Exam

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Name_______________________________
MULTIPLECHOICE. Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion,
1) Atapproximatelywhatt_ __ ~ l J f u l l moonbeonyourmeridian?
A)6AM B) midnight C) 6PM D) 9AM E) noon
2) Kepler'sthirdlaw,p2 a
3
, meansthat
A) theperiodofaplanetdoesnotdependonitsmass.
___Ii!,..B) planetsthatarefartherfrom theSunmoveatsloweraveragespeedsthannearerplanets.
C)allorbitswiththesamesemimajoraxishavethesameperiod.
D)a planet'sperioddoesnotdependontheeccentricityofitsorbit.
E) Alloftheabovearecorrect.
3) Whichofthefollowingis/lot oneof,norfollowsdirectlyfrom,Kepler'slaws?
A)Asaplanetmovesarounditsorbit,itsweepsoutequalareasinequaltimes.
B) TheorbitofeachplanetabouttheSunisanellipsewiththeSunatonefocus.
___,.. C)Theforceofattractionbetweenanytwoobjectsdecreaseswiththesquareofthedistancebetweentheir
centers.
D) Moredistantplanetsmoveatslowerspeeds.
E) A planettravelsfaster whenitisnearertotheSunandslowerwhenitisfartherfromtheSun.
4) Whatis acircumpolar star?
A) astarthatisclosetothenorthcelestialpole
B) astarthatisvisiblefromtheArcticorAntarcticcircles
C)astarthatisclosetothesouthcelestialpole
D) astarthatmakesadailycirclearoundthecelestialsphere
4 E) a starthatalwaysremainsaboveyourhorizon
5) WhydidPtolemyhavetheplanetsorbitingtheearthon"circlesuponcircles"inhismodeloftheuniverse?
I " A) toexplainthefactthatplanetssometimesappeartomovewestward,ratherthaneastward,relativetothe
starsinoursky
B) toexplainwhytheGreekswereunabletodetectstellarparallax
C) toproperlyaccountforthevaryingdistancesoftheplanetsfromtheearth
D) toexplainwhymoredistantplanetstakelongertomakeacircuitthroughtheconstellationsofthezodiac
E) toexplainwhyVenusgoesthroughphasesasseenfromtheearth
6) WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutAldebaran?
__Ii". A) It isayoungstar
B) It isknownasthe"eyeofthebull"
C) It isintheconstellationTaurus
D)It isaredgiantstar
E) It ispartofthewintercircle
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7) If theMoonisrisingatmidnight,thephaseoftheMoonmustbe
---i!'_A) thirdquarter.
B) waxingcrescent.
C) firstquarter.
D)full.
E) waningcrescent.
8) WhenCopernicusfirstcreatedhisSun-centeredmodeloftheuniverse,itdidnotleadtosubstantiallybetter
predictionsofplanetarypositionsthanthePtolemaicmodel.Whynot?
._.. A) Copernicususedperfectcirclesfortheorbitsoftheplanets.
B) CopernicusplacedtheplanetsinthewrongordergoingoutwardfromtheSun.
e) CopernicusmisjudgedthespeedsatwhichtheplanetsorbittheSun.
D) CopernicusplacedtheSunatthecenterbutdidnotrealizethattheMoonorbitstheearth.
E) Copernicusmisjudgedthedistancesbetweentheplanets.
.,
9) Whydoweseeessentiallythesameface oftheMoonatalltimes?
A) becausetheMoondoesnotrotate
B) becausetheMoonhasanearlycircularorbitaroundtheearth
C) becausetheSunilluminatesonlyonehalfatatime
$ D) becausetheMoon'srotationalandorbitalperiodsareequal
E) becausetheotherface pointstowardusonlyatnewmoon,whenwecan'tsee theMoon
SHORTANSWER. Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
10) WhatisthenameofthebrightstarinOrion's"knee"?
11) Whatstarisjustaboutdirectlyoverheadinthelateeveningthistimeofyear?
12) DescribetwoobservationsthatGalileomadethathelpedsupporttheCopernicanmodelofthesolarsystem.
13) DescribewhattheseasonswouldbelikeiftheEarth'saxiswastilted90degrees(insteadoftheactualtilt of23.5
degrees).
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N,me 2.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) We can learn a lot about the properties of a star by studying its spectrum. All of the following statements are
true except one. Which one?
A) The peak of the star's thermal emission tells us its temperature: Hotter stars peak at shorter (bluer)
wavelengths.
---,)III'B) The total amount of light in the spectrum tells us the star's radius.
C) We can look at Doppler shifts of spectral lines to determine the star's speed toward or away from us.
D) We can identify chemical elements present in the star by recognizing patterns of spectral lines that
correspond to particular chemicals.
2) A skater can spin faster by pulling in her arms closer to her body or spin slower by spreading her arms out
from her body. This is due to
A) conservation of momentum.
B) conservation of energy.
C) Newton's third law.
D) the law of gravity.
E) conservation of angular momentum.
3) The mass of Jupiter can be calculated by
A) measuring the orbital speed of one of Jupiter's moons.
B) measuring the orbital period and distance of Jupiter's orbit around the Sun.
C) measuring the orbital period and distance of one of Jupiter's moons.
D) knowing the Sun's mass and measuring how Jupiter's speed changes during its elliptical orbit around the
Sun.
E) knowing the Sun's mass and measuring the average distance of Jupiter from the Sun.
4) You observe a distant galaxy. You find that a spectral line normally found in the visible part of the spectrum is
shifted toward the infrared. What do you conclude?
A) The galaxy is moving away from you.
B) The composition of the galaxy is changing.
C) The galaxy is moving toward you.
D) The galaxy is made purely of hydrogen.
E) The galaxy has very weak gravity.
5) The fact that Voyager 10 continues to speed out of the solar system, even though its rockets have no fuel, is an
example of
A) Newton's third law of motion.
B) the universal Jaw of gravitation.
C) Newton's second law of motion.
D) Newton's first law of motion.
E) none of the above
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6) Atwhichlunarphase(s)aretidesmostpronounced(e.g., thehighesthightides)?
A) newmoon
B) full moon
C)firstquarter
-.a,. D) bothnewandfull moons
E) bothfirstandthirdquarters
7) Whichofthefollowingbest describestheoriginofoceantidesonEarth?
___ .A) TidesarecausedbythedifferenceintheforceofgravityexertedbytheMoonacrossthesphereofthe
-, earth.
B) Tidesarecausedprimarilybythegravitationalforce oftheSun.
C) Tidesarecaused bythe23 1/2tiltoftheearth'srotationalaxisto theeclipticplane.
D)TidesarecausedonthesideoftheearthnearesttheMoonbecausetheMoon'sgravityattractsthewater.
E) TheMoon'sgravitypullsharderonwaterthanonland,becausewateris lessdensethanrock.
8) Grass(thatishealthy)looksgreenbecause
A) ittransmitsgreenlightandemitsothercolors. B) itreflectsgreenlightandabsorbsothercolors.
C)itabsorbsgreenlightandemitsothercolors. D)itemitsgreenlightandabsorbsothercolors.
9) Whenanelectroninanatomgoesfromahigherenergystatetoalowerenergystate,theatom
A) absorbsaphotonofaspecificfrequency.
B) canabsorbaphotonofanyfrequency.
C) canemitaphotonofanyfrequency.
-.. D)absorbsseveralphotonsofaspecificfrequency.
......." E) emitsaphotonofaspecificfrequency.
10) Supposeyouseetwostars:abluestarandaredstar.Whichofthefollowingcanyouconcludeaboutthetwo
stars? AssumethatnoDopplershiftsareinvolved.(Hint: Thinkaboutthelawsofthermalradiation.)
A) Theredstaris moremassivethanthe bluestar.
B) Theredstarhasahottersurfacetemperaturethanthebluestar.
= C) Thebluestarhasahottersurfacetemperaturethantheredstar.
D) The bluestarismoremassivethantheredstar.
E) Thebluestarisfartherawaythanthe redstar.
SHORTANSWER. Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
11) WhatisthenameofthebrightstarinLeo?'
12) Whenyou"followthearc"ofstarsin thehandleoftheBigDipper,whatstardoyoucometo?
l3) StateNewton'sthreelawsofmotion.
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Exam
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative thatbest completes the statement or answers the question.
1) According to the nebular theory, how did the Oort cloud form?
A) It is material left over from the interstellar cloud that never contracted with the rest of the gases to form the
solar nebula.
B) It is made of planetesimals that formed beyond Neptune's orbit and never accreted to form a planet.

C) It is made of planetesimals formed in the outer solar system that were flung into distant orbits by
encounters with the jovian planets.
D) It is made of planetesimals between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter that never formed into a planet.
E) It consists of objects that fragmented from the protosun during a catastrophic collision early in the
formation of the solar system.
2) At approximately what time would a first quarter moon rise?
A) midnight B) 6 PM C) 9 AM D) noon E)6AM
3) Why did the solar nebula heat up as it collapsed?
A) Collisions among planetesimals generated friction and heat.
13) Nuclear fusion occurring in the core of the protosun produced energy that heated the nebula.
C) Radiation from other nearby stars that had formed earlier heated the nebula.
D) The shock wave from a nearby supernova heated the gas.

E) As the cloud shrank, its gravitational potential energy was converted to kinetic energy and then into
thermal energy.
4) Which of the following are relatively unchanged fragments from the early period of planet building in the solar
system?
A) Oort cloud comets
B) meteorites
C) asteroids
D) Kuiper belt comets
_.111". E) all of the above
5) What was the frost lin!' of the solar system?
A) the distance from the Sun where temperatures were low enough for metals to condense, between the Sun
and the present-day orbit of Mercury
B) the distance from the Sun where temperatures were low enough for hydrogen and helium to condense,
between the present-day orbits of Jupiter and Saturn
C) the distance from the Sun where temperatures were low enough for rocks to condense, between the
present-day orbits of Mercury and Venus
D) the distance from the Sun where temperatures were low enough for hydrogen compounds to condense
into ices, between the present-day orbits of Mars and Jupiter
E) the distance from the Sun where temperatures were low enough for asteroids to form, between the
present-day orbits of Venus and Earth
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6) Whathappenedduringtheaccretion phaseoftheearlysolarsystem?
A) Thesolarnebula differentiatedintometalsinsideofthefrost lineandicesbeyond.
B) Atomsandmoleculesin thegasbondedtogetherandsolidified.
e) Earthgaineditsoceansfrom icyplanetesimalcapture.
iSGz. D) Particlesgrewbycollidingandstickingtogether.
E) Largeplanetesimalscapturedatmospheresfrom the solarnebula.
7) Whichofthefollowingstatementsis not anobservedpatternofmotioninoursolarsystem?
A) Almostall moonsorbittheirplanetin thesamedirectionastheplanet'srotation.
..- , , ~ . . B) Mostplanetsorbitatthesamespeed.
e) Mostplanetaryorbitslienearlyin thesameplane.
D) Mostplanetsrotatein thesamedirectionin whichtheyorbit.
E) All planetsorbittheSuninthesamedirection.
8) Whyarctheinnerplanetsmadeofdensermaterialsthantheouterplanets?
A) Inthebeginning,whentheprotoplanetarydiskwasspinningfaster,centrifugal forces flungthelighter
materialstowardtheouterpartsofthesolarnebula.
13) Densermaterialswereheavierandsanktothecenterofthenebula.
e) TheSun'sgravitypulleddensermaterialstowardtheinnerpartofthesolarnebula,whilelightergases
,
--
escapedmoreeasily.
D) Whenthesolarnebula formedadisk,materialsnaturallysegregatedintobands,andinourparticularsolar
systemthedensermaterialssettlednearertheSunwhilelightermaterialsarefoundintheouterpart.
E) Intheinnerpartofthenebulaonlymetalsandrockswereabletocondensebecauseofthehigh
temperatures,whereashydrogencompounds,althoughmoreabundant,wereonlyabletocondenseinthe
coolerouterregions.
9) Whatarethemainconstituentsofthejovianplanets?
A) ammoniaandwater
B) nitrogenandmethane
e) hydrogenandhelium
D) rockymineralsandwater,asonEarth
E) ammoniaandmethane
10) Accordingtoourtheoryofsolarsystemformation, whatisPluto?
A) Plutoissimplyanoddballplanetandthusrepresentsoneofthe"exceptions"thatthenebulartheory
cannotexplain.
B) Plutoisaterrestrial planetthatwasshotoutfromtheinnersolarsystemto itspresentlocationasthemost
distantplanet.
e) Plutoisa verysmall jovianplanet.
D) Plutois aterrestrial planetthathappened to formatalargedistancefrom theSun.
E) PlutoisthelargestoftheKuiper-bellcomets. (" \~ \ ,1,.. ~ , . 1,: (,f r )
SHORTANSWER. Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
11) ExplainwhytheearlyEarthdid notform withwater,andhowitgaineditlaterin itsformation.
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21' tl Exam
2. ----l- ____
MULTIPLECHOICE. Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion.
1) Whydoestheearthhavethestrongestmagneticfield amongtheterrestrialworlds?
A)It is theonlyonethathasametalliccore.
B) It isthemostvolcanicallyactiveworld.
e) It isbyfarthelargestterrestrial world.
D) It rotatesmuchfasterthananyotherterrestrialworld.
41 ____"., E) It istheonlyonethathasbothapartiallymoltenmetalliccoreandreasonablyrapidrotation.
2) Olympus Mons isa
A) largelava plainonthe Moon.
B) shieldvolcanoonMars.
e) stratovolcanoontheMoon.
D)shieldvolcanoonVenus.
stratovolcanoonMercury.
3) Theskyis bluebecause
A) theSunmainlyemitsbluelight.
B) theatmosphereabsorbsmostlybluelight.
C) theatmospheretransmitsmostlybluelight.
D)moleculesscatterredlightmoreeffectively thanbluelight.
t
'>
E) moleculesscatterbluelightmoreeffectivelythanredlight.
4) TherearenoaurorasonVenusbecauseit
A) lacksanionosphere.
B) istoohot.
e) lacksatmosphericoxygen.
D) lacksstrongwinds.
t
E) lacksastrongmagneticfield.
5) TheCaloris Basin onMercurycoversalargeregionoftheplanet,butfewsmallercratershaveformedontopof
it. Fromthisweconcludethat
A)erosiondestroyedthesmallercratersthatformedonthebasin.
B) Mercury'satmospherepreventedsmallerobjectsfromhittingthesurface.
e) theCaloris Basin wasformed byavolcano.
D) onlyverylargeimpactorshitMercury'ssurfacein thepast.
E) theCilloris Basin formed toward theendofthesolarsystem'speriodofheavybombardment.
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6) WhatwouldhappentoEarthifwesomehowmovedourplanettotheorbitofVenus?
s

A)Earthwouldsuffera runawaygreenhouseeffectandbecomeashotorhotterthanVenus.
B) Beingsomuchcloserto theSunwouldalmostimmediatelycausethesurfaceofEarthtomelt,andallour
citieswouldthenbedestroyedbythehotlava.
e)Thefact thatwehaveoceanswould moderatethetemperaturechangeduetomovingourplanet,so
temperaturewouldhardlychangeataiL
D)Temperatureswouldriseonlyslightly,butenoughtomeltthepolarcaps.
7) whichofthefollowingbestdescribeswhythesmallerterrestrialworldshavecoolerinteriorsthanthelarger
t haverelativelymoresurfaceareacomparedtotheirvolumes.
B) Theywerecoolerwhentheyformed.
e)ThesmalleronesarefartherfromtheSun.
D)Theyhaverelativelyfewerradioactiveelements.
E) Theyhadmorevolcaniceruptionsin thepast,whichreleasedtheirinternalheat.
8) Everysummer,whenyou looklowonthesouthernhorizonaroundmidnight,you arclookingtowards
,.. A)theouterpartsofourgalaxy
- .,B) thecenterofourgalaxy
e)theMoon
D)Jupiter
E) Toronto
9) Whyisn'ttheearth'satmospheremostlyhydrogen?
A)EarthformedtooclosetotheSun for anyplanetesimalstohavehydrogen.
B) LightgasessuchashydrogenmoveJasterthanheaviergasesandescapefrom theearth'sgravitational
-----, field.
e)All thehydrogen wasblastedawayduringtheearlybombardmentstage thesolarsystem.
D)Allthehydrogenreactedwithoxygenandformed theoceans.
E) Thehydrogenis frozen inthepolaricecaps.
10) Howdidthelunarmaria form?
A) Volatilesescapingfrom theMoon'sinteriorheatedanderodedthesurfaceintheregionsofthemaria.
B) LargeimpactsfracturedtheMuon'slithosphere,allowinglavatofill theimpactbasins.
e)ThegiantimpactthatcreatedtheMoonleftsmoothareasthatwecall themaria.
D) Themaria aretheresultofgradualerosionbymicrometeoritesstrikingtheMoon.
E) Theearlybombardmentcreated heatthatmelted thelunarsurfacein theregionsofthemariti.
11) Whatis the troposphere?
A) thehighestlayerintheatmosphere
B) thepartoftheatmospherethatabsorbsultraviolet
C) thepartoftheatmospherethatabsorbsopticallight
D) thepartoftheatmospherethatabsorbsXrays
tz E) thelowestlayerintheatmosphere
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Exam I"!'\' S
ea.-=---_
MULTIPLECHOICE. Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion,
1) WheredidcometsthatarenowintheOortcloudoriginallyform?
....,A)nearthejovianplanets
D) insideJupiter'sorbit
C) outsideNeptune'sorbit
D) withinthesolarnebula,butfaroutsidetheorbitofPluto
E) alloftheabove
2) Whichmoonhasthemostsubstantialatmosphere?
A) Ganymede B) Mimas C)10 D) Europa
3) Whatmechanism ismostresponsibleforgeneratingthe internalheatof10 thatdrivesthevolcanicactivity?
A)bombardment
B) radioactivedecay
C) accretion
) D)tidal heating
E) differentiation
4) Whichdirectiondoacomet'sdustandplasma tailspoint?
A) perpendicularto theeclipticplane D) straightbehindthecometin itsorbit
'--'> C) generallyawayfrom theSun D) alwaysalmostduenorth
5) WhyisJupiterdenserthanSaturn?
A) It ismadeofadifferentcompositionthanSaturn,includingahigherproportionofhydrogencompounds
androcks.
B) ItscoreismuchlargerthanSahun's.
C)Theextra massofJupitercompressesitsinteriortoagreaterextentthanthatofSaturn.
D)It hasagreaterproportionofhelium to hydrogencomparedtoSaturn.
E) It is unknownwhythisisso.
6) WhatisJupiter'sGreatRedSpot?
R ".A)along-Jived,high-pressurestorm
B) theplacewherereddishparticlesfrom10 impactJupiter'ssurface
C)a hurricanethatcomesandgoesonJupiter
D) a largemountainpeakpokingupabovetheclouds
E) theplacewhereJupiter'sauroraismostvisible
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7
7) Whydoasteroidsandcometsdifferincomposition?
A) Cometsformedfromthejoviannebula,whileasteroidsdidnot.
B) Asteroidsformed insidethefrostline,whilecometsformed outside.
C) Cometsaremuchlargerthanasteroids.
0)Asteroidsandcometsformedatdifferenttimes.
E) Asteroidsaremuchlargerthancomets.
8) HowdoastronomersthinkJupitergeneratesitsinternalheat?
A) radioactivedecay
B) internalfrictionduetoitshighrotationrate

C) bycontracting,changinggravitationalpotentialenergyintothermalenergy
0)nuclearfusioninthecore
E) chemicalprocesses
9) Planetaryringsarc
A) composedofalargenumberofindividualparticlesthatorbittheir planetin accordwithKepler'sthirdlaw.
B) nearertotheirplanetthananyoftheplanet'slargemoons.
C) knowntoexistfor allofthejovianplanets.
0)orbitingin theequatorialplaneoftheirplanet.
E) alloftheabove
10) Whenwesecameteorshower,it meansthat:
A) youshouldduckandrunfor covertoavoidbeingblastedontheheadbyarockfrom space.
B) anEarth-approachingasteroidhasrecentlycomeveryclosetoourplanet.
C)thesolarwindisunusuallystrong.
._-)
0)Earthiscrossingtheorbitofa comet.
11) Whyisn'ttherea planetwheretheasteroidbeltislocated?
A)Therewastoomuchrockymaterialtoformaterrestrialplanet,butnotenoughgaseousmaterialtoform a
jovianplanet.
B) A planetonceformedhere,butitwasbrokenapartbyacatastrophiccollision.
C)Thetemperaturein thisportionofthesolarnebulawasjustrighttopreventrockfromstickingtogether.
0)GravitationaltugsfromJupiterpreventedmaterialfrom collectingtogethertoformaplanet.
E) Therewasnotenoughmaterialinthispartofthesolarnebula to forma planet.
SHORTANSWER. Writethewordorphrasethatbestcompleteseachstatementoranswersthequestion.
12) Brieflydescribe theevidencesuggestingthata lO-kmasteroidorcomethittheearthatthetimeofthedinosaur
extinction.
13) Brieflydescribehowanimpactcouldlead to amassextinction.
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MULTIPLECHOICE. Choosetheonealternativethatbestcompletesthestatementoranswersthequestion,
1) "HotJupiters"inotherstarsystemsare
A)Gasgiantplanetsfarfrom theirstan.whichgenerateheatbygravitationalcontraction
B) Gasgiantswhichshinevia nuclearreactionsinthecores
........,., C)Gasgiantsfoundveryclosetotheirhoststars. ....,
D) MassiveterrestrialplanetsfoundnearJovian planets
2) Whichofthefollowingisnottrueofthetransittechniquefor findingplanets:
A)It cangiveusmeasurementsofaplanet'ssize.
B) 1t cangiveusmeasurementsofa planet'schemicalcomposition
C)1t cangiveveryaccuratemeasurementsoftheplanet'smass
'"D)It candetectplanetsnomatterhowtheirorbitistiltedrelativetoourviewpoint.
3) Whatprocessesareinvolvedinthesunspotcycle?
A) variationsofthesolarthermostat
B) gravitationalcontractionoftheSun

C)thewindingofmagneticfield linesduetodifferentialrotation
D) wavemotionsin thesolarinterior
4) TheDopplertechniquesearchesfor planetsby
,. A) Measuringthechangingvelocityofthestarasitis pulledonbyanorbitingplanet.
B) Blockingthelightfrom astarsowecanseetheitsnearbyplanets
C)Watchingastar'spositionin theskychangeasaplanethlgSonit
D) Measuringthevelocityofa planetasitorbitsitshoststar
5) Atapproximatelywhattimewoulda firstquartermoonrise?
A) 6AM B) 9AM C)6PM. D) midnight ...noon
6) WhathappensintheradiativezoneoftheSun?
A) Thesun'smagneticfield trapshotgasandmakesitradiate.
B) Photonsmoveenergyoutwardsbydoingaslow"randomwalk"astheyinteractwithmatter.
C) Photonsfly freelythroughthisregionduetoitslowdensity.
D) Nuclearreactionsproducedhydrogenandhelium.
Radioactiveclementsreleaseenergy.
1
7) In the late 1800s, Kelvin and Helmholtz suggested that the Sun stayed hot thanks to gravitational contraction.
What was the major drawback of this idea?
A) It predicted that the earth would also shrink, which would make it impossible to have stable geology on
our planet.
B) It predicted that the Sun would shrink noticeably as we watched it, and the Sun appears to be stable in
size.
C) It is physically impossible to generate heat simply by making a star shrink in size.
D) It predicted that the Sun could last only about 25 million years, which is far less than the age of the earth.
8) The fact that so many of the planets find other stars are so much more massive than the planets in our
solar system probably is a sign that
A) The planets we find around other stars are much younger than our planets
B) Our solar system is not typical of other planetary systems
C) We are looking at types of stars which can only make high mass planets.
.,. D) Our techniques for finding planets can currently only find these kinds of planets
9) The fundamentaI nuclear reaction occurring in the core of the Sun is:
A) radioactive decay. ... B) nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium.
C) nuclear fission. D) nuclear fusion of helium to carbon.
10) An easy way to identify the constellation Cassiopeia in the fall sky is to ...
a ,. A) Look for a W-shaped group of stars
B) Look for four sttlrs forming a square
C) Follow the stars in Orion's Belt to Cassiopeia
D) Look for the double star cluster
E) Follow the arc of stars in the Big Dipper's handle
11) What happens to energy in the convection zone of the Sun?
A) Energy is consumed in the convection zone by the creation of electrons and positrons.
....... .. B) Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and the sinking of cooler plasma.
C) Energy slowly leaks outward through the diffusion of photons that repeatedly bounce off ions and
electrons.
D) Energy is produced in the convection zone by nuclear fusion.
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
12) Describe how we think"Hot Jupiters" may have formed.
13) Describe the story explaining why Cassiopeia was thrown into the night sky
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