-but#ment\: a natural
tooth located between terminal abutments that serve to support a
fixed or removable dental prosthesis
internal attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
internal connector \n-tu r#nal ka-nek#tor\: a nonrigid connector of
varying geometric designs using a matrix to unite the members
of a fixed partial denture
internal derangement \n-tu r#nal d-ranj#ment\: with respect to
the

temporomandibular joint, a deviation in position or form of the
tissues within the capsule of the temporomandibular joint; an

abnormal relationship of the disk to the condyle, fossa, and/or
eminence
internal rest: see PRECISION REST
interocclusal \n#ter-a-klo o #sal\ adj : between the occlusal surfaces
of opposing teeth
interocclusal clearance \n#ter-a-klo o #sal klr#ans\ 1: the
arrangement
in which the opposing occlusal surfaces may pass one another without any contact 2: the amount of reduction achieved during tooth
preparation to provide for an adequate thickness of restorative material
interocclusal distance \n#ter-a-klo o #sal ds#tans\: the distance
between the occluding surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
when the mandible is in a specified position
interocclusal gap obs : see INTEROCCLUSAL DISTANCE
interocclusal record \n#ter-a-klo o #sal rek#ard\: a registration of
the positional relationship of the opposing teeth or arches; a
record of the positional relationship of the teeth or jaws to each
other
interocclusal rest space \n#ter-a-klo o #sal rest sp as\: the difference
between the vertical dimension of rest and the vertical dimension
while in occlusion
interproximal contact \n#ter-prok#sa-mal kon#takt\: the area of a
tooth that is in close association, connection, or touch with an adjacent tooth in the same arch
interproximal space \n#ter-prok#sa-mal sp as\: the space between adjacent teeth in a dental arch. It is divided into the embrasure space,
occlusal to the contact point, and the septal space, gingival to the
contact point
interradicular space: the space between roots of adjacent teeth in a
dental arch
interridge distance: see INTERARCH DISTANCE
interrupted bridge \n#ta-rup#td brj\ obs : a fixed dental prosthesis
with one or more nonrigid connectors
intracapsular adhesion \n#tra-kap#sa-lar ad-h e#zhen\: adhesions occurring within the joint capsule, resulting in reduced mobility
intracapsular
ankylosis \n#tra-kap#sa-lar
ang#ka-lo
#ss\:
diminished joint motion due to disease, injury, or surgical
procedure within a joint capsule
intracapsular disorder \n#tra-kap#sa-lar ds-o r#der\: a problem associated with the masticatory system in which the etiological factors
are located within the temporomandibular joint capsule
intracapsular fracture \n#tra-kap#sa-lar frak#chur\: a fracture of the
condyle of the mandible occurring within the confines of the capsule of the temporomandibular jointcalled also intraarticular
fracture
in tra con dy lar \n#tra-kon#d#lar\ adj : within the condyle
in tra cor o nal \n#tra-ko r-a-nal\ adj 1: within the confines of
the cusps and normal proximal/axial contours of a tooth 2:
within the normal contours of the clinical crown of a tooth
intracoronal attachment: any prefabricated attachment for support
and retention of a removable dental prosthesis. The male and female components are positioned within the normal contour of
the abutment toothsee EXTRACORONAL ATTACHMENT,
PRECISION ATTACHMENT
in tra mu co sal \n#tra-myo o -ko #sal\ adj : situated, formed by,
or occurring within the mucosa
intramucosal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
intramucosal insert: see MUCOSAL INSERT
in tra or al \n#tra-o r#al\ adj : within the mouth
intraoral tracing \n#tra-o r#al tr a#sng\: a tracing made within the
oral cavitysee ARROW POINT TRACING
in tra os seo us \n#tra-os# e-us\ n : within bone
intrinsic coloring \n-trn#zk, -sk kul#ar-ng\: coloring from within;
DENTISTRY
the incorporation
of a colorant within the material of a prosthesis
or restoration
in tru sion \n-tro o #zhen\ vb : movement of a tooth in an
apical
direction

DENTISTRY
invariant color match \n-var# e-ant kul#ar mach\: a perfect color
match under all light conditions
inverted cusp tooth \n-vur#td kusp to o th\ obs : a nonanatomic
posterior porcelain denture tooth that had circular indentations where
cusps would normally be located
in vest \n-vest#\ vb : to surround, envelop, or embed in an investment
material see VACUUM INVESTING
in vest ing \n-ves#tng\ v : the process of covering or enveloping,
wholly or in part, an object such as a denture, tooth, wax form,
crown, etc. with a suitable investment material before processing,
soldering, or casting
in vest ment n : see DENTAL CASTING I., REFRACTORY I.
investment cast \n-vest#ment kast\: a cast made of a material that
will withstand high temperature without disintegrationcomp
REFRACTORY CAST
ion exchange strengthening \ #an, #on# ks-chanj#
strengk#thanng\: the chemical process whereby the surface of a glass is placed
in compression by the replacement of a small ion by a larger one
while maintaining chemical neutrality
ionizing radiation \ #a-n #zng r a#d e- a-shun\: any radiation
capable of
displacing electrons from atoms or molecules thereby producing
ions
ir i des cent \r#-des#ant\ adj (1796): colors produced by interference, refraction, or diffraction
irreversible hydrocolloid \r#-vu r#sa-bal h #dra-kol#oid#\: a
hydrocolloid consisting of a sol of alginic acid having a
physical state that is changed by an irreversible chemical reaction
forming insoluble calcium alginate called also alginate, dental
alginate
is chem ia \-sk e#m e-a\ n (ca. 1860): local and temporary deficiency
of blood, chiefly resulting from the contraction of a blood vessel
iso graft \ #sa-graft\ n (1909): a graft from one individual to
another with the same genetic basis, as in twinscalled also
isogeneic graft, syngraft
isometric contraction \ #sa-met#rk kon-trak#shun\: muscular
contraction in which there is no change in the length of the muscle during contraction
isotonic contraction \ #sa-ton#k kon-trak#shun\: muscular
contraction in which there is a shortening of the length of the muscle while
the muscle maintains a constant tension
iso tope \ #sa-to p#\ n (ca 1913): a chemical element having the
same atomic number as another but possessing a different atomic
mass
J
jacket crown: see CERAMIC CROWN, RESIN CROWN
Jackson crib clasp [V. H. Jackson, New York, N.Y., dentist] obs : a
one-piece clasp bent to engage the mesial and distal interproximal
undercuts in adjacent natural teeth. Usually it was made by hand
bending of a straight wire of appropriate dimensions
Kennedy E. The Jackson crib clasp technique in partial denture construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest, 1928.
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea
Brothers and Co., 1896:185-7.
Jackson magnet [Thomas R. Jackson, U.S. dentist]: eponym for permanent magnetic alloy magnets using rare earth metals adapted
for oral use
Jackson TR. New rare earth magnetic technology: the Jackson solid state attachment system. Trends Tech Contemp Dent Lab 1986;5:31-9.
jaw \jo \ n (14c): the bony structure bearing the teeth

see
MANDIBLE, MAXILLA
jaw malposition \jo mal#pa-zsh#an\ obs : any abnormal position of
the mandible (GPT-3)

jaw movement: see MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
jaw record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
RECORD
jaw relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
jaw relation record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP RECORD
jaw repositioning: see MANDIBULAR REPOSITIONING
invariant color match
keyway
jig \jg\: a device used to maintain mechanically the correct positional

relationship between a piece of work and a tool or between components during assembly or alteration
joint \joint\ n (13c): the place of union of two or more bonessee
ARTHRODIAL J., COMPOUND J., DIARTHRODIAL J.,
GINGLYMOUS J., SIMPLE J., TEMPOROMANDIBULAR J.
joint crepitus \joint krep#-tus\: the grating sensation caused by the
rubbing together of the bony surfaces of jointscalled also articular crepitus
junctional epithelium \jungk#shun-al ep#a-th e#l e-um\: a single
or
multi-layer of non-keratinizing cells adhering to the tooth
surface at the base of the gingival crevicecalled also epithelial
attachment
jump case slang : see REBASE, RELINE
K
ka olin \k a#a-ln\ n (1727): fine, usually white, clay that is used in
ceramics and refractory materials as a filler or extender
keep er \k e#par\ n (14c): any one of various devices used for
keeping something in positionusage: in dentistry, this is usually
construed
to mean a magnetized alloy attached to one element of a restoration to which a magnet may adhere
Kellys syndrome [Ellsworth Kelly, U.S. prosthodontist]: see
COMBINATION SYNDROME
Kelly E. Changes caused by a mandibular removable partial denture opposing a maxillary complete denture. J PROSTHET DENT 1972;27:140-50.
Kelvin temperature [Thomson W. (Lord Kelvin), Scottish mathematician and physicist (1824-1907)]: absolute temperature indicated
by the symbol K. Zero Kelvin = 273 C
Kennedy bar [Edward Kennedy, U.S. dental surgeon]: see
CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
Interest, 1928.
Kennedy bar connector [Edward Kennedy, U.S. dental surgeon]: see

CONTINUOUS BAR CONNECTOR
Interest, 1928.
Kennedy classification of removable partial dentures [Edward

Kennedy, U.S. dental surgeon, variably dated 1923, 1925, and
1928]: a classification of partially edentulous arches divisible into
four classes. Class 1: a bilateral edentulous areas located posterior
to the remaining natural teeth. Class II: a unilateral edentulous
area located posterior to the remaining natural teeth. Class III: a
unilateral edentulous area with natural teeth located both anterior
and posterior to it. Class IV: a single bilateral edentulous area located anterior to the remaining natural teeth. Edentulous areas,
in addition to those determining the main types, were designated
as modification spaces. O. C. Applegates Rules govern application
of the Kennedy system
Interest, 1928.
ker a tin \ker#a-tn\ n (1847): a protein present in all cuticular (cornified) structures of the body, such as hair, epidermis, horns, and the
organic matrix of the enamel of the teeth
ker a tin i za tion \ker#a-tn--z a-shun\ n : the process of maturation
of keratinocytes. The formation of a protein layer (keratin) on the
surface of some epithelia
keratinized gingival \ker#a-t-n zd jn#ja-va\: the oral surface of the
gingiva extending from the mucogingival junction to the gingival
margin. In gingival health, the coronal portion of the sulcular epithelium may also be keratinized. The pattern of keratinization may
be ortho-or parakey and keyway attachment: see ATTACHMENT
key way \k e#w a#\ n : an interlock using a matrix and patrix between
the units of a fixed dental prosthesis. It may serve two functions:
DENTISTRY
1) to hold the
pontic in the proper relationship to the edentulous
ridge and the opposing teeth during occlusal adjustment on the
working

DENTISTRY
keyway laterosurtrusion
d
cast (during application of any veneering material) and 2) to reinforce the connector after soldering
kinematic axis \kn#a-mat#k ak#ss\: the transverse horizontal axis
connecting the rotational centers of the right and left condyles
kinematic facebow \kn#a-mat#k f as-bo \: a facebow with
adjustable caliper ends used to locate the transverse horizontal
axis of the mandible
kinematics \kn#a-mat#ks\: the phase of mechanics that deals with the
possible motions of a material body
Kingsley splint \Kngz#l e# splnt\ [Norman William Kingsley,
U.S. dentist, 1829-1913] obs : eponym for a maxillary splint used to
apply traction to reduce and immobilize maxillary fractures and
immobilize them through wings attached to a head device by
elastics. C. L. Goddard cites Dr. Kingsley as first using the
occipital appliance in 1866
Essig CJ. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea
Brothers and Co., 1896:204.
Kingsley NW. Oral deformities. 1866:134.
Knoop hardness number: (KHN) a measure of hardness obtained

with a diamond pyramid indenter and rhombic base with included
angles of 172.5 and 130 . KHN is the ratio of the applied load to
the area of the indentation
F Knoop, CG Peters, WB Emerson. A sensitive pyramidal-diamond tool for
indentation measurements. J Res Natl Bur Stands (U.S.) 1939; 23:39-61
Knoop hardness tests [Frederick Knoop, U.S. engineer, U.S.

Department of Commerce]: eponym for a surface hardness test using a diamond stylus. It is used for harder materials and is characterized by the diamond or rhomboid shaped indentation. The
indentation micro-hardness test uses a rhombic-based pyramidal
diamond indenter. The long diagonal of the resulting indentation
is measured to determine the hardness. This test is suitable for most
classes of materials including brittle and elastomeric
Knoop F, Peters CG, Emerson WB. A sensitive pyramidal diamond tool for
indentation measurements. J Res Nat Bur Stand 1939;12:39-45.
Kubelka-Munk scattering coefficient [authors unknown]: eponym

for the multiple (diffuse) scattering coefficient for a unit of thickness and concentration of scattering material in a medium of a different refractive index as used in the Kubelka-Munk Equation. It is
the rate of increase of reflectance of a layer over black, as thickness
is increased. Hence, the assumption is made that the entire
scattering is in the backward or reverse direction from that of the
incident diffuse light
Kubelka P. New contributions to the optics of intensely light scattering materials. Part 1. J Opt Soc Am 1948;38:448-57.
Kubelka-Munk theory [authors unknown]: eponym for a theory describing the optical behavior of materials containing small particles
that scatter and absorb radiant energy. It is widely used for color
matching
Kubelka P, Munk F. Ein Beitrag zur Optik der farbenstriche. Z Tech Phys
1931;12:593-601.
L
lab i al \l a#b e-al\ adj (1594) 1: of or pertaining to the lip 2: toward
the lip
labial bar: see LABIAL BAR CONNECTOR
labial bar connector \l a#b e-al bar ka-nek#tor\: a major connector
located labial to the dental arch
labial flange \l a#b e-al flanj\: the portion of the flange of a denture
that
occupies the labial vestibule of the mouth
labial splint \l a#b e-al splnt\: a device of plastic, metal, or both,
made to conform to the outer aspect of the dental arch and used
in the management of jaw and facial injuries
labial vestibule \l a#b e-al ves#ta-byo o l\: the portion of the oral
cavity
that is bounded on one side by the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar
ridge (in the edentulous mouth, the residual ridge) and on the
other by the lips anterior to the buccal frenula
la bio ver sion \l a#b e-o -vu r#shun\ n : labial position of a

tooth beyond the normal arch form
lamina dura \lam#a-na dur#a\: the layer of compact bone forming the
wall of a tooth alveolus
land area \land ar# e-a\: the portion of a dental cast that extends
beyond the impressions replica surface laterally that defines the
area between the end of the replicas surface and the cast
lap \lap\ vb lap ped \(lapd\; lap ping \la#ping\ vt (14c) la: to fold over
or around something; to wind about lb: to envelop entirely 2: to
fold over in successive layers 3: to place over and cover a part of another 4a: to dress smooth or to polish to a high degree 4b: to fit or
shape by working two surfaces together with or without abrasives
until a very close fit is achievedlap per \la#per\ n
laser \l a#zer\ n (1957): acronym for Light Amplification by
Simulated Emission of Radiation: a device that transforms light of
various frequencies into an intense, small, and nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation, within the visible
range
laser therapy \l a#zer ther#a-p e\: the use of laser energy in the
treatment of tissue pathosis
laser welding \l a#zer wel#dng\: the joining of metal
components through the use of heat generated with a laser beam
late closing click \l at klo #zng klk\: the sound emanating from
the
temporomandibular joint that occurs just prior to termination of
closure in some patients with anteriorly displaced disks
late opening click \l at o #pa-nng klk\: the sound emanating from
the temporomandibular joint that occurs just prior to termination
of opening in some patients with anteriorly displaced disks
lat er al \lat#ar-al\ adj (15c) 1: positions either right or left of the midsagittal plane 2: denotes a position farther from the median plane or
midline of the body or structure
lateral checkbite: see LATERAL INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
lateral condylar inclination \lat#ar-al kon#da-lar n#kla-n a#shun\:
the angle formed by the path of the moving condyle within the
horizontal plane compared with the median plane (anteriorposterior movement) and within the frontal plane when
compared with the
horizontal
plane
(superiorinferior movement)see LATEROTRUSION
lateral condylar path \lat#ar-al kon#da-lar path\: the path of movement of the condyle-disk assembly in the joint cavity when a lateral
mandibular movement is made
lateral incisor \lat#ar-al n-s #zor\: the second incisor
lateral interocclusal record \lat#ar-al n#ter-a-klo o #sal rek#ard#\:
a registration of the positional relationship of opposing teeth or
arches made in either a right or left lateral position of the mandible
lateral mandibular movement: see MANDIBULAR LATERAL
TRANSLATION
lateral mandibular relation \lat#ar-al man-db#ya-lar r-l a#shun\:
the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae in a position to the
left or right of the midsagittal plane
lateral movement \lat#ar-al mo o v#ment\ obs : a movement from
either right or left of the midsagittal plane (GPT-4)
lateral protrusion: see LATEROPROTRUSION
lateral relation \lat#ar-al r-l a#shun\ obs : the relation of the
mandible to the maxillae when the lower jaw is in a position to
either side of centric relation (GPT-4)
lateral side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
lat ero de tru sion \lat#ar-o -de-tro
o #zhun\ n : lateral and
downward movement of the condyle on the working sidesee
LATEROTRUSION
lat ero pro tru sion \lat#ar-al-pro -tro o #zhun\ n : a protrusive
movement of the mandibular condyle in which there is a lateral
component
lat ero re tru sion \lat-ar-o -r-tro o #shun\ n : lateral and
backward
movement of the condyle on the working side

lat ero sur tru sion \lat-ar-o -su r-tro o #shun\ n : lateral and
upward movement of the condyle on the working sidesee
LATEROTRUSION

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
lat ero tru sion \lat-ar-o -tro o #shun\ n : condylar movement on
the working side in the horizontal plane. This term may be used
in combination with terms describing condylar movement in
other planes, for example, laterodetrusion,
lateroprotrusion,
lateroretru- sion, and laterosurtrusion
Le Fort fracture [Leon Clement Le Fort, French surgeon, 18291893]: eponym for a midfacial fracture, classified into three categories (I, II, III)
Le Fort I fracture: eponym for a horizontal segmented fracture of the
alveolar process of the maxilla, in which the teeth are usually contained within the detached portion
Le Fort II fracture: eponym for a pyramidal fracture of the midfacial
skeleton with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex at or
near the superior aspect of the nasal bones
Le Fort III fracture: eponym for a craniofacial dysjunction fracture in
which the entire maxilla and one or more facial bones are completely separated from the craniofacial skeleton
leaf gauge \l ef g aj\: a set of blades or leaves of increasing thickness
used
to measure the distance between two points or to provide metered
separation
lengthening of the clinical crown \lengk#tha-nng uv tha kln#-kal
kroun\: a surgical procedure designed to increase the extent of
supragingival tooth structure for restorative or esthetic purposes
by apically positioning the gingival margin, removing supporting
bone, or both
LET: acronym for Linear Energy Transfer: the energy dissipation of
ionizing radiation over a given linear distance. Highly penetrating
radiations such as gamma rays cause low ion concentration and
thus have a relatively low LET, x-rays and beta particles exhibit
intermediate LET, and alpha particles have a high LET
light \l t\ n (bef. 12c): the aspect of electromagnetic radiation of
which the human observer is aware through the visual sensations
that arise from the stimulation of the retina of the eye
light source \l t sors\: an object that emits light or radiant energy
to which the human eye is sensitive. The emission of a light
source can be described by the relative amount of energy,
emitted at each wavelength in the visible spectrum; the emission
may be described in terms of its correlated color temperature
light ness \l t#ns\ n (bef. 12c) 1: achromatic dimension necessary
to describe the three-dimensional nature of color, the others
being
hue and saturation. The lightness dimension may also be called
brightness. In the Munsell Color Order System, the lightness dimension is called value 2: perception by which white objects are
distinguished from gray and light objects from dark ones; equivalent to shading in grays
lim bus \lm#bas\: a border or interface especially if marked by a difference in color or structure between adjoining parts
line angle \l n ang#gal\: the point of convergence of two planes in a
cavity preparation
linear coefficient of thermal expansion: the fractional change in
length of a given material per degree change in temperature
line of occlusion \l n uv a-klo o #shun\: the alignment of the
occluding surfaces of the teeth as viewed in the horizontal plane
see OCCLUSAL PLANE
linear occlusion \ln# e-ar a-klo o #shun\: the occlusal arrangement
of
artificial teeth, as viewed in the horizontal plane, wherein the masticatory surfaces of the mandibular posterior artificial teeth have a
straight, long, narrow occlusal form resembling that of a line, usually articulating with opposing monoplane teeth.
Frush JP. Linear occlusion. Ill Dent J 1966;35:788-94.
lin gual \lng#gwal\ adj (15c): pertaining to the tongue; next to or toward the tongue
lingual apron: see LINGUAL PLATE
lingual bar: see LINGUAL BAR CONNECTOR
lingual bar connector \lng#gwal bar ka-nek#tor\: a major

connector of a partial removable dental prosthesis located lingual to
the dental arch
laterotrusion Lucia jig

d
lingual flange \lng#gwal flanj\: the portion of the flange of a mandibular denture that occupies the alveololingual sulcus
lingual inclination \lng#gwal n-kla-n a#shun\: deviation of the coronal portion of a tooth from the vertical plane toward the tongue
lingual plate \lng#gwal pl at\: the portion of the major connector of
a partial removable dental prosthesis contacting the lingual
surfaces of the natural teethalso spelled linguoplate
lingual rest \lng#gwal rest\: a metallic extension of a partial
removable dental prosthesis framework that fits into a prepared
depression within an abutment tooths lingual surface
lingual rest seat \lng#gwal rest s et\: the depression prepared on
the lingual surface of an abutment tooth to accept the metal rest
of a partial denture (the lingual rest)
lingual splint \lng#gwal splnt\: a dental splint conforming to the inner aspect of the dental arch
lingual strap: see LINGUAL PLATE
lingualized occlusion \lng#gwa-l zd a-klo o #shun\: first described
by S. Howard Payne, DDS, in 1941, this form of denture
occlusion articulates the maxillary lingual cusps with the
mandibular occlusal surfaces in centric working and nonworking
mandibular positions. The term is attributed to Earl Pound
Payne SH. A posterior set-up to meet individual requirements. Dent Digest
1941;47:20-22.
Pound E. Utilizing speech to simplify a personalized denture service. J
PROSTHET DENT 1970;24:586-600.
lin guo c clu sion \lng#gwa-a-klo o #shun\ n : an occlusion in which

a
tooth or group of teeth is located lingual to its normal position
lin guo ver sion \lng#gwa-vu r#zhun, -shun\ n : lingual or palatal
position of a tooth beyond the normal arch form
lip line: see HIGH L.L., LOW L.L.
lip switch operation \lp swch op#a-r a#shun\: tissues borrowed
from one lip and transferred to the other; also used to describe a
modified vestibuloplasty proceduresee also ABBE FLAP,
ESTLANDERS OPERATION
Kiethley JL, Gamble JW: The lip switch: a modification of Kazanjians labial
vestibuloplasty. J Oral Surg 36:701-705,1978
loading: see IMMEDIATE LOADING; PROGRESSIVE LOADING

lobe \lo b\ n (1525): a curved or rounded projection or division,
especially of a body organ or part
local etiologic factors
\lo
#kal e#t e-a-loj#k fak#tarz\: the
environmental influences that may be implicated in the causation,
modification, and/or perpetuation of a disease entity
localization film \lo #ka-l-z a#shun flm\: a radiograph made with
radiopaque markers to localize the position of a body (i.e., a tumor) relative to external landmarks
long axis \long ak#ss\: a theoretical line passing lengthwise through
the center of a body
long centric articulation: see INTERCUSPAL CONTACT AREA
longitudinal axis: see SAGITTAL AXIS
lost-wax casting technique:also called investment casting. The casting of a metal into a mold produced by surrounding (investing) an
expendable (wax) pattern with a refractory slurry that sets at room
temperature, after which the pattern is removed through the use of
heat
low lip line \lo lp l n\ 1: the lowest position of the inferior border
of the upper lip when it is at rest 2: the lowest position of the
superior border of the lower lip during smiling or voluntary
retraction
lower impression \lo #ar m-presh#an\ slang : an impression of
the mandibular
jaw or dental structures
(GPT-4)see
MANDIBULAR IMPRESSION
lower ridge slope \lo #ar rj slo p\ obs 1: the slope of the mandibular
residual ridge in the second and third molar region as seen from
the buccal side (GPT-1) 2: the portion of the lower residual ridge,
either lingual, labial, or buccal, between the crest of the ridge and
the mucobuccal fold or flexion line of the peripheral tissues
(GPT-1)
DENTISTRY
Lucia jig [Victor
O. Lucia, U.S. prosthodontist]: eponymsee
ANTERIOR PROGRAMMING DEVICE

DENTISTRY
Lucia jig mandibular trismus

d
Lucia VO. Treatment of the edentulous patient. Chicago: Quintessence,

1986.
lug \lug\ n : something that projects away from an object and is generally used as a support or for connection to a body
lu mi nance \lo o #ma-nans\ n (1880): the intensity of light per
unit
area
1
lute \lo o t\ n (15c): a substance, such as cement or clay, used for
placing a joint or coating a porous surface to make it impervious
to liquid or gas see CEMENT
2
lute \lo o t\ vt; lut ed \lo o #td\; lut ing \lo o #tng\: to fasten,
attach, or seal see CEMENT
luting agent: any material used to attach or cement indirect restorations to prepared teeth
lux a tion n (1552): an abnormal anterior displacement of the mandibular condyle out of the glenoid fossa that is self-reducing
M
mac ro glos sia \mak#ro -glo#zha\ n : excessive size of the tongue
mac ula \mak#ya-la\ n, pl mac ula (1863): a patch of tissue that is altered in color but usually not elevated; usually characteristic of various diseases
maintenance dose \m an#ta-nans do s\: the quantity of a drug
necessary
to maintain a normal physiologic state or a desired blood or tissue
level of drug
major connector \m a#jar ka-nek#tor\: the part of a partial removable
dental prosthesis that joins the components on one side of the
arch to those on the opposite side
mal a lign ment: see MALOCCLUSION
mal le a ble \mal# e-a-bal\ adj (14c): capable of being extended
or shaped with a hammer or with the pressure of rollers
mal oc clu sion \mal#a-klo o #shun\ n (1888) 1: any deviation from
a
physiologically acceptable contact between the opposing dental
arches 2: any deviation from a normal occlusionsee ANGLES
CLASSIFICATION OF OCCLUSION
mam e lon \mam#a-lon\ n : one of three tubercles sometimes found
on the incisal edges of incisor teethmam e lon at ed \mam#ala-n a#td\ v, mam e lon a tion \mam#a-la-n a#shun\ n
man di ble \man#da-bal\ n (15c): the lower jawbone
man dib u lar \man-db#ya-lar\ adj : of or pertaining to the mandible
mandibular anteroposterior ridge slope \man-db#ya-lar an#ter-postr# e-ar rj slo p\: the slope of the crest of the mandibular residual
ridge from the third molar region to its most anterior aspect in relation to the lower border of the mandible as viewed in profile
mandibular axis: see SAGITTAL AXIS, TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS, VERTICAL AXIS
mandibular condyle: the articular process of the mandible, called also
the head of the mandible see also CONDYLE
mandibular dislocation \man-db#ya-lar ds#lo -k a#shun\: a nonself- reducing displacement of the mandibular condyle out of the
glenoid fossa
mandibular dysplasia \man-db#ya-lar ds-pl a#zha\: disharmony
in
size or form between the right and left halves of the mandible
mandibular equilibration \man-dib#ya-lar e#kwa-lb#r e- a#shun\
1: the act or acts performed to place the mandible in equilibrium
2: a condition in which all of the forces acting on the mandible
are neutralized
mandibular glide \man-dib#ya-lar gl d\ obs : the side to side,
protrusive, and intermediate movement of the mandible occurring
when the teeth or other occluding surfaces are in contact (GPT-4)
mandibular guide plane prosthesis: see MANDIBULAR
RESECTION PROSTHESIS

mandibular hinge position \man-db#ya-lar hnj pa-zish#an\ obs: the
position of the mandible in relation to the maxilla at which opening
and closing movements can be made on the hinge axis (GPT-4)
mandibular impression \man-db#ya-lar m-presh#an\: an impression
of the mandibular jaw or dental structures
mandibular
lateral
translation:
see
MANDIBULAR
TRANSLATION
mandibular micrognathia \man-db#ya-lar m #kro -n a#th e#a\: an
abnormally small mandible with associated recession of the chin
mandibular movement \man-db#ya-lar mo
o v#ment\: any
movement of the lower jaw
mandibular nerve \man-db#ya-lar nu rv\: the third division of the trigeminal nerve that leaves the skull through the foremen ovale and
provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication, to the
tensor veli palatini m., the tensor tympani m., the anterior belly
of the digastric m., and the mylohyoid m. It also provides the general sensory innervation to the mandibular teeth and gingivae, the
floor of the mouth, the epithelium of the anterior two thirds of the
tongue, and the skin of the lower portion of the face
mandibular orthopedic repositioning prosthesis \man-db#ya-lar
o r#tha-p e#dk r e#pa-zsh#a-nng pros-th e#ss\: a removable
dental prosthesis that creates a different, yet temporary, dental
occlusal position that guides the mandible to close into a
predetermined and altered position
mandibular plane \man-db#ya-lar pl an\: in cephalometrics, a
plane that passes through the inferior border of the mandible
mandibular protraction \man-db#ya-lar pro #trak#shun, pra-\: a
type of facial anomaly in which gnathion lies anterior to the
orbital
planesee
ANGLES
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OCCLUSION
mandibular relationship record \man-db#ya-lar r-l a#shunshp\: any registration of the relationship of the mandible to the
maxillae mandibular repositioning \man-db#ya-lar r e#pa-zsh#anng\: guidance of the mandible to cause closure in a
predetermined, altered
position
mandibular resection \man-db#ya-lar r-sek#shun\: the surgical removal of a portion or all of the mandible and the related soft tissuescalled also mandibulectomy
mandibular resection prosthesis \man-db#ya-lar r -sek#shun prosth e#ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis used to maintain a functional
position for the jaws (maxillae and mandible), improve speech
and deglutition following trauma or/and surgery to the
mandible or/and adjacent structures
syn MANDIBULAR GUIDE PLANE PROSTHESIS, MANDIBULAR
RESECTION PROSTHESIS WITH
GUIDE, MANDIBULAR
RESECTION PROSTHESIS WITHOUT
GUIDE, RESECTION
PROSTHESIS
mandibular rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION

mandibular retraction \man-db#ya-lar r-trak#shun\: a type of
facial anomaly in which gnathion lies posterior to the orbital
planesee
also
ANGLES
CLASSIFICATION
OF
OCCLUSION
mandibular side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
mandibular staple \man-db#ya-lar st a#pal\: a transosteal dental
implant placed from the inferior border of the mandible with
posts (abutments) that extend through the mucosa into the oral
cavity in the
mandibular
anterior
regioncalled
also
transmandibular staple
mandibular tracing \man-db#ya-lar tr a#sng\: a graphic
representation or record of the movements of the mandible
within a given plane
mandibular translation \man-db#ya-lar trans-l a#shun\: the translatory (medio-lateral) movement of the mandible when viewed in
the frontal plane. While this has not been demonstrated to occur
as an immediate horizontal movement when viewed in the frontal
plane, it could theoretically occur in an essentially pure translatory
form in the early part of the motion or in combination with
rotation in the latter part of the motion or bothsee also
EARLY MAN- DIBULAR
LATERAL TRANSLATION,
IMMEDIATE MAN- DIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION,
PROGRESSIVE MANDIBULAR LATERAL TRANSLATION
mandibular trismus \man-db#ya-lar trz#mas\: reduced mobility of
DENTISTRY
the mandible
resulting from tonic contracture of the masticatory
muscles

DENTISTRY
mandibulectomy \man-db#u -lek#ta-m e\ n : the removal of part or
the entire mandible
man drel \man#dral\ also man dril \man#dral\ n (1790) 1a: usually a
tapered or cylindrical axle, spindle, or arbor placed in a hole to support it during machining 1b: a metal bar which serves as a core
about which material may be cast, molded, compressed, forged,
bent or shaped 2: the shaft and bearings on which a tool is mounted
Maryland bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
Livaditis, GJ, Thompson, VP: Etched castings: an improved retentive mechanism for resin-bonded retainers JPD 1982; 47-52
mar gin \mar#jn\ n (14c): the outer edge of a crown, inlay, onlay, or
other restoration. The boundary surface of a tooth preparation
and/or restoration is termed the finish line or finish curve
marginal gingiva \mar#ja-nal jn#ja-va\: the most coronal portion
of
the gingiva; often used to refer to the free gingiva that forms the
wall of the gingival crevice in health
marginal ridge \mar#ja-nal rj\: a component of the tooth
structure
forming the occlusal proximal margin of a premolar or molar
mask ing \mas#kng\ n : the process of applying an opaque covering to
camouflage the metal component of a prosthesis
master cast: see DEFINITIVE CAST
master impression \mas#tar m-presh#an\: the negative likeness made
for the purpose of fabricating a prosthesis
masticating cycles \mas#t-k a#tng s #kalz\ obs : the patterns of
mandibular movements formed during the chewing of food (GPT-1)
mas ti ca tion \mas#t-k a#shun\ n (1649): the process of
chewing food for swallowing and digestion
masticatory apparatus: see MASTICATORY SYSTEM
masticatory cycle \mas#t-ka-to r# e, -to r# e s #kal\: a three
dimensional representation of mandibular movement produced
during the chewing of food
masticatory efficiency \mas#t-ka-to r# e, -to r# e -fsh#an-s e\: the
effort
required achieving a standard degree of comminution
masticatory force \mas#t-ka-to r# e fo rs, fo rs\: the force applied
by the muscles of mastication during chewing
masticatory movements \mas#t-ka-to r# e mo o v#mentz\:
mandibular
movements used for chewing foodsee MASTICATORY CYCLE
masticatory mucosa: see MUCOSA
masticatory muscle \mas#t-ka-to r# e mus#al\: muscles that elevate
the mandible to close the mouth (temporalis m., superficial and
deep masseter m., medial pterygoid m.)see ELEVATOR
MUSCLE
masticatory pain \mas#t-ka-to r# e p an\: discomfort about the face
and
mouth induced by chewing or other use of the jaws but independent of local disease involving the teeth and mouth
masticatory performance \mas#t-ka-to r# e par-fo r#mans\: a
measure
of the comminution of food attainable under standardized testing
conditions
masticatory system \mas#t-ka-to r# e ss#tam\: the organs and
structures primarily functioning in mastication. These include the teeth
with their supporting structures, craniomandibular articulations,
mandible, positioning and accessory musculature, tongue, lips,
cheeks, oral mucosa, and the associated neurologic complex
ma trix \m a#trks\ n, pl ma tri ces \m a#tr-sez#\ (15c) 1: a mold or
impression in which something is formed 2: the portion of an attachment system that receives the patrix
max il la \mak-sl#a\ n, pl max il lae \mak-sl# e\ (15c): the
irregularly shaped bone that, with its contralateral maxilla, forms
the upper

jaw. It assists in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and
the hard palate; it contains the maxillary teeth
maxillary impression \mak#sa-ler# e\: an impression of the
maxillary
jaw or dental structures
maxillary micrognathia \mak#sa-ler# e m #kro
-na-th e#a\:
abnormally small maxillae with associated retraction of the
middle third of the face
maxillary protraction \mak#sa-ler# e pro -trak#shun, pra-\: a type of
facial anomaly in which subnasion lies anterior to the orbital plane
mandibulectomy meatus
d
maxillary resection \mak#sa-ler# e r-sek#shun\: the surgical removal

of a part or all of the maxillacalled also maxillectomy
maxillary sinus \mak#sa-ler# e s #nas\: the anatomic space located
superior to the posterior maxillary alveolus
maxillary tuberosity \mak#sa-ler# e to o #ba-ros#-t e\: the most
distal portion of the maxillary alveolar ridge
max il lec to my \mak#sa-lek#ta-m e\ n : the removal of part or all of
the maxillacalled also maxillary resection
max il lo fa cial \mak#sa-la-f a#shul\ adj : pertaining to the
dental arches, the face, head and neck structures
maxillofacial prosthesis \mak#sa-la-f a#shul pros-th e#ss\: any prosthesis used to replace part or all of any stomatognathic and/or
craniofacial structure. Editorial Note: the taxonomy for
maxillofacial prostheses may include modifiers (adjectives) to
provide descriptive evidence of the nature of the prosthesis
including anatomic location, retention,
support, time,
materials, and form. Frequently, the means of retention is used,
and may encompass descriptive adjectives such as the adjacent
tissue, teeth, dental/craniofacial implants or a combination of
such, thus appropriate terminology can include tissue retained
MP, tooth retained MP, implant retained MP, tissue/implant
retained MP. Descriptive terminology may also be included to
delineate time utilization for the prosthesis such as surgical,
interim and definitive.
maxillofacial prosthetic adhesive \mak#sa-la-f a#shul pros-thet#k adh e#sv\: a material used to adhere external maxillofacial
prostheses to skin and associated structures around the periphery
of an external anatomic defect
maxillofacial prosthetics
\mak#sa-la-f a#shul
pros-thet#iks\:
the branch of prosthodontics concerned with the restoration
and/or replacement of the stomatognathic and craniofacial
structures with prostheses that may or may not be removed on a
regular or elective basis
maxillomandibular dysplasia
\mak#sa-la-man-db#ya-lar dspl a#zha,-zh e-a\: disharmony between one jaw and the halves
of the mandible
maxillomandibular fixation: fastening together of the maxillary
and mandibular teeth, as for immobilization of a mandibular
fracturesyn IMF
maxillomandibular record: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
maxillomandibular registration: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
maxillomandibular relation: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP
maxillomandibular relationship \mak#sa-la-man-db#ya-lar rl a#shun-shp#\: any spatial relationship of the maxillae to the
mandible; any one of the infinite relationships of the mandible
to the maxillae
maxillomandibular relationship record \mak#sa-la-man-db#ya-lar
r-l a#shun-shp# rek#ard#\: a registration of any positional
relationship of the mandible relative to the maxillae. These
records may be made at any vertical, horizontal, or lateral
orientation
maxillomandibular registration: see MAXILLOMANDIBULAR
RELATIONSHIP RECORD
maximal intercuspal contacts \mak#sa-mal n#ter-kus#pal# kon#
takts#\: tooth contact in the maximum intercuspal position
maximal intercuspal position \mak#sa-mal n#ter-kus#pal# pazsh#an\: the complete intercuspation of the opposing teeth independent of condylar position, sometimes referred to as the best
fit of the teeth regardless of the condylar positioncalled also
maximal intercuspationcomp CENTRIC OCCLUSION
mean foundation plane \m en foun-d a#shun pl an\ obs : the mean of
the
various irregularities in form and inclination of the basal seat
(GPT-4)
DENTISTRY
me a tus \m ea#tus\ n, pl me a tus es or me a ti (1665): a
natural body passage; a general term for any opening or
passageway in the body

DENTISTRY
mechanical anterior guidance table milling in

d
mechanical anterior guidance table: an adjustable articulator component that guides the articulator pins movement to simulate lateral
and anterior guidance during mandibular movementcomp
CUSTOM ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE see also ANTERIOR
GUIDE TABLE:
mechanically balanced occlusion \m-kan#-ka#l e
bal#ansd
a-klo o #shun\ obs : a balanced occlusion without reference to
physiologic considerations, as on an articulation (GPT-4)
median line \m e#d e-an l n\: the centerline dividing a body into
the
right and left
median mandibular point \m e#d e-an man-db#a-lar point\ obs :
a point on the anteroposterior center of the mandibular ridge
in the median sagittal plane (GPT-4)
median plane \m e#d e-an pl an\: an imaginary plane passing
longitudinally through the body, from front to back, and dividing it into left
and right halves
median relation \m e#d e-an r-l a#shun\ obs : any jaw relation when
the
mandible is in the median sagittal plane (GPT-4)
median retruded relation: see CENTRIC RELATION
mediolateral curve \m e#d e-o -lat#ar-al ku rv\: in the mandibular
arch, that curve (viewed in the frontal plane) which is concave
above and contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the
mandibular molars; in the maxillary arch, that curve (viewed in
the frontal plane) which is convex below and contacts the buccal
and lingual cusp tips of the maxillary molars.
me di o tru sion \m e#d e-o -tro o #shun\ n : a movement of the
condyle
mediallysee NONWORKING SIDE
mem brane \mem#br an\ n (15c) 1: a thin soft pliable sheet or layer,
especially of plant or animal origin 2: a thin layer of tissue that lines a
cavity, envelops a vessel or part, or separates a space or organ me
nis cus \ma-ns#kas\ n, pl me nis ci \ma-ns# \: see DISK
meniscectomy: excision of the intraarticular disk. see DISKECTOMY
me si al \m e#z e-al\ adj (1803): near or toward the centerline of
the
dental arch; toward the median sagittal plane of the face, following
the curvature of the dental arch
mesial drift \m e#z e-al drft\: movement of teeth toward the
midline
me sio clu sion n : any occlusion in which the mandibular teeth articulate with the maxillary teeth in a position anterior to normalsyn
ANTERIOR OCCLUSION, MESIO-OCCLUSION
mesioversion \m e#z e-o -vu r#zhun, -shun\: with reference to a
tooth,
nearer than normal in its position toward the median line of the
face, along the dental arch
1
met al \met#l\ n (13c): any strong and relatively ductile substance that
provides electropositive ions to a corrosive environment and that
can be polished to a high luster. Characterized by metallic atomic
bonding
2
met al \met#l\vt -aled or -alled; -al ing or -al ling (1610): to cover
or furnish with metal
metal base \met#l b as\: the metallic portion of a denture base forming
a part or the entire basal surface of the denture. It serves as a base
for the attachment of the resin portion of the denture base and
the teeth
metal ceramic restoration \met#l sa-ram#k res-ta-r a#shun\: a tooth
or/and implant retained fixed dental prosthesis that uses a metal
substructure upon which a ceramic veneer is fusedsee
COLLARLESS M.C.R.
metal collar: a narrow band of highly polished metal immediately adjacent to the facial/buccal margin on a metal-ceramic restora-
metameric pair \met#a-mer#ik par\: a pair of objects whose

colors match when viewed in a described way, but which do not
match if the viewing conditions are changed. Thus a metameric
pair of samples exhibit the same tri-stimulus values for a described
set of viewing conditions (observer, light source, geometry of the
illumination and viewing arrangement) but have different
spectral distributions. Hence, they exhibit a match that is
conditional
me tam er ism \ma-tam#a-rz#um\ n. (1877): pairs of objects that
have different spectral curves but appear to match when viewed
in a given hue exhibit metamerism. Metamerism should not be
confused with the terms flair or color constancy, which apply to apparent color change exhibited by a single color when the spectral
distribution of the light source is changed or when the angle of illumination or viewing is changed
methyl methacrylate resin \meth#al meth-ak#ra-l at rez#n\: a
transparent, thermoplastic acrylic resin that is used in dentistry
by mixing liquid methyl methacrylate monomer with the
polymer powder. The resultant mixture forms a pliable plastic
termed dough, which is packed into a mold prior to initiation of
polymerization
mi cro crack \m #kro -krak\ n : in porcelain, one of the numerous
surface flaws that contribute to stress concentrations and
results in strengths below those theoretically possible
mi cro gnath ia \m #kro -n a#th e-a\ n : a congenital or
acquired
condition characterized by an abnormally small jawsee
MANDIBULAR M., MAXILLARY M.
mi cro glos sia \m #kro -glo #zha\ n : presence of a small tongue
mi cro max il lae n : see MAXILLARY MICROGNATHIA
mi cro sto mia \m #kro -sto m#ya\ n : an abnormally small oral
orifice
mi cro tia \m #kro -sha\ n : a developmental anomaly characterized by
tioncomp PORCELAIN LABIAL MARGIN
metal insert teeth \met#l n-su rt t eth\: artificial denture teeth
containing metal cutting edges; teeth designed to contain metal cutting
edges in the occlusal surface
metal saddle \met#l sad#l\ obs : a metal denture base (GPT-4)
met a mer \met#a-mer#\ n : one of a pair of objects whose colors
match when viewed in a described way but do not match under all
viewing conditions
hypoplasia or aplasia of the pinna of the ear, associated with an impatent or absent external auditory meatus
midfacial deficiency \md-f a#shul d-fsh#an-s e\: failure of the
mid- third of the face, including the maxilla, to grow in
proportion to the upper and lower thirds
midfacial fracture \md-f a#shul frak#chur\: fractures of the zygomatic,
maxillary, nasal, and associated bones
mid-opening click \md-o #pa-nng klk\: the abnormal sound
emanating from the temporomandibular joint that occurs during
mid protrusive translation of the condyles
MIE theory: the theory that relates the scattering of a single spherical
particle in a medium to the diameter of the particle, the difference
in refractive index between the particle and the medium, and the
wavelength of radiant energy in the medium that is incident on
the particle. This theory relates to the direct observation of the scattering of a single particle as compared with the Kubelka-Munk
Theory and also takes into account the absorption that the particle
may also exhibit
1
mill \ml\ n : a machine or device used for working or forming materials into a desired form, to blend materials, or to perform other
mechanical operations
2
mill \ml\ vt (1570) 1: to subject to an operation or process in a mill;
to grind 2: to shape or dress by means of instruments
mill in \ml n\ v 1: the procedure of refining occluding surfaces
through the use of abrasive materialssee SELECTIVE
GRINDING 2: the machining of boxes or other forms in cast restorations to be used as retainers for fixed or removable prostheses
milled in curve obs : see MILLED IN PATH
milled in path \mld n path\: a contour pattern carved into the occlusal surface of an occlusion rim during various mandibular movements by teeth or studs placed in the opposing arch
mill ing \ml#ng\ v : the machining of proximal boxes, recesses, or
other forms on cast restorations to be used as retainers for fixed
or removable prostheses
milling in \ml#ng n\ obs : the procedure of refining or perfecting the
occlusion of teeth by the use of abrasives between their occluding
surfaces while the dentures are rubbed together in the mouth or
on the articulator (GPT-3)see MILL IN

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
minor connector \m #nar ka-nek#tor\: the connecting link between
the major connector or base of a partial removable dental
prosthesis and the other units of the prosthesis, such as the clasp
assembly, indirect retainers, occlusal rests, or cingulum rests
mixed dentition \mkst den-tsh#an\: a stage of development during
which the primary and permanent teeth function together in the
mouthsyn TRANSITIONAL DENTITION
MMF: acronym for Maxillo Mandibular Fixation
mo bile \mo #bal, -b el, -b l\ adj (15c): capable of moving or
being moved; movable
mod el \mod#l\ n (1575): a facsimile used for display purposes; a miniature representation of something; an example for imitation or
emulation; see CAST
modeling
composition
obs :
see
MODELING
PLASTIC IMPRESSION COMPOUND
modeling compound
obs : see MODELING
PLASTIC
IMPRESSION COMPOUND
modeling plastic: see MODELING PLASTIC IMPRESSION
COMPOUND
modeling plastic impression compound \mod#lng plas#tk mpresh#an kom-pound#\: a thermoplastic dental impression material
composed of wax, rosin, resins, and colorants
modeling wax \mod#lng waks\: a wax suitable for making patterns in
the fabrication of nonmetallic restorations
modes of appearance \mo dz uv a-pr#ans\: various manners in
which
colors can be perceived, depending on spatial distributions and
temporal variations of the light causing the sensation
modified cast: see ALTERED CAST
modified ridge lap \mod#a-f d# rj lap\: a ridge lap surface of a
pontic that is adapted to only the facial or buccal aspect of the
residual ridge
mod i fi er \mod#a-f #ar\ n : a substance that alters or changes
the
color or properties of a substance
mo dio lus \mo -d #a-las\ n : the area near the corner of the
mouth where eight muscles converge that functionally separates
the labial vestibule from the buccal vestibule
modulus of elasticity
\moj#a-las uv -la-sts#-t e, e-la-\: in
metallurgy, the coefficient found by dividing the unit stress, at any
point up to the proportional limit, by its corresponding unit of
elongation (tension) or strain. A ratio of stress to strain. As the
modulus of elasticity rises, the material becomes more rigid
modulus of resilience \moj#a-las uv r-zl-yans\: the work or energy required to stress a cubic inch of material (in one direction only) from
zero up to the proportional limit of the material, measured by the
ability of the material to withstand the momentary effect of an
impact load while stresses remain within the proportional limit
mold \mo ld\ n (13c) 1: a cavity in which a substance is shaped, as a
matrix for casting metal or plastics; a negative form in which an
object is cast or shaped 2: the size and shape of an artificial tooth
or teeth
mold chart \mo ld chart\: an illustration of the manufacturers shapes
and sizes of denture teeth
mold guide \mo ld g d\: a selection of denture teeth demonstrating
the molds offered by a manufacturer
monochromatic vision \mon#a-kro -mat#k vsh#an\: vision in
which there is no color discrimination
mon o mer \mon#a-mar\ n (1914): a chemical compound that can
undergo polymerization; any molecule that can be bound to a similar molecule to form a polymer
mon o plane \mon#a-pl an\ adj : an arbitrary plane for the
arrangement of denture teeth that is flat both medial-laterally and
anterior-posteriorly
monoplane articulation \mon#a-pl an ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: the
arrangement of teeth by which they are positioned in a single
plane

monoplane occlusion \mon#a-pl an a-klo o #shun\: an occlusal
arrangement wherein the posterior teeth have masticatory
surfaces that lack any cuspal height
Monson curve: see CURVE OF MONSON
minor connector Munsell color order system

d
MORA device: acronym for Mandibular Orthopedic Repositioning

Appliance, a type of removable dental prosthesis with a modification to the occlusal surfaces used with the goal of repositioning
the mandible to improve neuro-muscular balance and jaw relationship
Gelb H. Clinical management of head, neck and TMJ pain and dysfunction.
Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co, 1977:314.
mother matrix mold \muth#ar m a#trks mo ld\ obs : a negative

form,
usually in sections, used for positive casts (GPT-1)
mou lage \mo o -lazh#\ n (1902) 1: the negative impression of a
body structure 2: an impression or cast made for use, especially
as evi- denced in a criminal investigation 3: impression or reverse
likeness of a part that produces a model when converted to a
positive replica, i.e., by means of plaster
1
mount ing \mountng\ v : the laboratory procedure of attaching a
cast to an articulator or cast relater
2
mount ing \moun#tng\ n : the relationship of dental casts to each
other and the instrument to which they are attached; see also
SPLIT-CAST M.
mounting ring: see MOUNTING PLATE
mounting plate \moun#tng pl at\: removable metal or resin
devices that attach to the superior and inferior members of an
articulator, which are used to attach casts to the articulator
mouth guard \mouth gard\: a removable dental prosthesis made of
resilient material which is useful in reducing mouth injuries and
protecting the teeth and surrounding structures from injury
mouth protector: see MOUTH GUARD
mouth rehabilitation \mouth r e#ha-bl#-t a#shun\ obs : restoration
of the form and function of the masticatory apparatus to as
near normal as possible (GPT-4)
mouth stick \mouth stk\: a device held in the mouth by a disabled
person that aids in performing certain functions
MRI: acronym for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
mucobuccal fold \myo o #ko -buk#al fo ld\: the line of flexure of
the mucous membrane as it passes to the cheek
mucogingival: see MUCOGINGIVAL JUNCTION
mucogingival junction \myo o #ko -jn#ja-val, jn#j -\: the
junction of gingiva and alveolar mucosa
mucolabial fold \myo o #ko -l a#b e-al\: the line of flexure of
the oral mucous membrane as it passes from the maxillary or
mandibular alveolar ridge to the lip
mu co peri os te um
\myo o #ko -per# e-os#t e-am\ n: a
term
synonymous with a full-thickness flap implying the inclusion of
both mucosa and periosteum during flap elevation
mu co sa \myo o -ko #sa\ n (1880): a mucous membrane comprised
of epithelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria
see
ALVEOLAR M., ORAL M.
mucosal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
mucosal insert \myo o -ko #sal n-su rt\: any metal form attached
to the tissue surface of a removable dental prosthesis that
mechanically engages undercuts in a surgically prepared mucosal
sitecalled also button implant, intramucosal insert, mucosal
implant
mu co si tis \myo o #ko -s #ts\ n : inflammation of the
mucous membrane
mu co sta tic \myo o #ko -stat#k\ adj : the state of the oral
mucosa when external forces are not displacing it
muf fle \muf#al\ n : the portion of a furnace, usually removable or replaceable, in which material may be placed for processing without
direct exposure to heating element
Munsell chrome [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S. artist and
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for the Munsell color system
chrome, which is that quality by which a strong color is distinguished from one that is weak. The departure of a color sensation
from that of white or gray; the intensity of a distinctive hue color
intensityseeDENTISTRY
also SATURATION
Munsell color order system [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S.
artist and teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for a color order system;

DENTISTRY
Munsell color order system myospasm

d
developed in 1905, it places colors in an orderly arrangement

encompassing the three attributes of hue, value, and chrome
Munsell AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co., 1975:14-6.
Munsell hue [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S. artist and

teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for that quality by which one color
family is distinguished from another, as red from yellow, and green
from blue or purple. The dimension of color determined by
wavelength
Munsell value [Alfred H. Munsell, Massachusetts, U.S. artist and
teacher, 1858-1918]: eponym for the relative brightness of a color.
The quality of grayness in comparison to white (high value) and
black, (low value); in the Munsell color system, the value of a color
is determined by which gray on the value scale it matches in lightness/darkness (black is assigned a value of zero; white a value of
10)
mus cle \mus#al\ n (14c): an organ that by contraction produces
movements of an animal; a tissue composed of contractile cells or
fibers that effect movement of an organ or part of the body
muscle contraction \mus#al kan-trak#shun\: the shortening and
development of tension in a muscle in response to stimulation
muscle contracture \mus#al kan-trak#chur\: a condition of high
resistance to passive stretching of a muscle resulting from fibrosis
of the tissues supporting the muscle or the joint; sustained
increased resistance to passive stretch with reduced muscle length
muscle hyperalgesia \mus#al h #par-al-g e#sha\: increased sensitivity
to pain in a muscle evoked by stimulation at the site of pain in the
muscle
muscle hypertenseness \mus#al h #par-tens#nes\ obs : increased
muscular tension that is not easily released but that does not
prevent normal lengthening of the muscles involved (GPT-4)
muscle hypertonicity: increased contractile activity in some motor
units driven by reflex arcs from receptors in the muscle and/or
alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord
muscle marking: see BORDER MOLDING
muscle relaxant \mus#al r-lak#sant\: a drug or therapy that diminishes
muscle tension
muscle spasm \mus#al spaz#am\: a sudden involuntary contraction of
a muscle or group of muscles attended by pain and interference
with function. It differs from muscle splinting in that the
contraction is sustained even when the muscle is at rest and the
pain/dysfunction is present with passive and active movements of
the affected part called also myospasm
muscle spasticity \mus#al spa-zs#-t e\: increased muscular
tension of antagonists preventing normal movement and caused
by an inability to relax (a loss of reciprocal inhibition)
muscle-splinting \mus#al-splnt#ng\ slang : involuntary contraction
(rigidity) of muscles occurring as a means of avoiding the pain
caused by movement of the part (resistance to passive stretch).
The involved muscle(s) relaxes at rest
muscle-trimming slang : see BORDER MOLDING
muscular atrophy \mus-kya#lar at#ra-f e\: a wasting of muscular
tissue, especially due to lack of use
muscular splinting \mus-kya#lar splnt#ng\: contraction of a muscle
or group of muscles attended by interference with function and
producing involuntary movement and distortion; differs from
muscle spasm in that the contraction is not sustained when the
muscle is at rest
musculoskeletal pain \mus#kya-lo -skel#-tl p an\: deep, somatic
pain
that originates in skeletal muscles, facial sheaths, and tendons
(myogenous pain), bone and periosteum (osseous pain), joint,
joint capsules, and ligaments (arthralgic pain), and in soft
connective tissues
mush bite \mush b t\ obs : a maxillomandibular relationship record
made in a softened material, frequently beeswax, without the
benefit of record basessee INTEROCCLUSAL RECORD
mutually protected articulation \myo o #cho o -al-l e pratek#td ar- tk#ya-l a#shun\: an occlusal scheme in which the
posterior teeth prevent excessive contact of the anterior teeth in

maximum inter-
cuspation, and the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth in

all mandibular excursive movements. Alternatively, an occlusal
scheme in which the anterior teeth disengage the posterior teeth
in all mandibular excursive movements, and the posterior teeth
prevent excessive contact of the anterior teeth in maximum
intercuspation
mutually protected occlusion: see MUTUALLY PROTECTED
ARTICULATION
my al gia \m -al#j e-a\ n (1860): pain in a muscle or muscles
my co tic \m -ko #tk\ n : pertaining to a mucosis; caused by fungi
mylohyoid concavity \m #la-hoid kon-kav#-t e\: the fossa in
the mandible below the mylohyoid line in the molar region
mylohyoid groove or canal \m #la-hoid gro o v o r ka-nal#\: the
groove
in the mandible running downward and forward toward the
submandibular fossa, which contains the mylohyoid muscle, nerve,
and vessels
mylohyoid region \m #la-hoid r e#jan\ obs : the region on the
lingual
surface of the mandible marked by the mylohyoid ridge and the attachment of the mylohyoid muscle (GPT-4)
mylohyoid ridge \m #la-hoid rj\: an oblique ridge on the lingual surface of the mandible that extends from the level of the roots of
the last molar teeth and that serves as a bony attachment for the
mylohyoid muscles forming the floor of the mouth
my o cen tric \m #o sen#trk\ adj : that terminal point in space
in which, with the mandible in rest position, subsequent colonic
muscle contraction will raise the mandible through the interocclusal
space along the myocentric (muscle balanced) trajectory. Also
described as the initial occlusal contact along the myocentric
trajectory (isotonic closure of the mandible from rest position)
Jankelson B. Dent Clin North Am 1979;23:157-68.
Jankelson BR, Polley ML. Electromyography in clinical dentistry. Seattle:
Myotronica Research Inc, 1984:52.
myofascial trigger point \m #a-fash#al trg#ar point\: a hyperirritable

spot, usually within a skeletal muscle or in the muscle fascia, that
is painful on compression and can give rise to characteristic referred
pain, tenderness (secondary hyperalgesia), and autonomic
phenomena
myofibrotic capsular contracture \m #a-f -bra#tk kap#salar
kan-trak#chur\: muscle contracture resulting from the formation
of excessive fibrous tissue within the muscle or its sheath
my o func tion al \m #a-fungk#sha-nal\: relating to the function of
muscles. In dentistry, the role of muscle function in the cause or
correction of muscle related problems
myofunctional therapy \m #a-fungk#sha-nal ther#a-p e\: the use
of
exercises to improve the action of a group of muscles used as an
adjunct to orthodontic or craniomandibular dysfunction treatment
myogenous pain \m #a-j en#us\: deep somatic musculoskeletal
pain
originating in skeletal muscles, fascial sheaths, or tendons
Myo-monitor \m #o
mon# e ter\: a digital electronic pulse
generator specifically optimized for bilateral transcutaneous
electrical neural stimulation of the stomatognathic system; an
electrical device introduced in 1969 by Bernard Jankelson, DDS
as a means of applying muscle relaxation as a prerequisite to
obtain
an occlusal position that would sustain a relaxed
musculature
Jankelson B, Radke JO. The Myo-monitor: its use and abuse. Quintessence
Int 1978;9:47-52.
Jankelson B, Sparks S. Crane PF, Radke JC. Neural conduction of the
Myo-monitor stimulus: a quantitative analysis. J PROSTHET DENT
1975;34:245-53.
Jankelson BR. Neuromuscular dental diagnosis and treatment. St. Louis:
Ishiyaki EuroDENTISTRY
America Intl, 1990:73-7.
myostatic contracture \m #a-stat#k kan-trak#chur\: muscle contracture resulting from reduced muscle stimulation
my o si tis \m #a-s -ts\ n (ca. 1819): inflammation of muscle tissue
my o spasm n : see MUSCLE SPASM

DENTISTRY
my o ton ia \m #a-to #n e-a\ n (1896): increased muscular
irritability and contractility with decreased power of relaxation;
tonic muscle spasms
N
NA: acronym for NAsion; a cephalometric landmark located where the
intranasal and nasofrontal sutures meet
nano me ter \nan#a-m e#tar\ n (1963): unit of length to measure
the wavelength of light. It is equivalent to 1 x 10-9 M or 10
angstroms.
1 nm = 1/1,000,000 mm
narrative report \nar#a-tv\: a complete description of the clinical
findings, diagnosis, and treatment rendered for a given patient
nasal grimace \n a#zal grm#s, gr-mas#\: movements in the tissue of
the nares reflecting the attempts of the oronasal system to compensate for palatopharyngeal insufficiency
nasal prosthesis \n a#zal pros-th e#ss\: a removable maxillofacial
prosthesis that artificially restores part or the entire nosesyn
ARTIFICIAL NOSE
nasal turbulence \n a#zal tu r#bya-lans\: the excessive noise or
air passing over resistance in the nasal passages
nasal septal prosthesis \n a#zal sep#tal pros-th e#ss\: a
maxillofacial
prosthesis used to occlude (obturate) a hole within the nasal septal
wallsyn SEPTAL BUTTON, SEPTAL PLUG
nasal spine \n a#zal sp n\: a sharp bony protuberance of the
lower
margin of the anterior aperture of the nares formed by the forward
prolongation of the two maxillae
nasal stent \n a#zal stent\: a removable intranasal maxillofacial
prosthesis used to support the form of the nose
na sal i ty \n a-zal#-t e\ n (1656): the quality of speech sounds
when the nasal cavity is used as a resonator
nas ion \n a#zhun\ n : a bony cephalometric landmark at which
the nasofrontal suture is bisected by the midsagittal plane
nasion relator: an adjustable arbitrary facebow component that
engages the outer point of intersection between the nasion-sella
line and the soft tissue profile to stabilize the bow while recording
the position of the maxillary teeth
nas o phar ynx \n a#zo -far#ngks\ n (1877): the part of the
pharynx situated above the soft palate
natural color system \nach#ar-al, nach#ral kul#ar ss#tam\: a color order system derived by Anders Hard that defines six color perceptions using the concept of percentage for localizing nuances
within the three part system. The six perceptions are white, black,
red, green, yellow, and blue. The dimensions of hue, blackness or
whiteness, and chrome are used to relate colors within this system
natural dentition \nach#ar-al, nach#ral den-tsh#an\: the natural teeth,
as considered collectively, in the dental arch, which may be
deciduous, permanent, or mixed
natural glaze \nach-ar-al, nach#ral gl az\: the production of a
glazed
surface by the vitrification of the material itself and without addition of other fluxes or glasses
neck of the condylar process \nek uv tha kon#dah ler pro ses\: the constricted inferior portion of the mandibular condylar process that is
continuous with the ramus of the mandible; that portion of
the condylar process that connects the mandibular ramus to the
condyle
ne cro sis \na-kro #ss, ne-\ n, pl ne cro ses \s ez\ (1665):
localized
death of living tissue
needlepoint tracing: see CENTRAL BEARING TRACING
DEVICE
Nesbit prosthesis [Norman Nesbit, dentist, Boston, Massachusetts,

U.S.] obs : eponym for a unilateral partial removable dental prosthesis design that Dr. Nesbit introduced in 1918
neu ral gia \noo-ral#ja\ n (ca. 1822): neurogenous pain felt along the
peripheral distribution of a nerve trunk
neu ri tis \noo-r#ts\ n (1840): inflammation of a nerve
myotonia
nonanatomic teeth
neurogenous pain \noo-roj#a-nus p an\: pain that is generated

within the nervous system as a result of some abnormality of
neural structures
neuromuscular dysfunction: a collective term for muscle disorders of
the masticatory system with two observable major symptoms: pain
and dysfunction. Common observations include muscle fatigue,
muscle tightness, myalgia, spasm, headaches, decreased range of
motion and acute malocclusion. The five types of masticatory muscle disorders include protective co-contraction (muscle splinting),
local muscle soreness (noninflammatory myalgia), myofascial
pain (trigger point myalgia), myospasm (tonic contraction myalgia), and chronic centrally mediated myalgia (chronic myositis)
Okeson, Management of Temporomandibular Disorders and Occlusion.
(4th Ed pp 180-82)
neu rop a thy \noo#rop-a-th e\ n (1857): a general term used to

designate an abnormality or pathologic change in a peripheral
nerve
neutral zone \no o #tral, nyo o #- zo n\: the potential space
between the lips and cheeks on one side and the tongue on the
other; that area or position where the forces between the tongue
and cheeks or lips are equal
neu tro oc clus ion:
see ANGLES CLASSIFICATION OF
OCCLUSION
nickel-chromium alloy: a low density, large grained base metal dental
casting alloy with prominent dendritic structure, composed of up
to 30% Cr and 70% Ni with trace elements that may include small
amounts of Mo, Mn, Si, C, and Al. Chromium, by its passivation
effect insures corrosion resistance of the alloy. Increased nickel
content tends to result in reduced strength, hardness, modulus of
elasticity and fusion temperature while ductility may increase
ni dus \n #das\ n, pl ni di \d #\ or ni dus es (1742): a place or
substance in an animal or plant where bacteria or other
organisms
lodge and multiply
night guard slang : see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
NMR: acronym for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance; a radiologic
procedure that gives images in any plane without radiation or any
biologic after effect by picking up signals from resonating
hydrogen nuclei
noble metal \no #bal met#l\: those metal elements that resist
oxidation, tarnish, and corrosion during heating, casting, or
soldering and when used intraorally; examples include gold and
platinumcomp BASE METAL
noble metal alloy: as classified by the American Dental Association
(1984) any dental casting alloy containing a minimum of 25% by
weight of Au, Pt, or/and Pd
American Dental Association: Classification system for cast alloys. J Am
Dent Assoc 1984; 109:766.
no ci cep tive \na-s-sep#tv\ adj (1904): receiving injury; applicable

to a neuron receptive to painful sensations
nociceptive pathway \na-s-sep#tv path#w a#, path#-\: an
afferent neural pathway that mediates pain impulses
no ci cep tor \na-s-sep#tor\ n : a sensory receptor preferentially sensitive to noxious or potentially noxious stimuli
nocturnal electromyography \nok-tu r#nal -lek#tro -m -og#ra-f
e\:
electromyographic registrations made during sleep
nonadjustable articulator \non-a-just#a-bal ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\: an
articulator that does not allow adjustment to replicate
mandibular movementssee also CAST RELATOR
nonarcon articulator: 1: any articulator which broadly replicates the
three dimensional motions of the left and right condylar compartments 2: any articulator design in which the condylar element (analog) is not part of the lower member of the articulator and may be
used to simulate the three dimensional motions of the left and right
condylar compartments
nonanatomic teeth \non-a-no #tom-k t eth\: artificial teeth with
occlu-
DENTISTRY
sal surfaces that
are not anatomically formed. The term nonanatomic as applied to artificial posterior teeth, and especially their
occlusal forms, means that such teeth are designed in accordance

DENTISTRY
nonanatomic teeth occlusal form

d
with mechanical principles rather than from the viewpoint of anatomic replication. I. R. Hardy, DDS, first introduced nonanatomic
teeth with flat occlusal surfaces set to a flat occlusal plane
Sears VH. Thirty years of nonanatomic teeth. J PROSTHET DENT 1953;
3:596-617
Hardy IR. Technique for use of nonanatomic acrylic posterior teeth. Dent
Digest 1942;48:562-6.
nonfunctioning condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE

nonpivoting condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
nonprecious metal: see BASE METAL
non re sorb able \non-r e-sorb#a-bal\ adj : the property exhibited by
substances that demonstrate relatively limited in-vivo degradation
nonrigid connector \non-rj#d ka-nek#tor\: any connector that permits limited movement between otherwise independent members
of a fixed dental prosthesis
nonworking side \non-wu r#kng s d\: that side of the mandible
that
moves toward the median line in a lateral excursion. The condyle
on that side is referred to as the nonworking side condyle
nonworking side condyle \non-wu r#kng s d kon#dl\: the condyle
on
the nonworking side
nonworking side condyle path \non-wu r#kng s d kon#dl path\:
the path the condyle traverses on the nonworking side when the
mandible moves in a lateral excursion, which may be viewed in the
three reference planes of the body
nonworking side interference \non-wu r#kng s d n#tarfr#ans\:
undesirable contacts of the opposing occlusal surfaces on the
nonworking side
nonworking side occlusal contacts \non-wu r#kng s d a-klo o
#sal
kon#takts#\: contacts of the teeth on the side opposite to the side
toward which the mandible moves in articulation
notch n : see PTERYGOMAXILLARY N.
noxious stimulus \nok#shas stm#ya-las\: a tissue damaging stimulus
nu ance \no o -ans#, nyo o -, no o #ans#, nyo o #-\ n, nu anced
adj (1781)
1: a subtle distinction or variation, such as in tone or color 2: a
subtle quality 3: delicate shading
null detector \nul d-tek#tor\: a detector of the point at which there is
no color difference between two samples. The human eye is an excellent null detector; it is considerably less trustworthy in estimating how large a given difference is
O
oblique ridge \o -bl ek#, a-bl ek# rj\: the elevation in the enamel
that runs obliquely across the occlusal surface of a maxillary molar
ob tun dent \ob-tun#dant\ n : an agent or remedy that lessens or
relieves pain or sensibility
ob tu ra tor \ob#ta-r a#tar\ n (ca. 1727): 1. a maxillofacial
prosthesis used to close a congenital or acquired tissue opening,
primarily of the hard palate and/or contiguous alveolar/soft
tissue structures (GPT7) 2. that component of a prosthesis
which fits into and closes a defect within the oral cavity or other
body defect 3. a maxillofacial prosthesis used to close, cover or
maintain the integ- rity of the oral and nasal compartments
resulting from a congenital, acquired or developmental disease
process, i.e., cancer, cleft palate, osteoradionecrosis of the palate.
The prosthesis facilitates speech and deglutition by replacing
those tissues lost due to the disease process and can, as a result,
reduce nasal regurgitation and hyper- nasal speech, improve
articulation, deglutition and mastication. An obturator prosthesis
is classified as surgical, interim or definitive and reflects the
intervention time period used in the maxillofacial rehabilitation of
the patient. Prosthetic restoration of a defect often includes use of
a surgical obturator, interim obturator, and definitive obturator

see DEFINITIVE O., INTERIM O., SURGICAL O.comp
SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
obturator prosthesis modification \ob#ta-r a#tar pros-th e#ss
mod#af-k a#shun\: revision or alteration of an existing obturator
(surgical, interim, or definitive); possible revisions include relief
of the den-
ture base due to tissue compression, augmentation of the seal or

border regions to effect adequate sealing or separation between
the nasal and oral cavities
oc clude \a-klo o d#\ vb oc clud ed; oc clud ing vt (1597) 1: to
bring
together; to shut 2: to bring or close the mandibular teeth into
contact with the maxillary teeth
occluded gas porosity \a-klo o #dd gas pa-ros#-t e\: porosity
produced
in castings due to the inability of gasses in the mold to escape
oc clud er \a-klo o d#ar\ n : a name given to some articulators
see
CAST RELATOR
occluding centric relation record \a-klo o d#ng sen#trk r-l
a#shun rek#ard\ obs : a registration of centric relation made at the
established occlusal vertical dimension (GPT-4)
occluding frame \a-klo o d#ng fr am\ obs : a name given to a device
for
relating casts to each other for the purpose of arranging teeth
(GPT-1)
occluding jaw record \a-klo o #dng jo rek#ard\: the registration
of centric relation made at the occlusal vertical dimension
occluding relation \a-klo o d#ng r-l a#shun\ obs : the jaw relation
at
which the opposing teeth occlude (GPT-4)
oc clu sal \a-klo o #zal, -sal\ adj (1897): pertaining to the
masticatory surfaces of the posterior teeth, prostheses, or
occlusion rims
occlusal adjustment \a-klo o #zal, -sal a-just#mant\ 1: any change in
the
occlusion intended to alter the occluding relation 2: any alteration
of the occluding surfaces of the teeth or restorationssee also
OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
occlusal analysis \a-klo o #zal,-sal a-nal#-ss\: an examination of the
occlusion in which the interocclusal relations of mounted casts are
evaluated
occlusal balance \a-klo o #zal, -sal bal#ans\: a condition in which
there
are simultaneous contacts of opposing teeth or tooth analogues
(i.e., occlusion rims) on both sides of the opposing dental arches
during eccentric movements within the functional range
occlusal clearance: see INTEROCCLUSAL CLEARANCE
occlusal contact \a-klo o #zal, -sal kon#takt#\ 1: the touching
of opposing teeth on elevation of the mandible 2: any contact
relation of opposing teethsee DEFLECTIVE O.C, INITIAL
O.C
occlusal correction: see OCCLUSAL ADJUSTMENT, OCCLUSAL
RESHAPING
occlusal curvature \a-klo o #zal, -sal ku r#va-cho o r#, -char\: the
curve of the dentition in which the occlusal surfaces lie, when
viewed in the frontal and sagittal planes
occlusal device \a-klo o #zal, -sal d-v s#\: any removable artificial
occlusal surface used for diagnosis or therapy affecting the relationship of
the mandible to the maxillae. It may be used for occlusal stabilization, for treatment of temporomandibular disorders, or to prevent
wear of the dentition
occlusal disharmony \a-klo o #zal, -sal ds-har#ma-n e\: a
phenomenon
in which contacts of opposing occlusal surfaces are not in harmony
with other tooth contacts and/or the anatomic and physiologic
components of the craniomandibular complex
occlusal dysthesia \a-klo o #zal, -sal ds-th e#zha\: unusual
sensory
perceptions during occlusal contact
occlusal embrasure \a-klo o #zal, -sal em-br a#zhar\: the
interdental space that is coronal to the contact area
occlusal equilibration
\a-klo o #zal, -sal -kwl#a-br a#shun\:
DENTISTRY
the
modification of the occlusal form of the teeth with the intent of
equalizing occlusal stress, producing simultaneous occlusal
contacts or harmonizing cuspal relations
occlusal facet: see WEAR FACET
occlusal force \a-klo o #zal, -sal fo rs, fo rs\: the result of muscular
force applied on opposing teeth; the force created by the dynamic
action of the muscles during the physiologic act of mastication; the
result of muscular activity applied to opposing teeth
occlusal form \a-klo o #zal, -sal form\ obs : the form the occlusal
surface
of a tooth or a row of teeth (GPT-4)

DENTISTRY
occlusal harmony \a-klo o #zal, -sal har#ma-n e\ obs : a
condition in centric and eccentric jaw relation in which there are
no interceptive or deflective contacts of occluding surfaces (GPT4)
occlusal interference \a-klo o #zal, -sal n#tur-fr#ans\: any tooth
contact that inhibits the remaining occluding surfaces from achieving
stable and harmonious contacts
occlusal path \a-klo o #zal, -sal path, path\ obs 1: a gliding
occlusal contact 2: the path of movement of an occlusal surface
(GPT-4)
occlusal pattern \a-klo o #zal, -sal pat#arn\: the form or design of
the masticatory surfaces of a tooth or teeth based on natural,
modified anatomic or nonanatomic teeth
occlusal pivot \a-klo o #zal, -sal pv#at\: an elevation placed on the
occlusal surface, usually in the molar region, designed to act as a
fulcrum, thus limiting mandibular
closure and inducing
mandibular rotation
occlusal plane \a-klo o #zal,-sal pl an\ 1: the average plane
established by the incisal and occlusal surfaces of the teeth.
Generally, it is not a plane but represents the planar mean of the
curvature of these surfaces 2: the surface of wax occlusion rims
contoured to guide in the arrangement of denture teeth 3: a flat
metallic plate used in arranging denture teethcomp to CURVE
OF OCCLUSION
occlusal position \a-klo o #zal, -sal pa-zsh#an\ obs : the relationship
of
the mandible and maxillae when the jaw is closed and the teeth
are in contact; this position may or may not coincide with centric
occlusion (GPT-4)
occlusal prematurity \a-klo o #zal, -sal pr e#ma-tyo o r#-t e,
-to o r#-,
-cho o r#-\: any contact of opposing teeth that occurs before
the planned intercuspation
occlusal pressure \a-klo o #zal, -sal presh#ar\ obs : any force exerted
on
the occlusal surfaces of teeth (GPT-4)
occlusal reduction: the quantity (usually measured in millimeters) of
tooth structure that is removed to establish adequate space for a restorative material between the occlusal aspect of the tooth preparation and the opposing dentition
occlusal reshaping \a-klo o #zal, -sal r e-sh ap#ng\: the intentional
alteration of the occlusal surfaces of teeth to change their form
occlusal rest \a-klo o #zal, -sal rest\: a rigid extension of a partial
removable dental prosthesis that contacts the occlusal surface of a
tooth or restoration, the occlusal surface of which may have been
prepared to receive itsee REST SEAT
occlusal rest arm \a-klo o #zal, -sal rest arm\ obs : a minor
connector used to attach an occlusal rest to a major part of a
removable partial denture (GPT-1)
occlusal rim: see OCCLUSION RIM
occlusal splint: see OCCLUSAL DEVICE
occlusal stability \a-klo o #zal, -sal sta-bl#-t e\: the equalization of
contacts that prevents tooth movement after closure
occlusal stop: see OCCLUSAL REST
occlusal strength: see MASTICATORY FORCE
occlusal surface \a-klo o #zal, -sal su r#fas\ obs : a surface of a
posterior tooth or occlusion rim that is intended to make contact
with an opposing occlusal surface (GPT-1)
occlusal system \a-klo o #zal, -sal ss#tam\ obs : the form or design
and arrangement of the occlusal and incised units of a
dentition or the teeth on a denture (GPT-4)
occlusal table \a-klo o #zal, -sal t a#bal\: the portion of the
occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth that lies within the perimeter
of the cusp tips and marginal ridges; the functional portion(s)
of the occlusal surface(s) of a posterior tooth (teeth)
occlusal trauma \a-klo o #zal, -sal trou#ma, tro #-\: trauma to the
periodontium from functional or parafunctional forces causing damage

to the attachment apparatus of the periodontium by exceeding its
adaptive and reparative capacities. It may be self-limiting or progressivesee PRIMARY O.T., SECONDARY O.T.
occlusal vertical dimension \a-klo o #zal, -sal vu r#t-kal dmen#shun\:
the distance measured between two points when the occluding
members are in contact
occlusal harmony opaque porcelain

d
occlusal wear \a-klo o #zal, -sal war\: loss of substance on opposing

occlusal units or surfaces as the result of attrition or abrasion
occlusion \a-klo o #shun\ n (1645) 1: the act or process of closure or
of
being closed or shut off 2: the static relationship between the incising or masticating surfaces of the maxillary or mandibular teeth or
tooth analoguessee CENTRIC O., COMPONENTS OF O.,
ECCENTRIC O., LINE OF O., LINEAR O., MONOPLANE
O., PATHOGENIC O., SPHERICAL FORM OF O. comp
ARTICULATION
occlusion analysis \a-klo o #shun a-nal#-ss\ obs : a systematic
examination of the masticatory system with special consideration to the effect of tooth occlusion on the teeth and their related structures
(GPT-4)
occlusion record \a-klo o #shun rek#ard\ obs : a registration of
opposing
occluding surfaces made at any maxillomandibular relationship
(GPT-4)
occlusion rim \a-klo o #shun rm\: occluding surfaces fabricated on
interim or final denture bases for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relation records and arranging teethcalled also record rim
occult cleft palate \a-kult#, o-kult#, o k#ult# kleft pal#t\: a separation
of muscle in the soft palate with mucous membrane covering the defect. This is often characterized by a notch in the hard palate, bifurcation of the uvula, displaced musculature, and an attenuated
raphesyn SUBMUCOUS CLEFT PALATE
oc tant \#akt*nt\: Latin octant-,octans half quadrant, from octo
eight
1: the position or aspect of a celestial body (as the moon or a
planet) when halfway between conjunction or opposition and
quadrature 2: an instrument used for observing altitudes of a
celestial body from a moving ship or aircraft and having a
maximum angle of 45 degrees between its reflecting mirrors
comp SEXTANT
ocular prosthesis \ok#ya-lar pros-th e#ss\: a maxillofacial prosthesis
that artificially replaces an eye missing as a result of trauma,
surgery, or congenital absence. The prosthesis does not replace
missing eyelids or adjacent skin, mucosa or musclesyn
ARTIFICIAL EYE, GLASS EYE comp INTERIM OCULAR
PROSTHESIS
o don tal gia \o -don#tal-ja\ n : toothache; pain in a tooth
odontogenous pain \o -don-taj#a-nus p an\: deep somatic
pain originating in the dental pulp and/or periodontal ligament
o don to graph \o -don#ta-graf\ n : a device used to demonstrate
irregularities occurring in the surface of tooth enamel
o don to plasty \o -don#ta-plas-t e\: the reshaping of a portion of
a tooth
ol i go don tia \ol#-go -don#cha\: the formation of less than a
full
complement of teeth; many such teeth are smaller than normal
on lay \on#l a, o n#-\: a restoration that restores one or more cusps
and adjoining occlusal surfaces or the entire occlusal surface and
is retained by mechanical or adhesive means
onlay graft \on#l a, o n- graft\ (1998): augmentation of the height
or
width of the alveolar ridge with autologous bone or bone substitutes placed beneath the periosteum
o pac i ty \o -pas#-t e\ n (1611): the quality or state of a body
that
makes it impervious to light
o paque \o -p ak#\ adj (1641): the property of a material that
absorbs and/or reflects all light and prevents any transmission of
light
opaque dentin: modified body porcelain with increased opacity, used
where fewer translucencies are required such as in the gingival area
of a pontic or incisal mamelon to mimic existing anatomic features
DENTISTRY
of adjacent natural
teeth
opaque modifier: colored dental porcelain formulated to be selectively mixed with opaque porcelain to increase the saturation of
the desired pigment
opaque porcelain: the first porcelain layer applied in the metal-ceramic technique to the underlying metal framework to establish
the bond between the porcelain and metal while simultaneously
masking the dark color of the metallic oxide layer. Opaque

DENTISTRY
opaque porcelain pack

d
porcelain provides the primary source of color for the completed

restoration
open bite slang : see OPEN OCCLUSAL RELATIONSHIP;
APERTOGNATHIA
open fracture \o #pan frak#chur\: any fracture in which there is an
external wound leading to a break in the bone; called also
compound fracture
open occlusal relationship \o #pan a-klo o #zal, -sal r-l a#shunshp#\:
the lack of tooth contact in an occluding positionsee
ANTERIOR O.O.R., POSTERIOR O.O.R.
opening movement \o #pa-nng\ obs : movement
of the
mandible executed during jaw separation; movement executed
during jaw separation (GPT-1)see ENVELOPE OF MOTION
oral flora \o r#al, o r#- flo r#a, flo r#a\: the various bacterial and
other
microscopic forms of life inhabiting the oral cavity
oral mechanism \o r#al, o r#- mek#a-nz#um\: the functioning
structures of the oral cavity
oral orifice \o r#al, o r#- o r#a-fs, or#-\: the longitudinal opening of
the
mouth between the lips that provides the entrance to the oral
cavity oral mucosa \o r#al, o r#- myo o -ko #sa\: the lining of the
oral cavity oral orthopedics \o r#al, o r#- o r#tha-p e#dks\ 1: a
concept in dentistry
concerned with postural relationships of the jaws, both normal and
abnormal 2: analysis of the harmful effects of an improper relationship of the mandible and the maxillae on dental and other related
structures 3: the diagnosis and correction of such relationships
and the treatment and/or prevention of disturbances resulting
therefrom
orbital prosthesis \o r#b-tal pros-th e#ss\: a maxillofacial
prosthesis
that artificially restores the eye, eyelids, and adjacent hard and
soft tissues
orbiting condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
organ of mastication \o r#gan uv mas#t-k a#shun\: the combination
of all the structures involved in the reception, mastication, and
deglutition of food
organic
occlusion:
see
ANTERIOR
PROTECTED
ARTICULATION
or i fice \o r#a-fs, o r#-\ n (15c): an opening into a body cavity
oronasal fistula \o r#a-n a#zal fs#cha-la\: a pathologic opening
between the oral and nasal cavities
oro phar ynx \o r#a-far#ngks\ n (1887): the part of the pharynx
lying between the soft palate and the upper edge of the epiglottis
called
also oral pharynx, pars oralis pharyngis, pharyngo oral cavity, and
vestibule of the pharynx
orthodontic band \o r#tha-don#tk\: a metal orthodontic device
that holds a bracket or tube and encircles a tooth
orthognathic surgery: surgical repositioning of all or parts of the
maxillae or mandible
or tho gnath ous \or#thog-nath#k\ adj : pertaining to or characterized by minimal protrusion of the mandible or minimal prognathism
orthopedic craniofacial prosthesis \o r-tha-p e#dk\ (1998): a
dynamic
orthopedic maxillofacial prosthesis used to maintain or position the
craniofacial osseous segments that are malaligned due to trauma or
craniofacial anomalies.
orthotic device \o r-tho#tk d-v s#\: a device designed to brace,
activate, or supplement a weakened limb or function
os seo in te gra tion n [P.I. Branemark, ca. 1982]: see OSSEOUS
INTEGRATION
os se ous \os# e-as\ adj (1707): bony
os si fi ca tion \os#a-f-k a#shun\ n (1697) 1: the natural process

of bone formation; the hardening into a bony substance 2: a
mass of ossified tissue
os te i tis \os#t e- #ts\ n (ca. 1839): inflammation of bone
os te o ar thri tis \os#t e-o -ar-thr #ts\ n (1878): chronic
degeneration and destruction of the articular cartilage and/or
fibrous connective tissue linings of the joint components and
disks, leading to bony spurs, pain, stiffness, limitation of
movement, and changes in bone
morphology. Advanced
conditions may involve erosions and disk degeneration with
crepitussyn DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE
os te o gen e sis \os#t e-o -jen#-ss\ n : development of bone;
formation of bone
os te o in duc tion \os#t e-o -n-duk#shun\ n : the capability of
chemicals, procedures, etc., to induce bone formation through
the dif- ferentiation and recruitment of osteoblasts
os te o in te gra tion n : see OSSEOUS INTEGRATION
os te o tome \os#t e-o -to m\ n : a chisel for use in cutting bone
os tec to my \os-tek#to -m e\ n : the excision of bone or a portion
of a bone, usually by means of a saw or chisel, for the removal of
a sequestrum, the correction of a deformity, or any other
purpose
os te ot o my \os#t e-ot#a-m e\ n : the surgical cutting of a bone;
frequently used to also describe smoothing, leveling, or altering external contours
of the bonesee ALVEOLECTOMY;
ALVEOPLASTY
os teo po ro sis \os#t e-o -pa-ro #ss\ n, pl -ro ses (1846): a
medical
condition characterized by a decrease in bone mass with
diminished density and concurrent enlargement of bone spaces,
which produces porosity and fragilityosteoporotic adj
outline form: the shape of the area of a tooth preparation that is included within the cavosurface margins
ovate pontic: a pontic that is shaped on its tissue surface like an egg in
two dimensions, typically partially submerged in a surgically-prepared soft-tissue depression to enhance the illusion that a natural
tooth is emerging from the gingival tissues
oven soldering: any soldering procedure using heat from a furnace to
melt and refuse the solder as opposed to using a gas-air or gasoxygen torch as the heat source
o ver bite \o #var-b t#\ n, slang : see VERTICAL OVERLAP
o ver clo sure \o #var-klo #zhar\ n : an occluding vertical dimension
at a reduced interarch distance; an occluding vertical dimension that
results in excessive interocclusal distance when the mandible is in
the rest position; it results in a reduced interridge distance when
the teeth are in contact
o ver den ture \o #var-den#chur\ n : any removable dental prosthesis
that covers and rests on one or more remaining natural teeth, the
roots of natural teeth, and/or dental implants; a dental prosthesis
that covers and is partially supp orted by natural teeth, natural
tooth
roots, and/or dental implants called also overlay denture, overlay
prosthesis, superimposed prosthesis
osseous integration \os# e-as n#t-gr a#shun\ (1993) 1: the
apparent direct attachment or connection of osseous tissue to an
inert, alloplastic material without intervening connective tissue
2: the process and resultant apparent direct connection of an
exogenous materials surface and the host bone tissues, without
intervening fibrous connective tissue present 3: the interface
between alloplastic materials and bone
o ver glaze \o #var-gl az\ adj (1879): the production of a glazed

surface
by the addition of a fluxed glass that usually vitrifies at a lower
temperature
o ver hang \o #var-hang\ n (1864): excess restorative
material projecting beyond a cavity or preparation margin
o ver jet n, obs : see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP
o ver jut n, obs : see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP
o ver lap n, obs (1726): see HORIZONTAL OVERLAP, VERTICAL
OVERLAP
overlay denture: see OVERDENTURE
overlay prosthesis: see OVERDENTURE
P
pack \pak\ vt (14c) l: to make into a compact form 2: to completely fill
3: to crowd together 4: to compresspack a bil i ty \pak#a-bl#t e\ npack able \pak#a-bal\ adj

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
pack \pak\ n: any material used to protect tissue, fill space or prevent
hemorrhage
packing \pak#ng\ vt : the act of filling a moldsee DENTURE P.
pain \p an\ n (13c): a subjective unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or
described in terms of such damagesee ACUTE P.,
CHRONIC P., HETEROTOPIC P., MASTICATORY P.,
MUSCULOSKEL- ETAL
P.,
MYOGENOUS
P.,
NEUROGENOUS P., ODON- TOGENOUS P.,
PRIMARY
P.,
PROJECTED
P., SECONDARY P., VASCULAR P.,
VISCERAL P.
palatal augmentation prosthesis \pal#a-tal o g#men-t a#shun
prosth e#ss\: a removable maxillofacial prosthesis which alters
the hard and/or soft palates topographical form adjacent to
the tongue. It allows reshaping of the hard palate to improve
tongue/palate contact during speech and swallowing due to impaired tongue mobility as a result of surgery, trauma, or neurological/motor deficits
palatal bar: see PALATAL BAR CONNECTOR
palatal bar connector \pal#a-tal bar ka-nek#to r\: a major connector
of a removable dental prosthesis that crosses the palate and is
characterized by being relatively narrow anterior and posteriorly
palatal cleft \pal#a-tal kleft\ 1: an opening in the roof of the mouth
and/or in the functional soft palate. A deformity of the palate
from improper union of the maxillary process with the median nasal
process during the second month of intrauterine development 2: a
cleft in the palate between the two palatal processes. If both the
hard and soft palate are involved, it is termed uranostaphyloschisis;
if only the soft palate is divided, it is termed uranoschisissee
CLEFT PALATE, COMPLETE CLEFT PALATE, OCCULT
CLEFT PALATE
palatal drop prosthesis: see PALATAL AUGMENTATION
PROSTHESIS
palatal expansion \pal#a-tal k-span#shun\: the lateral movement of
the maxillae to increase palatal width
palatal incompetence \pal#a-tal n-kom#p-tans\: the inability of an
anatomically intact soft palate to effect a functional palatopharyngeal closure
palatal insufficiency \pal#a-tal n#sa-fsh#an-s e\: an anatomical
inadequacy of the soft palate in which the palatopharyngeal
sphincter is incomplete
palatal lift prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis which elevates the
soft palate superiorly and aids in restoration of soft palate
functions which may be lost due to an acquired, congenital or
developmental defect. A definitive palatal lift is usually made for
patients whose experience with a diagnostic palatal lift has been
successful, especially if surgical alterations
are deemed
unwarranted. An interim palatal life prosthesis is usually made as
a diagnostic aid to assess the level of possible improvement in
speech intelligibility. Some clinicians believe use of a palatal lift
may stimulate an otherwise flaccid soft palate to increase
functional activity, subsequently lessening its need.
palatal lift prosthesis modification \pal#a-tal lft pros-th e#ss\: alterations in the adaptation, contour, form, or function of an existing
palatal lift necessitated due to tissue impingement, lack of function,
poor clasp adaptation, or the like
palatal plate \pal#a-tal pl at\: a major connector of a removable
dental prosthesis that covers a significant portion of the palatal
surface
palatal seal: see POSTPALATAL SEAL
palatal stent: see SURGICAL STENT
palatal strap \pal#a-tal strap\ slang : a maxillary major connector of a
removable dental prosthesis having an anterior/posterior dimension of 13 to 20 mm that directly or obliquely traverses the palate
and is generally located in the area of the second premolar and first
molar
palatal vault \pal#a-tal volt\ 1: the deepest and most superior part of
the palate 2: the curvature of the palate

pal ate \pal#t\ n (14c): see HARD P., SOFT P.
pack parafunction
d
pal a to gram \pa-lt#a-gram\ n : a graphic representation of the area

of the palate contacted by the tongue during a specified activity,
usually speech
palatopharyngeal closure \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#j e-al, -jal, -far#n-j
e#al klo #zhur\: a sphincteric action sealing the oral cavity from the
nasal cavity during swallowing and phonation by the synchronous
movement of the middle third of the soft palate in a superior and
posterior direction, the lateral pharyngeal wall medially,
and the posterior
walls
of
the
pharynx
anteriorlysyn VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
palatopharyngeal inadequacy \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#j e-al, -jal, -far#n-j
e#al n-ad#-kwa-s e\: a condition where there is lack of effective
closure between the soft palate and one or more of the
pharyngeal walls during swallowing or speech sounds that
require high intraoral pressure. Nasal reflux escape of air during
speech or hypernasality may result. This lack of closure may be due
to palatopharyngeal incompetence, insufficiency or from lack of
movement
of
the
pharyngeal
wallssee
PALATOPHARYNGEAL
INCOMPETENCE,
PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY
palatopharyngeal incompetence \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#j e#al n-kom#ptans\: the inability of an anatomically intact soft palate to contribute
to a functional palatopharyngeal closure usually due to disease or
trauma of a neurogenic or muscular naturesee PALATOPHARYNGEAL INADEQUACY, PALATOPHARYNGEAL INSUFFICIENCY
palatopharyngeal insufficiency \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#j e#al n#sa-fsh#an-s
e\:
an acquired or congenital anatomic defect of the soft palate that
makes the palatopharyngeal sphincter incompletesee PALATOPHARYNGEAL INADEQUACY, PALATOPHARNYGEAL
INCOMPETENCE
palatopharyngeal sphincter \pa-lt#a-fa-rn#-j e#al sfngk#tar\:
the functional sphincter that separates the nasopharynx and
oropharynx during swallowing and phonation, formed by the
posterior and superior movement of the middle third of the soft
palate, the anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal
wall, and the medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal walls
see
PALATOPHARYNGEAL
CLOSUREsyn
VELOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER
palatorrhaphy: surgical repair of a cleft palate
pal lia tive \pal# e- a#tv\ adj (1543): affording relief but not a cure
pal pate
\pal#p at#\ vt pal pat ed
\pal-p a#td\;
pal pat ing
\pal- p a#tng\ (1849): to examine by touchpal pa tion n

panoramic radiograph \pan#a-ram#k r a#d e-o
-graf#\: a
tomogram of the maxilla and mandible taken with a specialized
machine designed to present a panoramic view of the full
circumferential lengths of the maxilla and mandible on a single
filmcalled also orthopantograph
panoramic radiography \pan#a-ram#k r a#d e-og#ra-f e\: a method
of radiography by which a continuous radiograph of the
maxillary and/or mandibular dental arches and their associated
structures may be obtained
Panorex adjtrademark (1966): see PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPH
pan to gram n : see PANTOGRAPHIC TRACING
pan to graph \pan#ta-graf#\ n (1723) 1: an instrument used for
copy- ing a planar figure to any desired scale 2: in dentistry, an
instrument used to graphically record in, one or more planes, paths
of mandibular movement and to provide information for the
programming of an articulator
pantographic tracing \pan#ta-graf#k tr a#sng\: a graphic record
of
mandibular movement usually recorded in the horizontal, sagittal
and frontal planes as registered by styli on the recording tables of
a pantograph or by means of electronic sensors
pa pil la \pa-pl#a\
n, pl pa pi llae \-pl# e\ (1713): any small,
DENTISTRY
nipple- shaped elevationsee INCISIVE P., INTERDENTAL P.
para func tion
function
\par#a-fungk#shun\ adj : disordered
or perverted

DENTISTRY
parallax pennyweight
d
par al lax \par#a-laks#\ n : a difference in the perceived location of an

object when observed from two different points not on a straight
line with the object
parallel attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
par al lel o me ter \par#a-le-lom#-tar\ n 1: an instrument used for
determining the exact parallel relationships of lines, structures,
and surfaces in dental casts and prostheses 2: an apparatus used
for making one object parallel with another object, as in paralleling
attachments and abutments for fixed dental prostheses or precision
attachments for removable dental prostheses
pa ral y sis \pa-ral#-ss\ n (1525): loss or impairment of motor function as the result of a trauma or pathosis
paresthesia \par#s-th e#zha\ n : lacking normal sensation, such
as tingling or burning; morbid or perverted sensation; abnormal
sensation
partial coverage restoration:see PARTIAL VENEER CROWN
partial denture \par#shal den#chur\: a removable dental prosthesis or
a fixed dental prosthesis that restores one or more but not all of
the natural teeth and/or associated parts and may be supported in
part or whole by natural teeth, dental implant supported crowns,
dental implant abutment(s), or other fixed dental prostheses
and/or the oral mucosa; usage: a partial denture can be described
as a fixed dental prosthesis or removable dental prosthesis based on
the patients capability to remove or not remove the prosthesis. If
the prosthesis is a fixed dental prosthesis that can only be removed
by a clinician, i.e., a fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) supported by
dental implants that has been retained by means of a mechanical
system [i.e., screw(s)], this prosthesis is also termed a fixed
dental prosthesis. Adjectives (modifiers) may be added to the
clinical description of the dental prosthesis, if needed, to
designate the means of mechanical retention, i.e., a screw retained
fixed dental prosthesis. Any such prosthesis luted to dental implants
(in the same manner as luting a fixed dental prosthesis to natural
teeth) needs no additional designation as to its means of retention
see BILATERAL DISTAL EXTENSION REMOVABLE D.P.,
FIXED D.P., REMOVABLE D.P., UNILATERAL REMOVABLE
D.P., PROSTHESIS
partial denture construction \par#shal den#chur kon-struk#shun\
obs :
the science and techniques of designing and constructing partial
dentures (GPT-4)
partial denture impression \par#shal den#chur m-presh#an\ coll :
a
negative likeness of a part or all of a partially edentulous arch
Editorial note: the impression is made of the denture bearing areas,
teeth, implant abutments etc, not of the removable dental prosthesis
partial denture rest \par#shal den#chur rest\: a rigid extension of
a
fixed or removable dental prosthesis that prevents movement
toward the mucosa and transmits functional forces to the teeth
or dental implant
partial denture retention \par#shal den#chur r-ten#shun\: the
ability
of a removable dental prosthesis to resist movement away from its
foundation area and/or abutments
partial dislocation \par#shal ds#lo -k a#shun\: displacement of the
articular disk resulting in a seriously impaired disk-condyle complex
function
partial veneer crown \par#shal va-nr# kroun\: a restoration
that
restores all but one coronal surface of a tooth or dental implant
abutment, usually not covering the facial surface
partitive color mixing \par#t-tv\: color mixing in which both
additive and subtractive principles are involved. The eye interprets
tiny dots of subtractive color too small to be individually resolved
at the viewing distance. The resultant color will be the average of

the colors used
Passavants pad: see PASSAVANTS RIDGE
Passavants ridge [Philip Gustav Passavant, German surgeon, 18151893]: eponym for a prominence on the posterior wall of the nasal
pharynx formed by contraction of the superior constrictor muscle
of the pharynx during swallowing. Contraction occurs at the level
of the plane of the hard palatecalled also Passavants bar,

Passavants cushion, Passavants pad, and Passavants ridge
Passavant PG. Uber die Verschliesung des Schlunmdes beim Sprechen,
(Virchows) Arch Path Anat (Berlin) Virchows 1869;1-31.
pas si vate \pas#-v at\ vt -at ed; -at ing (1913) 1: to render inactive or
less reactive 2: to protect against contamination by coating or
surface treating
pas si va tion \pas#-v a#shun\ n : a process whereby metals and alloys
are made more corrosion resistant through surface treatment. This
process produces a thin and stable inert oxide layer on the external
surfacescalled also passive corrosion conditioning
pas sive \pas#v\ adj (14c) 1: not active or in operation; inert; latent 2:
resistant to corrosion 3: existing or occurring without being active,
direct, or open
pas si vi ty \pa-sv#-t e\ n (14c): the quality or condition of
inactivity or rest assumed by the teeth, tissues, and denture when a
removable
dental prosthesis is in place but not under masticatory pressure
pat ent \pat#nt\ adj (14c): open or unobstructed path of dislodgment:
the specific direction in which a removable dental prosthesis may be
dislodged
path of insertion: see PATH OF PLACEMENT
path of placement \path, path uv pl as#mant\: the specific direction
in which a prosthesis is placed on the abutment teeth or
dental implant(s)
path of withdrawal:see PATH OF PLACEMENT
pathogenic occlusion \path#a-jen#k\: an occlusal relationship capable
of producing pathologic changes in the stomatognathic system
pat tern \pat#urn\ n (14c): a form that is used to make a mold; a
model for making a moldsee OCCLUSAL P.
pa trix \pa-trks\ n, pl pa trices 1: a pattern or die used in type founding to form a matrix 2: the extension of a dental attachment system
that fits into the matrix
pawl \po l\ n (1626): a pivotal tongue or bolt on one part of a machine
that is adapted to fall into notches or spaces on another part so as to
permit motion in only one direction, i.e., a ratchet wheel
pear-shaped area: see PEAR-SHAPED PAD
pear-shaped pad \par-sh apd pad\: the most distal extension of
attached keratinized mucosa overlying the mandibular ridge
crest formed by the scarring pattern after extraction of the most
posterior molar. It should be differentiated from the retromolar
area
pediatric speech aid prosthesis \p e#d e-at#rk sp ech ad pros-th
e#ss\: a
temporary or interim maxillofacial prosthesis used to close a defect
in the hard and/or soft palate of an infant or child. It may replace
tissue lost due to developmental or surgical alterations. It is necessary for the production of intelligible speech. Normal lateral
growth of the palatal bones necessitates replacement of this prosthesis occasionally. Intermittent revisions of the obturator section
can assist in maintenance of palatal pharyngeal closure (termed a
speech aid prosthesis modification). Frequently, such prostheses are
not fabricated before the deciduous dentition is fully erupted since
clasp retention is often essentialsyn BULB, CLEFT PALATE
APPLIANCE, NASOPHARYNGEAL OBTURATOR, OBTURATOR, PROSTHETIC SPEECH AID, SPEECH APPLIANCE,
SPEECH BULB
pedicle graft: a skin flap sustained by a blood-carrying stem from the
donor site during transfer; in periodontal surgery, a flap used to
increase the width of attached gingiva, or to cover a root surface,
by moving the attached gingiva, which remains joined at one
side, to an adjacent position and then suturing the free end
peg lateral \peg lat#ar-al\: an undersized, tapered maxillary lateral
incisor
pellucid \pa-lo o #sd\ adj: admitting maximum pedage of light
without diffusion or distortion; reflecting light evenly from all
surfaces
pen ny weightDENTISTRY
n : a unit of mass in the Troy system used to measure
precious metals and equivalent to 1.555 grams. Defined also as
24 grains in the p. and 12 p. in the Troy Oz. Abbr: dwt (from

DENTISTRY
Latin denarius, a small silver coin). The abbreviation pwt is also
sometimes seen in publications
perceived color \par-s evd# kul#ar\: attribute of visual perception
that
can be described by color names: white, gray, black, yellow, orange,
brown, red, green, blue, purple, etc., or by a combination of names
per cus sion \pur-kush#an\ n (1544) 1: the act of striking a part with
sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing the condition of the underlying
parts by means of the sound obtained 2: in dentistry, striking a part
with short, sharp blows as a diagnostic aid in evaluation of a tooth
or dental implant by the sound obtained
per i ap i cal \per#-ap#-kal, a#p-\ adj : relating to tissues
surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the alveolar bone and
periodontal
ligament
peri-implantitis \per#-m-plan-t #ts\ substand : a term used
to describe inflammation around a dental implant, usually the
dental implant abutment Editorial note: peri-implantitis is a
misnomer since the peri-implant mucosa, not the dental implant
and/or dental implant abutment, is the inflamed entity. Suggested
terminology may include acute or chronic gingivitis..
perikymata: small transverse ridges on the surface of the enamel of
permanent teeth that represent overlapping prism groups within
the enamel
peri mo lysis \per#-mol#-ss\ (1998): acidic erosion of the teeth due
to chronic gastric regurgitation.
House RC et al., Perimolysis: Unveiling the Surreptitious Vomiter, Oral
Surg Oral Med Oral Path 1981 Feb 51(2): 152-155.
per i o don tal \per# e-o -don#tl\ adj : pertaining to or

occurring around a tooth
per io don tom e try \per# e-o -don#tom#-tr e\ n : the
measurement
of tooth mobility
periosteum \per# e-os#t e-am\ n, pl tea (1597): the membrane
of connective tissue that closely invests all bones except at
articular surfaces
per i ra dic u lar \per#-rad#-kyo o -lar\ adj : around or
surrounding a tooth root
peripheral seal: see BORDER SEAL
pe riph er y n, pl -eries (1571): see DENTURE BORDER
permanent dentition \pu r#ma-nant den-tsh#an\: the teeth that
erupt after the primary dentition that do not shed under
normal conditions
phantasmagoria \fan-taz-muh-GOR-ee-us\ n: 1: an exhibition or display of optical effect and illusions 2a: a constantly shifting complex
succession of things seen or imagined, 2b. a scene that constantly
changes 3. a bizarre or fantastic combination, collection or assemblage
pharyngeal flap \fa-rn#j e-al, -jal, far#n-j e#al\: tissue elevated from
the
posterior pharyngeal wall and inserted into the soft palate to correct
palatopharyngeal inadequacy
pharyngeal speech
aid
prosthesis: see
DEFINITIVE
OBTURATOR, INTERIM
OBTURATOR,
SURGICAL
OBTURATOR
pharyngeal walls \fa-rn#j e-al, -jal, far#n-j e-al\: posterior and
lateral walls of the naso- and oropharynx
phar ynx \far#ingks\ n, pl phar yn ges \fa-rn#jez\ (ca. 1693): a
funnel-shaped tube of muscle tissue between the mouth, nares,
and the esophagus, which is the common pathway for food and
air. The nasopharynx is above the level of the soft palate. The
oropharynx lies between the upper edge of the epiglottis and the
soft palate, whereas the laryngopharynx lies below the upper
edge of the epiglottis and the openings into the esophagus and
larynx
phosphate-bonded investment: any casting investment with a binder
formed from magnesium oxide and mono-ammonium phosphate.
The resulting colloidal multi molecular (NH4MgPO4 6H2O)n co-

agulates around MgO and fillers. This is combined with silica in the
form of quartz, cristobalite or both in a concentration of about
80%. Upon heating the binder undergoes several changes believed
to be responsible for increased strength at higher temperatures.
pennyweight pier abutment

d
These investments exhibit considerable thermal expansion and

can be used when casting higher fusing metal-ceramic alloys and
partial denture frameworks
phos phor es cence \fos#fa-res#ans\ n (1796): a form of photoluminescence based on the properties of certain molecules to absorb energy (either near ultra violet or visible), and emit it in the form of
visible radiation at a higher wavelength. Distinguished from fluorescence in that light continues to be emitted for some time after
the exciting energy has ceasedsee FLUORESCENCE,
LUMINANCE
pho to ac tive \fo #to -ak#tv\ adj : reacting chemically to visible
light or ultraviolet radiationpho to ac ti va tion
pho tom et er \fo -tom#-ter\ n (1884): an instrument for the
measurement of emitted, reflected, or transmitted light. For the
measurement of luminous intensity, a visual receptor element
(the eye) may be used in the measuring device or a physical
receptor element may be used that can be related to the calculated
response of a standard observersee PHYSICAL P., VISUAL P.
pho ton \fo #ton\ n (ca. 1922): a massless particle, the quantum of
the electromagnetic field, carrying energy, momentum, and
angular
momentumcalled also light quantum
photopic vision \fo -top#k vzh#an\: vision as it occurs under
illumination sufficient to permit the full discrimination of
colors. It is the function of the retinal cones and is not
dependent on the retinal rods called also daylight vision as
contrasted with twilight or scotopic vision
photoreceptor process \fo #to -r-sep#tar pros#es#, pro #ses#\: that
specific process that is set in motion in a visual sensory end
organ or other photic receptor by the incidence of its adequate
stimulus, i.e., light
physical elasticity of muscle \fz#-kal -la-sts#-t e, e#la- uv
mus#al\
obs : the physical quality of muscle of being elastic; that is, yielding
to active or passive physical stretch (GPT-4)
physical photometer \fz#-kal fo -tom#-ter\: a photometer in
which the measurement is made by some physical or chemical
effect instead of by visual methods
physiologically balanced occlusion \fz# e-a-loj#-ka-l e
bal#ansd a-klo o #zhun\ obs : a balanced occlusion that is in harmony
with the temporomandibular joints and the neuromuscular system
(GPT-4) physiologic elasticity of muscle \fz# e-a-loj#k -la-sts#-t
e uv mus#al\ obs : the unique biologic quality of muscle of being
capable of change and of resuming its size under neuromuscular
control
(GPT-4)
physiologic occlusion \fz# e-a-loj#ik a-klo o #zhun\ obs :
occlusion in harmony with the functions of the masticatory system
(GPT-4) physiologic rest position \fz# e-a-loj#k rest pa-zsh#un\ 1:
the mandibular position assumed when the head is in an upright position
and the involved muscles, particularly the elevator and depressor
groups, are in equilibrium in tonic contraction, and the condyles
are in a neutral, unstrained position (GPT-1) 2: the position assumed by the mandible when the attached muscles are in a state
of tonic equilibrium. The position is usually noted when the
head is held upright (GPT-1) 3: the postural position of the mandible when an individual is resting comfortably in an upright position and the associated muscles are in a state of minimal contractual
activity comp OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION, REST
VERTICAL DIMENSION
physiologic \fz# e-a-loj#k\ or physiological \fz# e-a-loj#-kal\
adj (1814) 1: characteristic of or conforming to the innate
function of a tissue or organ 2: pertaining to organic processes or
to functions in an organism or in any of its parts 3: the opposite of
pathologic
1
pick le \pk#al\ n (15c): a solution or bath for preserving or cleaning;
any of various baths used in cleaning or processing
2
pick le \pk#al\ vt pick led \pk#ald\ pick ling \pk#lng\ (1552): to
DENTISTRY
treat, preserve,
or clean in or with an agent
pier \pr\ n : an intermediate abutment for a fixed dental
prosthesis
pier abutment: see INTERMEDIATE ABUTMENT

DENTISTRY
pigment
porcelain
pig ment \pg#mant\ n (14c): finely ground, natural or synthetic, inorganic or organic, insoluble dispersed particles (powder), which,
when dispersed in a liquid vehicle, may provide, in addition to
color, many other essential properties such as opacity, hardness,
durability, and corrosion resistance. The term is used to include
an extender, white or color pigments. The distinction between
powders that are pigments and those that are dyes is generally considered on the basis of solubilitypigments being insoluble and
dispersed in the material, dyes being soluble or in solution as used
pin \pn\ n (bef. 12c): a small cylindrical piece of metalsee
ANTERIOR GUIDE P., CEMENTED P., FRICTION
RETAINED P., SELF-THREADING P., STEINMANNS P.
pin hole n : a tooth preparation feature used to provide retention and
resistance to displacement. Typically a 2-3 mm hole is prepared in
the dentin
pinledge \pn#lej\ (1998): a partial veneer retainer preparation incorporating pins holes to provide retention
pin-retained cast metal core: a cemented cast foundation restoration
for an extensively damaged vital tooth retained by cast tapered
pins that are integral with the core. An extracoronal restoration is
subsequently placed over the core
pin-retained restoration: a restoration for an extensively damaged
vital tooth that in part relies on threaded or cemented pins placed
in the dentin for its retention and resistance form
pivoting condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
place ment \pl as#mant\ v : the process of directing a prosthesis to a
desired location; the introduction of prosthesis into a patients
mouthsubstand DELIVERY, INSERTIONcalled also denture
placement, prosthesis placement
plane \pl an\ n (1570): a flat surface defined by three pointssee
AXIS ORBITAL P., CAMPERS P., CORONAL P., CUSP P.,
FRANK- FORT
HORIZONTAL P., FRONTAL
P.,
HORIZONTAL P., INCLINED P., MANDIBULAR P.,
MEDIAN P., OCCLUSAL P.,SAGITTALP.
plane motion \pl an mo #shun\ 1: motion that is a combination of
rotation and translation in a given plane. The motion is
described by instantaneous centers of rotation. When the center
of rotation is fixed, the body is rotating 2: the combined motions
of translation and rotation of a rigid body within a given plane
plane of occlusion: see OCCLUSAL PLANE
plane of reference \pl an uv ref#ar-ans\: any plane with defined
landmarks
from
which
measurements
can
be
madesee HORIZONTAL PLANE OF REFERENCE
plas ter \plas#tar\ n : a paste-like composition (usually of water, lime,
and sand) that hardens on drying and is used for coating walls, ceilings, and partitionsslang: in dentistry, a colloquial term applied
to dental plaster of paris
plaster of paris \plas#tar uv par#s\ (15c): a white, powdery, slightly
hydrated calcium sulfate made by calcination of gypsum, used
for making casts and molds when combined with water to form
a quick-setting paste
plaster wash \plas#tar wosh, wo sh\ obs : a thin mix of plaster used
to
improve the accuracy of a preliminary impression (GPT-4)
1
plas tic \plas#tk\ adj (1632) 1: capable of being shaped or formed 2:
pertaining to the alteration or reformation of living tissues
2
plas tic \plas#tk\ n (ca. 1909): any of numerous organic synthetic or
processed materials that generally are thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers, usually of high molecular weight. They can be cast,
extruded, molded, drawn, or laminated into films, filaments, and
objects
plastic base \plas#tk b as\ obs : a denture or record base made of a
plastic material (GPT-4)
plate n, slang : see PROSTHESIS
platinum foil \plat#n-um foil\: a precious-metal foil with a high
fusing point that makes it suitable as a matrix for various
soldering procedures as well as to provide an internal form for
porcelain restorations during their fabrication
Pleasure curve [Max Pleasure, 1903-1965]: eponym for a curve of occlusion which, when viewed in the frontal plane, conforms to a line
that is convex in the cephalic direction, except when viewed
through the molar region
plunger cusp \plun#jer kusp\: a cusp that tends to force food into interproximal areas
po gon ion \pa-go n#yun\ n : the most anterior point on the
mandible point A \point A\: a bony landmark representing the
deepest point of the premaxillary concavity between the anterior
nasal spine and
prosthion as viewed on a lateral cephalometric radiograph
point angle \point ang#gal\: in the development of a cavity preparation, that place of convergence of three planes or surfacescomp
LINE ANGLE
point B: see SUPRAMENTALE
1
pol ish \pol#sh\ vb (14c): to make smooth and glossy, usually by friction; giving luster; the act or process of making a denture or casting
smooth and glossy
2
pol ish \pol#sh\ n (1704): a smooth, glossy surface; having luster
polished denture surface \pol#sht den#chur su r#fas\ obs : that
portion of the surface of a denture that extends in an occlusal
direction from the border of the denture and includes the palatal
surfaces. It is that part of the denture base that is usually polished,
and it includes the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth (GPT4)
polished layer: see BEILBY LAYER
pol ish ing \pol#sh-ng\ v, obs 1: to make smooth and glossy, usually
by friction; to give luster to (GPT-1) 2: obs: the act or process of
making a denture or casting smooth and glossy (GPT-1)
polishing agents \pol#sh-ng a#jants\: any material used to impart
luster to a surface
polycarboxylate cement: see ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE
CEMENT
poly eth er \pol# e- e#thar\ adj : an elastomeric impression material
of
ethylene oxide and tetra-hydrofluro copolymers that polymerizes
under the influence of an aromatic ester
poly mer \pol#a-mar\ n (1866): a chemical compound consisting of
large organic molecules built by repetition of smaller monomeric
units
polymerization \pa-l#ar- -z a#shun\ n (1872): the forming of a
compound by the joining together of molecules of small
molecular weights into a compound of large molecular weight
pol ym er ize \pol#a-ma-r z#, pa-lm#a-\ vb : to effect a chemical
reaction by joining together individual molecules to form large
molecules made up of many repeated units
poly(methyl methacrylate): a stable, hard transparent resin of marked
clarity with a Knoop hardness number ranging from 18-20, a
tensile strength of approximately 60 MPa, a density of 1.19 and a
modulus of elasticity of approximately 2.4 GPa
poly som nog raph y \pol#-som-og#ra-f e\ n : the all-night recording
of a variety of physiologic parameters (e g., brain waves, eye movements, muscle tonus, respiration, heart rate) as an aid in the diagnosis of sleep related disorders
poly sul fide \pol# e-sul#f d\ n (1849): an elastomeric impression
material of polysulfide polymer (mercaptan) that cross-links under the
influence of oxidizing agents such as lead peroxide
poly(vinyl siloxane) \pol# e-v #nal s -loks# an#\ n : an addition
reaction
silicone elastomeric impression material of silicone polymers having terminal vinyl groups that cross-link with silanes on activation
by a platinum or palladium salt catalyst.
pon tic \pon#tk\ n : an artificial tooth on a fixed dental prosthesis
that replaces a missing natural tooth, restores its function, and
usually
fills the space previously occupied by the clinical crown

por cel ain \po r#sa-ln, po r#-\ n (known in Europe, ca. 1540): a
ceramic material formed of infusible elements joined by lower
fusing materials. Most dental porcelains are glasses and are used in
the fabrication of teeth for dentures, pontics and facings, metal
ceramic restorations including fixed dental prostheses, as well as
all-ceramic

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
restorations such as crowns, laminate veneers, inlays, onlays, and
other restorations
porcelain fused to metal restoration: see METAL CERAMIC
RESTORATION
porcelain jacket crown:see ALL-CERAMIC RESTORATION
porcelain labial margin \po r#sa-ln, po r#- l a#b e-al mar#jn\: the
extension of ceramic material to the finish line of the preparation
without visible metal substructure in the marginal areasyn
PORCELAIN BUTT MARGIN
porcelain laminate veneer: a thin bonded ceramic restoration that restores the facial surface and part of the proximal surfaces of teeth
requiring esthetic restoration
porcelain release agent: any coating to facilitate separation of unfired
porcelain from a die
porcelain wax technique: application of a mixture of body porcelain
and wax (approximately 6:1 ratio by weight) to the die to achieve
optimal adaptation of a porcelain labial margin of a metal-ceramic
restoration
po ros i ty \pa-ros#-t e, po -\ n, pl -ties (14c) 1: the presence of
voids
or pores within a structure 2: the state or quality of having minute
pores, openings or intersticessee BACK PRESSURE P.,
OCCLUDED GAS P., SHRINK-SPOT P., SOLIDIFICATION
P.
positional record \pa-zsh#a-nal rek#ard\: an intraoral or extraoral
registration of a specified mandibular position
post and core crown \po st-ko r,ko r kroun\: a restoration in which
the crown and cast post are one unit
post-ceramic solder: 1. a soldering procedure to join metal-ceramic
restorations after final shaping and glazing of the ceramic veneer.
Also used to join Type III or Type IV gold castings to metalceramic units. 2. an alloy formulated for post-ceramic soldering
post dam: see POSTPALATAL SEAL
post dam area: see POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA
posterior \po-str# e-ar, po -\ adj (1534) 1: situated behind or in
back of; caudal 2: in human anatomy, dorsal
posterior bite collapse: see POSTERIOR OVERCLOSURE
posterior border jaw relation \po-str# e-ar, po - bo r#dar jo r-l
a#shun\ obs : the most posterior relation of the mandible to the
maxillae at any specific vertical relation (GPT-4)
posterior border movement \po-str# e-ar, po - bo r#dar mo o
v#mant\:
movements of the mandible along the posterior limit of the
envelope of motion
posterior border position \po-str# e-ar, po - bo r#dar pazsh#an\:
the most posterior position of the mandible at any specific vertical
relation
posterior determinants of mandibular movement \po-str# ear,
po - d-tu r#ma-nant uv man#db-u -lar mo o v#mant\: the
temporomandibular articulations and associated structuressee
DETER- MINANTS OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior determinants of occlusion: see DETERMINANTS OF
MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT
posterior open bite slang : see POSTERIOR OPEN OCCLUSAL
RELATIONSHIP
posterior open occlusal relationship \po-str# e-ar o #pan a-klo o
#zal
r-l a#shun-shp\: lack of posterior tooth contact in any
occluding position of the anterior teeth
posterior opening movement \po-str# e-ar o #pa-nng mo o
v#mant\
obs : the opening movement of the mandible about the terminal
hinge axis (GPT-4)
posterior overclosure \po-str# e-ar o #var-klo #zher\: the loss of
occluding vertical dimension as a result of the loss or drifting of posterior
teeth

posterior palatal seal: see POSTPALATAL SEAL
posterior palatal seal area: see POSTPALATAL SEAL AREA
posterior reference points \po-str# e-ar ref#ar-ans points\: two
points, located one on each side of the face in the area of the
transverse
porcelain preload
d
horizontal axis, which, together with an anterior reference point,

establish the horizontal reference plane
posterior tooth form \po-str# e-ar to o th form\: the
distinguishing
contours of the occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth
postmenopausal atrophy \po st-men#a-po z#al at#ra-f e\: atrophy
of various tissues, such as oral mucosa, occurring after menopause
postpalatal seal \po st-pal#a-tal s el\: the seal area at the
posterior
border of a maxillary removable dental prosthesis
postpalatal seal area \po st-pal#a-tal s el ar# e-a\: the soft tissue area
at or beyond the junction of the hard and soft palates on which
pressure, within physiologic limits, can be applied by a complete
RDP to aid in its retention
postsurgical mandibular prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis used
to optimize intra/extraoral contours to improve speech and deglutition after mandibular or contiguous soft tissue surgery due to tumor ablation, or reconstruction of acquired or congenital defects,
where mandibular continuity is maintained or reestablished
postsurgical maxillary prosthesis: a maxillofacial prosthesis used to
optimize maxillary contours to improve speech and deglutition after a maxillary resection due to a tumor or reconstruction of acquired or congenital defects of the maxilla, where there is no
oral-antral or oral-nasal communication
postsurgical prosthesis: see DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR,
INTERIM OBTURATOR, POSTSURGICAL MANDIBULAR
P., POSTSURGICAL MAXILLARY P.
postural contraction \pos#chur-al kan-trak#shun\: that minimal tonic
muscle activity necessary to resist the forces of gravity and thus
maintain posture; maintenance of muscle tension (usually isometric) sufficient to maintain posture, dependent on muscle tone
postural position \pos#chur-al pa-zsh#an\: any mandibular
relationship occurring during minimal muscle contraction
pour hole \po r, po r ho l\ obs : an aperture in investment or any
other mold material leading to the prosthesis space into which
prosthetic material is poured (GPT-4)
pre ceramic solder: 1. a soldering procedure joining framework
components of a metal-ceramic prosthesis prior to application of
the ceramic veneer 2. an alloy formulated for pre-ceramic soldering
precious metal \presh#as met#l\: a metal containing primarily
elements of the platinum group, gold, and silver
precious metal alloy \presh#as met#l al#oi#, a-loi#\: an alloy predominantly composed of elements considered precious, i.e., gold, the six
metals of the platinum group (platinum, osmium, iridium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium), and silver
precision attachment \pr-szh#un a-tach#mant\ : 1: a retainer
consisting of a metal receptacle (matrix) and a closely fitting part
(patrix); the matrix is usually contained within the normal or
expanded contours of the crown on the abutment tooth/dental
implant and the patrix is attached to a pontic or the removable
dental prosthesis framework 2: an interlocking device, one
component of which is fixed to an abutment or abutments, and
the other is integrated into a removable dental prosthesis in
order to stabilize and/or retain it
precision rest \pr-szh#un rest\: a prefabricated, rigid metallic extension (patrix) in a fixed or removable dental prosthesis that fits intimately into the box-type rest seat or keyway (matrix) portion of a
precision attachment in a restoration
preextraction cast: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
preliminary cast \pr-lm#a-ner# e\: a cast formed
from a
preliminary impression for use in diagnosis or the fabrication of an
impression tray
preliminary impression \pr-lm#a-ner# e m-presh#an\: a
negative likeness made for the purpose of diagnosis, treatment
planning, or the fabrication of a tray
preload: the tension created in a screw, especially the fluked threadings, when tightened. An engineering term used in dentistry to
describe the degree of tightness of a screw, usually in implant
dentistry.

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
premature contact
prosthesis
premature contact: see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT

pre ma tur i ty n : see DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT
preoperative cast \pr e-op#ar-a-tv, -op#ra-, -op#a-r a- kast\: a
positive
likeness of a part or parts of the oral cavity for the purpose of diagnosis and treatment planningsee DIAGNOSTIC CAST
preoperative record \pr e-op#ar-a-tv, -op#ra-, -op#a-r a- rek#ard\
obs : any record made for the purpose of study or treatment
planning (GPT-4)
preoperative wax-up: a dental diagnostic procedure in which planned
restorations are developed in wax on a diagnostic cast to determine
optimal clinical and laboratory procedures necessary to achieve the
desired esthetics and functioncalled also diagnostic wax-up,
preoperative waxing
preprosthetic surgery \pr e-pros-thet#k su r#ja-r e\: surgical
procedures
designed to facilitate fabrication of a prosthesis or to improve the
prognosis of prosthodontic care
pressure area \presh#ar\: a region of mucosa that is being subjected to
excessive pressure from a dental prosthesis
pressure indicating paste \presh#ar n#d-k a-tng p ast\: any
substance applied to a dental prosthesis, which, when seated on a
structure, demonstrates the adaptation of the prosthesis to the
structure it opposes
pressure relief \presh#ar r-l ef#\ obs : alteration of the denturebearing
surface of a denture to reduce force on the underlying tissues
(GPT-4)
pressure welding \presh#ar wel#dng\: bonding of two metals
together by sufficiently large force applied perpendicular to the
surface. Such force must be of magnitude to produce permanent
distortions that expose a film-free metal contact
pretreatment records \pr e-tr et#mant rek#ardz\: any records made
for
the purpose of diagnosis, recording of the patient history, or treatment planning in advance of therapy
primary colors \pr #mer# e, -ma-r e kul#erz\: three basic colors used
to make most other colors by mixture, either additive mixture of
lights or subtractive mixture of colorants
primary colors (additive) \pr #mer# e, -ma-r e kul#erz ad#-tv\:
three colored lights from which all other colors can be matched by
additive mixture. The three must be selected so that no one of
them can be matched by mixture of the other two. Generally,
red, green, and blue are used. Additive primaries are the
complements of the subtractive primaries
primary colors (subtractive) \pr #mer# e, -ma-r e kul#erz sabtrak#tv\:
colors of three colorants or colored materials which, when mixed
together subtract from one another, resulting in black or a very
dark neutral color. Subtractive primaries are generally cyan,
magenta, and yellow
primary dentition \pr #mer# e den-tsh#an\: the teeth that erupt
first
and are normally shed and replaced by permanent (succedaneous)
teethsyn DECIDUOUS DENTITION
primary
hyperalgesia
\pr #mer# e
h #par-al-g e#zha\:
stimulation evoked primary pain due to lowered pain threshold
primary impression: see PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION
primary occlusal trauma \pr #mer# e a-klo o #al trou#ma\: the
effects induced by abnormal or excessive occlusal forces acting
on teeth with normal periodontal support
primary pain \pr #mer# e p an\: pain that identifies the true source
of nociceptive input
pro cess \pros#es, pro #ses#\ n, pl pro ces ses (14c) 1: in anatomy, a
prominence or projection of bone 2a: in dentistry, any technical
procedure that incorporates a number of steps 2b: the procedure
of bringing about polymerization of dental resins for prostheses
or basessee DENTURE PROCESSING
processed denture base \pro#sesd den#chur b as\: that portion of a

polymerized dental prosthesis covering the oral mucosa of the
maxillary and/or mandible to which artificial teeth will be
attached by means of a second processing
process jig: see ANALOG
pro file \pro #f l#\ n (ca. 1656): an outline or contour, especially

one representing a side view of a human head
profile record \pro #f l rek#ard\: a registration or record of the
facial
profile of a patientsee also EMERGENCE PROFILE
prog nath ic \prog-nath#k, -n a#thk\ n : a protruded position of
the mandible in relation to the maxillaecalled also caput
progeneum, exognathia, progenia, and prognathia
prog na thism \prog-na-thz#um\ n (ca. 1864): an overgrowth of the
mandible in an anteroposterior direction; a protrusion of the mandible in relation to the maxillae
prog no sis \prog-no #ss\ n (1655): a forecast as to the probable result
of a disease or a course of therapy
progressive loading \pra-gres#v lo #dng\ (1998): the gradual
increase in the application of force on a dental implant whether
intentionally done with a dental prosthesis or unintentionally via
forces placed by adjacent anatomic structures or parafunctional
loading
progressive mandibular lateral translation \pra-gres#v man-db#
ya-lar lat#ar-al trans-l a#shun\ 1: the translatory portion of
mandibular movement when viewed in a specified body plane 2:
the translatory portion of mandibular movement as viewed in a
specific body plane that occurs at a rate or amount that is directly
proportional to the forward movement of the nonworking
condylesee MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
progressive side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
projected pain \pra-jek#td p an\: heterotopic pain felt in the
anatomical peripheral distribution of the same nerve that
mediates the primary pain
proportional limit \pra-po r#sha-nal lm#t\: that unit of stresses beyond which deformation is no longer proportional to the applied
load
proprioception \pro #pr e-o -sep#shun\ n (1906): the reception of
stimulation of sensory nerve terminals within the tissues of the body
that give information concerning movements and the position of
the body; perception mediated by proprioceptors
pros the sis \pros-th e#ss\ n, pl ses (1900) 1: an artificial
replacement of an absent part of the human body 2: a therapeutic
device to improve or alter function 3: a device used to aid in accomplishing a
desired surgical result Editorial note: The taxonomy of the word
prostheses is as complex as are the varieties of items made by
humans for any utilitarian purpose. While classification of botanical
or zoo- logical species can be relatively precise due to the common
nature of genetic derivation (including descriptions of genetic
alterations), such is not the case with respect to many things made
by humans. One has only to think about the range of forms used
in the course of human history classified as items of
transportation to be convinced of the complexity and frequently
transient nature of such a mode as the automobile! With respect
to dentistry, the noun prosthesis generally is described first by a
type adjective (dental, maxillofacial or ancillary) (Figs. 1-4) and
frequently second by use of one or more additional adjectives
(termed modifiers) to clarify such matters as anatomic location,
form, materials, means of retention, support, time of usage, or
other items. Using coordinate adjectives (two or more adjectives
separated by a comma, instead of by coordinating conjunctions)
to assist in further description of the prosthesis is helpful but
should generally be limited to three or at most four for
convenience in maintaining understanding of the noun prosthesis.
Frequently, an adjective clause ,descriptor. can be used
following the word prosthesis to help clarify such issues as the
nature of the support [i.e. tooth number(s), dental implant
number(s)] available for the prosthesis. A descriptor is something
(a word, phrase or characteristic feature) that serves to identify or
describe; especially a word or phrase (as an index term) used to
DENTISTRY
identify an item
in an information retrieval system. Use of acronyms
to describe a prosthesis is to be discouraged since such descriptors
do not transfer between languages and thus can be easily
misunderstood.

DENTISTRY
prosthesis prosthodontic diagnostic index

d
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 2
{modifier} (type) prosthesis ,descriptor.
coordinate adjective(s) noun adjective clause
Modifier: {anatomic location} i.e. maxillary, mandibular, inferior,

superior
{form} i.e. complete, partial, splint, stent, carrier, bar, ovoid, round
{material} i.e. ceramic, metal, resin
{retention} i.e. cement, screw, friction, tissue, fixed, removable
{support} i.e. tooth, implant, tissue
{time} i.e. surgical, temporary, interim, definitive
{other} i.e. soft, zirconium
Type: (dental, maxillofacial, ancillary)

Descriptor: ,support. tissue borne, implant borne, tooth/implant
borne
Examples..
dental prosthesis
maxillary, removable, partial, dental prosthesis
surgical, obturator, maxillofacial prosthesis
mandibular, fixed, partial, dental prosthesis on dental implants # 28,
30 and 31
cemented, fixed, partial, dental prosthesis on teeth # 12 and 14
cemented, fixed, partial, dental prosthesis on dental implant #12
and tooth #14
ceramic, fixed, partial, dental prosthesis on dental implants #3 and 5
To be avoided examples...
rigid, interim, mandibular, removable, partial, dental prosthesis replacing teeth #23-30
hybrid prosthesis
hybrid denture prosthesis
interim plate
see also DEFINITIVE P., DENTAL P., INTERIM P., MAXILLOFACIAL
P., PROVISIONAL P., SUPPLEMENTARY P., and SURGICAL P.
prosthesis placement: see PLACEMENT

prosthesis placement: see PLACEMENT
pros thet ic \pros-thet#k\ adj, pros thet i cal ly \pros-thet#-ka-l e\
adv (ca. 1890): relating to a prosthesis or prosthetics
prosthetic dentistry: see PROSTHODONTICS
prosthetic restoration \pros-thet#k\ obs : an artificial replacement
for an absent part of the human body (GPT-4)
prosthetic speech aid: see ADULT SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS,
PEDIATRIC SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
pros thet ics \pros-thet#ks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr (ca. 1894):
the art and science of supplying artificial replacements for missing
parts of the human bodysee also MAXILLOFACIAL P.
pros the tist \pros#th-tst\ n : a person involved in the construction of
an artificial replacement for any part of the human body
pros tho don tia n : see PROSTHODONTICS
prosthodontic
diagnostic index
[American
College
of
Prosthodontists , (2004)]: a clinical diagnostic index classification for 1) the edentulous patient, 2) the partially edentulous patient, and 3) the completely dentate patient. (see Appendix B, C
and D) The classifications use specific diagnostic criteria to delineate treatment complexity into four classes: Class I (ideal or minimally compromised), Class II (moderately compromised), Class
III (substantially compromised) or Class IV (severely
compromised) McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith
CR, Koumjian JH.
Classification system for complete edentulism. The American College of

Prosthodontics. J Prosthodont. 1999 Mar;8(1):27-39.

DENTISTRY
prosthodontic diagnostic index
quick-cure resin
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH,
Arbree NS. Classification system for partial edentulism. J Prosthodont. 2002
Sep;11(3):181-93.
McGarry TJ, Nimmo A, Skiba JF, Ahlstrom RH, Smith CR, Koumjian JH,
Guichet GN; American College of Prosthodontics. Classification system for
the completely dentate patient. J Prosthodont. 2004 Jun;13(2):73-82.
pros tho don tics \pros#tha-don#tks\ n, pl but sing or pl in constr

(1947): prosthodontics is the dental specialty pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of the
oral function, comfort, appearance and health of patients with clinical conditions associated with missing or deficient teeth and/or
maxillofacial tissues using biocompatible substitutessee FIXED
PROSTHODONTICS,
IMPLANT
PROSTHODONTICS,
MAXILLOFACIAL
PROSTHETICS,
REMOVABLE
PROSTHODONTICS
pros tho don tist \pros#tha-don-tst\ n (1917) 1: a specialist in prosthodontics 2: a dentist who has successfully completed an advanced
education program in prosthodontics that is accredited by the appropriate accrediting body. In the United States, that body is the
Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental
Associationsee BOARD-CERTIFIED P., BOARD-ELIGIBLE
P., EDUCATIONALLY QUALIFIED P.
pro ta no pia \pro #ta-no #p e-a\: a form of dichromatism in which
red and blue-green stimuli are confused
protanomalous vision \pro #ta-nom#a-lus vzh#un\: a form of color
deficient vision in which the ability to perceive blue and yellow is
retained. Hue discrimination is poor in the red to green region of
the spectrum
pro tru sion \pro -tro o #zhan\ n (1646): a position of the mandible
anterior to centric relationsee LATEROPROTRUSION
pro tru sive \pro -tro o #sv, -zv\ adj, pro tru sive ly \pro -tro o
#sv-l e\ adv, pro tru sive ness \pro -tro o #sv-nes\ n (1676):
thrusting forward; adjective denoting protrusion
protrusive checkbite: see PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
protrusive condyle path \pro -tro o #sv kon#d l#, -dl path\: the
path the condyle travels when the mandible is moved forward from
its initial position
protrusive deflection \pro -tro o #sv d-flek#shun\: a continuing
eccentric displacement of the midline incisal path on protrusion, symptomatic of a restriction of movement
protrusive deviation \pro -tro o #sv d e#v e- a#shun\:
discursive
movement on protrusion that ends in the centered position and is
indicative of interference during movement
protrusive jaw relation \pro -tro o #sv jo r-l a#shun\ obs : a jaw
relation
resulting from a protrusion of the mandible (GPT-4)
protrusive interocclusal record \pro -tro o #sv n#tar-a-klo
o #zal rek#ard\: a registration of the mandible in relation to the
maxillae when both condyles are advanced in the temporal fossa
protrusive movement: mandibular movement anterior to centric
relation.
protrusive occlusion \pro -tro o #sv a-klo o #zhun\ obs : an
occlusion of the teeth when the mandible is protruded (GPT-4)
protrusive record: see PROTRUSIVE INTEROCCLUSAL
RECORD
protrusive relation \pro -tro o #sv r-l a#shun\ obs: the relation
of the mandible to the maxillae when the mandible is thrust
forward (GPT-4)
provisional cementation: cementation of an interim or definitive
restoration with a luting agent with weak retentive properties to
facilitate the planned future removal of the restoration
provisional denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
provisional restoration: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS

provisional splint \pra-vzh#a-nal splnt\: an interim device to stabilize
teeth during diagnosis or therapysyn INTERIM SPLINT
prox i mal \prok#sa-mal\ adj (1727) 1: situated close to 2: next to or

nearest the point of attachment or origin, a central point especially,
located toward the center of a bodycomp DISTAL
prox i mal ly adj
proximal contact: see INTERPROXIMAL CONTACT
pseudoisochromatic color tests \so o #do - #sa-kro -mat#k ku#lar
tests\: tests for detecting color vision deficiency. The charts are
made up of colored spots that yield a legible pattern (number,
letter, figure, etc.,) for a normal observer but yield no legible
pattern for observers with anomalous types of color vision
psy cho phys i cal \s #ko -fz#-kal\ adj (1847): used to describe
the
sector of color science that deals with the relationship between
physical description or specification of stimuli and the sensory
perception arising from them
psychophysical color \s #ko -fz#-kal ku#lar\: a specification of
color
stimulus in terms of operationally defined values, such as three
tri-stimulus values
psychosomatic dentistry \s #ka-so -mat#k den#t-str e\ 1:
dentistry
that concerns itself with the mind-body relationship 2: dentistry
that acknowledges a relationship between the psychic and normal
physiological functions
pterygoid notch: see PTERYGOMAXILLARY NOTCH
pterygoid plates \ter#-goid# pl atz\: broad, thin, wing-shaped
processes of the spheroid bone separated by the pterygoid fossa.
The inferior end of the medial plate terminates in a long curved
process or hook for the tendon of the tensor veli palatini muscle.
The lateral plate gives attachment to the medial and lateral
pterygoid muscles
pterygomaxillary notch \ter#-ga-mak#sa-ler# e noch\: the palpable
notch formed by the junction of the maxilla and the pterygoid
hamulus of the sphenoid bone
pulp \pulp\ n : the richly vascularized connective tissue of mesodermal
origin with much innervation contained in the central cavity of the
tooth
pulp capping \pulp kap#ng\: application of a material to protect the
pulp from external influences and promote healing, done either directly or indirectly
pulpectomy \pulp-ek#to -m e\ n : the complete removal of the
dental
pulp
pulpitis \pul#p-ts\ n: inflammation of the dental pulp
pulpotomy \pul-pa-ta#m e\ n : surgical amputation of the coronal
portion of the dental pulp
1
pum ice \pum#s\ n (15th cent.) 1: a type of volcanic glass used as an
abrasive. It is prepared in various grits and used for finishing and
polishing 2: a polishing agent, in powdered form, used for natural
teeth and fixed and removable restorations
2
pum ice \pum#s\ vt pum iced \pum#isd\ pum ic ing \pum#-sng\
(15th cent.): to finish or dress with pumice
pyramidal fracture \pr#a-md frak#chur\: a fracture of the midfacial
bones, with the principal fracture lines meeting at an apex in the
area of the nasioncalled also Le Fort II fracture
Q
Q.D.: acronym for L. Qadque Die, every day Q.H.:
acronym for L. Quaque Hora, every hour Q.I.D.:
acronym for L. Quater In Die, four times a day
Q.L.: acronym for L. Quantum Libet, as much as desired Q.Q.H.:
acronym for L. Quaque Quarta Hora, every 4 hours quadrant
\kwod#rant\ n (15c) 1: any of the four quarters into which
something is divided by two real or imaginary lines that intersect
each other at right angles 2: in dentistry, one of the four sections
of the dental arches, divided at the midline see also SEXTANT,
OCTANT
quartz \kwo rts\ n (ca. 1631): an allotropic form of silica; the mineral
SiO2 consisting of hexagonal crystals of colorless, transparent
silicon dioxide
quick-cure resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN

DENTISTRY
R
RAD: acronym for Radiation Absorbed Dose, a unit of measurement of
the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. The biologic effect of one
rad varies with the type of radiation tissue is exposed tosee also
GRAY
radiation \r a#d e- a#shun\ n (1570): the emission of
electromagnetic waves, such as light, short wave, radio, ultraviolet,
or x-rays, or particulate rays such as alpha, beta, and gamma rays
radiation carrier \r a#d e- a#shun kar# e-ar\: an ancillary prosthesis
used to administer radiation to confined areas by means of
capsules, beads or needles of radiation emitting materials such
as radium or cesium. Its function is to hold the radiation source
securely in the same location during the entire period of
treatment. Radiation oncologists occasionally request these
devices to achieve a close approximation and controlled
application of radiation to a tumor deemed amiable to eradication
syn
CARRIER
PROSTHESIS,
INTRACAVITY
APPLICATOR, INTRACAVITY CARRIER, RADIATION
APPLICATOR, RADIUM
CARRIER, RADIOTHERAPY
PROSTHESIS
radiation cone locator \r a#d e- a#shun ko n lo #k atar\: an
ancillary prosthesis used to direct and reduplicate the path of
radiation to an oral tumor during a split course of irradiation
syn CONE LOCATOR, DOCKING DEVICE
radiation shield \r a#d e- a#shun sh eld\: a intraoral ancillary
prosthesis
designed to shield adjacent tissues from radiation during orthovoltage treatment of malignant lesions of the head and neck region
syn LEAD SHIELD, RADIATION STENT,
TONGUE
PROTECTOR
radiation shield/positioner \r a#d e- a#shun sh eld/pa-zsh#nar\:
a custom made ancillary prosthesis to direct, align, and protect
adjacent tissues during irradiation. The shield/positioner will
prevent radiation damage to tissues that are unaffected by a
tumor
radiation source device \r a#d e- a#shun so rs, so rs d-v s#\:
custom made
ancillary prosthesis to align a radiation source to a specific
anatomic site
radiation source prosthesis: a custom made ancillary prosthesis to
align a radiation source to a specific anatomic site. This prosthesis
is used to carry or direct a radiation source to a tumor site
radiation stent: see RADIATION SHIELD
rad i cle \rad#-kal\ n (1671): the lower part of the axis of an object
rad ic u lar \ra-d-kyo o #lar\ adj (1830): pertaining to the root of
a tooth
ra di o gram n: see RADIOGRAPH
1
ra di o graph \r a#d e-o -graf#\ n (1880): an image produced on

any sensitive surface by means of electromagnetic radiation
other than light; a x-ray photograph
2
ra di o graph \r a#d e-o -graf#\ vt (1896): to make a radiograph
of
ra di o lu cent \r a#d e-o -lo o #sant\: permitting the passage of
radiant energy with relatively little attenuation by absorption
ra di o paque \r a#d e-o -p ak#\ (1917): a structure that strongly
inhibits the passage of radiant energy
ramus endosteal implant \r a#mas en-dos#t e-al m-plant#\: an
endosteal dental implant that is attached, in part, to the ramus
of the mandible
ramus frame endosteal implant \r a#mas fr am en-dos#t e-al mplant#\: a dental implant design that consists of a horizontal
intraoral supragingival abutment in the form of a bar and
endosteal implant body segments that are placed into the rami and
symphysis areas as one section (implants fabricated from one piece
of metal), or two sections (implants of anterior and horizontal
segments that are connected at the time of placement), or
five sections (an implant consisting of five sections in which the
endosteal implant body segments are independently placed and

connected with fitted parts)
range of motion \ranj uv mo #shun\: the range, measured in degrees
of a circle, through which a joint can be extended or flexed. The
range of the opening, lateral, and protrusive excursions of the
temporomandibular joint
RAD
refractory
ra phe \r a#f e\ n (1753) 1: line of union of symmetrical parts 2: a

fibrous band or bands where paired muscles meet
re at tach ment \r e-a-tach#mant\ n : in periodontics, the reunion of
epithelial and connective tissues with root surfaces and bone such
as occurs after incision or injury
re base \r e-b as#\ n : the laboratory process of replacing the entire
denture base material on an existing prosthesis
receptor sites \r-sep#tar s tz\: specific sites at which molecular
binding occurs that results in specific biologic responses
recipient site \r-sp# e-ant s t\: the site into which a graft or
transplant
material is placed
re cip ro cal \r-sp#ra-kal\ adj, obs : the manner in which one part of a
prosthesis is made to counter the effect created by another part
(GPT-1)
reciprocal arm: see RECIPROCAL CLASP
reciprocal clasp \r-sp#ra-kal klasp\: a component of the clasp assembly specifically designed to provide reciprocation by engaging a reciprocal guiding plane; it contacts the action of the clasp during
removal and insertion of a partial removable dental prosthesis
reciprocal click \r-sp#ra-kal klk\: clicks emanating from the temporomandibular joint, one of which occurs during opening movement and the other during closing movement
re cip ro ca tion \r-sp#ra-k a#shun\ n (1561) 1: the mechanism
by which lateral forces generated by a retentive clasp passing
over a
height of contour are counterbalanced by a reciprocal clasp
passing along a reciprocal guiding plane 2: a mutual exchange 3:
an alternating motionre cip ro ca tive \r-sp#ra-k a#tv\ adj
1
re cord \r-ko rd\ vb (14c) 1: to register data relating to specific

conditions that exist currently or previously 2: to register
permanently
by mechanical means, i.e., jaw relationshipssee CENTRIC
RELATION R., ECCENTRIC INTEROCCLUSAL R.,
INTEROCCLUSAL R., OCCLUDING JAW R., TERMINAL
JAW RELATION R.
2
re cord \r-ko rd\ n (14c) 1: an official document 2: a body of known
or recorded facts about someone or something
record base \rek#ard b as\: an interim denture base used to support
the record rim material for recording maxillomandibular records
record rim \rek#ard rm\: the occlusal surfaces fabricated on a record
base for the purpose of making maxillomandibular relationship records and/or arranging teethcalled also occlusion rim
reduced interarch distance \r-do o sd# n#tar-arch\: an occluding
vertical dimension that results in an excessive interocclusal distance
when the mandible is in rest position and in a reduced interridge
distance when the teeth are in contactcalled also overclosure
re duc tion \r-duk#shun\ n (1546): the correction of a fracture or dislocation; the restoration by surgical or manipulative procedures of a
part to its normal anatomic location
reference plane locator \ref#ar-ans, ref#rans pl an lo #k a#tar\: a
device
used to facilitate location of the horizontal reference plane on the
face of a patient
re flec tance \r-flek#tans\ n (1926): the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiant flux to that of the incident flux. In popular usage,
it is considered as the ratio of the intensity of reflected radiant
flux to that reflected from a defined reference standard. Specular reflection is the angle of reflection equal to the angle of incidence.
Surface reflection is associated with objects having optically smooth
surfaces. These objects are usually termed glossy
re flec tion \r-flek#shun\ (14c) n 1: the elevation and folding back of
all or part of the mucosa to expose underlying structures 2: the return of light or sound waves from a surface
re frac tion \r-frak#shun\ n (1603): the deflection of light or energy
waves from aDENTISTRY

straight path that occurs when passing obliquely from
one medium into another in which its velocity is different
re frac tory \r-frak#ta-r e\ adj (1606): difficult to fuse or corrode;
capable of enduring high temperatures

DENTISTRY
refractory cast resin-bonded prosthesis

d
refractory cast \r-frak#ta-r e kast\: a cast made of a material that

will withstand high temperatures without disintegratingcalled
also investment cast
refractory die: any die material that is capable of enduring the high
temperatures that occur during firing or casting procedures. The
die is an integral part of the mold; the restoration is directly cast,
molded or fired onto the refractory die
refractory flask: see CASTING FLASK
refractory investment \r-frak#ta-r e n-vest#mant\: an investment
material that can withstand the high temperatures used in
soldering or casting
refractory mold \r-frak#ta-r e mo ld\: a refractory cavity into which
a
substance is shaped or cast
refractory prosthodontic patient: a patient unable to achieve treatment expectations despite the thoroughness or frequency of the
treatment provided
re gen er a tion \r-jen#a-r a#shun\ n (14c): renewal or restoration of
a body or bodily part after injury or as a normal process
see
GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION
reg is tra tion \rej#-str a#shun\ n (1566) l: the making of a record
of the jaw relationships present, or those desired, thus allowing
their transfer to an articulator to assist in proper fabrication of a
dental prosthesis 2: a record made of the desired
maxillomandibular relationship and used to relate casts to an
articulatorsee MAXILLO- MANDIBULAR RELATIONSHIP
RECORD
re im plan ta tion \r e-m-plan-t a#shun\ n : the act of replacing
a tooth in the same alveolar socket from which it had been
removed, either surgically or as a result of trauma
re lief \r-l ef#\ adj : the reduction or elimination of undesirable
pressure or force from a specific region under a denture base. The creation of space in an impression tray for impression material
relief area \r-l ef# ar# e-a\: that portion of the dental prosthesis that
is
reduced to eliminate excessive pressure
relief chamber: see RELIEF AREA
re line \r e-l n#\ vt (1851): the procedures used to resurface the
tissue side of a removable dental prosthesis with new base material,
thus producing an accurate adaptation to the denture foundation
areacomp REBASE
re mod el \r e-mod#l\ vt : the morphologic change in bone as an
adaptive response to altered environmental demands. The
bone will progressively remodel where there is a proliferation of
tissue and re- gressive remodeling when osteoclastic resorption is
evident
remount cast \r e-mount#\: a cast formed of a prosthesis for the
purpose of mounting the prosthesis on an articulator
remount procedure \r e-mount# pra-s e#jur\: any method used to
relate restorations to an articulator for analysis and/or to assist in
development of a plan for occlusal equilibration or reshaping
remount record index \r e-mount# rek#ard n#deks#\: a record of
maxillary structures affixed to the mandibular member of an
articulator useful in facilitating subsequent transfers
removable appliance: see REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS
removable bridge: see REMOVABLE DENTAL PROSTHESIS
removable complete denture prosthesis: a removable dental
prosthesis that replaces the entire dentition and associated structures of the
maxillae or mandible
removable dental prosthesis \r-mo o #va-bal pros-th e#ss\: 1: any
dental prosthesis that replaces some or all teeth in a partially
dentate arch (partial removable dental prostheses) or edentate arch
(complete removable dental prostheses). It can be removed from the
mouth and replaced at will, 2: any dental prosthesis that can be
readily inserted and removed by the patient. The means of

retention for such prostheses include tissue retained RDP, tooth
retained RDP, implant retained RDP or tooth and implant
retained RDP. Editorial Note: examples of tissue retained
removable dental prostheses include complete removable dental
prostheses, interim prostheses and provisional prostheses devoid of any
attachment to natural teeth; tooth retained partial removable
dental prostheses include interim and definitive
partial removable dental prostheses retained by clasps or/and other

connector devices to natural teeth or/and dental implants
removable die system: a segmented final cast system that permits accurate removal and replacement of dies of individually prepared
teeth
removable partial denture prosthesis \r-mo o #va-bal par#shal
den# chur\: any prosthesis that replaces some teeth in a partially
dentate arch. It can be removed from the mouth and replaced at
will also called partial removable dental prosthesis
removable prosthodontics \r-mo o #va-bal pros-tha-don#tks\:
the branch of prosthodontics concerned with the replacement of
teeth and contiguous structures for edentulous or partially
edentulous patients by artificial substitutes that are readily
removable from the mouth
rep li ca \rep#l-ka\ n (1852) 1: a reproduction or facsimile, especially
by the makers, of an original 2: a copy or duplicate, i.e., a duplicate
of the surface of a component of a dental implant used to process a
restoration
re po si tion ing \r e-pa-zsh#a-nng\ adj : the changing of any relative
position of the mandible to the maxillae, usually altering the occlusion of the natural or artificial teeth
repositioning splint \r e-pa-zsh#a-nng splnt\ n : an intraoral
maxillofacial prosthesis
constructed to temporarily
or
permanently alter the relative position of the mandible to the
maxillae
residual bone \r-zj#o o -al bo n\: that component of maxillary or
mandibular bone that remains after the teeth are lost
residual ridge \r-zj#o o -al rj\: the portion of the residual bone and
its soft tissue covering that remains after the removal of teeth
residual ridge crest \r-zj#o o -al rj krest\: the most coronal portion
of the residual ridge
residual ridge resorption \r-zj#o o -al rj r e-so rb#shun, -zo
rb#-\: a
term used for the diminishing quantity and quality of the residual
ridge after teeth are removed
Ortman HR. Factors of bone resorption of the residual ridge. J PROSTHET
DENT 1962;12:429-40.
Atwood DA. Some clinical factors related to rate of resorption of residual
ridges. J PROSTHET DENT 1962;12:441-50.
re sil ient \r-zl#yant\ adj (1674): characterized or noted by resilience, as a) capable of withstanding shock without permanent deformation or rupture or b) tending to recover from or easily adjust
to change syn ELASTICre sil ient ly adv
resilient attachment \r-zl#yant a-tach#mant\ (1998): an attachment
designed to give a tooth borne/soft tissue borne removable
dental prosthesis sufficient mechanical flexion to withstand the
variations in seating of the prosthesis due to deformations of the
mucosa and underlying tissues without placing excessive stress
on the abutments
res in \rez#n\ n (14c) 1: any of various solid or semisolid amorphous
natural organic substances that usually are transparent or translucent and brown to yellow; usually formed in plant secretions; are
soluble in organic solvents but not water; are used chiefly in varnishes, inks, plastics, and medicine; and are found in many dental
impression materials 2: a broad term used to describe natural or
synthetic substances that form plastic materials after polymerization. They are named according to their chemical composition,
physical structure, and means for activation of polymerizationsee
AUTOPOLYMERIZING R., COPOLYMER R.
resin-bonded prosthesis \rez#n-bon#dd pros-th e#ss\: a fixed dental
prosthesis that is luted to tooth structures, primarily enamel,
which has been etched to provide mechanical retention for the
resin cement. Early design incorporated perforations on the
lingual plate (Rochette Bridge) through which the resin bonded
material passed to achieve a mechanical lock; subsequently, use of
acid etching of the metal plate (Maryland Bridge) eliminated the
need for perforations.
Rochette, Alain L. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior teeth
J Pros Dent 1973; 30: 418-423.

DENTISTRY

DENTISTRY
Livaditis, GJ, Thompson, VP.: Etched castings: an improved retentive
mechanism for resin-bonded retainers J Pros Dent 1982; 47-52
resin-bonded splint \rez#n bon#dd splnt\: a fixed splint made of

heavy wire, fibrous resin materials or/and cast metal that is
bonded to the labial or lingual surface of natural teeth with an
acid etch technique. It is used to stabilize traumatically displaced
or periodontal compromised teeth
resin crown \rez#n kroun\: a resin restoration that restores a clinical
crown without a metal substructure
resin-modified glass ionomer: a modified glass ionomer cement that
incorporates polymerizing monomer and a cross-linking agent; this
type of cement has a longer working time and is less sensitive to
water contamination than conventional glass ionomer cements;
also called hybrid ionomer cement
resin-retained prosthesis: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
resin-veneered restoration: a fixed restoration that uses a metal
framework on which an esthetic resin veneer is applied
resistance form \r-zs#tans form\: the features of a tooth preparation
that enhance the stability of a restoration and resist dislodgment
along an axis other than the path of placement
resorption \r e-so rp#shun, zo rp#-\ n (1818): the loss of tissue
substance by physiologic or pathologic processessee ALVEOLAR
RESORPTION
rest \rest\ n (15c): a projection or attachment, usually on the side of an
objectsee CINGULUM R., INCISAL R., LINGUAL R.,
OCCLUSAL R., PARTIAL DENTURE R., PRECISION R.,
SEMIPRECISION R.
rest area: see REST SEAT
rest bite: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest jaw relation \rest jo r-l a#shun\ obs : the habitual postural jaw
relation when the patient is resting comfortably in an upright
position and the condyles are in a neutral, unstrained position in
the glenoid fossae (GPT-4)
rest occlusion: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest relation: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST POSITION
rest seat \rest s et\: the prepared recess in a tooth or restoration
created to receive the occlusal, incisal, cingulum, or lingual rest
rest vertical dimension \rest vu r#t-kal d-men#shun\: the distance
between two selected points (one of which is on the middle of the face
or nose and the other of which is on the lower face or chin) measured when the mandible is in the physiologic rest position
res to ra tion \res#ta-r a#shun\ n (1660): a broad term applied to
any material or prosthesis that restores or replaces lost tooth
structure, teeth, or oral tissues
re tain er \r-t a#nar\ n (1540): any type of device used for the
stabilization or retention of a prosthesissee DIRECT R.,
FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE R., INDIRECT R.
re ten tion \r-ten#shun\ n (15c): that quality inherent in the dental
prosthesis acting to resist the forces of dislodgment along the
path of placement see DIRECT R., INDIRECT R.
retention arm \r-ten#shun arm\: an extension that is part of a
partial removable dental prosthesis and is used to aid in the
fixation of the prosthesis; a part of a clasp
retention form \r-ten#shun form\: the feature of a tooth preparation
that resists dislodgment of a crown in a vertical direction or along
the path of placement
retention of the denture \r-ten#shun uv the den#chur\ obs : the resistance of a denture to dislodgment (GPT-4)
retentive arm: see RETENTIVE CLASP
retentive circumferential clasp \r-ten#tv sur-kum#fa-ren#shal klasp\:
a circumferential clasp arm that is flexible and engages the infrabulge area of the abutment tooth at the terminal end of the arm
retentive clasp \r-ten#tv klasp\ 1: a clasp specifically designed to provide retention by engaging an undercut 2: a flexible segment of a
partial removable dental prosthesis that engages an undercut on

an abutment and that is designed to retain the prosthesis
resin-bonded prosthesis Richmond crown

d
retentive fulcrum line \r-ten#tv ful#krum l n\ 1: an imaginary

line connecting the retentive points of clasp arms on retaining teeth
adjacent to mucosa-borne denture bases 2: an imaginary line,
connecting the retentive points of clasp arms, around which
the removable dental prosthesis tends to rotate when subjected to
dislodging forces
retinal fovea \ret#n-al fo #v e-a\: a small ellipse-shaped depression in
the
central region of the retina somewhat less than a degree of visual
angle in maximum diameter and characterized by the sharpest
cone vision. The fovea centralis is the normal center for visual
fixation and attention
retrodiscal tissue \ret#ro -ds#kal tsh#o o \: a mass of loose, highly
vascular and highly innervated, connective tissue attached to the posterior edge of the articular disk and extending to and filling the
loose folds of the posterior capsule of the temporomandibular joint
called also bilaminar zone
ret ro gnath ic \ret#ro -n a#thk\ n : a retruded position of the
mandible in relation to the maxillae
retromolar pad \ret#ra-mo #lar pad\: a mass of tissue comprised of
nonkeratinized mucosa located posterior to the retromolar papilla and
overlying loose glandular connective tissue. This freely movable
area should be differentiated from the pear-shaped pad
retromylohyoid area \ret#ro -m #lo -yoid ar- e-a\ obs : that area in
the alveolingual sulcus just lingual to the retromolar pad that extends
down to the floor of the mouth and back to the retromylohyoid
curtain. It is bounded anteriorly by the lingual tuberosity (GPT-4)
retromylohyoid space \ret#ro -m #lo -yoid sp as\: an anatomic
area in the alveololingual sulcus just lingual to the retromolar
pad bounded anteriorly by the mylohyoid ridge, posteriorly by the
retromylohyoid curtain, inferiorly by the floor of the
alveololingual sulcus, and lingually by the anterior tonsillary pillar
when the
tongue is in a relaxed position
retruded contact \r-tro o #dd kon#takt\: contact of a tooth or
teeth along the retruded path of closure. Initial contact of a
tooth or teeth during closure around a transverse horizontal axis
retruded contact position \r-tro o #dd kon#takt pa-zsh#an\:
that
guided occlusal relationship occurring at the most retruded position of the condyles in the joint cavities. A position that may be
more retruded than the centric relation position
re tru sion \r-tro o #shun\ vb : movement toward the posterior
re tru sive \r-tro o #sv\ adj : denotes a posterior location
reverse articulation \r-vu rs# ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: an occlusal
relationship in which the mandibular teeth are located facial to
the opposing maxillary teeth; the maxillary buccal cusps are
positioned in the central fossae of the mandibular teeth
reverse articulation teeth \r-vu rs# ar-tk#ya-l a#shun t eth\:
posterior
teeth designed to accommodate the buccal cusps of the maxillary
teeth positioned in the fossae of the mandibular teeth
reverse curve \r-vu rs# kurv\: a curve of occlusion defined by the cusp
tips and incisal edges which, when viewed in the sagittal plane, is
curved upward or in a cephalic mannercomp CURVE OF SPEE
reverse occlusal curve: see REVERSE CURVE
reverse swallow: see TONGUE THRUSTING
reversible hydrocolloid \r-vu r#sa-bal h #dra-kol#oid#\: colloidal
gels in which the gelation is brought about by cooling and can be
re- turned to the sol condition when the temperature is
sufficiently increased
reversible splint \r-vu r#sa-bal splnt\: any means of stabilizing teeth
that does not irreversibly alter the structure of the teeth
Richmond crown [C.M. Richmond, U.S. dentist (1835-1902)] obs
1: a dowel-retained crown made for an endodontically treated
tooth using aDENTISTRY

porcelain facing 2: an artificial crown consisting of a
metal base that fits the prepared abutment of the natural tooth and
carries a post or pivot for insertion into the endodontically treated
root canal: a porcelain facing reinforces the metal backingcalled
also porcelain-faced dowel crown

DENTISTRY
Richmond crown scallop

d
Richmond CM. New method of attaching gold crowns to natural roots of

teeth. Am J Dent Sci 1878-79;12:425.
ridge \rj\ n (bef. 12c): an elevated body part; a long, narrow, raised
crestsee ALVEOLAR R., CENTER OF THE R., CREST OF
THE R., RESIDUAL R.
ridge augmentation \rj o g#men-t a#shun\: any procedure designed
to
enlarge or increase the size, extent, or quality of deformed residual
ridge
ridge crest \rj krest\: the highest continuous surface of the residual
ridge not necessarily coincident with the center of the ridge
ridge lap \rj lap\: the surface of an artificial tooth that has been shaped
to accommodate the residual ridge. The tissue surface of a ridge lap
design is concave and envelops both the buccal and lingual surfaces
of the residual ridge
ridge relation: see RIDGE RELATIONSHIP
ridge relationship \rj r-l a#shun-shp\: the positional relationship
of the mandibular residual ridge to the maxillary residual ridge
ridge resorption: see RESIDUAL RIDGE RESORPTION
ridge slope \rj slo p\ obs : the slope of the crest of the mandibular
residual ridge from the third molar region to its most anterior
aspect in relation to the inferior border of the mandible as viewed
in profile (GPT-4)
rigid connector \rj#d ka-nek#tar\: a cast, soldered, or fused union between the retainer(s) and pontic(s)
ring less investment technique: an investing technique that uses a removable paper or plastic cylindrical outer form permitting unrestricted expansion of the investment by comparison to the use of
a steel casting ring
Roach clasp [Finnis Ewing (Frank) Roach, U.S. prosthodontist, educator, and inventor, (1865-1960)]: eponymsee INFRABULGE
CLASP
Roach FE. Principles and essentials of bar clasp partial dentures. J Amer Dent
Assoc 1930;17:124-38.
Rochette Bridge [Alain L. Rochette, French physician and dentist]: a

resin-bonded fixed dental prosthesis incorporating holes within the
metal framework and lutes to the lingual aspect of teeth adjacent to
an edentulous space that replaces one or more teeth see RESINBONDED PROSTHESIS
Rochette, Alain L. Attachment of a splint to enamel of lower anterior teeth
JPD 1973; 30:418-23.
Rockwell hardness number: (RHN) a hardness measurement obtained from the depth of indentation after use of either a steel
ball or conical diamond point. The Rockwell hardness number is
designated to the particular indenter and load employed
(Rockwell C, Rockwell M, etc.)
rod \rod\ n (bef. 12th cent.): the photoreceptor in the retina that contains a light-sensitive pigment capable of initiating the process of
scotopic vision, i.e., low intensity for achromatic sensations only
1
roent gen \rent#gan, -jan, runt#-\ adj [W. C. Roentgen, German
physicist (1845-1923)]: relating to x-rays
2
roent gen \rent#gan, -jan, runt#-\ n (ca. 1929): the international unit
of measurement of x- or gamma radiation in airabb r or R
roentgen ray \rent#gan, -jan, runt#- r a\ n, often cap 1st R (1898) 1:
the
electromagnetic radiation [greater than 100eV] emitted from a
highly evacuated tube, excited by the bombardment of the target
anode with a stream of electrons from a heated cathode 2: electromagnetic radiation produced by the excitation of the inner orbital
electron of an atom
roent gen o gram \rent#gan-a-gram, -jan-, runt#-\ n (1904): a photograph made with x-rays
roent gen o graph \rent#gan-a-graf, -jan-, runt#-\ n (ca. 1905): a
shadow image record made on a sensitized film or plate by roentgen rays
roentgenographic interpretation \rent#gan-a-graf#k n-tu
r#prt a#shun\ obs : an opinion formed from the study of a

roentgeno- graph (GPT-1)
framework DENTISTRY
scal lop \skol#ap\ n (15c): one of a continuous series of circles
2
scal lop \skol#ap\ vt (1737): to shape, cut, or finish in scallops; segments or angular projections forming a border
l
root \ro o t, root\ n (bef. 12c): the portion of the tooth apical to the
cementoenamel junction that is normally covered by cementum
and is attached to the periodontal ligament and hence to the
supporting bone
root form endosteal dental implant \ro o t form n-dos#t e-al
den#tl
m#plant\: an endosteal dental implant shaped in the approximate
form of a tooth root
root fracture \ro o t frak#chur\: a microscopic or macroscopic
cleavage
of the root in any direction
rotating condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
ro ta tion \ro -t a#shun\ n (1555) 1: the action or process of rotating
on or as if on an axis or center 2: the movement of a rigid body
in which the parts move in circular paths with their centers on a
fixed line called the axis of rotation. The plane of the circle in
which the body moves is perpendicular to the axis of rotation
rotation center \ro -t a#shun sen#tur\: a point around which all
other
points in a body move
rotation line obs : see FULCRUM LINE
rotational path removable partial denture \ro -t a#shun-al path
r e- mo o v#a-bal par#shal den#chur\: a partial removable dental
prosthesis that incorporates a curved, arcuate, or variable path of
placement allowing one or more of the rigid components of the
framework to gain access to and engage an undercut area
rouge \ro o zh\ n (1753): a compound composed of ferric oxide
and
binders used for imparting a high luster to a polished surface, glass,
metal, or gems
RPD: acronym for Removable Partial Denture (now termed a Partial
Removable Dental Prosthesis)
RPI: acronym for Rest, Proximal Plate, and I-BAR; the clasp components of one type of partial removable dental prosthesis clasp assembly
ruga \ro o #ga\ n, pl gae \-ge#, -g \ (ca. 1775): an anatomic fold or
wrinkleusually used in the plural sense; the irregular fibrous connective tissue ridges located in the anterior third of the hard palate
rugae area: see RUGA
rugae zone: see RUGA
S
sad dle n, obs : see DENTURE BASE
saddle pontic obs : a pontic with a broad concave facio-lingual area of
contact with the residual ridge. It is also know as a ridge lap
pontic. This type of pontic is known to be uncleanseable and result
in tissue irritation at the area of contact with the ridge mucosa
sag it tal \saj#-tl\ adj (1541): situated in the plane of the cranial sagittal suture or parallel to that planeusage: see SAGITTAL
PLANE
sagittal axis \saj#-tl ak#ss\: an imaginary anteroposterior line around
which the mandible may rotate when viewed in the frontal plane
sagittal axis of the mandible: see SAGITTAL AXIS
sagittal plane \saj#-tl pl an\: any vertical plane or section parallel to
the median plane of the body that divides a body into right and left
portions
sanitary bridge obs : see HYGIENIC PONTIC
sanitary pontic obs : a trade name originally designed as a manufactured convex blank with a slotted back. The name was used
occasio- naly as a synonym for a hygienic pontic, wherein the pontic
does not contact the residual ridge
sat u ra tion \sach#a-r a#shun\ n (1554): the attribute of color
perception that expresses the degree of departure from gray of
the same
lightness. All grays have zero saturation
scaf fold \skaf#ald\ n (14c): a supporting surface, either natural or
prosthetic, that maintains the contour of tissue; a supporting

DENTISTRY
scanning electron micrograph: a micrograph resulting from use of
electron microscopy in which specimens are coated with heavy
metal and scanned by an electron beam. The image is built up on
a monitor screen (in the same way as the raster builds a conventional television image). The resolution is less than transmission
electron microscopy, but preparation is easier (often by fixation followed by critical point drying), the depth of focus is relatively large
allowing significant magnification and observation of the specimen
surface
scattered radiation \skat#ard r a#d e- a#shun\: radiation that,
during passage through a substance, has been deviated in
direction. It may also have been modified by an increase in
wavelengths. It is one form of secondary radiation
scat ter ing \skat-a-rng\ n (14c): diffusion or redirection of radiant
energy encountering particles of different refractive index; scattering occurs at any such interface, at the surface, or inside a medium
containing particles
scattering coefficient \skat#ar-ng ko #-fsh#ant\: single scattering
coefficient of a particle in a medium of different refractive index, expressed as a ratio between scattering cross section and geometric
cross section of the particle. It should properly be called scattering
efficiency, but in popular use, called scattering coefficient
scotopic vision \ska-to #pk v#shun\: vision that occurs in faint light
or dark adaptation and is attributable to the retinal rods. The
maximum of the relative spectral visual sensitivity is shifted to
510 nm and the spectrum is seen uncolored
screw endosteal dental implant \skro o n-dos-t e-al den#tl mplant#\
1: any dental implant whose configuration resembles a screw 2:
any screw-shaped dental implant; it may be hollow or solid, and
usually consists of the dental implant abutment and the dental
implant
scribe \skr b\ vt; scrib ed \skr bd\ scrib ing \skr #bng\ (1678): to
write, trace, or mark by making a line or lines with a pointed
instrument
second stage dental implant surgery \sek#and staj den#tl m-plant
su r#ja-r e\ 1: for eposteal dental implant surgery, the term
refers to the procedure involving placement of the eposteal
framework fabricated after the first stage implant surgery 2: for
endosteal dental implant surgery, after surgical reflection, the
occlusal aspect of the dental implant is exposed, the cover screw is
removed, and either the interim or definitive dental implant
abutment is placed. After this, the investing tissues are (when
needed) sutured
secondary bonds \sek#an-der- e bondz\: weak inter-atomic bonds
arising from dipoles within atoms or molecules
secondary crown: see TELESCOPIC CROWN
secondary dentition: see PERMANENT DENTITION
secondary fracture \sek#an-der- e\: a fracture occurring as a
conse- quence of infection, necrosis or some other disease of the
bone secondary occlusal trauma \sek#an-der- e a-klo o #zal\: the
effects induced by occlusal force (normal or abnormal) acting on teeth
with decreased periodontal support
secondary pain \sek#an-der- e p an\: heterotopic pain and/or
secondary hyperalgesia induced by deep somatic pain as a central excitatory effect
sec tion \sek#shun\ n. the portion of a maxillofacial prosthesis that
serves to fill a defect as a part of the prosthesis.
sectional facial moulage impression: a procedure used to record the
soft tissue contours of a portion of the face. Occasionally several
separate sectional impressions are made, and then reassembled to
provide a full facial contour cast. The impression is utilized to
create a partial facial moulage and generally is not reusable
sectional impression \sek#shun-al m-presh#an\: a negative likeness
that is made in sections

seg ment \seg#mant\ n (1570): any of the parts into which a body naturally separates or is divided either actually or by an imaginary line
or plane
Seibert classification: the classification of residual alveolar ridge form
into three categories identified as class I, II and III. Class I defectsfaciolingual loss of tissue width with normal ridge height;
scanning electron micrograph shell crown

d
class II defectsloss of ridge height with normal ridge width; class

III defectsa combination of loss in both dimensions
Seibert JS Reconstruction of deformed, partially edentulous ridges, using
full thickness onlay grafts. Part I. Technique and wound healing.
Compend Contin Educ Dent 1983;4: 437-53
selective grinding: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING

self-curing resin: see AUTOPOLYMERIZING RESIN
self-separating plaster \self-sep#a-r at#ng plas#tar\ obs : an
impression plaster that disintegrates in hot water (GPT-4)
self-threading pin \self-thred#ng pn\: a pin screwed into a hole prepared in dentin to enhance retention
sella turcica \sel-la tur-s e#ka\: a cephalometric landmark in the geometric center of the pituitary fossa of the spheroid bone; a bony anatomic landmark
semi-adjustable articulator \sem# e-a-just#a-bal ar-tk#ya-l a-tor\:
an articulator
that allows adjustment to replicate average
mandibular movementscalled also Class III articulator
semiprecious metal alloy \sem# e-presh#as met#l al#oi#, a-loi#\: an
alloy composed of precious and base metals. There is no distinct
ratio of components separating semiprecious alloys from another
group
semiprecision attachment: a laboratory fabricated rigid metallic extension (patrix) of a fixed or removable dental prosthesis that fits
into a slot-type keyway (matrix) in a cast restoration, allowing
some movement between the componentscomp PRECISION
ATTACHMENT
semiprecision rest \sem# e-pr-szh#an rest\: a rigid metallic
extension of a fixed or removable dental prosthesis that fits into
an intracoronal preparation in a cast restoration
senile atrophy: see AGE ATROPHY
separating medium \sep#a-r at#ng m e#d e-am\ 1: a coating applied
to a surface and serving to prevent a second surface from
adhering to the first 2: a material, usually applied on an
impression, to facilitate removal of the cast
sep tum \sep#tum\ n, pl sep ta \sep#ta\ (1726): a dividing wall or membrane, especially between bodily spaces or masses
sequestrum: a portion of devitalized bone entirely separated from the
adjacent vital bone
sequestrectomy: surgical removal of a sequestrum
setting expansion \set#tng k-span#shun\: the dimensional increase
that occurs concurrent with the hardening of various materials,
such as plaster of paris, dental stone, die stone, and dental casting
investment
setup v, obs : see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
sex tant \sekst*nt\:n New Latin sextant-, sextans, from Latin, sixth part
of anything, from sextus sixth +-ant-,-ans -ant: 1: the sixth part of a
circle 2: an instrument for measuring altitudes of celestial bodies
from a moving ship or airplane with a maximum angle of 60 degrees
between its reflecting mirrors 3: in dentistry, a subdivision of the
dental arch by adjacent tooth grouping. The maxillary and mandibular arches may be divided into a total of 6 areas termed sextants. In
the maxilla, the right posterior sextant extends from tooth # 1-5,
the anterior maxillary sextant extends from tooth #6-11, and the
left posterior maxillary sextant extends from #12-16. The mandibular arch may be divided into three similar sextants: teeth # 17-21,
# 22-27 and #28-32comp OCTANT
shade \sh ad\ n 1: a term used to describe a particular hue, or
variation of a primary hue, such as a greenish shade of yellow 2: a
term used to describe a mixture with black (or gray) as opposed to
a tint that is a mixture with whitesee TOOTH COLOR
SELECTION
shade selection: see TOOTH COLOR SELECTION
shearing stress \shr#ng stres\: the internal induced force that
opposes the sliding of one plane on an adjacent plane or the force
that resists a twisting action
shellac base \sha-lak# b as\ obs: a record base constructed using a
shellac-based wafer that has been adapted to the cast with heat (GPT4) shell crown \shel kroun\ obs 1: an artificial full-veneer crown
swaged from metal plate 2: an artificial crown that is adapted like a

DENTISTRY
shell

DENTISTRY
shell crown spectrophotometric curve

d
or cap over the remaining clinical crown of a tooth; the space between the crown and the shell is filled with cementcalled also
cap crown
shim stock n : a thin (8-12 micrometer) strip of polyester film used to
identify the presence or absence of occlusal or proximal contacts
shoulder finish line \shol#dar fn#sh l n\ n : a finish line design
for tooth preparation in which the gingival floor meets the external
axial surfaces at approximately a right angle
shrink-spot porosity \shrngk-spot pa-ros#-t e\: an area of porosity
in
cast metal that is caused by shrinkage of a portion of the metal as it
solidifies from the molten state without flow of additional molten
metal from surrounding areas
side shift: see MANDIBULAR TRANSLATION
si li ca \sl#-ka\ n (ca 1301): silicon dioxide occurring in crystalline,
amorphous, and usually impure forms (as quartz, opal, and sand,
respectively)
silica-bonded investment: a casting investment with ethyl silicate or a
silica gel as a binder, the latter reverting to silica upon heating.
This is combined with cristobalite or quartz as the refractory
material. Such investments exhibit considerable thermal expansion
and can be used when casting higher fusing chromium alloys
silent period \s #lant pr# e-ad\: a momentary electromyographic
decrease in elevator muscle activity on initial tooth contact
presumably due to the inhibitory effect of stimulated
periodontal membrane receptors
simple fracture \sm#pl frak#chur\: a linear bony fracture that is not in
communication with the exterior
simple joint \sm#pul joint\: a joint in which only two bones articulate
simulation film \sm#ya-l a#shun flm\: radiographs made with
the same field size, source-to-skin distance, and orientation as a
therapy beam to mimic the beam and for visualization of the treated
volume
on a radiograph
single crystal sapphire \sng#gal krs#tal saf# r\: a material
composed of a single crystalline alpha aluminum oxide that is
identical in crystalline structure to a gem sapphire
single denture construction \sng#gal den#chur kun-struk#shun\ obs :
the making of a maxillary or mandibular denture as distinguished
from a set of complete dentures (GPT-1)
1
sinter \sn#tar\ n (1780): a deposit formed by evaporation of lake or
spring water
2
sinter \sn#tar\ vt (1871): to cause to become a coherent mass by
heating without melting
sinus tract: an abnormal passage from a pathological process to an external surface
sialorrhea: excessive flow of saliva
skia graph \sk #a-graf#, -graf#\ n (1801) obs 1: a figure formed by
shading in the outline of a shadow 2: a radiographcalled also
skia- gram (GPT-1)
sleeper \sl e#par\: slang for any dental implant body not used for
support and stabilization of a dental prosthesis
sliding movement: see TRANSLATION
slotted attachment: see PRECISION ATTACHMENT
1
sluice \slo o s\ n (14c): an artificial passage for water fitted with a
valve or gate for stopping or regulating the flow
2
sluice \slo o s\ vb sluic ed \slo o sd\ sluic ing \slo o #sng\ vt
(1593) 1: to
draw off by or via a sluice 2: to wash with or in water through or
from a sluice 3: to drench with a sudden flow
SNA angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-A pointin cephalometrics, an
angle measuring the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary
basal arch to the anterior cranial base; it shows the degree of maxillary prognathism
snap impression obs : see PRELIMINARY IMPRESSION
SNB angle: acronym for Sella-Nasion-B pointin cephalometrics, an
angle showing the anterior limit of the mandibular basal arch in relation to the anterior cranial base
sock et \sok#t\ (15c): any opening or hollow that forms a holder for

something, e.g., a tooth
soft palate \soft, soft pal#t\: the movable part of the palatal anatomy
posterior to the hard palate
soft palate obturator: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
soft splint \soft, soft splnt\: a resilient device covering either the maxillary or the mandibular teeth for the purpose of preventing trauma
to the dentition or acting as a deprogrammer
1
sol der \sod#ar\ n (15c): a fusible metal alloy used to unite the edges
or surfaces of two pieces of metal; something that unites or cements
2
sol der \sod#ar\ v, sol der ed \sod#ard\ sol der ing \sod#ar-ng\
solder a bil i ty \sod#ar-a-bl#-t e\ nsol der er \sod#ar-er\
n : to
unite, bring into, or restore to a firm union; the act of uniting
two pieces of metal by the proper alloy of metals
soldering antiflux: a material, such as iron oxide (rouge) dissolved in a
suitable solvent such as turpentine placed on a metal surface to
confine the flow of molten solder
soldering flux: a material such as borax glass (Na2B4O7) applied to a
metal surface to remove oxides or prevent their formation in order
to facilitate the flow of solder
soldering index: 1: a mold used to record the relative position of
multiple cast restorations prior to investing for a soldering
procedure.
2: a rigid resin connection between multiple cast restorations
fixing their relative position prior to a soldering procedure
solidification porosity \sa-ld#a-f-k a#shun pa-ros#-t e\: a
porosity that may be produced by improper spruing or improper
heating of either the metal or the investment
so ma to pros thet ics \so -mat#a-pros-thet#ks\ n (ca. 1950): the
art and science of prosthetic replacement of external parts of the
body that are missing or deformed
son i cate \son#-k at\ vt cat ed \-k a#td\ -cat ing \-k a#tng\
(1961): to disrupt (i.e. bacteria) by means of application of high
frequency
sound waves son i ca tion \son#-k a#shun\
n
space \sp as\ n (14c): a delimited, three-dimensional region;
physical space independent of what occupies itsee DENTURE
S., IN- TERPROXIMAL S., INTERRADICULAR S.,
RETROMYLO- HYOID S.
space of Donders [F.C. Donders]: eponym for the space that lies
above the dorsum of the tongue and below the hard and soft
palates when the mandible and tongue are in the rest position
Donders FC. Ueber den Mechanismus des Saugens. Pflugers Archiv fur die
Gesamte Physiologie Des Menschen Und Der Tiere. 1875;10:91-4.
span length \span lengkth\: the length of a beam between two supports
spat u la \spach#a-la\ n (1525): a flat-bladed instrument used for mixing or spreading materials
1
spat u late \spach#a-lt\ adj (1760): shaped like a spatula
2
spat u late \spach#a-lt\ vt -ed/-ing/-s: to work or treat with a spatula
spat u la tion \spach#a-l a#shun\ v : the manipulation of material
with a spatula to produce a homogenous mass
speaking space \sp e#kng sp as\: the space that occurs between the
incisal or/and occlusal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular
teeth during speech
spectral curve: see SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CURVE
spectral reflection \spek#tral r-flek#shun\: reflection in which the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. Associated with
objects having optically smooth (glossy) surfacescalled also mirrored reflection
spec tro pho tom e ter \spek#tro -fo -tom#-tar\ n : a photometry
device for the measurement of spectral transmissions,
reflectance, or
relative emissions. Spectrophotometers are normally equipped
with dispersion optics (prism or grating) to give a continuous
spectral curve
spectrophotometric
DENTISTRY
curve \spek#tro -fo -ta-met#rk ku rv\: a curve
measured on a spectrophotometer hence, a graph of relative reflectance
or transmittance (or absorption) as the ordinate, plotted versus
wavelengths or frequency as the abscissa. The most common curves
in the visible region use wavelength units of a nanometer, with the

DENTISTRY
spectrophotometric curve stain

d
short wavelength to the left of the scale. The word spectral is frequently used in place of the longer spectrophotometric, but they
are not necessarily synonymous
spec trum \spek#trum\ n 1: band of colors produced when sunlight is
passed through a prism 2: spatial arrangements of components of
radiant energy in order of their wavelengths, wave numbers, or frequency
spec tral adj

speech aid \sp ech ad\: any therapy or any instrument, apparatus, or
device used to improve speech quality
speech aid prosthesis \sp ech ad pros-th e#ss\: a removable
maxillofacial prosthesis used to restore an acquired or congenital defect of
the soft palate with a portion extending into the pharynx to separate the oropharynx and nasopharynx during phonation and deglutition, thereby completing the palatopharyngeal sphinctersyn
ADULT S.A.P., PEDIATRIC S.A.P.called also pharyngeal
s.a.p, cleft palate prosthesis
speech aid prosthesis modification \sp ech ad pros-th e#ss mod#afk a#shun\: any revision of a pediatric or adult speech aid
prosthesis not necessitating its replacement
speech articulation \sp ech ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\ 1: the production of
individual sounds in connected discourse 2: the movement and
placement during speech of the organs that serve to interrupt or
modify the voiced or unvoiced air stream into meaningful sounds
3: the speech function performed largely through the movements
of the lower jaw, lips, tongue, and soft palate
speech bulb: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
speech prosthesis: see SPEECH AID PROSTHESIS
spherical form of occlusion \sfr#-kal, sfer#- form uv a-klo o
#shun\ obs : an arrangement of teeth that places their occlusal
surfaces on the surface of an imaginary sphere (usually 8 inches in
diameter) with its center above the level of the teeth (GPT-4)
sphinc ter \sfngk#ter\ n (1578): a ringlike band of muscle fibers that
constricts to close an orifice or passage
spider partial \sp #dar par#shal\ substand : a unilateral partial
removable dental prosthesis
1
splint \splnt\ n (14c) 1: a rigid or flexible device that maintains in position a displaced or movable part; also used to keep in place and
protect an injured part 2: a rigid or flexible material used to protect,
immobilize, or restrict motion in a partsee ANDERSON S., CAP
S., ESSIG S., FUNCTIONAL OCCLUSAL S., GUNNINGS S.,
INTERDENTAL S., KINGSLEY S., LABIAL S., LINGUAL
S., PROVISIONAL S., RESIN-BONDED S., SOFT
S., SURGICAL S., WIRE S.
2
splint \splnt\ v (1543): to immobilize, support, or brace
splint ing \spln#tng\ v 1: in dentistry, the joining of two or more
teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed or removable restorations
or devices 2: in physiology, prolonged muscle spasms that inhibit
or prevent movement
split-cast method \splt-kast meth#ad\ obs 1: a procedure for placing
indexed casts on an articulator to facilitate their removal and replacement on the instrument 2: the procedure of checking the ability of an articulator to receive or be adjusted to a
maxillomandibular relation record (GPT-4)
split-cast mounting \splt-kast moun#tng\: a method of mounting
casts wherein the dental casts base is sharply grooved and keyed
to the mounting rings base. The procedure allows verifying the
accuracy of the mounting, ease of removal and replacement of
the casts
split-dowel crown \splt-dou#al kroun\ obs : an artificial crown supported and retained by a dowel that was split longitudinally in an
attempt to use spring retention in an undersized dowel space
split-thickness graft \splt-thk#ns graft\: a transplant of skin or mucous membrane consisting of epithelium and a portion of the der-
spontaneous fracture \spon-t a#n e-us frak#chur\: a fracture

occurring without any external injury trauma-also called
pathologic fracture
spoon denture \spo o n\ obs : a maxillary provisional removable
dental
prosthesis, without clasps, whose palatal resin base resembles the
shape of a spoon. The resin base does not contact the lingual surfaces of the teeth and is confined to the central portion of the palate.
It was often used during periodontal treatment because the resin
mis
spontaneous anterior dislocation: see MANDIBULAR DISLOCATION

base extension did not promote plaque accumulation around the
teeth and permitted surgical procedures to be performed
sports dentistry \sports, spo rts den#t-str e\: all aspects of dentistry,
either preventive or therapeutic, directly or indirectly involved
with sports and recreation
spot grinding: see OCCLUSAL RESHAPING
spring plate \sprng pl at\ obs : according to James Harrison
Prothero, DDS, Emeritus Professor of Prosthetic Dentistry and
Metallurgy at Northwestern University Dental School, Chicago,
IL, a spring plate was a denture molded over the cast of a
mouth with teeth bearing the relation to each other as stated (ed.
note: providing lingual undercuts), which would spring as it
passes over the points of nearest approach of the teeth involved and
resume its normal width without undue lateral pressure when
firmly seated on the oral tissuescalled also spring lock bridge
sprue \spro o \ n (1880) 1: the channel or hole through which plastic
or
metal is poured or cast into a gate or reservoir and then into a mold
2: the cast metal or plastic that connects a casting to the residual
sprue button
sprue button \spro o but#n\: the material remaining in the reservoir
of the mold after a dental casting
sprue former \spro o fo r#mar\: a wax, plastic, or metal pattern used
to
form the channel or channels allowing molten metal to flow into a
mold to make a casting
sprue pin: see SPRUE FORMER
stab il ize vb -liz ed; -liz ing vt, stabilization v (1861) 1: to make
firm, steadfast, stable 2: to hold steady, as to maintain the stability
of any object by means of a stabilizer
sta bil i ty \sta-bl#-t e\ (15c) 1: that quality of maintaining a
constant character or position in the presence of forces that
threaten to dis- turb it; the quality of being stable; to stand or
endure 2: the quality of a removable dental prosthesis to be firm,
steady, or constant, to resist displacement by functional horizontal
or rotational stresses 3. resistance to horizontal displacement of a
prosthesissee
DENTURE
S.,
DIMENSIONAL
S.,
OCCLUSAL S.
sta b i li za tion \st a#ba-l-z a#shun\ n, obs : the seating of a fixed or
removable denture so that it will not tilt or be displaced under
pressure (GPT-1)
stab il ize \st a#ba-l z#\ vb -liz ed \l zd\ -liz ing \l -zng\ vt,
stabilization \st a#ba-l-z a#shun\ v (1861) 1: to make firm, steadfast,
stable
2: to hold steady, as to maintain the stability of any object by
means of a stabilizer
stabilized base plate: see STABILIZED RECORD BASE
stabilized record base \st a#ba-l zd rek#ard b as\: a record base
lined with a material to improve its fit and adaptation to the
underlying supporting tissues
stabilizing circumferential clasp arm \st a#ba-l #zng sar-kum#fare- n#shul klasp arm\: a circumferential clasp arm that is relatively
rigid and contacts the height of contour of the tooth
1
stain \st an\ n (1583) 1: a soiled or discolored spot; a spot of color in
contrast to the surrounding area 2: a preparation used in staining
3: in dentistry, the discoloration of a tooth surface or surfaces as a
result of ingested materials, bacterial action, tobacco, and/or
other substances. This may be intrinsic, extrinsic, acquired, or
developmental
2
stain \st an\ vb (14c) 1: to suffuse with color 2: to color by processes
affecting chemically or otherwise the material itself 3: in dentistry,
to intentionally alter restorations through the application of intrinsic or extrinsic colorants to achieve a desired effect, best termed
characterization or to characterize a restoration

DENTISTRY
stanch sublingual crescent

d
stanch \stwnch\ v 1: to check or stop the flow of; also: to stop the flow
of blood from (a wound) 2 a: to stop or check in its course 2b: to
make watertight: stop up
standard illuminant \stan#dard -lo o #ma-nant\: the illuminants A,
B.
C, D (and others) defined by the CIE in terms of their relative
power distribution curves. A is an illuminant with a Planckion
temperature of approximately 2854 K. It is intended to represent
a common tungsten filament source. B approximates solar
radiation4870 Kand is obsolete. C is average daylight,
6740 K. D is daylight with the near ultraviolet source included
standard light source \stan#dard l t so rs, so rs\: a reference light
source whose spectral power distribution is known
standard observer \stan#dard ob-zu r#vur\: a hypothetical
observer
with a visual response mechanism possessing the calorimetric properties defined by the CIE in 1931 as representative of the human
population having normal color vision
standard of care: the level of care that reasonably prudent healthcare
providers in the same or a similar locality would provide under similar circumstances
stat ic \stat#k\ adj : related to bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium
static fatigue \stat#k fa-t eg\: the delayed failure of glass and
ceramic materials resulting from stress enhanced
chemical
reactions aided by water vapor acting on surface cracks. Analogous
to stress corrosion occurring in metals
static relation \stat#k r-l a#shun\: the relationship between two
parts
that are not in motion
stay plate n obj: see INTERIM DENTAL PROSTHESIS
Steinmanns pin [Fritz Steinmann, Swiss surgeon, 1872-1932]: eponym for a firm metal pin that is sharpened on one end; used for
the internal fixation of fractures
steam cleaning: the process of debris removal from a restoration,
framework or dental prosthesis through use of pressurized steam
sten o sis \sta-no #ss\ n, pl -no ses (ca. 1860): a narrowing or
constric- tion in the diameter of a passage or orificeste not ic
\sta-not#k\ adj
stent \stent\ n [Charles R. Stent, English dentist, 18??-1901]: eponym
for any supplementary prosthesis used in conjunction with a surgical procedure to keep a skin graft in place; often modified with
acrylic resin or dental modeling impression compound that was
previously termed Stents mass; also refers to any device or mold
used to hold a skin graft in place or provide support for anastomosed structures see NASAL S., SURGICAL S.
ste reo graph \ster# e-o -graf#, str#-\ n (1859): an instrument that
records mandibular movement in three planes. Engraving,
milling, or
burnishing the recording medium by means of styli, teeth, abrasive
rims, or rotary instruments thus obtains the registrations
stereographic record \ster# e-a-graf#k\: an intra or extraoral
recording
of mandibular movement as viewed in three planes in which the
registrations are obtained by engraving, milling, or burnishing
the recording medium by means of studs, rotary instruments, styli,
teeth, or abrasive rims
ster ile \ster#al\ adj (1558): free from living microorganisms; aseptic
sterile technique \ster#al tek-n ek#\: a standard surgical technique in
which an aseptic area is established and maintained, including
proper sterilization of instruments, drapes, gowns, gloves, and
the surgical area. With respect to dental implant placement, the systematic maintenance of asepsis with special emphasis on non-contamination of instruments and implant elements throughout an
implant placement procedure
ster il i za tion \ster#a-l -z a#shun\ n : the process of completely
eliminating microbial viability
stip ple \stp#al\ vt stip pled \st#puld\ stip pling \stp#lng\ (1760) 1:
to engrave by means of dots or/and flicks 2: to make small short
touches that together produce an even or softly graded shadow
3: to speckle or fleckstip pler \stp#lar\ n
stock tray \coll : a metal prefabricated impression tray typically

available in various sizes and used principally for preliminary
impres- sionscomp CUSTOM TRAY
sto ma \sto #ma\ n, pl sto ma ta \sto #ma-ta\, also sto mas \sto
#mas\ (ca 1684) 1: any simple bodily opening 2: an artificial
permanent
opening usually made surgically
sto mat o gnath ic \sto -mat#a-n a#thk\ n : denoting the jaws
and mouth collectively
stomatognathic system \sto -mat#a-n a#thk ss#tum\: the
combination
of structures involved in speech, receiving, mastication, and deglutition as well as parafunctional actions
sto ma tol o gy \sto #ma-tol#a-j e\ n : the study of the structures,
functions, and diseases of the mouth
stone n : see DENTAL STONE
stone die: see MODEL, REPLICA
stop clasp \stop klasp\ obs : as described by James Harrison Prothero,
DDS, the stop clasp was an early forerunner to the conventional
clasp assembly by the addition of a lug (occlusal rest) to the retentive and reciprocal clasp assembly
Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico-Dental
Publishing Co., 1916:332.
strain \str an\: change in length per unit length when stress is applied;
the change in length/original length
stress \stres\ n (14c): force per unit area; a force exerted on one body
that presses on, pulls on, pushes against, or tends to invest or compress another body; the deformation caused in a body by such a
force; an internal force that resists an externally applied load or
force. It is normally defined in terms of mechanical stress, which
is the force divided by the perpendicular cross sectional area over
which the force is appliedsee COMPRESSIVE S., SHEARING
S., TENSILE S.
stress-bearing area: see STRESS-BEARING REGION
stress-bearing region \stres-bar#ng\ 1. the surfaces of oral
structures that resist forces, strains, or pressures brought on
them during function 2: the portion of the mouth capable of
providing support for a denturesee
also DENTURE
FOUNDATION AREA
stress breaker: see STRESS DIRECTOR
stress concentration: an area or point of significantly higher stress associated with a structural discontinuity such as a crack or pore; a
marked change in dimension of a structure
stress director \stres d-rek#tar, d -\: a device or system that
relieves specific dental structures of part or all of the occlusal
forces and re- directs those forces to other bearing structures or
regions
stress-strain curve: the graphic representation of the tensile or compressive stress and associated strain of a material
study cast obs: see DIAGNOSTIC CAST
stylus tracing \st #lus tr a#sng\: a planar tracing that resembles an
arrowhead or gothic arch made by means of a device attached
to the opposing arches. The shape of the tracing depends on the
location of the marking point relative to the tracing table, i.e., in
the incisal region as opposed to posteriorly. The apex of a
properly made anterior tracing is considered to indicate the
centric relation position, called also arrow-point tracing, gothic
arch tracing, needlepoint tracingsee CENTRAL BEARING
TRACING DEVICE
sub antral augmentation \sub#an-tral o g#men-t a#shun\:
augmentation of the antral floor with autologous bone or bone substitutes
to provide a host site for dental implants called also, SINUS
LIFT, ANTHROPLASTY
subcondylar fracture \sub-kon#d-lar frak#chur\: a fracture beneath
the condylar head and within the condylar neck
subdermal implant: see MUCOSAL INSERT
subgingival margin: the restoration margin or tooth preparation finish line that is located apical to the free gingival tissue
sub lin gual \sub#lng#gwal\ adj (1661): pertaining to the region or

structures located beneath the tongue
sublingual crescent \sub#lng#gwal kres#ant\: the crescent shaped area
on the anterior floor of the mouth formed by the lingual wall of the

DENTISTRY
mandible and the adjacent sublingual fold. It is the area of the anterior alveolingual sulcus
sublingual fold \sub#lng#gwal fo ld\: the crescent-shaped area on
the
floor of the mouth following the inner wall of the mandible and tapering toward the molar region. The sublingual gland and submaxillary duct form it
sublingual fossa \sub#lng#gwal fos#a\: a smooth depression on the
lingual surface of the body of the mandible near the midline, above
the mylohyoid line and below the alveolus. This fossa accommodates part of the sublingual gland
sub lux a tion \sub#luk-s a#shun\ n (ca. 1688): an incomplete or
partial
dislocation
that
is
self-reducing
see
CONDYLAR
SUBLUXATION
submersible endosteal implant obj : see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL
IMPLANT
submersible implant obj : see ENDOSTEAL DENTAL IMPLANT
submucosal inserts: see MUCOSAL INSERT submucous cleft
palate: see OCCULT CLEFT PALATE subocclusal connector
\sub#a-klo o #zal ka-nek#tar\: an interproximal
nonrigid connector positioned apical to and not in communication
with the occlusal plane
subocclusal surface \sub#a-klo o #zal su r#fas\ obs : a portion of the
occlusal surface of a tooth that is below the level of the occluding
portion of the tooth (GPT-1)
subperiosteal dental implant \sub-per# e-os#t e-al den#tl mplant#\: an eposteal dental implant that is placed beneath the
periosteum while overlying the bony cortex first attributed
to Swedish Dentist, G.S. Dahl
Dahl, GS 1943. Om mojlighenten for implantation, kaken av metall skelett
som bas eller retention for fasta eller avatagbara protesor, Odontol.Foren.
Tidskr 51:440.
Goldberg, NI, and Gershkoff, A. 1949. The implant lower denture, Dent
Digest 55:490.
Linkow, LI. 1984 Evolutionary Design Trends in the Mandibular
Subperiosteal Implant, J Oral Implant 11:402-438.
subperiosteal dental implant abutment \sub-per# e-os#t e-al

den#tl m-plant a-but#mant\ obs : that portion of the implant
that pro- trudes through the mucosa into the oral cavity for the
retention or support of a crown or a fixed removable denture
(GPT-4)see ABUTMENT
subperiosteal dental implant substructure \sub-per# e-os-t e-al
mplant sub#struk#chur\: a cast metal framework that fits on the residual ridge beneath the periosteum and provides support for a dental
prosthesis by means of posts or other mechanisms protruding
through the mucosa; the implant body
subperiosteal dental implant superstructure \sub-per# e-os-t eal
den#tl m-plant# so o #par-struk#chur\: the metal framework,
usually within a removable dental prosthesis, that fits onto the
dental implant abutment(s) and provides retention for artificial
teeth and the denture base material of the prosthesis. It is a
structural component of the fixed or removable dental prosthesis
subperiosteal fracture \sub-per# e-os-t e-al frak#chur\: a bony
fracture occurring beneath the periosteum, without displacement
subtractive color system \sub-trak#tv ku#lar ss#tum\: the system
whereby light is removed by filtration or absorption from a white
source. The primary colors of the subtractive system are magenta,
cyan, and yellowcalled also pigment mixture color system
subtractive primary colors \sub-trak#tv pr #mer# e, -ma-r e\: the
primary colorant substances for pigment and filtering mixtures
typically evoking responses of cyan (blue-green), magenta (redblue), and yellow (red-green). The complementary colors of the
subtractive primary colors are red, green, and blue. Magenta is a
mixture of red and blue and is the complement of green. Cyan is a
mixture of blue and green and is the complement of red. Yellow is
a mixture of red and green and is the complement of blue

suck-back porosity coll : a shrinkage void in a solidified casting opposite the location of the sprue attachment, resulting from a heat
swell
sublingual crescent surgical obturator

d
and localized lingering of molten metal after the casting, as a

whole, has solidified
suction chamber \suk#shun cham#bar\ obs : relief provided in the midline palatal area of a maxillary denture in an attempt to obtain additional retention by means of the theoretical vacuum created
(GPT-4)
suction cup \suk#shun\ obs : a thin rubber disk, usually with a hole in
its center, which fits over a button that is larger in diameter than
the hole. This causes the disk to assume a cup shape. When
applied to the tissue surface of a denture, the cup attaches itself to
the mucous membrane by suction (GPT-1)
sulcular epithelium: see CREVICULAR EPITHELIUM
sul cus n : see GINGIVAL CREVICE
superimposed prosthesis: see OVERDENTURE
superjacent \soo-per-JAY-sunt\ adj: lying above or upon; overlying
su per struc ture \so o #par-struk#chur\ n : the superior part of a
fixed or removable dental prosthesis that includes the replacement
teeth and associated gingival/alveolar structures
1
sup port \sa-po rt, -po rt\ n (14c): the foundation area on which a
dental prosthesis rests. With respect to dental prostheses, the
resistance
to displacement away from the basal tissue or underlying structures
2
sup port \sa-po rt, -po rt\ vt (14c): to hold up, serve as a
foundation, or prop for
supporting area \sa-po rt#ng ar- e#a\ obs 1: the surface of the
mouth
available for support of a denture (GPT-1) 2: those areas of the
maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges that are considered
best suited to carry the forces of mastication when the dentures
are in function (GPT-1)
supporting cusps \sa-po rt#ng kusps\: those cusps or incisal edges of
teeth that contact in and support maximum intercuspation.
Usually facial cusps of the mandibular posterior teeth, the maxillary
palatal cusps, and the incisal edges of the mandibular anterior teeth
su pra bulge \so o #pra-bulj\ adj : that portion of a tooth or
crown that converges toward the occlusal surface, i.e., above the
height
of contour
suprabulge clasp \so o #pra-bulj klasp\: any partial removable
dental prosthesis retentive clasp that approaches the retentive
undercut from an occlusal or suprabulge direction
su pra erup tion \so o #pra--rup#shun\ n : movement of a tooth
or
teeth above the normal occlusal plane
su pra gin gi val \so o #pra-jn#ja-val\ adj 1: located above the
gingiva
2: that portion of a natural or artificial tooth that is coronal to the
gingival crest
su pra men tal e \so o #pra-men#t al\ n : a landmark representing
the deepest point of the symphyseal cavity between infradentale
and
pogonion
su pra oc clus ion \so o #pra-a-klo o #zhun\ n : malocclusion in
which the occluding surfaces of teeth extend beyond the normal
occlusal planecalled also overeruption
surface tension \su r#fas ten#shun\: a property of liquids in which the
exposed surface tends to contract to the smallest possible area, as
in the spherical formation of drops. This is a phenomenon attributed to the attractive forces, or cohesion, between the molecules
of the liquid
sur fac tant n : a surface active substance (as a detergent) applied to a
substrate to facilitate its wetting by another material
surgical baseplate: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
surgical guide:
see SURGICAL PROSTHESIS, SURGICAL
TEMPLATE
surgical maxillomandibular relation \su r#j-kal mak-sl#o
-man-
DENTISTRY
db#ya-lar r-l
a#shun\: the establishing and recording of the
correct vertical dimension and centric relation between a
surgically exposed bone surface and opposite arch at the time of
making a surgical bone impression
surgical obturator \su r#j-kal ob#ta-r a#tor\: a temporary
maxillofacial
prosthesis inserted during or immediately following surgical or
traumatic loss of a portion or all of one or both maxillary bones

DENTISTRY
surgical obturator temporomandibular disorders

d
and contiguous alveolar structures (i.e. gingival tissue, teeth).

Frequent revisions of surgical obturators are necessary during the
ensuing healing phase (approximately six months). Some dentists
prefer to replace many or all teeth removed by the surgical procedure with the surgical obturator, while others do not replace any
teeth. Further surgical revisions may require fabrication of another
surgical obturator (i.e., an initially planned small defect may be revised and greatly enlarged after the final pathologic report indicates
margins are not free of tumor)see INTERIM OBTURATOR
surgical occlusion rim \su r#j-kal a-klo o #zhun rm\: an occlusion
rim
used in recording surgical maxillomandibular relations
surgical prosthesis \su r#j-kal pros-th e#ss\: any ancillary
prosthesis prepared for insertion during a surgical procedure and
intended for short-term use
surgical splint \su r#j-kal splnt\: any ancillary prosthesis designed
to
utilize existing teeth and/or alveolar processes as points of anchorage to assist in stabilization and immobilization of broken bones
during healing. It is used to re-establish, as much as possible, normal occlusal relationships, during the process of immobilization.
Frequently, an existing prosthesis (i.e. a patients complete removable dental prosthesis) can be modified to serve as a surgical splint.
Frequently surgical splints have arch bars added to facilitate intermaxillary fixation. Rubber elastics may be used to assist in this
process. Circummandibular eyelet hooks can be utilized for
enhanced stabilization with wiring to adjacent bone syn CAST
METAL SPLINT,
FENESTRATED SPLINT,
GUNNING
SPLINT, KINGSLEY SPLINT, LABIOLINGUAL SPLINT,
MODIFIED GUNNING SPLINT
surgical stay plate: see SURGICAL OBTURATOR
surgical stent \su r#j-kal stent\: named for the dentist who first
described their use, Charles R. Stent, such ancillary prostheses
are used to apply pressure to soft tissues to facilitate healing and
prevent cicatrization
or collapsesyn COLUMELLAR
STENT, PERIODONTAL STENT, SKIN GRAFT STENT
surgical template \su r#j-kal tem#plt\ 1: a thin, transparent form
duplicating the tissue surface of a dental prosthesis and used as a
guide for surgically shaping the alveolar process 2: a guide used to
assist in proper surgical placement and angulation of dental
implants 3: a guide used to assist in establishing the desired
occlusion during orthognathic surgery
surface tension \su r#fas ten#shun\: a property of liquids in which
the
exposed surface tends to contract to the smallest possible area, as
in the spherical formation of drops; this is a phenomenon attributed to the attractive forces, or cohesion, between the molecules
of the liquid
sur vey \sur-v a#, su r#v a#\ v 1: to examine as to condition, value, or
situation; to appraise 2: to determine the form and position of a given
entity by means of taking linear and angular measurements 3: to inspect or scrutinize 4: the procedure of locating and delineating the
contour and position of the abutment teeth and associated structures before designing a removable partial denture (GPT-1)
sur vey ed, sur vey ing
survey line \su r#v a# l n\: a line produced on a cast by a surveyor
marking the greatest prominence of contour in relation to the planned
path of placement of a restoration
sur vey ing \sur-v a#ng\ n : an analysis and comparison of the
prominence of intraoral contours associated with the fabrication
of a dental prosthesis
sur vey or \sur-v a#or\ n (15c): a paralleling instrument used in
construction of a dental prosthesis to locate and delineate the
contours and relative positions of abutment teeth and associated

structures
sut ur ing \so o #chur-ng\ vt (1777): the process of uniting the
tissues separated by either a traumatic or a surgical wound in a
specific
manner using an appropriate material
1
swage \sw aj\ n (ca 1812): any tool used for shaping metal by
striking with a hammer or sledgehammer
swage \sw aj\ vt swaged \sw ajd\ swag ing \sw aj#ng\ (1881): to
shape a material by hammering or adapting it onto a die with a
swage instrument
swallowing threshold \swol#o -ng thresh#o ld\: the critical moment
of reflex action initiated by sufficient stimulation before the act of
deglutition
sympathetic nervous system \sm#pa-thet#k nu r#vas ss#tum\: the
part of the autonomic nervous system that responds to dangerous
or threatening situations by preparing a person physiologically for
fight or flight see PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
symphysis \sm#f-ss\ n, pl -physes (ca. 1578) 1: a type of
cartilaginous joint in which the opposed bony surfaces are firmly
united by a plate of fibrocartilage 2: the immovable dense
midline articulation of the right and left halves of the adult
mandible
symp tom \sm#tum, smp-\ n (14c): subjective evidence of disease or
physical disturbance; something that indicates the presence of a
bodily disorder
syn chro ny \sng#kra-n e, sn#-\ n (1848): the simultaneous
appearance of two separate events
syn drome \sn#dro m#\ n (1541): a group of symptoms that occur
together
synovial fluid \s-no #v e-al flo o #d\ : a viscid fluid contained in
joint cavities and secreted by the synovial membrane
synovial membrane: the articular membrane composed of specialized
endothelial cells capable of producing synovial fluid filling the
joint cavity surrounded by the membrane
systemic etiologic factors \s-stem#k e#t e-o -loj#k fak#turs\:
general- ized biologic factors that are implicated in the causation,
modification, and/or perpetuation of a disease entity
T
ta ble \t a#bal\ n (bef. 12c): a flat surface; a raised horizontal surface
see GUIDE T., OCCLUSAL T.
ta per: in dentistry, the convergence of two opposing external walls of
a tooth preparation as viewed in a given plane. The extension of
those average lines within that plane form an angle describe as
the angle of convergence
tech nic \tek#nk\ n (1855): a detailed procedure in the fabrication of a
prosthesisspelled also technique
tech nique \tek-n ek#\ n (1817): a body of technical methods; a
method of accomplishing a desired end; the method or procedure
and its details
telescopic coping: see COPING
telescopic crown \tel#a-skop#k kroun\: an artificial crown constructed
to fit over a coping (framework). The coping can be another
crown, a bar or any other suitable rigid support for the dental
prosthesis
telescopic denture: see OVERDENTURE
tem plate \tem#plt\ n (1877) 1: a pattern, mold, or gauge used as a
guide to form a piece being made 2: a curved or flat surface pattern
that is used as an aid in arranging teethsee also SURGICAL
TEMPLATE
temporary base: see RECORD BASE
temporary denture: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporary prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporary restoration: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS
temporomandibular articulation: see TEMPOROMANDIBULAR
JOINT
temporomandibular disorders \tem#pa-ro #man-db#ya-lar ds-o
r#
derz\ 1: conditions producing abnormal, incomplete, or impaired
function of the temporomandibular joint(s) 2: (obs) a collection
of symptoms frequently observed in various combinations first described by Costen (1934, 1937), which he claimed to be reflexes
DENTISTRY
due to irritation
of the auriculotemporal and/or chorda tympanic
nerves as they emerged from the tympanic plate caused by altered
anatomic relations and derangements of the temporomandibular
joint associated with loss of occlusal vertical dimension, loss of

DENTISTRY
posterior tooth support, and/or other malocclusions. The symptoms can include headache about the vertex and occiput, tinnitus,
pain about the ear, impaired hearing and pain about the tongue
acronym TMD
temporomandibular
dysfunction
syndrome:
see
TEMPOROMAN- DIBULAR DISORDERS
temporomandibular joint \tem#pa-ro #man-db#ya-lar joint\ 1:
the
articulation between the temporal bone and the mandible. It is a bilateral diarthrodial, bilateral ginglymoid joint 2: the articulation of
the condylar process of the mandible and the intraarticular disk
with the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporal
bone; a diarthrodial, sliding hinge (ginglymus) joint. Movement
in the upper joint compartment is mostly translational, whereas
that in the lower joint compartment is mostly rotational. The joint
connects the mandibular condyle to the articular fossa of the temporal bone with the temporomandibular disk interposed
derangement: see INTERNAL
DERANGEMENT
hypermobility \tem#pa-ro #mandb#ya- lar joint h #par-mo #bl#-t e\: excessive mobility of the
temporomandibular joint
temporomandibular joint remodeling: see REMODEL
temporomandibular joint syndrome: see TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
TENS: acronym for Transcutaneous Electrical Neural Stimulation
see TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NEURAL STIMULATION
tensile stress \ten#sal, -sl stres\: the internal induced force that resists
the elongation of a material in a direction parallel to the direction
of the stresses
ten sion \ten#shun\ n (1533): the state of being stretched, strained, or
extended
terminal hinge axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
terminal hinge position: see RETRUDED CONTACT POSITION
terminal jaw relation record \tu r#ma-nal jo r-l a#shun rek#ard\: a
record of the relationship of the mandible to the maxillae made in the
terminal hinge position
therapeutic prosthesis: see RADIATION CARRIER
thermal expansion \thu r#mal k-span#shun\: expansion of a
material caused by heat
ther mo plas tic \thu r#ma-plas#tk\ adj (1883): a characteristic or
property of a material that allows it to be softened by the application of heat and return to the hardened state on cooling
ther mo plas tic i ty n
thread \ thred\ n (before 12c) 1: a filament, a group of filaments
grouped together, or a filamentous length formed by spinning
and twisting short fibers into a continuous strand 2: a projecting
helical rib (as on a pipe) by which parts can be screwed together:
a screw thread
thread crest: the top part of the thread; for external threads, the thread
crest is the region of the thread which is on its outer surface,
whereas for internal threads it is the region which forms the inner
diameter
thread flank: the thread flanks join the thread roots to the crest of a
screw
thread root: the bottom of the thread where it meets the shaft of the
screw
thread run out: that portion at the end of a threaded shank which is
not cut or rolled to full depth, but which provides a transition between full depth threads and the fastener shank
threaded post: any post used for the restoration of endodontically
treated teeth that has a screw thread to engage radicular dentin
three-quarter crown obs : see PARTIAL VENEER CROWN
tic \tk\ n (ca. 1822): an intermittent, involuntary, spasmodic movement of a group of muscles, often without a demonstrable external
stimulus

T.I.D.: acronym for L. Ter In Die, three times a day
temporomandibular disorders tooth

d
tin foil \tn#foil#\ n (15c) 1: paper thin metal sheeting usually of a tinlead alloy or aluminum (a misnomer) 2: a base-metal foil used as a
separating material between the cast and denture base material during flasking and polymerizing
tinners joint: an overlapping folded joint between two abutting
sheets of metal of uneven length in which the longer portion is first
folded over the shorter after which the combined layers are folded
over once more resulting in a quadruple layer of material.
Originally used by tinsmiths to join sheets of tin. In dentistry,
used to secure a thin platinum matrix that is applied to a die of a
prepared tooth to support dental porcelain during firing
tin ni tus \tn#tus\ n (1843): a noise in the ears, often described as
ringing or roaring
tinted denture base \tnt#d den#chur b as\: a denture base with
coloring that simulates the color and shading of natural oral
tissues
tis sue \tsh#o o \ n (1771) 1: the various cellular combinations
that make up the body 2: an aggregation of similarly specialized
cells
united in the performance of a particular functionsee
HYPERPLASTIC TISSUE
tissue-bearing area: see DENTURE FOUNDATION AREA
tissue displaceability \tsh#o o ds-pl as#a-bl#-t e\ 1: the quality
of oral tissues that permits them to be placed in other than a
relaxed position 2: the degree to which tissues permit
displacement
tissue displacement \tsh#o o ds-pl as#mant\: the change in the form
or
position of tissues as a result of pressure. Frequently used to describe gingival tissue placement prior to impression making.
tissue integration \tsh#o o n#t-gr a#shun\: as clinically
observed,
the apparent direct and healthy attachment of living tissue to
an alloplastic material, i.e., a dental implantsee OSSEOUS
INTEGRATION
tissue molding: see BORDER MOLDING
tissue reaction \tsh#o o r e-ak#shun\: the response of tissues to
an altered condition
tissue registration \tsh#o o rej#-str a#shun\ obs 1: the accurate
registration of the shape of tissues under any condition by means of a suitable material (GPT-1) 2: an impression (GPT-1)
tissue trimming: see BORDER MOLDING
TMD: acronym for TemporoMandibular Disorderssee TEMPOROMANDIBULAR DISORDERS
to mo gram \tom#a-gram\ n (1940): a radiograph made by using a
to- mograph
1
to mo graph \tom#a-graf\ n : a device for moving an x-ray source in
one direction as the film moves in the opposite direction
2
to mo graph \tom#a-graf\ n : a radiograph produced from a
machine that has the source of radiation moving in one direction
and the
film moving in the opposite direction
to mo gra phy \to -mog#ra-f e\ n : a general term for a technique
that provides a distinct image of any selected plane through the
body, while the images of structures that lie above and below that
plane are blurred. Also, the term body-section radiography has been
applied to the procedure, although the several ways of
accomplishing it have been given distinguishing names
tongue habit \tung hab#t\: conscious or unconscious movements of
the tongue that are not related to purposeful functions. Such habits
may produce malocclusion or injuries to tissues of the tongue or
the attachment apparatus of the teeth
tongue thrusting \tung thrust-ng\: the infantile pattern of suckleswallow in which the tongue is placed between the incisor teeth
or alveolar ridges during the initial stages of deglutition, resulting
sometimes in an anterior open occlusion, deformation of the jaws,
and/or abnormal function
tooth \to o th\ DENTISTRY

n, pl teeth \t eth\ (bef. 12c): any hard calcified
structure
in the alveolar processes of the maxilla or mandible used for mastication of food, or a similar structuresee ANATOMIC T.,
CUSPLESS T., METAL INSERT T., NONANATOMIC T.,
REVERSE ARTICULATION T., TUBE T., ZERO-DEGREE T.

DENTISTRY
tooth arrangement treatment denture

d
tooth arrangement \to o th a-ranj#mant\ 1: the placement of teeth

on a denture with definite objectives in mind 2: the placement of
teeth
on
trial
basessee
ANTERIOR
TOOTH
ARRANGEMENT
tooth borne: see TOOTH SUPPORTED
tooth color selection \to o th kul#ar s-lek#shun\: the determination
of the color and other attributes of appearance of an artificial tooth
or set of teeth for a given individual
tooth form \to o th form\: the characteristics of the curves, lines,
angles,
and contours of various teeth that permit their identification and
differentiationsee ANTERIOR T.F., POSTERIOR T.F.
tooth placement: see TOOTH ARRANGEMENT
tooth preparation: 1. the process of removal of diseased and/or
healthy enamel and dentin and cementum to shape a tooth to receive a restoration. 2. the resulting prepared tooth
tooth selection \to o th s-lek#shun\: the selection of a tooth or teeth
of
a shape, size, and color to harmonize with the individual characteristics of a patient
tooth size discrepancy \to o th s z d-skrep#an-s e\: abnormally
sized
teeth or groups of teeth
tooth supported \to o th sa-po r#td\: a term used to describe a
dental prosthesis or part of a prosthesis that depends entirely on
the natural teeth for support
tooth-supported base \to o th-sa-po r#td b as\: a dental prosthesis
base
that restores an edentulous region that has abutment teeth at each
end for support. The tissue that it covers is not used for support
tooth-supported denture: see OVERDENTURE
tor
que \to rk\ n (ca. 1884): a twisting or rotary force. The

movement of a system of forces producing rotation
tor us \to r#us\ n, pl tori (1563): 1: a smooth rounded anatomical
protuberance 2. in dentistry, prominence (s) sometimes seen on the
lingual surface of the mandible and the midline of the hard palate
total elasticity of muscle \to t#l\ obs : the combined effect of
physical
and physiologic elasticity of muscle (GPT-4)
tough ness \tuf#nes\ n : the ability of a material to withstand stresses
and strains without breaking
toxic dose \tok#sk\: the amount of a drug that causes untoward symptoms in most persons
tox ic i ty \tok-ss#-t e\ n : the adverse reactions (dose-responsetime relationships) of tissues to selected foreign substances
resulting in unacceptable in-vivo interactions. The toxicity can be
at the local or systemic level depending on the amount, rate of
release, and specific type of substance available to the tissues
trac er n (ca. 1552): see ARROW-POINT T.
trac ing \tr a#sng\ n (15c) 1: a line or lines scribed by a pointed
instrument 2: a traced copy of a drawing, photograph,
radiograph,
or similar entitysee ARROW POINT T.,
CEPHALOMETRIC T. EXTRAORAL T., INTRAORAL T.,
MANDIBULAR T., PAN
TOGRAPHIC T., STYLUS T.
tracing device \tr a#sng d#v s\: a device that provides a central point
of bearing, or support,
between maxillary and mandibular
occlusion rims or dentures. It consists of a contacting point that
is attached to one occlusion rim or denture and a plate attached to
the opposing occlusion rim or denture that provides the surface
on which the bearing point rests or moves
transcranial oblique radiograph \trans-kr a#n e-al o -bl ek#, a-bl
ek#
r a#d e-o -graf#\: a flat radiographic projection in which the
central beam travels across the cranium and through the
temporomandibular joint on the opposite side showing an

oblique lateral view of the condyle
transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation \trans-kyo o -t a#n eus lek#tr-kal no o r#al stm#yu-l a#shun\: application of lowvoltage electrical stimulation through the skin to nerves in order
to interfere with the sensation of pain in the brain and
increase blood flow to the regioncolloquial TENS
trans epi the li al \trans-ep#a-th e#l e-al\ adj : penetrating or
passing through the epithelium, as in a dental implant
transepithelial abutment \trans-ep#a-th e#l e-al a-but#mant\ slang :

the dental implant abutment that passes through the epithelium
and attaches to the dental prosthesiscalled also the dental
implant abutment
transfer coping \trans-fu r#, trans#fur ko #png\: a metallic,
acrylic resin, or other covering or cap used to position a die in an
impression
transit dose \tran#st, -zt do s\: a measure of the primary radiation
transmitted through the patient and measured at a point on the
central ray at some point beyond the patient
transitional contour \tran-zsh#an-al kon#to o r\: with respect to
any restoration supported by a dental implant, the external
form achieved between the abutment and the implant body
transitional denture \tran-zsh#an-al den#chur\: a removable dental
prosthesis serving as an interim prosthesis to which artificial teeth
will be added as natural teeth are lost and that will be replaced after
postextraction tissue changes have occurred. A transitional denture
may become an interim complete dental prosthesis when all of the
natural teeth have been removed from the dental archcalled also
complete denture
transitional prosthesis: see INTERIM PROSTHESIS, TRANSITIONAL DENTURE
translating condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
trans la tion \tran-zsh#an, -ssh#-\ n (14c): that motion of a rigid
body in which a straight line passing through any two points always
remains parallel to its initial position. The motion may be described
as a sliding or gliding motion
translatory movement \trans-la#to r- e\ obs : the motion of a body
at
any instant when all points within the body are moving at the
same velocity and in the same direction (GPT-1)
trans luc en cy \trans#lo o #san-s e\ n (1611): having the
appearance between
complete
opacity
and
complete
transparency; partially
opaque
trans mu co sal \trans-myo o -ko #sal\ adj : passing through the
gingiva or oral mucosa
trans os teal \trans-os#t e-al\ adj : the penetration of both the internal
and external cortical plates of a bone
transosteal dental implant \trans#os-t e-al den#tl m-plant#\ 1: a
dental implant that penetrates both cortical plates and passes
through the full thickness of the alveolar bone 2: a dental implant
composed of a metal plate with retentive pins to hold it against the
inferior border of the mandible that supports transosteal pins that
penetrate through the full thickness of the mandible and pass into
the mouth in the parasymphyseal regioncalled also staple
bone implant, mandibular staple implant, transmandibular
implant
transverse axis: see TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL AXIS
transverse facial fracture: see LE FORTE III FRACTURE,
MIDFACIAL FRACTURE
transverse horizontal axis \trans-vu rs#, tranz-, trans#vu rs#,
tranz#-\: an imaginary line around which the mandible may
rotate within the sagittal plane
trans ver sion \trans-vu r#shun\ n : displacement of a tooth from its
usual position or proper numerical position in the jaw
trau ma \trou#ma, tro #-\ n, pl trau ma ta \trou#ma-ta\ or trau mas,
\trou#mas\, trau mat ic \trou#mat-k\ adj trau mat i cal ly
\trou#mat--ka-l e\ adv (1693): an injury or wound, whether
physical or psychic
trauma from occlusion: see OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
traumatic occlusion: see OCCLUSAL TRAUMA
trau ma to gen ic \trou#ma-ta-jen#k\ adj : capable of producing a
wound or injury
traumatogenic occlusion \trou#ma-ta-jen#k a-klo o #zhun\ obs : an
occluding of the teeth that is capable of producing injury to oral
structures (GPT-4)
traveling condyle: see NONWORKING SIDE CONDYLE
DENTISTRY
treatment denture
\tr et#mant den#chur\ 1: a dental prosthesis
used for the purpose of treating or conditioning the tissues that is
called

DENTISTRY
on to support and retain it 2: a dental prosthesis that is placed in
preparation for future therapysee INTERIM PROSTHESIS
treatment plan \tr et-mant plan\: the sequence of procedures
planned
for the treatment of a patient after diagnosis
tre phine n : a hollow rotary instrument (resembling a hole saw) used
to make circular cuts. Used in dentistry to create a trough around
pins or posts in a natural tooth prior to their removal or for removal
of a dental implant from bone
trial base \tr #al b as\: a material or device representing the base of a
removable dental prosthesis. It is used for making maxillomandibular
relationship records and for the arrangement of teeth
trial denture \tr #al den#chur\: a preliminary arrangement of denture
teeth that has been prepared for placement into the patients
mouth to evaluate esthetics and maxillomandibular relationships
trial fitting: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
trial flask closure \tr #al flask klo #zhar\: any preliminary closure
made for the purpose of eliminating excess material and insuring
that the mold is completely filled
trial placement \tr #al pl as#mant\: the process of placing a trial
denture
in the patients mouth for evaluationsee TRIAL DENTURE
trial plate obs : see TRIAL DENTURE
tricalcium phosphate \tr -kal#s e-um fos#f at\: an inorganic
particulate or solid form of relatively biodegradable ceramic that
is used as a scaffold for bone regeneration. It may be used as a
matrix for new bone growth
trichromatic system \tr -kro -mat#k ss#tam\: a system for
specifying
color stimuli in terms of the tri-stimulus value based on matching
colors by additive mixtures of three primary colored lights
tri chro ma tism \tr -kro #ma-tz#um\ n : a type of vision in which
the
colors seen require, in general, three independently adjustable primaries (such as red, green, and blue) for their duplication by mixture; trichromatism may be either anomalous trichromatism or
normal vision
trigger area: see TRIGGER POINT
trigger point \trg#ur point\: a focus of hyperirritability in tissue
which when palpated, is locally tender and gives rise to
heterotopic pain
trigger spot: see TRIGGER POINT
trigger zone: see TRIGGER POINT
tripod marking \trg#ur mar#kng\: those marks or lines drawn on
a cast in a single plane perpendicular to the survey rod to
assist with repositioning the cast on a dental surveyor in a
previously defined orientation
tri pod i za tion \trp#a-d-z a#shun\ n : an occlusal scheme
characterized by a cusp to fossa relationship in which there are
three points of
contact about the cusp and opposing fossa with no contact on the
cusp tip
tris mus n (ca. 1693): see MANDIBULAR T.
trismus appliance \trz#mus a-pl #ans\: a ancillary prosthesis that
assists the patient in increasing the oral aperture width to eat
and maintain oral hygienesyn DYNAMIC BITE OPENER,
INTERARCH EXPANSION DEVICE, OCCLUSAL DEVICE
FOR MANDIBULAR TRISMUS
tri-stimulus value \tr -stm#ya-lus val#yo o \: (R, G, B: X, Y, Z,
etc.)
amounts of the three reference color stimuli, in a given
trichromatic system, required to match the color of the stimulus
considered
tri ta no pia \tr -ta#no -p e#a\ n : form of dichromatism in which
red- dish blue and greenish yellow stimuli are confused.
Tritanopia is
a common result of retinal disease but may be inheritedcalled

also blue blindness, hence tritanope
try in: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
tube impression \to o b, tyo o b m-presh#an\ 1: a cylinder used as
a tray to confine and direct impression material to make an
impression of a single tooth 2: the impression resulting from this
procedure
tube teeth \to o b t eth\ obs : artificial teeth with an internal, vertical,
cylindrical aperture extending from the center of the base upward
into the body of the tooth, into which a pin may be placed or
treatment denture value

d
cast for the attachment of the tooth to a fixed or removable

denture base
tu ber cule \to o -bu r#kyo o l\ n (1578): a small bony prominence
or excrescence; a nodule
tu ber os i ty n, pl -ties (ca. 1611): see MAXILLARY T.
tunnel dissection \tun#ul\: a dissection of the periosteum from bone
through a small incision, in a tunnel-like fashion
tur gid \tu r#jd\ adj (1620): being on a state of distention; swollen
ty po dont \t #po -dent\: a replica of the natural dentition and
alveolar mucosa, set to average condylar motions, used in training
students in dental care syn TYPODENT
U
UCLA abutment substand : a colloquial term used to describe a
dental crown that is attached directly to the implant body by
means of a screw without an intervening abutment
ultimate strength \ul#ta-mt\: the greatest stress that may be induced
in a material at the point of rupturecalled also ultimate tensile
strength
ul tra vi o let \ul#tra-v #a-lt\: radiant energy of wavelengths shorter
than extreme violet and lying beyond the ordinarily visible spectrum. Usually assigned to wavelengths shorter than 380 nm
1
un der cut \un#dur-kut\ n (1859) 1: the portion of the surface of an
object that is below the height of contour in relationship to the
path of placement 2: the contour of a cross-sectional portion of a
residual ridge or dental arch that prevents the insertion of a dental
prosthesis 3: any irregularity in the wall of a prepared tooth that
prevents the withdrawal or seating of a wax pattern or casting
2
un der cut \un#dur-kut\ v (ca. 1598): to create areas that provide
mechanical retention for materials placement
uniform color space \yo o #na-fo rm kul#ar sp as\: color space in
which equal distances are intended to represent threshold or
above threshold perceived color differences of equal size
u ni lat er al \yo o #na-lat#ur-al\ adj (1802): relating to one side;
onesided
unilateral partial denture: see UNILATERAL REMOVABLE
DENTAL PROSTHESIS
unilateral removable dental prosthesis \yo o #na-lat#ur-al r-mo o
v#abal den#tl pros-th e#sis\: a removable dental prosthesis which restores lost or missing teeth on one side of the arch only
unilateral subperiosteal implant \yo o #na-lat-ur-al sub-per# e-os#t
e-al
m-plant#\: an eposteal dental implant that provides abutments for
support of a removable or fixed dental prosthesis in a partially
edentulous arch
unstrained jaw relation \un#r-str and# jo r-l a#shun\ obs : 1: the
relation of the mandible to the skull when a state of balanced tonus exists among all the muscles involved 2: any jaw relation that is
attained without undue or unnatural force and that causes no undue distortion of the tissues of the temporomandibular joints
(GPT-4)
upper impression slang : see MAXILLARY IMPRESSION
up right \up#r t\ adj : the movement of a tooth into an erect or
normal position
V
vacuum casting \vak#yo o -um kast#ng\: the casting of a material
(i.e., metal, plastic) in the presence of a partial vacuum
vacuum investing \vak#yo o -um n-vest#ng\: the process of
investing a
pattern within a partial vacuum
vacuum mixing \vak#yo o -um mks#ng\: a method of mixing a
DENTISTRY
material such
as plaster of paris or casting investment below
atmospheric pressure
val ue \val#yo o \ n (14c): the quality by which a light color is
distinguished from a dark color, the dimension of a color that
denotes relative blackness or whiteness (grayness, brightness).

DENTISTRY
value
waxing up
Value is the only dimension of color that may exist alonesee

MUNSELL VALUE
Munsell, AH. A color notation. Baltimore: Munsell Color Co., 1975:14-7.
van der Walls bond [Johannes D. van der Walls, Dutch physicist] (ca
1926): eponym for a bond that involves weak inter-atomic attractions such as variation in physical mass or location of electrical
charge; e.g., molecular polarization, electrical dipoles and dispersion effectshydrogen bridgescalled also secondary bond
vascular pain \vas#kya-lur p an\: a type of deep somatic pain of
visceral
origin that emanates from the afferent nerves that innervate blood
vessels
ve lum \vel#um\ n (1771): a covering; a general term for a veil or veil
like structuresee SOFT PALATE
veneer \va-nr#\ n (1702): 1: a thin sheet of material usually used as

a finish 2: a protective or ornamental facing 3: a superficial or
attractive display in multiple layers, frequently termed a
laminate veneer
1
vent n : 1: a small auxiliary sprue to aid and improve casting procedures 2: a small perforation placed in a cast restoration to facilitate
complete cementation by minimizing hydraulic pressure
2
vent v : venting ppr : 1: to place an auxiliary sprue 2: to place a
perforation
verti-centric \vu r#t e-sen#trk\ [Earl Pound, U.S.
prosthodontist,
1901-1986]: a record used in complete removable dental prosthesis fabrication. It involves the simultaneous recording of the vertical
dimension of occlusion with the jaws in centric relation
vertical axis: see VERTICAL AXIS OF THE MANDIBLE
vertical axis of the mandible \vu r#t-kul ak#ss uv tha man#d-bal\:
an imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate through
the horizontal plane
vertical dimension \vu r#t-kal d-men#shun\: the distance
between
two selected anatomic or marked points (usually one on the tip
of the nose and the other upon the chin), one on a fixed and one
on a movable membersee OCCLUSAL V.D., REST V.D.,
V.D. OF SPEECH
vertical dimension decrease \vu r#t-kal d-men#shun d-kr es\ obs :
decreasing the vertical distance between the mandible and the maxillae by modifications of teeth, the positions of teeth or occlusion
rims, or through alveolar or residual ridge resorption (GPT-1)
vertical dimension increase \vu r#t-kal d-men#shun\ obs :
increasing
the vertical distance between the mandible and the maxillae by
modifications of teeth, the positions of teeth, or occlusion rims
(GPT-1)see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical dimension of occlusion: see OCCLUSAL VERTICAL
DIMENSION
vertical dimension of rest position: see PHYSIOLOGIC REST
POSITION
vertical dimension of speech \vu r#t-kal d-men#shun uv sp ech\:
that
distance measured between two selected points when the occluding members are in their closest proximity during speech
vertical opening: see VERTICAL DIMENSION
vertical overlap \vu r#t-kal o #var-lap\ 1: the distance teeth lap
over their antagonists as measured vertically; especially the
distance the maxillary incisal edges extend below those of the
mandibular teeth. It may also be used to describe the vertical
relations of opposing cusps 2: the vertical relationship of the
incisal edges of the maxillary incisors to the mandibular incisors
when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation
ves ti bule \ves#ta-byo o l\ n (ca. 1728) 1: any of various bony
cavities,
especially when serving as or resembling an entrance to another 2:
the portion of the oral cavity that is bounded on the medial side by
the teeth, gingiva, and alveolar ridge or the residual ridge, and on

the lateral side by the lips and cheekssee BUCCAL V., LABIAL
V.
ves tib u lo plas ty \ve-stb#u -lo -plas-t e\ n : a surgical procedure
designed to restore alveolar ridge height by lowering muscles
attaching to the buccal, labial, and lingual aspects of the jaws
vibrating line \v #br a-tng l n\: an imaginary line across the

posterior part of the palate marking the division between the
movable and immovable tissues of the soft palate. This can be
identified when the movable tissues are functioning
Vickers hardness number: (VHN) a measure of hardness obtained
with a diamond pyramidal indenter with a square base and an angle
of 136 . VHN is proportional to the ratio of the applied load to the
area of the indentation. Devised in the 1920s by engineers at
Vickers, Ltd. in the United Kingdom
videofluoroscopy \vd# e-o #flo o #a-ros#ka-p e, flo o -ros#-\ n:
dynamic xrays recorded on videotape
viewing conditions \vyo o #ng kun-dsh#unz\: various conditions
under which visual observation is made including the size of the
stimulus, characteristics of the surrounding area, nature of the
illuminant, angle of viewing, area of the retina, etc.
Virginia bridge: see RESIN-BONDED PROSTHESIS
visceral pain \vs#ur-al p an\: deep somatic pain originating in
visceral structures such as mucosal linings, walls of hollow
viscera, paren- chyma of organs, glands, dental pulps, and vascular
structures
visible spectrum \vz#a-bal spek#trum\ : the section of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It ranges from 380
nm to 760 nm
visual adaptation \vzh#o o -al ad#ap-t a#shun\: adjustive change in
visual sensitivity due to continued visual stimulation or lack of stimulation. Three recognized types are: 1) scotopic or dark adaptation
2) photopic or light adaptation 3) chromatic or color adaptation
visual photometry \vzh#o o -al fo -tom#-tr e\: the measurement
of luminous radiation based on its effect on the visual receptors
vul can ite \vul#ka-n t\ n : an obsolete denture base material that is
a combination of caoutchouc and sulfur. These harden in the
presence of suitable heat and application of pressure
vul can ize \vul#ka-n z#\ vb -nized; -niz ing vt (1846): to
produce flexible or hard rubber, as desired, by subjecting
caoutchouc, in the presence of sulfur, to heat and high steam
pressure in a processing unit, termed a vulcanizer, made for that
purpose
W
warp \wo rp\ vt (13c): torsional change of shape or outline; to turn
or twist out of shape
wash impression slang : see FINAL IMPRESSION
wave length \w av lengkth\: the distance at any instant between two
adjacent crests (or identical phases) of two series of waves that are
advancing through a uniform medium. The wavelength
varies inversely with the vibration rate or number of waves
passing any given point per unit period of time
wax \waks\ n (bef. 12c): one of several esters of fatty acids with higher
alcohols, usually monohydric alcohols. Dental waxes are combinations of various types of waxes compounded to provide desired
physical propertiessee BASEPLATE W., BOXING W.,
CASTING W., DENTAL IMPRESSION W., MODELING W
wax addition technique: the process used to develop a wax pattern
through organized sequential addition of wax to shape the individual components of the desired anatomic form
wax elimination \waks -lm#a-n a#shun\: the removal of wax from a
mold, usually by heat
wax expansion \waks k-span#shun\: a method of expanding a wax
pattern to compensate for the shrinkage of gold during the
casting process
wax model denture: see TRIAL DENTURE
wax pattern \waks pat#urn\: a wax form that is the positive likeness
of an object to be fabricated
wax try in: see TRIAL PLACEMENT
DENTISTRY
wax ing \waks#ng\
v obs : the contouring of a wax pattern or the wax
base of a trial denture into the desired form (GPT-1)
waxing up \waks#ng up\ obs 1: the contouring of a pattern in wax generally applied to the shaping in wax of the contours of a trial
denture
THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY
waxing up
Standard References
(GPT-1) 2: the process of waxing and carving of the wax to the

shape and contour desired (GPT-1)
wear facet \war fas#t\: any wear line or plane on a tooth surface
caused
by attrition
Weber-Fergusson incision [Sir E.S. Fergusson, Scottish surgeon,
dates vary: 1808-1877 or 1871-1944]: eponym for a facial incision
used in exposing the maxillary bone in a maxillectomy procedure
1

xenogenic graft \zen#a-jen#k\: a graft from one species to another
species called also heterologous graft
xer o stomia \zr#a-sto #m e-a\ n : dryness of the mouth from lack
of normal secretions
Zange J. Operationen im Bereich der nase und ibver nebenholen. In: Theil
R. Opthalmologische, Operationslehre. Leipzig: Vebthieme, 1950.
weld \weld\ n (1831): a welded joint; the state or condition of being

welded
2
weld \weld\ vb : to unite or fuse two pieces by hammering, compression, or by rendering soft by heat with the addition of a fusible material
whit ing \hw #tng, w #-\ n : pure white chalk (calcium
carbonate)
that has been ground and washed; it is used for polishing dental
materials
wire splint \w r splnt\: a device used to stabilize teeth in the
maxillae or mandible loosened by an accident or by a
compromised periodontium; a device to reduce and stabilize
maxillary or mandibular fractures by application to both arches
and connection with intermaxillary wires or elastic bands
Wolffs Law [Julius Wolff, German anatomist, 1836-1902]: eponym
for the principle that a bone, either normal or abnormal, will develop the structure most suited to resist those forces acting on it
work \work\ n (bef. 12c): the product of a force acting on a body and
the distance through which the point of application of the force
moves
work authorization: a signed written order provided by the dentist to
the dental laboratory detailing the work to be performed and specifying the materials to be used
working articulation \wu r#kng ar-tk#ya-l a#shun\: the occlusal
contacts of teeth on the side toward which the mandible is moved
working bite: see WORKING ARTICULATION
working bite relation: see WORKING ARTICULATION
working cast: see FINAL CAST
working condyle: see WORKING SIDE CONDYLE
working contacts \wu r#kng kon#takts\ obs : contacts of teeth made
on the side of the occlusion toward which the mandible has
been moved (GPT-1)
working model: see CAST
working occlusal surface \wu r#kng a-klo o #zal su r#fas\ obs : the
surface or surfaces of teeth on which mastication can occur (GPT-1)
working occlusion \wu r#kng a-klo o #zhun\ obs : the occlusal
contacts
of teeth on the side to which the mandible is moved (GPT-1)
working side \wu r#kng s d\: the side toward which the
mandible moves in a lateral excursion
working side contacts \wu r#kng s d kon#takts\: contacts of
teeth
made on the side of the articulation toward which the mandible
is moved during working movements
working side condyle \wu r#kng s d kon#d l\: the condyle on
the
working side
working side condyle path \wu r#kng s d kon#d l path\: the path
the condyle travels on the working side when the mandible moves
in a lateral excursion
wrought \ro t\ adj (13c) 1: worked into shape; formed 2: worked
into
shape by tools; hammered
1
X-ray \eks#r a\ vt (1896): the process of exposing objects to

roentgen rays and projecting their shadow on sensitized surfaces
2
X-ray \eks#r a\ n (1900): see ROENTGEN RAY
X-ray picture: see ROENTGENOGRAM
JULY 2005
81
Y
yield strength \y eld strengkth\: the strength at which a small
amount of permanent (plastic) strain occurs, usually 0.1% or 0.2%,
and most frequently measured in MPa or psi
Youngs modulus: [Thomas Young (1773-1829) English physician
and physicist] eponym for the constant of proportionality expressed
in the stress-strain plot as the slope in the elastic region where elastic recovery occurs upon release of the stress inducing the strain;
usually given the symbol E. A higher modulus (GPa, psi) denotes
a greater stiffness or material rigidity. Also termed MODULUS
OF ELASTICITY
Z
zero-degree teeth \zr#o -d-gr e#, z e#ro #- t eth\: posterior
denture teeth having 0-degree cuspal angles in relation to the
plane established by the horizontal occlusal surface of the tooth
called
also
zero-degree
nonanatomic
teethsee
NONANATOMIC TEETH
zinc oxide eugenol cement: a cement or luting agent resulting from
mixing zinc oxide with eugenol (oil of cloves), typically dispensed
in the form of a powder and liquid or sometimes two pastes. ANSI/
ADA Type I or Type II zinc oxide and eugenol cements are respectively designated for provisional or permanent cementation of restorations fabricated outside of the mouthsee EBA CEMENT
zinc phosphate cement: a cement or luting agent resulting from mixing zinc oxide (powder component) with phosphoric acid, water,
aluminum phosphate and zinc phosphate (liquid component).
Magnesium oxide is often used as the principal modifier
zinc polycarboxylate cement: a cement or luting agent resulting from
mixing zinc oxide, magnesium oxide and sometimes stannous oxide (powder component) with an aqueous solution of polyacrylic
acid and copolymers
zirconia ceramic post: a ceramic post used in the restoration of
endodontically treated teeth, especially when a metal post may
compromise esthetics. Typically used with composite resin or compression ceramics to form the core
zygoma \z-go #ma\ n (ca. 1684): the area formed by the union of
the zygomatic bone with the zygomatic processes of the temporal
and maxillary bones
STANDARD REFERENCES
COLOR
Agoston GA. Color theory and its applications in art and design.
2nd ed. Springer series in optical sciences, vol. 19. Heidelberg:
SpringerVerlag, 1987.
Kelly KL, Judd DB. Color: universal language and dictionary of
names. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, National
Bureau of Standards, December 1976; Spec. Publication no. 440.
Nassan K. The physics and chemistry of color: the fifteen causes of
color. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983.
MacAdam DL. Color measurement: theme and variations. 2nd ed.
Springer series in optical sciences, vol. 27. Heidelberg: SpringerVerlag,
1985.
Billmeyer FW Jr, Saltzman M. Principles of color technology. New
York: John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
Wyazecki G, Stiles WA. Color science: concepts and methods,
quantitative data and formulea. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and
Sons, 1982.
Hunt RWG. Measuring colour. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons,
1987.
Hunter RS, Harold RW. The measurement of appearance. 2nd ed.
New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987.
COMPLETE DENTURE
PROSTHODONTICS
Goddard PB.The anatomy, physiology and pathology of the human
teeth: with the most approved methods of treatment; including
82
VOLUME 94 NUMBER 1

DENTISTRY
Standard References
operations, and the method of making and setting artificial teeth. With
thirty plates. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart, 1844.
Harbert SC. A practical treatise on the operations of surgical and
mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Barrett & Jones, 1847.
Tomes J. Instruction in the use and management of artificial teeth.
Middlesex: Private printing, 1851.
Delabarre AFA. De la gutta percha et de son application aux dentures artificiales en remplacement des plaques metalliques et des substances osseuses corruptibles. Paris: V. Masson, 1852.
Richardson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry.
Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston, 1860.
Wildman, E. Instructions in the manipulation of hard rubber, or
vulcanite. Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1865.
Evans, TW. On the discovery of vulcanized caoutchouc: and the
property of its application to dental purposes. Private printing, 1867.
Celluloid Manufacturing Co. Celluloid as a base for artificial teeth:
instructions for manipulating the celluloid base, with testimonials from
parties using it, and other information. Celluloid Manufacturing Co.,
1878.
Maloney JA, Brightwell OH. The Goodyear Dental Vulcanite Co.,
Washington: Gibson Publishing Co., 1878.
Balkwill FH. Mechanical dentistry in gold and vulcanite. London:
Churchill and Co., 1880.
White, JW. The teeth: natural and artificial. Philadelphia: SS White
Dental Manufacturing Co., 1880.
Sheffield LT. A new system of prosthetic dentistry. New York:
Private printing, 1884.
Land, CH. The scientific adaptation of artificial dentures.
Philadelphia: Private printing, 1885.
Andrieu E. Traite de prosthese buccale et de mecanique dentaire.
Paris: D. Doin, 1887.
White JW. Taking impressions of the mouth. Philadelphia: SS
White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1891.
Gartrell, JH. Continuous gum work: a description of new apparatus
and methods for manipulating continuous gum and porcelain crowns.
London: Dental Engineering Co., 1896.
Samsioe CA. A treatise on plateless dentures. Private printing,
1898.
Clapp GW. Mechanical side of anatomical articulation. New York:
The Dental Digest, 1910.
Greene JW. Greene brothers clinical course in dental prosthesis in
three printed lectures. New and advanced test methods in impressions,
articulation, occlusion, roofless dentures, refits and renewals.
Chillicothe, Mo.: Private press, 1910.
Haskell LP. Harkells manual of plate work or handbook for the
dental laboratory. Chicago: Private press, 1910.
Clapp GW. Prosthetic articulation. New York: The Dentists Supply
Co., 1914.
Girdwood J. Tube teeth and porcelain rods. Private printing, 1914.
Wilson GH. Dental prosthetics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea &
Fabiger, 1914.
The Dentists Supply Co. Trubyte teeth for vulcanite plates: as designed by J. Leon Williams and Alfred Gysi together with a
formuation of the law of harmony between faces and teeth and a
description of the Trubyte system of classifying face forms. New
York: The Dentists Supply Co., 1917.
Liberthal RH. Advanced impression taking. Scientific and correct
method based upon principles founded by Drs. Greene. New York:
Professional Publishing Co., 1918.
Clapp GW, Tench RW. Professional Denture Service. New York:
The Dentists Supply Co., 1918.
Leger Derez H. Traite de prosthese dentaire. Paris: C. Ash and Sons
Co., 1920.
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:
Lea & Febiger, 1920.
Clapp GW, Tench RW. Professional denture service. Vol. II. New
York: The Dentists Supply Co., 1921.
The Dentists Supply Co. Principles of selection and articulation.

New York: The Dentists Supply Co., 1921.
Cummer WE. The Rupert Hall method for entire upper and lower
dentures. Bulletin no. 2, Hamilton, Ontario, Canadian Dental
Research Foundation, 1921.
Gabell DP. Prosthetic dentistry. A textbook on the chairside work
for producing plate dentures. London: H. Froude; Hodder &
Stoughton, 1921.
Rupp FW. The mathematics of dental prosthetics, showing the necessity for the use of various other instruments of precision in order to
obtain satisfactory dentures from the use of anatomical articulators of
any brand. London: J. Bale Sons & Danielsson, 1921.
Berthold AHR. Engineering applied to dentistry. Modern retention
of artificial dentures from an engineering standpoint. Chicago:
International Dental Manufacturing Co., 1922.
Ash C. Ashs all porcelain teeth: dowel crowns and non platinum
tube teeth for vulcanite dentures and for all classes of crown and bridge
work. London: Ash, Julius, 1923.
Campbell DD. Full denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1924.
Goodhugh T. The art of prosthetic dentistry, London: Bailliere,
1924.
Hanau RH. Full denture prosthesis. Intraoral technique for Hanau
Articulator model H. Buffalo: (Dental engineering), 1926.
Hanua RH. Hanau intraoral method vs Gysi extraoral method.
Buffalo: Private press, 1927.
Gysi A. Practical conclusions from scientific research in denture
construction. New York: Dentists Supply Co., 1929.
Sears VH. Full denture procedure. New York: Macmillan Co.,
1929.
Bunce EW. The Bunce Kanouse full denture technic. Chicago: Coe
Laboratories, Inc., 1929.
Sears VH. Full denture procedure. New York: Macmillan Co.,
1929.
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry, an encyclopedia of full and partial
denture prosthesis. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1930.
Swenson MG. Outline of full denture prosthesis. New York:
University Press, 1932.
Fish EW. Principles of full denture prosthesis. London: John Bale
Sons and Danielsson Ltd., 1933.
Lott FM. The problem of facsimile reproduction of anterior esthetics in full denture prosthesis. Bulletin no. 17. Toronto: Canadian
Dental Research Foundation, 1933.
Frahm FW. The principles and technics of full denture construction.
Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1934.
Williams JL. Trubyte teeth for denture restorations. New York:
Dentists Supply Co., 1935.
Lott FM. Glass as a denture base. Bulletin no. 23. Toronto:
Canadian Dental Research Foundation, 1936.
Sears VH. Prosthetic papers. Minneapolis: Private press, 1936.
Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.
Sears VH. Prosthetic papers. Minneapolis: Dental Library, Bureau
of Engraving, Inc., 1936.
Essig NS. Prosthetic dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest
House MM. Full denture technique. Whittier, Calif.: Private
printing, 1937.
House MM, Loop JL. Form and color harmony in the dental art.
Whittier, Calif.: Private printing, 1939.
Schlosser RO. Complete denture prosthesis. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Co., 1939.
Swenson MG. Complete dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co.,
1940.
Neil E. The upper and the lower. A simplified full denture impression procedure. Chicago: The CAL Technical Library, 1941.

DENTISTRY
Standard References
Miller RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1942.
Adams CW. Selection and articulation of artificial teeth. New York:
Dentists Supply Co., 1943.
Hirsekorn H. Denture base readjustment. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins Co., 1943.
Hunter C, Samson E. Mechanical dentistry; a practical treatise on
the construction of the various kinds of artificial dentures. London:
The Technical Press Ltd., 1945.
Schwartz MM. You can be happy with dental plates. Private printing, 1945.
Tuckfield W. Full denture technique. 2nd ed. Melbourne:
Australian College of Dentistry, 1945.
Landa JS. Practical full denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing Co., 1947.
Hordes S. Full denture construction. Albany: University of the
State of New York Press, 1949.
Sears VH. New teeth for old. Salt Lake City: University of Utah
Press, 1949.
Sears VH. Priciples and techniques for complete denture construction. St. Louis: The, C V Mosby Co., 1949.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics.
London: Staples Press, 1953.
Landy C. Full dentures. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1958.
CROWNS
Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework.
A practical, systematic modern treatise upon the requirements and
technique of artificial crown work including some incidental reference
to bridgework. 4th ed. New York: Consolidated Dental Manufacturing Co., 1903.
Land CH. Porcelain dental art. Private printing, 1904.
Chayes HES. The application of the Davis crown in prosthetic dentistry. New York: Private printing, 1912.
Lochhead Laboratories. The porcelain jacket crown. A treatise containing interesting and authentic information regarding the technique,
preparation and field of application of porcelain jacket crowns in an
everyday practice. New York: Private printing, 1918.
Thompson GA. Porcelain tecnic. Private printing, 1918.
Collett HA. Gold shell crowns and how to make them. The solution
of problems in dental mechanics. New York: Private printing, 1922.
Ash C. Ashs all porcelain teeth: dowel crowns and non platinum
tube teeth for vulcanite dentures and for all classes of crown and
bridgework. London: Ash, Julius, 1923.
LeGro AL. Ceramics in dentistry. Brooklyn Dental Items of Interest
Stern MN. Enaemloid acrylics in dentistry. Forest Hills, N.Y.: The
Credo Publishing Co., 1942.
Engle F. Three quarter crowns; how to construct and apply them.
Levy, IR. Acrylic inlays, crowns and bridges. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1950.
Brecker SC. The porcelain jacket crown. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1951.
DENTAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Haskell LP. The students manual and handbook for the dental laboratory. Philadelphia: Welch Dental Co., 1887.
Chupein TF. The dental laboratory; a manual of gold and silver
plate work for dental substitutes, crowns, etc. Philadelphia: Johnson
& Lund, 1889.
Abonyi J. Compendium der Zahutechnik fur studirende und Krste.
Stuttgart: F. Enke, 1892.
Chasman C. Manual of mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Private
printing, 1932.
Schwartz JR. Practical prosthetic procedure. Philadelphia: Universal

Dental Co., 1934.
Salzman JA. Manual for dental technicians. New York: Pitman
Publishing Corp., 1938.
Chappelle WF. Partial denture technics. Buffalo: Williams Gold
Refining Co., 1941.
Wells AS, Reynolds GW. Laboratory manual for crown and bridge
technique. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc. Lithoprinters, 1944.
Boucher CO. Dental prosthetic laboratory manual. St. Louis: The
C V Mosby Co., 1947.
DENTAL MATERIALS SCIENCE

Flagg JF. Plastics and plastic fillings: as pertaining to the filling of
all cavities of decay in teeth below medium in structure. Philadelphia:
P. Blakiston, 1881.
Essig CJ. Manual of dental metallurgy. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers
and Co., 1882.
Gilbert SE. Vulcanite and celluloid: instruction in their practical
working for dental purposes. Philadelphia: SS White Dental
Manufacturing Co., 1884.
Warren GW. A manual of mechanical dentistry and metallurgy.
Philadelphia: Private printing, 1905.
Hughes CN. Questions and answers on prosthetic dentistry and
metallurgy. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1914.
Hepburn WB. Notes on dental metallurgy for the use of dental
students and practitioners. 2nd ed. New York: W. Wood and Co.,
1915.
Capon WA. Porcelain dental restorations. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1920.
Hovestad JF. Practical dental porcelains. St. Louis: The C V Mosby
Co., 1924.
LeGro AL. Ceramics in dentistry. Brooklyn: Dental Items of
Interest Publishing Co., 1925.
Ray KW. Metallurgy for dental students. Philadelphia: P. Blakistons
Son & Co., 1931.
Felcher FR. The art of porcelain in dentistry. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1932.
Skinner EW. The science of dental materials. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Co., 1936.
Felcher FR. Porcelain in dentristry. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co.,
1932.
Salzmann JA. Manual for dental technicians: vulcanite. New York:
Salzman JA. Manual for dental technicians: with a supplement on
acrylics. 1938.
Cohen M. Ceramics in dentistry. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
1940. Stern MN. Enameloid acrylics in dentistry. Forest Hills,
N.Y.: The
Credo Publishing Co., 1942.
Orlowski HJ. Dental porcelain. Columbus: College of Engineering,
Ohio State University Press, 1944.
Osborne J. Acrylic resins in dentistry. Oxford: Blackwell, 1944.
Tylman SD, Peyton FA. Acrylics and other synthetic resins used in
dentistry. Philadelphia J B Lippincott Co., 1946.
Osborne J. Acrylic resins in dentistry. Springfield: C. C. Thomas
Co., 1948.
FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE

PROSTHODONTICS
Clifford IE, Clifford RE. Crown, bar and bridgework: new methods
of permanently adjusting artificial teeth without plates. London,
Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1885.
Evans G. Practical treatise on artificial crown and bridge work.
Philadelphia: SS White Dental Manufacturing Co., 1888.
Brown P. A treatise on crown and bridge work, or the adjustment of
teeth without plates. Philadelphia: Private printing, 1892.
Reigner H. Kronen und bracken arbeitem, sin lehrbuch. Leipzig A

Felix, 1895.
Sheffield LT. An easy account of crown work and bridgework in
dentistry. New York: Private printing, 1895.
Mason Detachable Tooth Co., Mason detachable porcelains for
crown and bridge work: with instructions in the method of mounting.
Mason Detachable Tooth Co., 1900.
Goslee HJ. Principles and practice of crown and bridgework. A
practical, systematic modern
treatise upon the requirements and
technique of artificial crown work including some incidental
reference to bridgework. 4th ed. New York: Consolidated Dental
Manufacturing Co.,
1903.
Roussel GA. Traite theorique et practique des couronnes artificielles et du bridge work. Paris: D. Doin, 1906.
Chance PR. Ashs tube teeth in aesthetic crown and bridgework.
London: Private printing, 1907.
Havestadt JF. Principles and techniques of crowns and bridges.
Boston: Kitter and Flebee, 1915.
Peeso, FA. Crown and bridgework for students and practitioners.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1916.
Krummnow
F. Lehrbuch
der kronen
brucken
und
porzellantechnick. Berlin: Halensee Zahntechmischer Verlag, 1920.
Chayes HES. Movable removable bridgework. With a detailed,
illuerated technique for the construction of a unilateral compound
movable removable partial bridge, and a description of the instruments and attachments employed. New York: Chayes System
Laboratories, 1922.
Columbus Dental Manufacturing Co., Steeles interchangeable
tooth: illustrated: showing technical detail of construction and manipulation, embracing all features of their application. Columbus:
Columbus Dental Manufacturing Co., 1924.
Haupl K, Reichborn Kjemerud I. Moderne zahnartzliche krown
und brucken arbeiten. Berlin: H. Mausser, 1929.
Doxtater LW. Procedures in modern crown and bridgework. The
principles and technique of stationary and removable bridges.
Knapp KW. Manual of fixed bridgework. New York: N.Y.
University Press Book Store, 1935.
Schwartz JR. Cavity prepamtion and abutment construction in
bridgework. Brooklyn: Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.
Hildebrand GY. Studies in dental prosthodontics. Vol. 1.
Stockholm: Fahlerantz, 1937.
Knapp KW. Inlays and fixed bridgework. Buffalo: Williams Gold
Refining Co., 1939.
Tylman SD. Theory and practice of crown and bridge prosthesis. St.
Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1940.
Coelho DH. A complete fixed bridge procedure. St. Louis: The CV
Mosby Co., 1949.
Ewing JE. Fixed partial prosthesis. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger,
1954.
GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Kissane JM, ed. Andersons pathology. 9th ed. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1990.
Myers EN, Suen JY. Cancer of the head and neck. 2nd ed. New
York: Churchill Livingstone, Inc., 1989.
Guepp DR, ed. Contemporary issues in surgical pathology, vol. 10,
Pathology of the head and neck. New York: Churchill Livingstone,
Inc.
GENERAL PROSTHODONTICS
Fauchard P. Le Chirurgien Dentiste ou Traute des Dents (in two
volumes). Paris: 1728 (section on artificial tooth replacements in
vol. II).
Mouton C. Essai dOdontotechnique, ou Dissertation sur les

Dents Artificielles. Paris: Private printing, 1746. (First complete
book on artificial tooth replacements).
Hunter J. The natural history of the human teeth. London:
J. Johnson, 1755. (Section on artificial tooth replacements).
Wooffendale R. Practical observations on the human teeth.
London: J. Johnson, 1783. (Section on artificial tooth replacements).
Dubois de Lhemant N. A dissertation on artificial teeth: evincing
the advantages of teeth made of mineral paste, over every denomination of animal substance: to which is added, advise to mothers and
nurses on the prevention and cure of those dieseases which attend
the first dentition. 1797; (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
Fox J. The history and treatment of the diseases of the teeth, the
gums, and the alveolar processes, with the operations which they respectively require. To which are added, observations on other diseases
of the mouth, and on the mode of fixing artificial teeth. London:
Thomas Cox, 1806. (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
James B. A treatise on the management of the teeth. Philadelphia:
Private printing, 1814. (First illustrated United States dental work
with a section on artificial teeth.)
Delabarre CF. Traite de la partie mecanique de lart du chiru dentiste (in two volumes). Paris: Private printing, 1820. (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
Jobson DW. Outlines of the anatomy and physiology of the teeth
& c. Their diseases and treatment. With practical observations on artificial teeth. Edinburgh: William Tait, 1834. (Section on artificial
tooth replacements.)
Koecker L. An essay on artificial teeth, obturators, & plates, with the
principles for their construction and application, illustrated by 26 cases
and 21 plates. London: for S. Highley, 1835. (Section on artificial
Saunders E. Mineral teeth: their merits & manufacture: with observations on those cases in which they are or are not applicable: and on
the best means of preserving artificial teeth. Philadelphia: Private printing, 1841. (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
Arthur R. A popular treatise on the diseases of the teeth: including a
description of their structure and modes of treatment; together with
the usual mode of inserting artificial teeth. Philadelphia: Lindsay &
Blakiston, 1845. (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
Harbert SC. A practical treatise on the operations of surgical and
mechanical dentistry. Philadelphia: Barrett & Jones, 1847.
Howard T. On the IOBB of teeth; and on the best means of restoring them. London: Simpkin and Marshall, 1857. (Section on artificial
Lukyn E. Dental surgery and mechanism. A popular treatise on the
preservation, management, and surgical treatment of the teeth and
gums: with the most modern and improved modes of supplying the
lobs of teeth. London: Savill and Edwards, 1859. (Section on artificial
Allen J. Teeth: an improved method of constructing artificial dentures: combining five important points not heretofore attained: together with directions for the development and subsequent
preservation of the natural teeth. Philadelphia Private printing, 1860.
Mosely E. Teeth, their natural history: with the physiology of the
human mouth, in regard to artificial teeth. London: Robert
Hardwicke, 1862. (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
Eskell FA. A new system for treating and fixing artificial teeth: the
art to prevent the loss of the teeth: the instructions calculated to enable
heads of families to adopt the authors practice of treating and preserving the teeth. Private printing, 1862.
Coles JO. On deformities of the mouth, congenital and acquires,
with their mechanical treatment. Philadelphia Lindsay and Blakiston,
1870. (Section on artificial tooth replacements.)
Coles JO. A manual of dental mechanics. 2nd ed. London: J & A
Churchi H., 1876. (Section on artificial tooth replacement.)
Dejardin A Jr. Restaurations prosthetiques faites dans les hopitaux

de Paris, precede de [hygiene de la bouche. Paris: E. Bicheron,
1877.
Burnot G. Contribution a [etude de la graffe dentaire. Paris: J.B.
Balilliere, 1886.
Cigrand BJ. The rise, fall and revival of dental prosthesis. Chicago:
Periodical Publishing Co., 1892.
Parreidt J.; Handbuch der Zahnersatakunde. Leipzig: A. Felix,
1893.
Cingrand BJ. A compendium of dental prosthesis arranged in questions and answers. Chicago: Periodical Publishing Co., 1894.
Essig CJ, ed. The American textbook of prosthetic dentistry. In
contributions by eminent authorities. Philadelphia: Lea Brothers and
Co., 1896.
Richarson J. A practical treatise on mechanical dentistry.
Philadelphia: P. Blakistons Sons and Co., 1903.
Cigrand BJ. The lower third of the face or the dental domain; a
study of art in dentistry. Chicago: Blakely Printing Co., 1904.
Wilson GH. A manual of dental prosthetics. Philadelphia: Lea &
Febiger, 1911.
Prothero JH. Prosthetic dentistry. 2nd ed. Chicago: Medico Dental
Bodee CA, Rabell UL. Text book on prosthetic dentistry. New
York: Private printing, 1921.
Martinier P. Villian G. Prothese. Paris: J.B. BaiHiere and fils, 1922.
Clapp GW. The life and work of James Leon Williams. New York:
The Dental Digest, 1925.
Logan JD. Dental prosthetics. Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone,
1926.
Shaw DM. Dental prosthetic mechanics. London: Edward Arnold
and Co., 1927.
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and partial
Logan JD. Dental prosthetics. Outlines of dental science, vol IV.
New York: Private printing, 1934.
Boyle HH. Principles and practice of applied dental aesthetics.
London: H. Kimpton, 1936.
Hildebrand GT. Studies in dental prosthetics. Stockholm: A.B.
Fahlerants, 1937.
Osborne J. Dental mechanics for students. London: Trinity Press
Ltd., 1939.
Schwartz, JR. Modern methods of tooth replacement. Brooklyn:
Dental Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1942.
Sears, VH. Basic principles of dentistry. New York: Pitman
Publishing Corp., 1942.
Craddock FW. Prosthetic dentistry: a clinical outline. St. Louis: The
C V Mosby Co., 1945.
Schweitzer JM. Restorative dentistry; a clinical photographic presentation. St. Louis: The C V Mosby Co., 1947.
Weinmann JP, Sicher H. Bone and bones. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1947.
MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHODONTICS
Koecker L. An essay on artificial teeth, obturators, & plates, with
the principles for the construction and application, illustrated by 26
cases and 21 plates. London: for S. Highley, 1935.
Ramsay R. Coles JO. The mechanical treatment of deformities of
the mouth, congenital and accidental. London: J. ChurchiH and
Sons, 1868.
Case CS. A practical treatise on the techniques and principles of
dental orthopedia and prosthetic correction of cleft palate. Chicago:
CS Case Private press, 1921.
Fritsch C. Zahnartzliche sowie zahnarztlich chirurgische prothetik.
Leipzig: G. Thieme, 1925.
Walker DG. The construction of vulcanite applicators for applying

radium to lesions of the buccal cavity, lips, orbit and antrum. London:
Beder OK. Surgical and maxillofacial prosthetics. Seattle: Kings
Crown Press, 1949.
MEDICAL ACRONYMS
Hamilton B, Guides B. Medical acronyms, symbols and abbreviations. 2nd ed. New York: Neal
Schuman Publishers, Inc., 1988:277 pages. Mossman J, ed.
Acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations dictionary. 15th ed. Detroit:
Gale Research Inc., 1990.
MEDICAL DICTIONARIES
Steadmans Medical Dictionary. 25th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1990.
Jablonsit S. Illustrated dictionary of dentistry. Philadelphia: W B
Saunders Co., 1982.
MEDICAL EPONYMS
Firkin BG, Whitworth JA. Dictionary of medical eponyms. Park
Ridge, N.J.: The Parthenon Publishing Group, 1987.
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE

PROSTHODONTICS
Kennedy E. Partial denture construction. Brooklyn: Dental Items
of Interest Publishing Co., 1928.
Nichols IG. Prosthetic dentistry. An encyclopedia of full and partial
Doxtater LW. Full and partial denture prosthesis. Brooklyn: Dental
Items of Interest Publishing Co., 1936.
Elbrecht A. Systematik der abnehembaren partieHen prostheses.
Leipzig: H. Meusser, 1937.
Neurohr FG. Partial dentures; a system of functional restoration.
Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1939.
MiHer RG. Synopsis of full and partial dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1942.
Applegate SG, Perry CK. Outline for removable partial denture service. Detroit: Prosthetic Department, University of Detroit School of
Dentistry, 1943.
Godfrey RJ. A manual of removable partial denture design.
Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1948.
J.M. Ney Co. The Ney surveyor book. Hartford: J.M. Ney Co.,
1948.
Fenn HRB, Liddelow KP, Gimson AP. Clinical dental prosthetics.
London: Staples Press, 1953.
Applegate OC. Essentials of removable partial denture prosthesis.
Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co., 1954.
Swenson MG, Terkla LG. Partin dentures. St. Louis: The C V
Mosby Co., 1955.
SYNDROMES
Magalini SI, Magalini SC, de Francisci G. Dictionary of medical syndromes. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1990.
Jablonski S. Jablonskis dictionary of syndromes and eponymic diseases. 2nd ed. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Publishing Co., 1990.

DENTISTRY
Appendix A
Avoirdupois to Metric Weight Conversion Table

Ounces
Tables and Measures

Celsius / Fahrenheit Conversion Table
C
240
239
238
237
236
235
234
233
232
231
230
229
228
227
226
225
224
223
222
221
220
219
218
217
216
215
214
213
212
211
240.0
238.2
236.4
234.6
232.8
231.0
229.2
227.4
225.6
223.8
222.0
220.2
218.4
216.6
214.8
213.0
211.2
29.4
27.6
25.8
24.0
22.2
20.4
+1.4
3.2
5.0
6.8
8.6
10.4
12.2
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
210
29
28
14.0
15.8
17.6
39
40
41
48.2
50.0
51.8
53.6
55.4
57.2
59.0
60.8
62.6
64.4
66.2
68.0
69.8
71.6
73.4
75.2
77.0
78.8
80.6
82.4
84.2
86.0
87.8
89.6
91.4
93.2
95.0
96.8
98.6
100.4
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
136.4
138.2
140.0
141.8
143.6
145.4
147.2
149.0
150.8
152.6
154.4
156.2
158.0
159.8
161.6
163.4
165.2
167.0
168.8
170.6
172.4
174.2
176.0
177.8
179.6
181.4
183.2
185.0
186.8
188.6
102.2
104.0
105.8
88
89
90
190.4
192.2
194.0
Measures of Capacity
Multiples and Submultiples
1,000,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,000,000
1,000
100
10
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.000,001
0.000,000,001
0.000,000,000,001
0.000,000,000,000,001
0.000,000,000,000,000,001
Prefix
Symbol
(1012)
9
(10 )
6
(10 )
3
(10 )
(102)
(101)
teragigamegakilohectodeka-
T
G
M
k
h
da
(1021)
(1022)
(1023)
26
(10 )
29
(10 )
212
(10 )
215
(10 )
(10218)
decicentimillmicronanopicofemtoatto-
d
c
m
m
n
p
f
a
1/16
1/8
1/4
1/2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Grams
Ounces
1.772
3.544
7.088
14.175
28.350
56.699
85.049
113.398
141.748
170.097
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 1 lb.
Grams
Pounds
Grams
198.447 1 16 oz. 453.59

226.796 2
907.18
255.146 3
1360.78
283.495 4
1814.37
311.845 5
2267.96
340.194 6
2721.55
368.544 7
3175.15
396.893 8
3628.74
425.243 9
4082.33
453.59 10
4535.92
Kilograms
1.36
1.81
2.27
2.72
3.18
3.63
4.08
4.54
Metric to Apothecary Liquid Measure

Metric
Approximate
Apothecary Equivalent
1000 ml
750 ml
500 ml
250 ml
7 fluid ounces
100 ml
50 ml
30 ml
1
1
1
8
10 ml
2 fluid drams
8 ml
5 ml
4 ml
3 ml
2 ml
1 ml
0.75
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.10
0.06
2 fluid drams
1 fluid drams
1 fluid dram
45 minims
30 minims
15 minims
12 minims
10 minims
8 minims
5 minims
4 minims
3 minims
1 minims
1 minim
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
ml
0.05 ml
0.03 ml
quart
pints
pint
fluid ounces200 ml
3 fluid ounces
3
1 4 fluid ounces
1 fluid ounce
34
minim
minim
Apothecaries 2 Metric Liquid Measure Table

Minims
Fluid
Drams
Milliliters
3
4
5
10
15
20
0.06
0.12
0.19
0.25
0.31
0.62
0.92
1.23
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60 (1 fl dr)
1.54
1.85
2.16
2.46
2.77
3.08
3.39
3.70
Fluid
Ounces
Milliliters
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(1 ft oz)
Measures of Mass
3.70
7.39
11.09
14.79
18.48
22.18
25.88
29.57
Milliliters
6
7
8
29.57
59.15
88.72
118.29
147.87
177.44
207.01
236.58
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16 (1 pt)
32 (1 qt)
128 (1 gal)
266.16
295.73
325.30
354.88
384.45
414.02
443.59
473.17
946.33
3785.32
3
4
Avoirdupois Weight Table

Grains
Drams
Ounces
Pounds
Metric Equivalents
(grams)
1
27.34
437.5
7000
0.0366
1
16
256
0.0023
0.0625
1
16
0.00014
0.0039
0.0625
1
0.0647989
1.772
28.350
453.5924277
Apothecaries Weight Table

Equivalents
Grains
Scruples
Drams
Pounds
Metric Ounces
1
20
60
480
5760
0.05
1
3
24
28
8
0.0167
0.333
1
8
96
0.0021
0.042
0.125
1.000
12.000
0.00017
0.0035
0.0104
0.0833
1.0000
0.0647989
1.296
3.888
31.103
373.24177
Metric 2 Apothecaries Liquid Measure Table

Milliliters Minims
1
2
3
4
5
Illiliters
Fluid Drams
5
10
15
20
25
30
1.35
2.71
4.06
5.4
6.76
7.1
16.231
32.5
48.7
64.9
81.1
Milliliters
30
40
50
500
1000 (1 L)
Fluid Ounces
1.01
1.35
1.69
16.91
33.815
Apothecaries (Wine) Measure Table

Minims
Fluid
Drams
Fluid
Ounces
Gills
Pints
Quarts
Gallons
Cubic
Inches
Milliliter
Cubic
Centimeters
1
60
480
1920
7680
15360
61440
0.0166
1
8
32
128
256
1024
0.002
0.125
1
4
16
32
128
0.0005
0.0312
0.25
1
4
8
32
0.00013
0.0078
0.0625
0.25
1
2
8
0.0039
0.0312
0.125
0.5
1
4
0.0078
0.0312
0.125
0.25
1
0.00376
0.22558
1.80468
7.21875
28.875
57.75
231
0.06161
3.6967
29.5737
118.2948
473.179
946.358
3785.434
0.06161
3.6967
29.5737
118.2948
473.179
946.358
3785.434
Metric Weight Table

DecaMicro-Gram
1
103
10
105
8
10
107
108
9
10
1012
Milli-Gram
Centi-Gram
Deci-Gram
Gram
Equivalents
Gram
Hecto-Gram
Kilo-Gram
1
10
100
1000
10a
106
6
10
109
1
10
100
1000
10
6
10
108
1
10
100
1000
10
107
1
10
100
1000
106
1
10
100
105
1
10
10
1
1000
Avoirdupois
Apothecaries
0.000015 gr
0.015432 gr
0.154323 gr
1.543235 gr
15.432356 gr
5.6438 dr
3.215 oz
2.2046 lb
2204.6223 lb
7.7162 scr
3.527 oz
2.6792 lb
2679.2285 lb
Metric Measures of Length Table

Micro-Meter
Milli-Meter
Centi-Meter
1
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
107
108
109
10
10
1012
0.001
1
10
100
1000
104
105
106
7
10
109
10-
10-
1
10
100
1000
104
105
6
10
108
Deci-Meter
Meter
Deka-Meter
Hecto-Meter
Kilo-Meter
Mega-Meter
Equivalents
0.000039 inch
0.03937 inch
0.3937 inch
3.937 inches
39.37 inches
10.9361 yards
109.3612 yards
1093.6121 yards
6.2137 miles
621.370 miles
1
10
100
1000
104
5
10
107
1
10
100
1000
4
10
106
Troy Weight Table
1
10
1000
1000
105
1
10
100
104
1
10
1000
Apothecary to Metric Weight Conversion Table
Grains
Pennyweights
Ounces
Pounds
Metric Equivalents
(grams)
1
24
480
5760
0.042
1
20
240
0.002
0.05
1
12
0.00017
0.0042
0.083
1
1.0647989
1.555
31.103
373.24177
Grains Grams
1/150
1/120
1/100
1/90
1/80
1/64
1/60
1/50
1/48
1/40
1/36
1/32
1/30
1/25
1/20
1/16
1/12
1/10
1/9
1/8
1/7
1/6
1/5
1/4
1/3
Grains
Grams
0.0004
2/5
0.03
0.0005
1/2
0.032
0.0006
3/5
0.04
0.0007
2/3
0.043
0.0008
3/4
0.05
0.001
7/8
0.057
0.0011
1
0.065
0.0013 1 1/2 0.097(0.1)
0.0014
2
0.12
0.0016
3
0.20
0.0018
4
0.24
0.002
5
0.30
0.0022
6
0.40
0.0026
7
0.45
0.003
8
0.50
0.004
9
0.60
0.005
10
0.65
0.006
15
1.00
0.007 20 (1 3)
1.30
0.008
30
2.00
0.009
0.01
0.013
0.016
0.02
Scruples
1
2
3
Grams
(1 3)
Drams
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(1 3)
Ounces
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
(1 lb)
1.296(1.3)
2.592(2.6)
3.888(3.9)
Grams
3.888
7.776
11.664
15.552
19.440
23.328
27.216
31.103
Grams
31.103
62.207
93.310
124.414
155.517
186.621
217.724
248.828
279.931
311.035
342.138
373.242
Metric to Apothecary Weight Conversion Table

Milligrams
Grains
Grams
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.015432
0.030864
0.046296
0.061728
0.077160
0.092592
0.108024
0.123456
0.138888
0.154320
0.231480
0.308640
0.385800
0.462960
0.540120
0.617280
0.694440
0.771600
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
100
1.543240
10.0
Grains
Grams
1.5432
3.0864
4.6296
6.1728
7.7160
9.2592
10.8024
12.3456
13.8888
15.4320
23.1480
30.8640
38.5800
46.2960
54.0120
61.728
69.444
77.162
10
15
20
25
30
40
45
50
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Equivalents
3.858
5.144
6.430
7.716
1.447
1.607
3.215
6.430
9.644
12.859
1.34
1.61
1.88
2.14
2.41
2.68
2.572
2.572
2.572
2.572
2.572
1.286
1.286
1.286
1.286
1.286
1.286
1.286
drams
drams
drams
drams
drams
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
oz
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
lb
154.324
Metric Fluid Measure Table

Micro-Liter
1
103
104
5
10
106
7
10
108
109
12
10
Milli-Liter
Centi-Liter
1
10
100
103
4
10
105
106
9
10
1
10
100
3
10
104
105
8
10
1 liter = 2.113363738 pints (Apothecaries)
Deci-Liter
Deka-Liter
Hecto-Liter
Kilo-Liter
Mega-Liter
1
10
100
103
104
7
10
1
10
100
103
5
10
1
10
100
5
10
1
10
4
10
1
3
10
Equivalents
(Apothecaries Fluid)
0.01623108 min
16.23 min
2.7 fl dr
3.38 fl oz
2.11 pts
2.64 gal
26.418 gals
264.18 gals
26418 gals
Metric to Apothecary Weight Conversions

Metric
30.0 g
15.0 g
10.0 g
7.50 g
6.00 g
5.00 g
4.00 g
3.00 g
2.00 g
1.50 g
1.00 g
750 mg
600 mg
500 mg
400 mg
300 mg
250 mg
200 mg
150 mg
125 mg
100 mg
75 mg
60 mg
50 mg
40 mg
30 mg
25 mg
20 mg
15 mg
12 mg
10 mg
6 mg
5 mg
4 mg
3 mg
2 mg
1 mg
Approximate Apothecary Equivalents
1 ounce
4 drams
2 drams
2 drams
90 grains
75 grains
60 grains (1 dram)
45 grains
30 grains (1/2 dram)
22 grains
15 grains
12 grains
10 grains
7 grains
6 grains
5 grains
4 grains
3 grains
2 grains
2 grains
1 grains
1 grains
1 grain
3
4 grain
2/3 grain
grain
3/8 grain
1/3 grain
grain
1/5 grain
1/6 grain
1/10 grain
1/12 grain
1/15 grain
1/20 grain
1/30 grain
1/60 grain
Appendix B
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for Complete
Edentulism
The official classification system for edentulism developed by the American
College of Prosthodontists. The system classifies edentulous patient treatment
complexity using four diagnostic criteria: a) mandibular bone height, b) maxillo-mandibular relationship, c) maxillary residual ridge morphology, and d)
muscle attachments. These four criteria identify patients as Class 1 (ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately compromised), Class 3 (substantially
compromised) or Class 4 (severely compromised).
The PDI for the Edentulous Class 1 Patient
A patient who presents with ideal or minimally compromised complete edentulism that can be treated successfully by conventional prosthodontic techniques.
The Class 1 patient exhibits a) a residual mandibular bone height of at least
21 millimeters measured at the area of least vertical bone height, b) a maxillomandibular relationship permitting normal tooth articulation and an ideal ridge
relationship, c) a maxillary ridge morphology that resists horizontal and vertical
movement of the denture base, and d) muscle attachment locations conducive to
denture base stability and retention.
A patient who presents with moderately compromised complete edentulism and
continued physical degradation of the denture supporting anatomy. The Class 2
patient exhibits a) a residual mandibular bone height of 16-20 millimeters mea-
sured at the area of least vertical bone height, b) a maxillo-mandibular relationship permitting normal tooth articulation and an appropriate ridge relationship,
c) a maxillary residual ridge morphology that resists horizontal and vertical
movement of the denture base, and d) muscle attachments that exert limited
compromise on denture base stability and retention.
A patient who presents with substantially compromised complete edentulism
and exhibits a) limited interarch space of 18-20 millimeters and/or temporomandibular disorders, b) a residual mandibular bone height of 11-15 millimeters
measures at the area of least vertical bone height, c) an Angle Class I, II, or III
maxillomandibular relationship, d) muscle attachments that exert a moderate
compromise on denture base stability and retention, and e) a maxillary residual
ridge morphology providing minimal resistance movement of the denture base
A patient who presents with the most debilitated form of complete edentulism,
where surgical reconstruction is usually indicated and specialized prosthodontic
techniques are required to achieve an acceptable outcome. The Class 4 Patient
exhibits a) a residual mandibular bone height of 10 millimeters or less, b) an
Angle Class I, II, or III maxillomandibular relationship, c) a maxillary residual
ridge morphology providing no resistance to movement of the denture base,
and d) muscle attachments that exert a significant compromise on denture
base stability and retention.
Appendix C
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for the Partially
Edentulous Patient
The official classification system for the partially edentulous patient developed by
the American College of Prosthodontists. The system classifies the partially
edentulous treatment complexity based on four diagnostic criteria: a) the location and extent of the edentulous areas, b) the condition of the abutment teeth,
c) the occlusal scheme, and d) the residual ridge. These four criteria identify patients as Class 1 (ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately
compromised), Class 3 (substantially compromised) or Class 4 (severely
compromised).
PDI for the Partially Edentulous (PE) Class 1 Patient
A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism confined to a single arch, b)
minimal compromise to the abutment teeth, c) an ideal or minimally compromised occlusion, d) an Angle Class I molar and jaw relationships, and e) an
Angle Class I residual ridge (See PDI for the Class I Completely Edentulous
Patient, Appendix B). The PE Class 1 patient includes those with any anterior
maxillary span not exceeding two incisors, any anterior mandibular span not exceeding four missing incisors and any posterior span not exceeding two premolars or one premolar plus a molar.
PDI for the Partially Edentulous Class 2 Patient
A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism that is moderately compromised, confined to a single arch, b) moderate compromise to the abutment teeth
in at least one sextant, c) a moderately compromised occlusal scheme that requires adjunctive therapy, d) an Angle Class I molar and jaw relationships and
5) an Angle Class II residual ridge (See PDI for the Class II Completely
Edentulous Patient, Appendix B). The PE Class 2 patient includes those with
any anterior maxillary span not exceeding all incisors, any anterior mandibular
span not exceeding four missing incisors and any posterior span not exceeding
two premolars or one premolar plus a molar or any missing canine.
A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism that is substantially compromised, in multiple areas in one or both arches, b) substantial compromise to
the abutment teeth in three sextants, c) a substantially compromised occlusal
scheme requiring reestablishment of the entire occlusal scheme without a change
in the vertical dimension, d) an Angle Class II molar and jaw relationship,
and/or e) an Angle Class III residual ridge description (See PDI for the
Class III Completely Edentulous Patient, Appendix B).
A patient who presents with a) partial edentulism that is severely compromised in
multiple areas and opposing arches, b) severe compromise to the abutment teeth
in four or more sextants, c) a severely compromised occlusal scheme requiring

reestablishment of the entire occlusal scheme and a change in the vertical dimension, d) an Angle Class II and/or Angle Class III molar and jaw relationships,
and e) at least one edentulous ridge having a guarded prognosis. The PE Class
4 patient also includes congenital or maxillofacial defects, those with at least
one severely compromised edentulous arch, severe manifestations of local or
systemic disease, severe ataxia or dyskinesia and the refractory patient.
Appendix D
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index (PDI) for the Completely
Dentate Patient
The official classification system for the completely dentate patient developed by
the American College of Prosthodontists. This standardized identification
grouping of dentate patient treatment complexities is based on two criteria: 1)
the condition of the teeth and 2) the occlusal scheme. These criteria identify patients as Class 1 (ideal or minimally compromised), Class 2 (moderately
compromised), Class 3 (substantially compromised) or Class 4 (severely
compromised).
Prosthodontic Diagnostic Index for the Completely Dentate Class 1 Patient
A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is minimally compromised and 2)
with contiguous, intact dental arches requiring prosthodontic treatment on
three teeth or less that do not require adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment,
endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.).
Type: (dental, maxillofacial, ancillary) (Figs. 1-4)

Descriptor: ,support. tissue borne, implant borne, tooth/implant
borne ,other modifiers.
Examples..
dental prosthesis
maxillary removable partial dental prosthesis
surgical obturator maxillofacial prosthesis
mandibular fixed partial dental prosthesis on dental implants # 28, 30 and 31
cemented fixed partial dental prosthesis on teeth # 12 and
14
cemented fixed partial dental prosthesis on dental implant
#12 and tooth #14
ceramic fixed partial dental prosthesis on dental implants #3
and 5
To be avoided examples...
rigid interim mandibular removable partial dental prosthesis replacing teeth #23-30 (five coordinate adjectives)
hybrid prosthesis (of what?)
hybrid denture prosthesis (of what?)
interim plate (poor noun selection)

A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is moderately compromised with
no edentulous areas, 2) an intact anterior guidance, 3) pathology affecting the
coronal morphology of 4 or more teeth in only one sextant, and 4) teeth that require adjunctive treatment (periodontal treatment, endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) on four or more teeth in one sextant.
A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is substantially compromised with
no edentulous areas, 2) an impaired anterior guidance, 3) substantial posterior
occlusal wear and a normal vertical dimension, 4) pathology affecting the
coronal morphology of 4 or more teeth in three or more sextants, and 5) teeth
that are substantially compromised requiring adjunctive therapy (periodontal
treatment, endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) in two sextants.
A patient who presents with 1) a dentition that is severely compromised with
no edentulous areas, 2) an impaired anterior guidance, 3) severe posterior
occlusal wear with loss of vertical dimension,
4) the need for the
reestablishment of the entire occlusion with a change in vertical dimension,
and 5) teeth
that require adjunctive therapy (periodontal treatment,
endodontic treatment, orthodontic treatment, etc.) in three or more sextants.
Fig. 1
Appendix E
Nomenclature for prosthetic restorations
{modifier} (type) prosthesis ,descriptor.
coordinate adjective(s)
noun
adjective clause
Modifier: {anatomic location} maxillary, mandibular, inferior, superior

{form} complete, partial, splint, stent, carrier, bar, ovoid,
round
{material} ceramic, metal, resin
{retention} fixed, removable, cement, screw, friction, tissue
{support} tooth, implant, tissue
{time} surgical, temporary, interim, definitive
{other} soft, zirconium, etc.
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

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THE GLOSSARY OF

abutment analog n (2005): a replica of the superior portion of a

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

ad he sive \ad-h e#siv, -ziv\ n (1912) 1: any substance that creates

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

acquired occlusal position agnosia

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

ala \ a#la\ n, pl alae (1738): a wing or a wing-like anatomic part

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

all-polymer prosthesis: a fixed dental prosthesis fabricated from

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

anatomy \a-nat#a-m e\ n, pl -mies (14c) 1: a branch of

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

Andrews bridge \an#dro o s brj\: the combination of a fixed

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

analgesic blocking agent

for the removable component. First attributed to James Andrews,

an es the sia \an#s-th e#zha\ n (ca. 1721): loss of feeling or

angle of incidence \ang#gl uv n#s-dens\: the angle formed between

angular cheilitis \ang#gya-ler k -l #ts\: inflammation of the angles

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

angulated abutment anti-rotation

angulated abutment \ang#gya-l at#d a-but#ment\ (1998): any

an te ri or \an-tr# e-or\ adj (1541) 1: in front of or the front part;

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

ANTERIOR GUIDE TABLE 3: the fabrication of a relationship

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

an ti neo plas tic \an#t e-n e#a-plas#tk\ adj (1969) 1: inhibiting

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

arcon articulator \ar#kon ar-tk#ya-l a#tor\: an articulator that

DENTISTRYA. Class II articulator: an instrument

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

atypical facial pain \ a-tp#-kul f a#shul p an\: a painful syndrome

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

THE ACADEMY OF PROSTHODONTICS

auto polymerizing resin

riorly or laterally) that are developed for the purpose of stabilizing

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC

Beilby layer bolus

Beilby GT. Aggregation and flow of solids, 1921.

bench set \bench set\: a stage of resin processing that allows a

Bennetts side shift [Sir Norman Godfrey Bennett, British dental

bevel \bev#al\ n (1611): a slanting edge

Dawson PE Temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction problems can be