AC 66 - 2-11 AME Exam Avionic PDF
AC 66 - 2-11 AME Exam Avionic PDF
AC 66 - 2-11 AME Exam Avionic PDF
AC66-2.11
Revision 1 29 June 2009
General Civil Aviation Authority Advisory Circulars contain information about standards, practices, and procedures that the Director has found to be an Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) with the associated rule. An AMC is not intended to be the only means of compliance with a rule, and consideration will be given to other methods of compliance that may be presented to the Director. When new standards, practices, or procedures are found to be acceptable they will be added to the appropriate Advisory Circular. An Advisory Circular may also include guidance material (GM) to facilitate compliance with the rule requirements. Guidance material must not be regarded as an acceptable means of compliance. Purpose This Advisory Circular provides an AMC for the syllabus content in respect of written examinations for Subject 11 (Avionics 1). This Advisory Circular also provides GM for recommended study material in respect of the examination syllabus in this Advisory Circular. Related Rules This Advisory Circular relates specifically to Civil Aviation Rule Part 66 Subpart B Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licence. General information on Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licence (AMEL) examination requirements is contained in Advisory Circular AC66-1. Change Notice With the introduction of electronic exam delivery by Aviation Services Limited (ASL) from 29 June 2009, there is a number of different question delivery types now used.
Published by Civil Aviation Authority PO Box 31441 Lower Hutt Authorised by Manager Rules Development
Revision 1 removes the wording multi choice (in respect of questions) from the Examination Overview Section of this Advisory Circular. .
Advisory Circular
AC66-2.11
Revision 1
Table of Contents
Rule 66.53 Eligibility Requirements ...................................................................... 5 Examination Overview: Subject 11 ...................................................................... 6
General Examining Objective ........................................................................................... 6 Knowledge Levels ............................................................................................................ 6 Recommended Study Material ......................................................................................... 7 Syllabus Layout ................................................................................................................ 7
5 Flow Measurement........................................................................................... 12
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10 Position Indicators........................................................................................... 20
General........................................................................................................................... 20 Synchronous Systems .................................................................................................... 20 AC Synchronous Systems .............................................................................................. 20 Angle of Attack Sensing and Stall Warning .................................................................... 20 Basic Terminology .......................................................................................................... 21 Basic Radio System Components .................................................................................. 21 Head Sets, Microphones and Speakers ......................................................................... 21 Aircraft Radio Characteristics ......................................................................................... 21 Airborne Navigation Equipment Operation ..................................................................... 22 Installation of Communication and Navigation Equipment.............................................. 22 Antenna Installations ...................................................................................................... 22 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)........................................................................... 23 Radio Interference .......................................................................................................... 24 Bonding and Shielding.................................................................................................... 24 Electro-Static Sensitive Devices (ESDs) ........................................................................ 25 Static Dischargers .......................................................................................................... 25 Fuses.............................................................................................................................. 26 Circuit Breakers .............................................................................................................. 26 Switches ......................................................................................................................... 27 Relays and Solenoids ..................................................................................................... 27 Aircraft Electrical Wire Types ......................................................................................... 28 Wire Size & Marking ....................................................................................................... 28 Factors Affecting Selection of Wire and Cable ............................................................... 28 Wire & Cable Installation ................................................................................................ 29 Wire Conduits ................................................................................................................. 29 Wiring Terminals............................................................................................................. 30 Connectors ..................................................................................................................... 30 Semiconductor Diodes ................................................................................................... 31 Zener Diodes .................................................................................................................. 31 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (Thyristor) .......................................................................... 31 Photocells ....................................................................................................................... 31 Transistors ...................................................................................................................... 31 Integrated Circuits .......................................................................................................... 31 Printed Circuit Boards..................................................................................................... 31 Servomechanisms .......................................................................................................... 31 Data Conversion ............................................................................................................. 32 Data Buses ..................................................................................................................... 32 Logic Circuits .................................................................................................................. 32 Basic Computer Terminology ......................................................................................... 32 Electronic Instrument systems ........................................................................................ 32 Electrical Load limits ....................................................................................................... 33 Electrical Lighting Systems ............................................................................................. 33 Handling, Storage and Preservation of Instrument and Avionics Equipment.................. 33 Avionics Test Equipment ................................................................................................ 33
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Advisory Circular
AC66-2.11
Revision 1
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Advisory Circular
AC66-2.11
Revision 1
Knowledge Levels
LEVEL 1: A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject. Objectives: The applicant should:
1. be familiar with the basic elements of the subject. 2. be able to give simple descriptions of the whole subject, using common words and examples. 3. be able to use typical terms.
LEVEL 2: A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
1. be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject. 2. be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples. 3. be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject. 4. be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject.
5. be able to apply his/her knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures. LEVEL 3: A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject.
A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner.
Objectives: The applicant should:
1. know the theory of the subject and the interrelationships with other subjects. 2. be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples. 3. understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject. 4. be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject. 5. be able to apply his/her knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturers instructions.
6. be able to interpret results and measurements from various sources and apply corrective
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Advisory Circular
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Syllabus Layout
Topic Numbering left hand column The syllabus is set out by topics, each of which is identified by a single-digit number. Each topic is divided into a number of sub-topics, which are identified by two-digit numbers: the first and second digits of which refer to the topic and the sub-topic respectively. Each sub-topic is further sub-divided into one or more sub-sub-topics, which are identified by three-digit numbers. Where applicable, sub-sub-topics may be further subdivided into paragraphs that are identified by four/five digit alphanumeric sequences. The three-digit sub-sub-topic numbers shown in the left hand column are used in the knowledge deficiency reports to provide feedback on individual examinations. Objective description middle column The middle column objectively describes each sub-sub-topic by stating, in plain language, its subject matter and the type of performance or activity required. The objectives are intended to be simple, unambiguous, and clearly-focussed, outcomes to aid learning. Knowledge levels right hand column The right hand column specifies the knowledge level for each sub-topic heading. The three levels of knowledge used in this syllabus are described above. Note that the knowledge levels indicate the depth of knowledge required NOT its safety importance.
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1.1
1.1.1
Pressure Measurement
Terminology and Conversions
Define the following instrument related terms: a. Absolute pressure b. Differential pressure c. Gauge pressure d. Hysteresis error e. Parallax error f. Millibar Describe the methods of compensating instrument mechanisms for temperature variations and the reasons for hermetically sealing instruments. 1
1.1.2
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2 1.2.3
1 2
2 2 2 1 2
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2.1
2.1.1
Temperature Measurement
Temperature Sensing
State the points on an aircraft or aircraft component where temperature sensing is required for proper aircraft operation. State the type of device that would be used in each area. 1
2.1.2
2.2
2.2.1
2.3
2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4
Thermocouples
Outline the thermocouple system principle (Seebeck effect) List typical thermocouple applications State the metal combinations used for low and high temperature thermocouples Describe the following: a. Cold junction compensation of various types of thermocouple b. Placement of cylinder head thermocouples c. Compensating and extension leads d. Typical thermocouple circuits e. Indicating devices f. Importance of lead length State the precautions to be taken when installing or removing indicating gauges. Detail testing procedures for thermocouple systems Explain the effect of ambient temperature on thermocouple gauges. Describe the principles of operation of the following thermocouple types: a. Bayonet b. Gasket State the gauge reading if an open circuit occurs. 1 1 1 2
2 2 2 2
2.3.9
2.4
2.4.1
Resistance Instruments
Outline the circuit layout and components found in the following electrical resistance thermometers: a. Wheatstone bridge b. Ratiometer system Compare the difference between platinum and nickel resistance bulbs. State the effects of an open circuit and short circuit in the bulb. 1
2.4.2 2.4.3
2 1
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3.1
3.1.1
3.2
3.2.1
Electric Tachometers
Explain the function and operation of the following equipment in relation to an electric tachometer: a. Tacho generator b. Synchronous motor c. Magnets and drag cups d. Indicator unit sensing e. Mounting and drive arrangements f. Electrical connections g. Drive gearboxes 2
3.3
3.3.1
Electronic Tachometers
Describe the construction and principles of operation of an electronic tachometer with particular reference to the following: a. Pulse detection and frequency b. Signal processing 2
3.4
3.4.1
3.5
3.5.1
Maintenance Practices
State the following maintenance practices associated with tacho systems: a. Lubrication of drives b. Rectifying erratic indications c. Flexible drive considerations with respect to heat, fluids and bends 1
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4.1
4.1.1
Quantity Measurement
Mechanical Indicators
Describe the construction and principles of operation of a typical mechanical fuel quantity indication system with particular regard to the following: a. Dial indicator b. Magnetic coupling c. Float d. Unit mounting e. Damping 2
4.2
4.2.1
4.3
4.3.1
4.4
4.4.1
4.5
4.5.1
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5.1
5.1.1
Flow Measurement
Volume Flow Measurement
Describe the construction and operation of a movable vane type flowmeter with particular regard to the following: a. Typical system application b. Flow measurement c. Measurement of fuel quantity consumed d. Sender unit e. Calibration f. Relief/bypass valve g. Damping 2
5.2
5.2.1
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6.1
6.1.1
Pitot-Static Systems
System Components
Specify the purpose of the following items in a pitot static system: a. Airspeed indicators (ASI) b. Vertical speed indicators (VSI) c. Pressure type altimeters (ALT) d. Pitot and static sensing devices e. After effect f. Friction g. Scale error/barometric scale error 2
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
2 2 2 2
6.3
6.3.1
Altimeters
Describe the function, construction and principles of operation of aircraft altimeters with particular regard to the following: a. Types of altitude measurement b. Typical ranges c. Types of altimeter d. Encoding altimeters e. Servo altimeters f. Sensitive altimeters g. Capsule type h. Scale i. Pointers j. Setting adjustment knob Describe the effects that variations in temperature and atmospheric conditions have on the indications of counter-pointer altimeters and how compensation is made. 2
6.3.2
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6.3.3
Define the following terms and state how each is applied to aircraft operations: a. QFE b. QNE c. QNH State how altimeter pointer settings are made. Describe the effect of the following settings on the altimeter reading: a. QFE b. QNH c. QNE Define the term level flight as it relates to the height of the aircraft when the altimeter is adjusted to 1013.2 millibars.
6.3.4 6.3.5
1 2
6.3.6
6.4
6.4.1
Pitot-Static System
Outline the system layout for a simple unpressurised aircraft, including the following: a. Instruments normally connected to the pitot-static system b. Pitot lines c. Static lines d. Pitot head e. Static vents f. Multiple port arrangements g. Alternate air source h. Static selectors i. Drains and moisture traps State the following: a. Relationship of instruments in the system b. IFR requirements for pitot systems Outline the purpose of: a. An alternate air source b. Pitot head heating Outline the mounting and design requirements of static vents Describe the sense of operation of pitot static instruments when suction is applied to the static port. 2
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4 6.4.5
2 2
6.5
6.5.1
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6.6
6.6.1
System Testing
Study Ref. Rule Part 43 Appendix D and FAA AC43.13-1A/3 Ch.16 Sect 4 Describe the following: a. Test periodicities b. Static system test c. Pitot system test d. Pitot head heater testing e. Use and care of test equipment f. Precautions when testing g. Test parameters and acceptable limits h. Testing of heater elements and operating time limits Describe the tests for altimeters as prescribed in Rule Part 43 Appendix D with particular respect to the following: a. Test conditions b. The reading and interpretation of test data c. Scale error d. Hysteresis e. After effect f. Friction g. Case leak h. Barometric scale error 2
6.6.2
6.7
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
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7.1
7.1.1 7.1.2 7.1.3 7.1.4
Vacuum Systems
Venturi Systems
Name the instruments found within a venturi type system. Outline the construction of a venturi system and how the instruments are interrelated. Describe the principles of operation of a venturi system. State normal suction limits expected from a single venturi. 1 2 2 1
7.2
7.2.1
Vacuum Pumps
Describe the construction of the following vacuum pumps: a. vane (wet) type b. dry type Describe the principles of operation of the following vacuum pumps: a. vane (wet) type b. dry type 2
7.2.2
7.3
7.3.1
Vacuum Systems
Outline the construction and layout of the following components as found in a typical light aircraft vacuum system: a. Suction reducer b. Filters (inlet and in-line) c. Suction relief valve d. Oil separator e. Suction gauge f. Gate check valve g. Non return valves in a double pump system Describe the principles of operation of a typical light aircraft vacuum system incorporating single or double pumps. 2
7.3.2
7.4
7.4.1
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8.1
8.1.1 8.1.2
Gyroscopic Instruments
Theory of Gyroscopes
Define the term displacement gyroscopes. Describe basic gyroscopic theory with particular regard to the following: a. Rigidity in space b. Precession c. Precession rates for variations in rotor speed and torque 1 2
8.2
8.2.1
Types of Gyroscopes
Outline the basic operating principles and functions of the following gyros: a. Free/Space b. Tied c. Rate d. Directional/horizontal e. Vertical 2
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2 8.3.3
8.4
8.4.1
Gyro Instruments
Describe the function, construction and basic operating principles of the following gyroscopic instruments: a. Heading indicator b. Turn indicators c. Attitude indicators With regard to electrically driven attitude indicators, describe the following: a. Emergency power supply requirements b. Display markings c. Erection mechanisms d. Warning flags e. Caging devices f. Standby systems State how a vertical gyro can be used to control pitch and roll of an aircraft through the autopilot system. Describe the following erection methods for gyros a. Levelling switches b. Ball and disc c. Pendulous vane 2
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.4.4
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8.5
8.5.1
8.5.2
8.5.3 8.5.4
1 1
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9.1
9.1.1
9.2
9.2.1
9.3
9.3.1
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10.1
10.1.1
Position Indicators
General
With regards to synchronous indicating instruments, state the following: a. Types b. Functions c. Where on an aircraft they may be found. 1
10.2
10.2.1
Synchronous Systems
Describe the construction and principles of operation of a synchronous position indicating system with particular regard to the following: a. Transmitter operation b. Indicator operation c. Contacts d. System installation and attachment e. Indicator reading when power turned off 2
10.3
10.3.1
AC Synchronous Systems
Outline the construction and principles of operation of a typical AC synchronous position indicating system with particular regard to the following: a. System applications b. Phasing and winding arrangement of electromagnet and stator c. Synchronous motor voltage and frequency d. Use of dual indicators State the meaning of electrical zero reference. 2
10.3.2
10.4
10.4.1 10.4.2
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11.1
11.1.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.3
11.3.1
11.3.2 11.3.3
1 1
11.4
11.4.1
11.4.2
11.4.3
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11.5
11.5.1
11.5.2
11.6
11.6.1
11.7
11.7.1
Antenna Installations
Identify the aircraft antenna required for the following communication/navigation equipment and where on the aircraft each would be typically found: a. HF b. VHF c. ADF (loop and sense) d. VOR/LOC e. DME f. Marker beacon g. Glide slope h. ATC Transponder i. ELT j. Weather radar k. GPS In regard to aircraft antennas, describe: a. Requirements relating to location on an aircraft b. Mounting arrangements including proper load distribution on the aircraft skin. c. Mounting templates d. Reinforcing doublers e. Use of seals, gaskets and sealants f. Electrical matching to the receiver or transmitter g. Image antennas and ground plane requirements h. Use of ground planes in non metal aircraft i. Antenna bonding j. Antenna installation on pressurised aircraft k. Flush mounted antenna 1
11.7.2
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11.8
11.8.1
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12.1
12.1.1 12.1.2 12.1.3 12.1.4
12.1.5
12.1.6
12.1.7
12.2
12.2.1
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13.1
13.1.1 13.1.2 13.1.3
Electrostatic Damage
Electro-Static Sensitive Devices (ESDs)
Specify electrostatic discharge and its effect. Identify electro-static sensitive devices. State the safety precautions when handling ESDs. 1 1 1
13.2
13.2.1
Static Dischargers
Describe how static electricity builds up on an aircraft in flight and its effect on aircraft communication systems. Specify the purpose and typical locations of static dischargers on small and large aircraft. Describe the types, construction and operation of a static discharger. Describe typical installation practices associated with the installation or replacement of static dischargers in both metal and non-metal aircraft. Describe typical maintenance and test practices for static dischargers, including defects and troubleshooting. 2
13.2.2
13.2.3 13.2.4
2 2
13.2.5
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14.1
14.1.1
14.1.2 14.1.3
1 1
14.1.4
14.1.5
14.2
14.2.1 14.2.2 14.2.3
Circuit Breakers
State the purpose and basic applications of aircraft circuit breakers. State the advantages of circuit breakers over fuses in aircraft electrical systems. Describe the operation and applications of the following basic types of circuit breaker: a. Push-to-reset b. Push-pull c. Toggle type d. Trip-free Explain how circuit breaker types are physically identified and rated. Identify circuit breakers on an electrical diagram. Describe the principles of operation and the relative advantages of the following types of circuit breaker in aircraft use: a. Heat operated breakers (thermal over-load) b. Magnetic operated breakers Given an aircraft electrical circuit, determine the current rating of fuses and circuit breakers within that circuit. Explain when and how a circuit breaker may be reset, and safety precautions that should be adhered to. Describe how an installed circuit breaker may be tested in-situ. Explain the limitations relating to the use of automatic reset circuit breakers for aircraft use. Explain how and when a circuit breaker can be used as a switch in an aircraft electrical circuit. 1 1 1
1 1 2
14.2.7
14.2.8
14.2.9 14.2.10
2 2
14.2.11
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14.3
14.3.1
Switches
Describe the purpose, principles of operation and typical uses of the following switches found in aircraft electrical circuits: a. Toggle b. Single-pole, single throw (SPST) c. Single-pole, double throw (SPDT) d. Double-pole, single throw (DPST) e. Double-pole, double-throw (DPDT) f. Rocker g. Rotary-selector h. Knife i. Precision (Micro) switches j. Proximity detectors Explain the purpose of a switch de-rating factor. List the de-rating factors for 12VDC and 28VDC circuits. Calculate switch ratings given the following variables: a. Nominal system voltage b. Load type c. Normal current draw Describe factors affecting switch installation, including the following: a. Correct mounting b. Direction of toggle movement c. Emergency switches d. Switch guards e. Safety wiring 2
1 1 3
14.3.5
14.4
14.4.1
2 1 2
14.4.5
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15.1
15.1.1
Wiring Installation
Aircraft Electrical Wire Types
Describe the types and construction of aircraft wire, including the following: a. Solid conductors b. Stranded conductors State what is meant by the following terms, as used in an aircraft electrical system: a. cable b. coaxial cable 2
15.1.2
15.2
15.2.1
15.2.2
15.3
15.3.1
15.3.2
15.3.3
15.3.4
15.3.5
15.3.6
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15.4
15.4.1
15.4.2
15.4.3
15.4.4
15.4.5
15.5
15.5.1
Wire Conduits
Describe the following features of wire conduit installations: a. Common types of conduit b. Typical areas where conduits would be found c. Conduit diameter requirements d. Lubrication of wires in a conduit e. Installation techniques for wires in a conduit f. Support of conduits g. Conduit manufacturing requirements 2
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15.6
15.6.1
Wiring Terminals
Specify the following factors relating to the installation and maintenance of wiring terminals: a. Cutting and stripping wire and cable b. Crimp insulation c. Dimple codes d. Go/no-go gauges e. Limitations on soldered terminals for aircraft use f. Solderless terminal and splices g. Copper wire terminals h. Crimping tools, hand and hydraulic i. Aluminium wire terminals j. Use of brass washers when connecting dissimilar metal terminal lugs at a terminal post k. Use of petrolatum-zinc dust in aluminium terminal barrels l. Emergency splice repairs m. Use of solder and potting compound n. Bonding and grounding o. Testing of a crimped joint for serviceability p. Identification of correct heat shrink material and precautions associated with its use q. Terminal strips r. Junction boxes 2
15.7
15.7.1
Connectors
Describe the following features relating to connectors: a. Applications and special characteristics of common connectors b. Types of connector AN and MS c. Connector identification (AN classes A, B, C, D and K) d. Bulkhead connectors e. Connector markings f. Connector disassembly and assembly g. Connector replacement procedures including tools to be used h. Connector pin removal and insertion i. Locking pins 2
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16.1
16.1.1
Electronic Fundamentals
Semiconductor Diodes
State the following in relation to diodes: a. Operating principles b. Diodes in series and parallel c. Identification of diodes in a circuit diagram d. Physical identification of diodes e. Common applications of diodes in light aircraft electrical circuits f. Diode protection 1
16.2
16.2.1
Zener Diodes
State the following in relation to zener diodes: a. Function b. Identification, both physical and when shown in an electrical circuit diagram c. Identification of connection polarity d. Common applications of zener diodes in aircraft electrical circuits 1
16.3
16.3.1
16.4
16.4.1
Photocells
State the following in relation to photocells: a. Function b. Identification, both physical and when shown in an electrical circuit diagram c. Common applications in aircraft electrical circuits and components 1
16.5
16.5.1
Transistors
State the following in relation to transistors: a. Function b. Identification, both physical and when shown in an electrical circuit diagram c. Common applications in aircraft electrical circuits and components 1
16.6
16.6.1
Integrated Circuits
Specify the operation of linear circuits and operational amplifiers. 1
16.7
16.7.1
16.8
16.8.1
Servomechanisms
Define the following terms in relation to servo mechanisms: a. Open and closed loop systems. b. Feedback. c. Follow-up. d. Analogue transducers (e.g. E & I bar). 2
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17.1
17.1.1
17.2
17.2.1
Data Buses
Explain the function of data buses in aircraft systems, including: a. ARINC b. Other specifications. 2
17.3
17.3.1
Logic Circuits
Identify the symbols for the following logic gates: a. AND. b. NAND. c. OR. d. NOR. e. EXCLUSIVE OR. f. INVERTER. Interpret logic diagrams. 1
17.3.2
17.4
17.4.1
17.5
17.5.1
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18.1
18.1.1 18.1.2 18.1.3
18.2
18.2.1
18.2.2 18.2.3
2 1
18.3
18.3.1
18.3.2
18.4
18.4.1
18.4.2
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