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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING V SEM ECE MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

UNIT I BASIC MEASUREMENT CONCEPT 2 MARKS

1. Define measurements (Apr/May-2008) The measurement of a given parameter or quantity is the act or result of quantitative comparison between a predefined standard and an unknown quantity. 2. What are the basic elements of measurement system (Nov/dec 2003) Primary sensing element Data conditioning element Data transmission element Presentation element. 3. Why the PMMC instruments are not used for a.c measurement? (Nov 2006) When the PMMC instruments are connected to a.c, the torque reverse as the current reveres and the pointer cannot follow the rapid reversals. Hence the deflection corresponding to mean torque is zero thus making the PMMC instrument not suitable for a.c measurements. 4. What is the basic principle PMMC instrument? A current carrying coil is placed in the magnetic field experiences a force proportional to the current it carries. 5. For which type of measurements PMMC devices are suitable These are suitable only for D.C. In A.C torque produced on coil is reversing which cannot give accurate reading. 6. What are the static characteristics of an instrument? (May 2006; 08) The static characteristics of an instrument are considered for instruments which are used to measure an unvarying process condition. All the static performance characteristics are obtained by one form or another of a process called calibration.

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7. When the static Characteristics of an instrument is important. When the quantities measured are slowly varying or constant. 8. List any four static Characteristics of a measurement system (Apr/May 2004,Nov/Dec 2010). Accuracy Precision Error Resolution Sensitivity Reproducibility Stability Linearity 9. Define the term Accuracy. The degree of closeness with which the instrument reading approaches the true value of quantity to be measured. It indicates the ability of an instrument to indicate the true value of quantity. 10. Define the term precision. (May/2006,2008) It is the measure of consistency or repeatability of measurements. It denotes the amount by which the individual reading are departed about the average of number. 11. What is an error?(MAY 2011) The algebraic difference between the indicated value and the true value of the quantity to be measured. 12. Define resolution. It is the smallest increment or quantity being measured which can be certainly detected by an instrument. 13. What is sensitivity? State its unit. (May/2006,2008) It denotes the smallest change in the measured variable to which the instrument responds. The unit of sensitivity is millimeter per unit quantity to be measured i.e millimeter per micro ampere, millimeter per ohm etc.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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14. Distinguish between reproducibility and repeatability. (DEC 2004) Reproducibility: It is defines as the degrees of closeness with which a given value may be repeatedly measured. It is specified in terms of unit for a given period of time. Perfect reproducibility means that the instrument has no drift. Repeatability: It is defined as the variation of scale reading and is random in nature. 15. Define fidelity. It indicates how much faithfully the system reproduces the changes in the input. It is the ability of an instrument to produce a wave shape identical to wave shape of input with respect to time. 16. What is Calibration? (May/2006,2008) Calibration is the process of making an adjustment or making a scale so that reading of an instrument agrees with the accepted value and the certified standard. 17. Write the need for calibration (May 2007) The need for calibration means is to check the accuracy and reliability. 18. What are the different calibration methodologies? (Dec 2007; 2008) Primary calibration Secondary calibration Direct calibration Indirect calibration 19. Why must instruments be calibrated? (Dec 2008) Instrument must be calibrated since it gives the opportunity to check the instrument against a known standard and subsequently to find errors and accuracy. 20. What is the difference between accuracy and precision? (May 03) Accuracy Precision

It refers to the degree of closeness of It refers to the degree of agreement the measured value to the true value among group of readings.

It gives the maximum error that is It gives its capability to reproduce a maximum departure of the final result certain reading with a given accuracy. from its true value
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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

21. Which are the standard inputs used to obtain the dynamic behavior of an instrument. (Apr/ May 2008) Step Ramp Parabolic and Sinusoidal 22. What is standard? What are the different types of standard? (May 07; 08, Nov 10) A standard is a physical representation of a unit of measurement. A known accurate measure of physical quantity is termed standard. Types: International standard Primary standard Secondary standard. Working standard. 23. What are the primary standards? Where are they used? (Dec 05; 06) The main function of primary standards is the calibration and verification of secondary standards. Primary standards are maintained at the national standards laboratories in different countries. The primary standards are absolute standards of high accuracy that can be used as ultimate reference standard. 24. List out the dynamic characteristics of any measurement system. Step change Linear change Sinusoidal change Speed of response Lag Fidelity Dynamic error

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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25. What is the significance of calibration? (May 2008) All measuring instruments are to prove themselves their ability to measure reliably and accurately. For this the results of measurement are to be compared with higher standards which are traceable to national or international standards. The calibration of a measuring instrument means introducing an accurately known sample of the variable that is to be measured and then observing the systems response. 29. Define international standard ohm. (May 07) It defined as the resistance offered by a column of mercury having a mass of 14.4521 gms, uniform cross sectional area and length of 106.300cm, to the flow of constant current at the melting point of ice. 30. What is an absolute instrument? The instrument which gives the magnitude of the quantity to be measured in terms of physical constants of the instrument. 31. What are the sources of error in DC voltage measurement (Apr/ May 2012) Friction in the moving system Heat generated changes the resistance of the working coil. The ageing if the magnet and control spring. 32. List the possible causes of errors in moving iron instruments. (May 2011) Hysteresis error Temperature error Stray magnetic field error Frequency error Eddy current error 33. Define instrumental error. (Dec 07) These errors are arises due to inherent short comings in the instrument, misuse of the instruments and loading effects. 34. Define limiting errors. (Dec 07) Instruments having analog meters are usually guaranteed to be accurate within certain percentage limits called limiting errors or guarantee errors. Limiting error= accuracy* full scale value

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35. Define static error. (Dec 04) It is numerical difference between the true value of a quantity and its value as obtained by measurement; i.e repeated measurement of the same quantity gives different indications. 36. Define the arithmetic mean (May 05) It is the most possible value obtained from a series reading of a given quantity. As a general rule the more readings the most closely the computed the average represents the most probable value. The average value X is calculated by taking the sum of all the readings and dividing by the number of readings. X=xi/n=x1+x2+x3+.+xn/n 37. Define variance.(May 05) The variance is the mean square deviation, which is the sum as standard deviation, except that square root is not extracted. V=(SD)2 =d12+d22+d32+.+dn2/n =d2/n 38. Define standard deviation. (May 05) The standard deviation or root mean square deviation of a sample is both mathematically more convenient and statistically more meaningful for analyzing grouped data then is the average deviation. By definition the standard deviation of a sample is given by S=(X-xi)2/n =di2/n

39. Define average deviation. (Apr/ May 2012) The mean or average is a measure of how much the data is depressed, or varies from the average value. The mean D is calculated by adding all the absolute values of deviations of a set of measured values and dividing this sum by the number of observations. D=|d1|+|d2|+.+|dn| /n =|di|/n 40. What are the types of error? Gross error Systematic error Random error

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41. What are the types of units? (Apr/ May 2012) Fundamental unit Supplementary unit Derived unit. 42. Define the environmental error.(May 03) This error occurs due to conditions external to the measuring device including conditions in the area surrounding the instrument. This error is called environmental error. These may

effects the temperature, pressure, humidity, dust, vibration or of external magnetic or electrostatic fields.

43. State the applications of bridge. (Apr/ May 2012) To measure unknown inductance To measure unknown capacitance To measure dissipation factor To measure quality factor. To measure frequency. 44. What is a bridge circuit? A bridge circuit in its simplest form consists of a network of four resistance arms forming a closed circuit with a DC source of current applied to two opposite junctions and current detector connected to the other two terminals. 45. What is the null deflection principle? When the bridge is balanced, the galvanometer carries 0 current and does not show any deflection. 46. When Kelvin bridge is used and why? In the Wheatstone bridge, the bridge contact and lead resistances causes significant errors, while measuring low resistance below 1 ohm. To consider the effect of contact & lead resistance and to reduce the corresponding errors, the Kelvin bridge is preferred over Wheatstone bridge to measure low resistances.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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47. What is the important condition of Kelvin Bridge to achieve perfect balanced condition? To eliminate the effect of lead and contact resistances, it is necessary that in a Kelvin bridge the ratio of the resistances of ratio arms (R1/R20) must be same as the ratio of the resistances of the second arms. 48. Write the two conditions to be satisfied to make an AC bridge balance. (Apr/ May 2012) [Z1Z4]=[Z2Z3] 1 4=2 3 49. Which measurement is possible using Schering Bridge? Measurement of unknown capacitor Measurement of dielectric loss of capacitor. Measurement of power factor. Measurement of loss angle and dissipation factor 50. What is vector Voltmeter(Apr/ May 2012) A vector voltmeter is one in which very high frequency RF signals is converted in to an equivalent IF signal. Then the amplitude and phase is measured simultaneously. 51. Define the Q-factor of the coil. It is defined as the ratio of power stored in the element to the power dissipated in the element. It is also defined as the ratio of reactance to resistance of the reactive element. Q=XL / R 52. What is dummy load? State its requirements. The substitute load used instead of actual load for the AF power measurement. 53. What is tolerance? The maximum allowable error in the measurement is specified in terms of some values is called tolerance. 54. What do you mean by dead space? (Apr/ May 2012) In some instruments it is possible that till input increases beyond certain value, the output does not change. So far certain range of input values there is no change in output is called as dead space.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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55. State the classification of measuring instrument giving one example of each. Indicating instruments: Ammeter and Voltmeter Recording instruments: X-Y Plotter Integrating instruments: Energy meter. 56. State the essential torques required for successful operation of an instruments. (Nov11) Deflecting torque Controlling torque Damping torque. 57. What are the different connections in Q meter? Direct Series Parallel 58. What is Q meter?(Nov11) It is an instrument which is designed to measure the value of Q directly and is useful for measuring the characteristics of coils and capacitors.

59. What is the sensitivity of voltmeter? S=1/Full scale deflection current It indicates the resistance of the meter for a 1V range. 60. What is loading effect? When the low sensitivity instrument is used in high resistance circuit then it gives a lower reading then the true reading. This effect is called loading effect of the voltmeter.

61. What is the difference between moving iron and moving coil instruments?(Nov/Dec 2010)

Moving Coil Instrument It is only used for Dc measurement

Moving Iron Instrument It is used for both AC & DC measurement

It is used for DC current and Voltage It is used for both indication of large measurement in low & medium current or voltages at power line impedance circuits frequencies

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

12 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Explain the working principle of a vector voltmeter with the help of a neat block diagram (Apr/May 03; 05) 2. Explain the working vector impedance meter (Apr/ May 08) 3. Explain the operation of electronic multimeter with neat diagram (Apr/ May 03) 4. Explain the bridge used to measure the insulation property of capacitor (Apr/ May 05). 5. Which bridge is used to find the frequency of the wave? Explain its operation (Apr/May 08) 6. Explain the operation of PMMC meter (Apr/ May 06)

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering UNIT II BASIC ELECTRONICS MEASUREMENTS 2 MARKS

VI SEM QB

1. Define virtual instrumentation. (Nov/Dec2010) The virtual instrumentation is software based, so they can be reconfigured to perform altogether different measurement and instrumentation functions according to the requirement. 2. What are the basic components in virtual instrumentation? Measurement Signal computation User interface and Software 3. Define computation. The signals obtained from ADCs or DACs must be properly manipulated and processed. The process which is related to the calculation and managing of information is called computation. 4. What is the use of interface? The interaction of the user or operation with the instrument is possible only with user interface. 5. What are the types of user interface? Physical interface Computer controlled interface 6. What is the use of computer controlled interface? These are mainly used with modulator and distributed instruments.

7. What are the different types of software? Firmware Application development environment Drivers for different instrument Test programs Test executives
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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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8. Name some classes in virtual instrumentation. Virtual front panels Software defined instrumentation Distributed measurement systems 9. What is meant by virtual front panels? Virtual front panels means a standard stand alone instrument connected to a computer. 10. Define software defined instrumentation. These are the instrument in which computer is connected to instruments and components of it. 11. State the drawback of software defined instrument. Specific software is needed which runs on a PC connected to measurement hardware. 12. What is purpose of distributed measurement system? The distributed measurement system extends software defined instruments to work as a network. The system interprets that the measurement and resources are placed away from each other. 13. List some operations can be done easily using LABVIEW. Long term low speed operations as environmental monitoring and control Complex operation with large number of inputs and output. Remote or hazardous operations where human operator cannot work. Repetitive operations such as calibration of instruments, automated testing etc. 14. List the advantage using LABVIEW. It increases data throughput because a system is operated at the speed of computer and not at the speed of human operator. It eliminates the human errors in data collection and process operations. The repeatability drastically increases as that compared with normal process. It reduces data transcription errors and more reliable data available makes better quality control of products and new discoveries.

15. Define front panel. It provides the user interface of the VI represented in the block diagram.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

16. What is the difference between front panel and block diagram? The front panel represents the way by which user interacts with the VIs. The block diagram controls the program through graphical code. 17. Define controls. (Apr/May2011) The controls simulate the input devices and supply data to the block diagram of the VI. The common controls are knobs, push buttons, dials and other input devices. 18. Define indicators. (Apr/May2011) The indicators simulate output devices and display faithful data which is acquired or generated by the block diagram. The common indicators are graphs, LEDs, meters and other output devices. 19. What are the different types of Controls and indicators? The different types of controls and indicators are numeric data, Boolean data, Array and matrix data, Decorations. 20. Define the control terminal and indicator terminal. A terminal icon is the interface through which exchange of data between the front panel and the block diagram takes place. The terminal icons correspond to the controls and indicators on the front panel such terminal icons are commonly called control terminal and indicator terminal. 21. Define nodes. Nodes are objects on the block diagram those have inputs and/or outputs and perform certain operations while VI runs. 22. What is the function of operating tool button? Using operating tool button, values of the controls are changed or the text within a control is selected. 23. What is the function of positioning tool button? Using positioning tool button various objects are positioned, resized and selected. 24. What is the function of wiring tool button? Using wiring tool button various objects are wired together on the block diagram. Along with this controls are connected to the connector pane. 25. What is the function of labeling tool button? Using the labeling tool button text is edited and free label are created.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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26. What is the function of object shortcut menu tool button? Using object shortcut menu tool button, shortcut menu of an object is opened. 27. What is the function break point tool menu? Using break point tool button, different break points can be set on VIs, wires, loops, cases, functions and sequences. 28. Define colour tool button? Colour tool button which is most in useful in selecting and setting oreground and background colours. 29. Write short note on LABVIEW. LABVIEW means laboratory virtual instrument engineering workbench. Lab view was developed by national instruments AUSTIN, Texas, USA. It aws the first implementation of the graphical programming and till date it continuous to be dominant graphical programming implementation. 30. What are the different debugging tools in Lab view? High light execution Break point and Probe

12 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Explain in detail about virtual instrumentation. 2. Write notes on data types available in LABVIEW. 3. Explain in detail about dataflow programming. 4. Explain different debugging tools in LABVIEW. 5. Explain in detail about block diagram objects. 6. What are the different palettes available in LABVIEW? Explain with neat sketch.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering UNIT III SIGNAL GENERATORS AND ANALYZERS 2 MARKS

VI SEM QB

1. What are the basic blocks present in the signal generator? RF oscillator Wide band amplifier Output attenuator External oscillator Modulation oscillator
2. What is function generator? (Nov/Dec2010)

The function generator is an instrument which generates different types of wave forms. The frequency of wave form can be varied wide ranges. It produces three wave form simultaneously i.e sine, square, Triangularwaves. 3. What is the frequency synthesizer? It is an instrument which translates the frequency stability of standard frequency to any desired frequency. 4. What is the difference between wien bridge oscillator and RC oscillator. In wien bridge oscillator no phase shift is introduced by the feedback network. But in RC phase shift network the network produces 180 degree and the amplifier produces 180 degree phase shifts.

5. What are the differences between RF and AF oscillator? RF oscillator Provides the frequency above 20khz AF oscillator Provides the frequency range 20 Hz to 20KHz.

LC network is used

RC network used.

6. State the significance of crystal Oscillator. It is the fixed frequency oscillator. It is preferred when the frequency stability is required.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

7. Define Rise time and Fall time of a pulse. (Apr / May 2003) Rise time: It is defined as the time needed for the pulse to go from 10% to 90% of its amplitude. Fall time: It is defined as the Time for trailing edge to 90% to 10% of its amplitude. 8. In a sweep frequency generator two oscillators one with frequency range of 3 GHz to 5GHz is heterodyned with a second oscillator having a fixed frequency output of 3 GHz. What is the range of output frequency (Apr/May 2004). In such a heterodyne control two signals are mixed to give a lower difference frequency. Hence the range output frequency is 1 to 2000 MHZ. 9. State the necessity of signal analyzer. In general any complex wave form as made up of a fundamental and its harmonics. It is required to measure amplitudes of the fundamental and harmonics. It is also required to measure the total harmonic component. 10. What do you meant by heterodyne principle? Basically heterodyning means mixing. The input signal is mixed or heterodyned with higher intermediate frequency with the help of a local oscillator. When the local oscillator is tuned, the frequency components of the signal get shifted to meter after rectifying it. 11. Define harmonic distortion.(Apr/May 2003 & Apr/May 2011) The distortion caused due to nonlinear behavior of the circuit elements is called harmonic distortion. 12. Define total harmonic distortion (or) distortion factor.(Nov/Dec 2003, Apr/May 2005) T.H.D= [ (HARMONICS)2]1/2/ Fundamental = b22+b32+b42+../b1 = d22+d32+d42+ 13. What do you meant by windows in spectrum analyzer.(Apr/ May 2003) The computer needs a digital data. The analog signal is digitized using analog to digital converter. The converted digital data is stored in the memory of the computer. The i/p signal is sampled for a specific period of time called window. 14. What is the use of distortion meter? (Apr/May 2008) The distortion meters are used to measure the amount harmonics present in the signal.
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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

15. What is the spectrum analyzer? (May/June 2007) The instrument which graphically provides the energy distribution of a signal as a function of the frequency on its CRT is called spectrum analyzer.

16. What are the main parts of CRT? (Apr/May 2004) Electron gun Deflection system Fluorescent screen Glass tube Base 17. What is fluorescence? (Apr/May 2003) The material like phosphor converts electrical energy in to light energy. Thus phosphor emits light when bombarded by the electrons. This emission of light due to excitation of phosphor is called fluorescence. 18. What is principle of dual beam oscilloscope? (Nov/dec-2004) It uses CRT with two separate electron guns generating two separate beams has its own vertical deflection plates. But the two beams are deflected horizontally by the common set of horizontal plates.

19. What are lissajous figures? On which factors shape of these figures depends. (Apr/may 2008) The various patterns obtained on CRO by applying simultaneous two different sine waves to horizontal and vertical deflection plates are called lissajous figures. The shapes depends on, Amplitude of two waves. Phase difference between two waves. Ratio of frequencies of two waves. 20. What is the sampling oscilloscope? (Nov/dec-2003) It is the technique. Using this technique higher frequency signal is converted in to low frequency signal. Input signals are sampled at the regular intervals. These samples are present in the screen in the form dots.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

21. Name the components of a time domain oscilloscope? Oscilloscope Vertical amplifiers Time base Horizontal amplifier Trigger or sync circuit Gate amplifier Power supply 22. Describe about the classification of oscilloscope. Classification based on the frequency Low frequency oscilloscope High frequency oscilloscope Sampling oscilloscope Classification based on CRT used Standard phosphor oscilloscope Storage oscilloscope 23. What is meant by Aluminizing a CRT and explain its advantage? Aluminizing a CRT is depositing a thin layer of aluminium on the non viewed side of the phosphor screen. It has 3 major functions its original function was to build up of changes on the phosphor which tends to slow down the electron and limit brightness. Also aluminizing layer, the light emitted back in to the tube is reflected again towards the viewer and thus increases the brightness. The aluminium layer acts as a heat sink for the phosphor and thus materially reduces the danger of phosphor burning. 24. What is as scan angle? It is the number of screen divisions which can be scanned; fullscreen scan is often achieved before the beam intercepts the deflection plate itself. It is one o fthe significant parameter of electrostatic tube. 25. State the applications of wave analyzer? Fields of electrical measurement Sound vibration analysis.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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26. Define wave analyzer. A wave analyzer is instrument designed t measure relative amplitude of single frequency components in a complex wave form. 27. What are the two types of wave analyzer? (Apr2011) Frequency selective wave analyzer Heterodyne wave analyzer 28. What is meant by frequency resolution? The frequency resolution of a spectrum is its ability to separate signals closely spaced in the frequency. 29. What are factors determine the frequency resolution? The band width or selectivity of the IF amplifier. The frequency stability of the spectrum analyzer as determined by the drift, the residual FM and phase noise of the local oscillators. 30. Define sensitivity of the spectrum analyzer. The ability of the spectrum analyzer to measure the small signals as determined by its own internally generated noise is called sensitivity. 31. Define sweep desensitization of spectrum analyzer. The sweep desensitization is an effect caused by scanning a spectrum analyzer too fast, which results in loss of amplitude, calibration, sensitivity and resolution. 32. Define dynamic range of spectrum analyzer. The dynamic range of spectrum analyzer is its ability to display the true spectra of large and small signal simultaneously. 33. List any four requirements of the laboratory type signal generator. The output frequency of signal generator should be very stable. The amplitude of output signal of the signal generator should be controlled from low values to relatively large values. The amplitude of output signal must be stable. The harmonic contents in the output should be as low as possible. The output signal should be distortion free.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM

34. State the applications of function generator As troubleshooting tool to different analog to digital circuits. As a source for alignment of different receivers. If the rise time of square wave is significantly low such square wave is used to test the amplifier frequency response. Function generators are becoming versatile source and testing tools. 35. State barkhausen criterion. The total phase shift around a closed loop must be equal to 0 to 360 degree. The magnitude of the product of the open loop gain of the amplifier A and the feedback factor B must be unity. i.e |AB|=1 36. State the advantage and disadvantages of standard signal generator? Advantages: Output is stable Output voltage can be controlled according to the requirement. Disadvantages: Due to LC tank circuit the frequency stability is limited. It takes some time to stabilize at new frequency when the range is changed. 37. State the significant of crystal oscillator. Generally these are field frequency oscillators. These are preferred when generator frequency stability is required. 38. Compare the standard and modern signal generator. S.No Standard signal generator 1 It has limited frequency stability Modern signal generator Frequency stability over entire range is maintained

2 3 4

Temperature compensation is Temperature compensation is not provided Small frequency range Poor regulation provided. Wide frequency range is possible Excellent regulation

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

39. State any four applications of spectrum analyzer. Modulation measurement Harmonic distortion measurement Noise measurement Continuous wave signal frequency stability 40. What is a glitch? A glitch is a signal that makes a transition through the threshold voltage two or more times between the successive clock samples. The glitches are unwnted signals and can cause circuit malfunctions.

12 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain the operation of sampling oscilloscope. (Apr/ May 2003; Nov/Dec 2004; May/June 2006; Apr/May 2008) 2. Explain the operation of various storage oscilloscope (Nov/Dec 2003) 3. Sketch the basic block for a digital storage oscilloscope and explain the operation (Nov/Dec 2004; Apr/ May 2005) 4. Describe the working principle of function generator (May/ June 2004; Nov/Dec 2004; May/June 2005; Apr/ may 2008) 5. Explain the block and operation of sweep generator. (Nov/Dec 2003; May/June 2004) 6. Explain the block diagram of heterodyne frequency generator (May/June 2006) 7. State the applications of spectrum analyzer (Apr/May 2003) 8. Explain the operation of fundamental suppression harmonic distortion analyzer (Apr/May 2008; 2003) 9. Explain the operation of heterodyne wave analyzer (Apr/ May 2005) 10. Explain the block of spectrum analyzer (Nov/Dec 2005)

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering UNIT IV DIGITAL INSTRUMENTS 2 MARKS

VI SEM QB

1. What do you meant by transducers? A device which converts a physical quantity in to the proportional electric signal is called transducers. Eg: Thermocouple converts thermal energy into electrical energy 2. What are types of transducers? Active (or) self generating transducer Passive transducer 3. What do you meant by active transducer? It does not require any external power to convert one form of energy to other Eg: Thermocouple, Photovoltaic cell 4. What do you meant by passive transducer? It requires external power to convert one form energy to other. Eg: Thermistor, LVDT

5. Explain about strain gauge. It is a device used to measure the strain of an object. The most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object by a suitable adhesive, such as the object is deformed; the foil is deformed, causing its electrical resistance to change. This resistance change usually a Wheatstone bridge, is related to the strain by quantity known as the gauge factor.

6. What do you meant by piezoelectric effect? The piezoelectric effect is reversible in that material exhibiting the direct piezoelectric effect (the production of electricity when stress is applied) also exhibits the converse piezoelectric effect (the production of stress and/or strain when an electric field is applied). For example, lead zirconate titanate crystals will exhibit a maximum shape change of about 0.1%of the original
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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

7. Explain about RTD. Resistance thermometers are also called resistance temperature detectors (RTD) are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable change in electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature. As they are almost invariably made of platinum, they are often called platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs). They are slowly replacing the use of thermocouples in many industrial applications below 6000c. 8. State the advantage of RTD. High accuracy Low drift Wide operating range Suitable for precision application 9. Sate the limitations of RTD. RTDs in industrial applications are rarely used above 6600c. At temperatures above 6600cit becomes increasingly difficult to prevent the platinum from contaminated by impurities from the metal sheath of the thermometer. Compared to thermistors, platinum RTDs are less sensitive to small temperature changes and have a slower response time. However thermistors have a smaller temperature range and stability. 10. Explain about thermistor. A thermistor is a type of resistor with resistance varying according to its temperature. The word is a portmanteau of thermal and resistor.

11. What are the types of thermistor? Depending on the sign of k it can be classified in to two types. If the k is positive the resistance increases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) thermistor, or posistor. If the k is negative, the resistance value decreases with increasing temperature, and the device is called a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. 12. Explain about thermocouple. It is widely used type of temperature sensor and can also be used as a means to convert thermal potential difference into electric potential difference.

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13. State the limitations of a thermocouple. Main limitation is accuracy; System errors of less than one Kelvin (k) can be difficult to achieve. 14. State the application of thermocouple. Thermocouples are most suitable for measuring over a large temperature range up to 1800 c. They are less suitable for applications where smaller temperature differences need to be measured with high accuracy, for example the range 0-1000c with 0.10c accuracy. For such applications, thermistor and resistance temperature detectors are suitable. 15. What do you meant by LVDT? (Apr/May 2011) It is a type of electrical transformer used for measuring linear displacement. The transfer of current between the primary and the secondaries of the LVDT displacement transducer is controlled by the position of a magnetic core called LVDT. 16. What is optoelectronic transducer? It is used to convert the optical energy to the electrical energy. 17. What are the types of opto electronic transducer? Photodiode Photo resistor Photomultiplier tube- converts changing light levels in to electrical form. 18. Explain about photodiode. A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light in to either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. 19. Explain about photo resistor. A photo resistor or light dependent resistor or CDS cell is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor.
0

20. State the application of photo diode. P-N photodiodes are used in similar applications to other photo detectors such as photoconductors, charge coupled devices, and photomultiplier tubes. Photodiodes are used in consumer electronics devices such as compact disc players, smoke detectors, and the receivers for remote controls in VCRs and televisions.

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21. What are the characteristics of transducers? Accuracy Ruggedness Linearity Repeatability High output High stability Reliability Sensitivity Dynamic range Size and Speed of response. 22. List the factors responsible in selection of a transducer? (Apr/May 2011) Nature of measurement Loading effect Environmental considerations Measuring system compatibility Cost and Availability

23. What is photo emissive effect? When the photons of the incident light with sufficient energy incident on the surface, the electrons break their atomic bonds as well as the forces of the entire material lattice. 24. State the advantages of LVDT.(Nov/Dec 2010) Linearity Infinite resolution High output High sensitivity Ruggedness Less friction Low power consumption

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25. State the disadvantage of LVDT? Comparatively large displacements are necessary for appreciable differential output. They are sensitive to stray magnetic fields. However these interfaces can be reduced by shielding. Dynamic response is limited by the mass of the core. Temperature affects the transducer. 26. State the applications of LVDT. It is used to measure force, weight and pressure. It is used in all applications where displacement ranging from fractions of a few mm to a few cm has to be measured. 27. What are the types of strain gauge? Mechanical Optical and Electrical 28. State the disadvantage of RTD. A bridge circuit with external power source is necessary for their operation. They are comparatively costly There is a possible of self heating Large bubsize as compared to thermocouple. 29. Give any three advantages of capacitive transducer. (Nov/Dec2010) Force requirement is small. Hence the power required to operate is small and very useful in small systems. They highly sensitive. They have good frequency response and very high input impedance, so loading effects are minimum.

30. Give any three disadvantages of capacitive transducers? Proper insulation is required between the metallic plates of the capacitive transducers. The stray capacitances affect the performance of the transducers. They show non linear behavior due to edge effects and stray electric fields. These can be eliminated by using guard rings.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

31. Define Thompson effect. When a current flows a copper conductor having thermal gradient along length of the conductor, heat is released at point where current is in the direction same as the heat flow, while heat is absorbed at a point where current flows in the direction opposite to that of heat flow. 32. On what basis the electrical transducer can be classified? An active passive transducer Transducer principle used As along and digital transducers As primary and secondary transducer As transducer and inverse transducer 33. State the advantage of electric transducers. Power requirement of transducers is small. The output of the transducers can be easily transmitted and processed for measurement. There is no possibility of mechanical failure exists. Electrical signals can be easily attenuated or amplified. 34. Name some metals used for resistance thermometers. Platinum Nickel Tungsten 35. Define photovoltaic effect. The phenomenon in which light energy is converted to electrical energy . 36. What is an optocoupler? A combination of a phototransistor and infrared emitting diode is known as optocoupler. 37. What is photo electric effect? The phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays or visible light. This effect is also known as Hertz effect. 38. What is the application of thermistor? Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters, temperature sensors, self resetting over current protectors, and self regulating heating elements.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

39. Explain the capacitive transducer. The sensing shaft in a capacitive transducer changes the position of the dielectric between the capacitor plates in the transduction element, or it changes the distance and area between the plates. A change of these three parameters leads to a change in capacitance, which is a measure of the quality to be measured. 40. What are the properties of piezoelectric materials? Stability High output Insensitivity to temperature and Ability to be formed in to variety of shapes.

12 MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Explain about the measurement of pressure. 2. Explain about the measurement of temperature. 3. Explain the operation of LVDT. 4. Explain the various opto electronic transducers. 5. Explain the operation of strain gauges. 6. Explain about the measurement of velocity.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering UNIT V DATE ACQUISTION SYSTEM AND FIBRE OPTIC MEASUREMENTS 2 MARKS

VI SEM QB

1. What is meant by data acquisition? It is process of collecting the input data in digital from as rapidly, accurately and economically as necessary. 2. Mention the essential features of a data acquisition system. It consist of individual sensors with the necessary signal conditioning data conversion, data processing multiplexing, data handling and associated transmission, storage and display system. 3. List the instruments that are needed for data acquisition. (Nov 2010,Apr2011) Transducer Signal conditioner Multiplexer A/D converter Auxillary equipments Digital recorder.

4. What are the types of data acquisition system? Single channel Multi channel 5. What are the objectives of a DAS? It must acquire the necessary data at correct speed and at the correct time. Use of all data efficiently to inform the operator about the state of the plant. It must be reliable and not have a down time greater than 0.1% It must be flexible and capable of being expanded for future requirements.

6. What is a multiplexer? It is a device or system that has several inputs and one output. 7. What are the two types of multiplexing operation? Time domain Frequency domain
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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

8. Explain the multiplexing operation in time domain and frequency domain . Time domain: The analog input signals are sampled and transmitted sequentially though the common circuit. Frequency domain: The analog input signals of widely differing centre frequencies, whose bandwidth do not overlap each other, are mixed up together to form a composite signal and transmitted over the wire or radio link. 9. What are the three requirements for a computer controlled test system? Computer compatible test equipment must be available. A computer should be used and software must be available. A proper communication system should be used. 10. What do meant by ATE? Automatic test equipment refers to the computer operated test and the evaluation systems. ATE is used to handle various tasks and requires computer compatible test equipment and a computer with necessary software and a designed communication system. 11. How will you test audio amplifier using computer operated test? Testing of an audio amplifier using computer operated test involves various types. Firstly the amplifier gain or percentage of distortion is calculated with the help of wattmeter or distortion analyzer. It allows various tests for harmonic distortion and its frequency response. 12. Write down the initial adjustment and settings while testing a radio receiver. The radio receiver is connected to the automatic test system and necessary controls and switches are placed in their proper positions. To provide RF input signal and modulation, a signal generator is used. 13. What is a IEEE 488 bus system? (Nov2010) IEEE 488 bus system is basically a short distance system for test equipments mounted at short distances within a single room and not mean for transmission over long distance or via telephone or other communication methods. 14. What are known as talker, listener and controller? (Apr11) The unit which sends out the data is called as talker, while the remaining other units are called as listeners, and the traffic cope in this system is called a controller, which is the computer.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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15. What are called as interface signal lines? In IEEE 488 bus electrical interface, the data byte transfer control lines and the general interface management lines are together called as interface signal lines. 16. Write short notes on IEEE 488 standard interface. IEEE 488 standard is the most interfaces for computer operated test equipment. It is based on the transmission of a 8 bit data words with a parallel 8 bit data bus. A typical 488 bus system consists of less than 15 pieces of test equipment mounted within one or two instrument racks, with the computer located within 10 feet or so. 17. List out some instruments that can be used to interface with the IEEE 488 bus. Frequency counter Signal generator Attenuator Spectrum analyzer

18. Why ATN line is used? Attenuation line is used by the controller to specify how data on the data lines are to be used and which devices on the bus are to be respond. 19. What are the two basic divisions of interface systems from functional point of view? Interface functions Device functions. 20. Define interface functions Interface functions are defined for the system and are the same for each test system connected to the bus and would include status determination clear and reset functions etc. 21. What are known as device function? Device functions are variable and depend on the type of test equipment that is being addressed. 22. What are the handshake signals in IEEE 488 bus? The signal lines DAV, NRED and NDAC are handshake lines in the IEEE 488 bus system, which are used to transfer each byte of communication.

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23. State the disadvantage of IEEE 488 bus? Not necessary real time Can be difficult for beginners to learn the bus architecture.

24. Explain Ray theory. Light rays travel in a straight line through the optical fiber. The speed of light rays depends upon the medium through which the light passes. 25. State the disadvantages of fiber optical cable. Expensive tools and technique are required. External losses are taking place because of misalignments Only suitable for point to point communication.

26. Name the two types of test system. Manual test system Automatic test system

27. On what parameters the test systems are based? Accuracy and precision required Number of the electronic circuits to be tested over a certain time period The method of recording the result of the test conducted on the electronic circuit. 28. Name the five management lines in IEEE 488 bus. Interface clear (IFC) Attenuation (ATN) Service request (SRQ) Remote enable (REN) End of identify (EOI)

29. Give the advantages of IEEE 488 bus. Low cost Widely available for test instruments Maximum speeds between 500KHz and 1MHz Can replace up to 16 individual serial interfaces with a single interface on the main computer.

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

30. Give some applications of FOC. They carry control signals in airplanes and ships Local and long distance telephone systems Monitoring plants and laboratories. Used in TV systems because of its wide band width.

31. Define refractive index. It is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to that of the speed of light in the material. 32. Define acceptance angle. The angle of incidence larger than critical angle at which light may enter the fiber in the order to propagate is called acceptance angle. 33. Define numerical aperature. It is the measure of light collecting ability of a fiber and depends only on core and cladding refractive indices and is independent of core diameter. 34. What is an optical time domain reflectometer? The device which is very useful in the maintenance and the installation of a fiber optic system is called as an optical time domain reflectometer. 35. Give some applications of OTDR. To determine the fiber characteristics To measure reflected pulses To measure the reflected distances To determine the length of fiber. Component testing

36. What are the building blocks of single channel data acquisition system? Signal conditioner A/D converter Buffer

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Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VI SEM QB

37. What are the types of A/D converter? Single slope or single ramp Dual slope Successive approximation Flash Delta modulation Adaptive delta modulation

38. What are the types of D/A converter? (Apr2011) Binary weighted resistor R/2R ladder 39. What are the advantages of R/2R ladder DAC? Easier to built accuracy as only two precision metal film resistors are required. Number of bits can be expanded by adding more sections of same R/2R values. It avoids any slow down effects by stray capacitance. 40. What are drawbacks in binary weighted resistor DAC? Wide range of resistors is used. For smaller values of resistors the loading effect may occur. The finite resistance of the switches disturbs the binary weighted relationship.

12 MARKS QUESTIONS 1. Explain in detail about various techniques of A/D converter. 2. Explain the binary weighted resistor techniques of D/A converter. 3. Explain the detail computer controlled measurement system for testing of an audio amplifier. 4. Explain sequence of operation in case of IEEE 488 bus system 5. Describe the construction and working of LCDs, mention the difference between light scattering and field effect types of LCDs, and also explain the advantages of LCDs. 6. Explain the generalized diagram of a digital data acquisition system and give the uses of DAS.

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