Narratives of The Voyages of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa To The Straits of Magellan. (1895)

1
WORKS ISSUED BY
XLbc Ibaf^lu^t SocietiP.
NARRATIVES OF THE VOYAGES
PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA

THE STRAITS OF MAGELLAN.
No. XCI.
Aquel que alii se ofrece es el Sarmiento Nuevo Teseo del austral undoso Laberinto del liquido elemento
Minotauro de espunias proceloso

Al Drake
ira
ce inipedir
el
el fiero i;itento
Y demarcado
Domando
Su
el
bosforo sinuoso
golfo con triunfante entera
capitolio hara la Hesperia arena."
Lima Fundada, Canto
vii.
NARRATIVES OF THE VOYAGES

OF
PEDRO SARMIENTO
DE
GAMBOA
TO THE
STRAITS OF MAGELLAN.
xamlait\i anil
l&trttelr,
btt^ ilotes
axiti
an
Sntroliurtton,
BY
CLEMENTS
R.
MARKHAM.
C.B.,
F.R.S.
PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, AND PRESIDENT OF THE HAKLUVT SOCIETY.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY,
4,
LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, W.C.

M.DCCCXCV.
^-
LONDON
PRINTED AT THE BEDFORD PRESS, 20 AND
21,
BEDFORDUURY, W.C.
COUNCIL
THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
Clements R. Markham, Esq., C.B., P\R.S., Pres. R.G.S., President. The Right Hon. The Lord Stanley of Alderley, Vice-President. Sir a. Wollaston Franks, K.C.B., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Robert Brown,
Esq., M.A., Ph.D.
Miller Christy, Esq.
The Right Hon. George N. Curzon, M.P. F. Ducane Godman, Esq., F.R.S.
Albert Gray,
Esq.
The Right Hon. Lord Hawkesbury. Admiral Sir Anthony H. Hoskins, G.C.B.
C. P.
Lucas, Esq.
Rear-Admiral Albert H. Markham.

A. P.
E.
Maudslay, Esq.
Esq.
Delmar Morgan,
Sir E.
Captain Nathan, R.E.
Admiral
E. G.
Ommanney,
C.B., F.R.S.
Ravenstein, Esq.
CouTTS Trotter, Esq.
Rear-Admiral W.
J.
L.
Wharton,
Honorary
C.B., R.N.
William Foster,
Esq.
Secretary.
107250
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introduction
ix
I.
Narrative and Route of the Voyage and Discovery of THE Strait of the Mother of God, formerly called " OF Magellan"
. . . .
.3
1.
Causes for sending the Expedition Appointment of Pedro Sarmiento Fitting out of the Ships Instruc-
tions of the Viceroy
Orders
.
of Sarmiento
.
.
List
of
Officers
2.
.3
.
The Voyage from
Callao to the Gulf of Trinidad

.
.
24
3.
Arrival in the Gulf of Trinidad
-37
made by
4.
Narrative of the
the
first
Expedition of Discovery
the
in
General,
with
Pilots
Anton Pablos and

.
Hernando Lamero,
the boat Nuestra Sefiora de
Guia, up the Gulf of the Most Holy Trinity.

5.
46
6
f
Second Voyage of Discovery,

Third Voyage Seflora de Guia
in the
in
.
boat Santiago
the
6.
of Discovery,
.
boat Nuestra
.
-73
of the
7.
Voyage to the Almiranta
Strait of
.
Magellan
.
Desertion
.
-91
.
8.
In the Strait of Magellan
107
9.
The Voyage
to
Spain
..156
Don
la
10.
Letter from the Viceroy of Peru,
Francisco de
.
Toledo, to the Governor of Rio de
Plata
206
IL
Relation of what happened to the Royal Fleet for
the Strait of Magellan.

on June
ist,
Written at Rio de Janeiro

.
1583,
by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
209
Vlll
CONTENTS.
III.
Report touching the Captains and

the
enterprise
Ships,
Masters and
of
Pilots, that his Majesty appointed for the Fleet sent for
of
the
Strait
of
the
Mother
God,
previously called of Magellan, and
a List of the Settlers in

.
.
the Strait
.219
IV.
Concise Narrative by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamb6a, Governor and Captain-General of the Strait of the Mother
of God, formerly called the Strait of Magellan,
Settlements
Majesty
1.
......
made, .and which
and of the
for
may be made,
his
226
Fitting
Out
Disaster
captains
2.
Conduct Voyage to
.
Disgraceful
of Diego Flores Opening Rio de Janeiro Wintering conduct of Diego Flores and the
226
Incapacity
and Villainy abortive Voyages

.
of
Diego
.
Flores.
.
Two
.250 .281
.
3.
Desertion of Diego Flores
4. 5.
The Settlement
in the Straits
Captivity of Sarmiento
....
. .
296
333
V.
Declaration
made
which, by Order of the Viceroy of Peru,
Don
the
Francisco de Borja, Prince of Esquilache,

before
Tome
Hernandez,
a Notary respecting what happened in
Settlements
Sarmiento de
Index
......
Gamboa
.
founded
in the Strait of
Magellan by Pedro
. .
-352
376
INTRODUCTION.
EDRO SARMIENTO DE GAM BOA was one of the most

eminent Spanish
tors
scientific
navigacentury.
of
the
sixteenth
His admirable work up the Gulf

of Trinidad and In the Straits of
Magellan
Is
well
known
to English naval surveyors
but his reports have never been translated.
The
present volume contains translations of his narrative
which was published
at the
end of the
which
first
last century,
and of
his important reports
saw the
light
In 1866.^
Some
account of the surveys of Sarmiento
and of
In
his unfortunate attempt to establish a colony
the
Straits
of Magellan
is
given
in
Burneys
and
Voyages}
But the Admiral's authorities were con-
fined to the published narratives, to Argensola,

to the story of
Lopez Vaz
in
Hakluyt.
He
v.
ii,
was
In the Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos^

2
torn.
Madrid,
1806.
1866.
Vol.
INTRODUCTION.
unacquainted with the reports of Sarmiento himself,
which have recently been brought to
light.
To
discover the birth and parentage of the great

it
navigator
has been necessary to have recourse to
an ominous authority, namely, a deposition preserved

in the
Records of the
it
Inquisition.^
his
From
was
this
docu-
ment
appears
that
father
Bartolome
Sarmiento, a native of Pontevedra in Galicia,
who
in
married a Biscay an lady of Bilbao, named Gamboa.
Pedro himself was born
at
Alcala de
Henares
about 1532, but he was brought up
in his father's
home
at
Pontevedra, a place near the sea on the
The country round Pontevedra is watered by many streams, is well wooded, and enjoys an equable climate. The small port of
western coast of Galicia.
Bayona is within a few miles of the town, and here it was that Alonzo Martin Pinzon found refuge when returning as second in command, in the first voyage Having passed his boyhood in the of Columbus.
pleasant environs of Pontevedra,
Pedro Sarmiento
entered the military service of Spain at the early age

of eighteen.
He
served in the wars of Europe from
1550 to 1555, and then crossed the ocean to the He appears to have Indies, to seek his fortune.
been two years

he proceeded to
Mexico and Guatemala, whence Peru in 1557.

in
During seven years he devoted himself
to a study
of the history of the Incas, and he probably

1
made
Historia del Tribunal del Santo Officio de la Inquisicion en
Chile,
por
I,
Don
Jose Toribio Medina

310.
(2
torn.,
Santiago,
1890,
8vo),
cap.
xiii, p.
INTRODUCTION.
several voyages along the coast.
XI
When
he arrived,
the Marquis of Cafiete
was Viceroy of Peru, who induced the Inca Sayri Tupac to come to terms and
reside in the valley of
Yucay under Spanish jurisBut when Sayri Tupac died in 1560, his diction. brothers again became independent in the fastnesses
of Vilcabamba.
The Marquis
himself died in
561,
and from 1561 to 1564 the Conde de Nieva was Sarmiento appears to have been on intiViceroy.
mate terms with the new Viceroy and

and probably held some
This came to an end
of the
his household,
office in the viceregal court.
after the mysterious

in
murder
Conde de Nieva
;
a street of Lima, on
February 20th, 1564 and the persecutions of the Inquisition appeared to have commenced with the
arrival of the
de Castro,
in
new Governor the autumn of
of Peru,
the
Lope Garcia
year.
for
same
Sar-
miento was persecuted by the Holy Office
having
been reported to have said that he knew how to
make
written
letter,
certain
ink with which,
if
to,
she would love the person
woman was who wrote the

a
though before she might have disliked him.
His defence was that a female servant of the Conde

de Nieva, named Payba, was talking nonsense about
love
affairs,
and that he had

in
told her that
he had
heard about such ink

It
Spain, but that he believed

also
to
be a
lie.
There was
which
another equally
absurd accusation about two rings engraved with

Chaldsean
characters,
were
art.
suspected
of
having been made by astrological

in
Sarmiento,
his
defence,
said
he had shown the rings to
XII
INTRODUCTION.
confessor,
his
who
said
there
was no harm
in
them.
The
in
sentence was that he should hear mass in
the cathedral at Lima, stripped naked, with a candle

his
hand,
and that he should be perpetually

Until his departure he
in the
banished from the Indies.
was
at
to
be kept
Monastery of San Domingo
Lima, without any books, fasting on Wednesdays

reciting seven penitential psalms.
and Fridays, and
Sarmiento appealed to the Pope, and obtained a
commutation of the banishment,

reside at
It
with license
to
Cuzco and other parts of Peru
until 1567.
was years before he was free and it was due to the great value of his services that he was protected by the Government
from annoyance and
persecution,
from the intolerable tyranny of the Inquisition.

It
may,
think,
be gathered from
this persecution
that Sarmiento was of an imaginative turn of mind,
fond of investigating any unusual phenomena, and

of satisfying
his
curiosity
touching
all
that
was
strange or occult.
His subsequent history proves
him
to
have been a good mathematician, and a man
gifted with the inventive faculty.

antiquities of the
The
history
and
Incas had a fascination for him

ten years of the residence in
and, during the
first
Peru, he travelled over the country, and collected
much
information which had escaped the attention

It
was Sarmiento who first announced that the Inca Tupac Yupanqui had made an expedition by sea to the westward, and had discovered two islands called Nina-chumpi and Hahuaof his predecessors.
INTRODUCTION.
chumpi.
tion
XIU
He believed
that he
had obtained informafix
from the Incas which would enable him to
their positions approximately,
and he seems
constitute
to
have
thought
that
they
would
valuable
possession, worthy of being
added
to the
Spanish
dominions.^
In the year 1567 Sarmiento
made
a proposal for
the discovery of these distant western islands to the

Licentiate Castro, then
Governor of Peru.
In one
of his memorials to Philip II he represented that he
knew
of
many
islands in the
South Sea which were
undiscovered until his time, and that he offered to
undertake the enterprise with the approval of the
Governor of Peru. him into the royal

fleet to
Lope Garcia de Castro took

service,
offering the
command
it
of the expedition and the whole government of the
him.
But Sarmiento
insisted that
should
be entrusted to a young nephew of Garcia de Castro
named Alvaro de Mendafia
with the object of
inducing the Governor to further the equipment and
Miguel Cavello
Balboa,
in
his
Miscelanea Austral^
also
says,
mentions the voyage of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, which, he
He discovered the two islands of lasted more than a year. Hahua-chumpi and Nina-chumpi^ and returned with many black prisoners, much gold and silver, and a throne made of copper and skins of an animal like a horse. He started from the coast
of Manta, north of Guayaquil, so that the two islands may have been two of the Galapagos, "Nina-chumpi" would mean Fire Island, and " Hahua-chumpi" Outer Island. There were volcanic eruptions on Narborough Island of the Galapagos group in 18 14
and 1825. See Las Is las de Galapagos y otras mos pomente, por Marcos Jimenes de la Espada.
XIV
INTRODUCTION.
zeal.
despatch with greater

that he should
He, however, stipulated
have the conduct of the discovery and
navigation,
and that no course should be altered
without his consent.-^

of
He
the
was appointed captain
Mendana's
;
ship,
pilot
Capitana,
named
"
Los
Reyes"
the
being Juan Enriquez, and the
treasurer
Gomez
Catoira.
"
On
board the other
ship,
Almiranta, named
Todos Santos", was the Camp

Pilot
Master Pedro de Ortega, and the Chief
Her-
nando Gallego.
The two
ships sailed from Callao
on Wednesday, the 19th of November 1567. Sarmiento intended to steer W.S.W. until
reached the 23rd
severed
in until
he
parallel,
and
this course
was per-
the
day the Chief
Pilot,
28th of November. On that Hernando Gallego, altered the
course without consulting Sarmiento, and in defiance

of the instructions
;
and
in this
It
proceeding he was
supported by Mendafia.^
their intention to
for
appears to have been
abandon the discovery and make

Islands.
the
Philippine
Sarmiento made a
strong protest, but to no purpose. ^

the Chief Pilot persisted in their
Mendana and
more northerly
course for forty days, in spite of the constant re-
Memorial of Sarmiento
to Philip II, dated Cuzco,
March
4th,
1572, in the Tres Relaciones de Antiquedades Peruanas publicadas

el
Ministro de Fomento^
^
p. xix.
Breve relacion que
se
ha recogtdo de
los
papeles que se hallaron
en esta ciudad de
La
Plata, cerca del viaje
y
;
descubrimienio de las
islas del Poniente de la
Salomon Coleccion de Munoz, tom. xxxvn V, Cuaderno iii, p. 210.
Mar
de Sur, que comunmente Hainan de
Documentos
Ineditos,
INTRODUCTION.
XV
by-
monstrances of Sarmiento, who was supported
Pedro de Ortega, the

to the south.
Camp
Master.
Sarmiento
urged that the lands of which he was
in search
were
No
land being sighted after so
many
days
Mendana became
alarmed,
and
requested
Sarmiento to resume charge of the navigation. ordered a W.S.W. course to be shaped, but by
He
this
time the ships were in 5 S. and too far to the west-
ward
to retrace their steps to the position
he wished
to reach.
He, however, said that land would be
sighted on the next day, and this proved true.

island
"
An
was discovered which received the name of

Jesus".
Nombre de
7th the
Then
1st of
the "Candelaria" rocks
were sighted on the

the
February 1568, and on
great
island
natives,
was
discovered,
called
''Atoglu" by the
''
and by the Spaniards

(_Herrera says that
it
Santa Isabel de Estrella".

first
)
was
'*
seen from the masthead by a boy
Trejo.
The ships were anchored

in
in
a bay
named named
to-
Estrella", possession
was taken, and a

pieces,
brigantine,
which had been taken out

gether.
was put
Sarmiento then conducted a reconnoitring
expedition inland, but

natives
;
met with
hostility
from the
while Ortega examined the coast on board
the brigantine and discovered several other islands.
He
gave one of them the name of
*'
Guadalcanal",
after his
own
native place near Seville.

left
In
May
the expedition
Santa
Isabel,
and,
after sighting Malaita, Galera, Florida,
and Cesarga,
in
anchored off Guadalcanal.
On
the 19th and 22nd
Sarmiento accompanied
Mendana and Ortega
XVI
INTRODUCTION.
excursions into the interior, ascending a mountain,
and enjoying a magnificent view.

boat's
Afterwards a
crew
was
massacred by the natives,
and
Sarmiento was obliged to make severe
reprisals.
In August the expedition removed to the island of
San
tine
Cristobal,
where they remained

in supplies,
for forty days,
refitting
and taking
and here the brigan-
was abandoned. The whole group was named the Solomon Islands.
Sarmiento now desired to return by way of the
islands discovered
by the
4th,
Inca,
and submitted a
But Mendafia
all
report
insisted
on September
1568.
upon steering
east, and,
when
the pilots
remonstrated, he shaped a course for Mexico.
On
the 23rd of January 1569, they reached the port of
Santiago de Colima, refitted at
Realejo, and re-
turned to Callao on September nth.

'
During the
voyage there had been many disagreements, and

Mendafia intended to bring charges against Sarmiento when he arrived at Lima.
As
little
justice
could be expected from the uncle in adjudicating on

his
nephew's conduct, Sarmiento considered
it
to
be
the wisest course to leave the ship at Realejo, and
wait at Guatemala until the Licentiate
de Castro was relieved of his command.^
Lope Garcia Taking
when
There are several narratives of the first voyage of Mendafia, the Solomon Islands were discovered. A full account, which was used by Burney, is contained in Book v of the Hechos de Don Garcia Huriado de Me7idoza^ 4'^ Marques de Caiiete^ por
1
D. Christoval Suarez de Figueroa (Madrid, 16 14).
This work
was reprinted
at
Santiago de Chile in 1864, in the Coleccion de
INTRODUCTION
XVll
the whole of the conflicting evidence, and comparing

the various statements,
it
Is
clear that there
was
much
Incapacity and mismanagement, and that the
expedition was saved from disaster on
more than
guidance
one occasion, and especially on the voyage home,

through the seamanlike
of Pedro Sarmiento./
skill
and
scientific
In
November
1569,
Lope Garcia de Castro had

Francisco de Toledo, brother
been relieved by
with the restored
in
Don
title
of the Count of Oropesa,
who
came' out to
Peru
of Viceroy, which had been
abeyance
since
the
murder of the Count of

In years,
NIeva.
He
was a man advanced
devoted
heart and soul to his public duties, energetic and

resolute, but
narrow-minded and unscrupulous.
On
hearing of his arrival Pedro Sarmiento returned to

Peru, and he appears to have been at once restored
to favour
and taken back
into the service
by the
new
Viceroy.
Sarmiento was confronted with Men-
dafia,
both before the Viceroy and before the Royal
Audience, and his explanation of his proceedings
Historiadores
de
Chile.
Herrera gives a short notice.

is
The
narrative in the Documentos Ineditos

at
from a manuscript found
La
Plata.
The Report
to
of Mendafia himself at Simancas only

lost.
takes us
in the
down
May
1568, the rest being
There
is
a copy
MuTioz
Collection^
tom. xxxvii.
is
The
pilot
Gallego wrote
a journal, and the manuscript
copy
very
is
in the possession of
extracts
from
it
are given in
in the British Museum. Another Lord Amherst of Hackney. Full Mr. Guppy's work. There is also a
interesting
manuscript
the
narrative
of
the
voyage by the
it
Treasurer Catoira, in
British
Museum, but
has
never
been printed.
XVlll
INTRODUCTION.
satis-
during the voyage was held to be completely

factory.
Toledo then invited him to attend him in

of
all
a visitation
colleagues
the
provinces
of
Peru.
His
Judge
were the Jesuit historian Acosta, the Matienza, and the accomplished lawyer
It
Polo de Ondegardo.
was the
belief of the
shrewd
but narrow-minded Toledo that there could be no

security for Spanish rule while the natives retained a
feeling
of
love and
veneration
to
for
their
last
ancient
of the
sovereigns.
Incas,
He
resolved
get the
named Tupac Amaru,
into his clutches,

in 1571,
and
soon after his arrival at Cuzco
he organized
an expedition to penetrate into Vilcabamba with

this object.
Hernando de Arbieto was the general of

force,
It
this
with Pedro Sarmiento as " Alferez General".

little
The young Inca more than a pursuit. Tupac Amaru, with a few followers, fled down a
was
mountain path with dense
precipice on the other.
forest
on one side and a

closely followed,
ill-fated
He was
and Sarmiento himself captured the
boy,
who was brought

was
alike
in
triumph to
Cuzco.
The
Viceroy then committed a judicial murder which

a
wicked crime and a gross blunder.
The
in
youthful sovereign,
Tupac Amaru, was

of the
exe-
cuted in the great square of Cuzco in October 1571

spite
of
the
protests
most
influential
Spaniards, both lay
and
clerical,
and of the outraged

in this
feelings of the people.
Pedro Sarmiento was aiding and abetting

cruel
and atrocious crime.
He
was unrelenting and

INTRODUCTION.
felt
XIX
no
remorse
for
nine
years
afterwards
he
advised the King to continue the persecution of the

surviving
members
of the Inca family.^
From
that
time his good fortune departed. His great abiHty and loyalty obtained for him important posts, but
in spite of skill
and patience, of extraordinary

his ill-luck
reso-
lution
left
and dogged determination,

to the
never
to
him him
day of
his death.
The
curse stuck
last of
retribution
the
for the
murder of the
the
Incas.
After
execution
''
the
Viceroy Toledo em-
ployed Sarmiento, as
subject
that
I
the most able

in
man on
country",
this
have
found
the
to
prepare a
map
and to compile a history of the Incas

King.
for transmission to the
His object was
to
show
that
the
Incas
had
to
in
originally usurped
the
country from the former possessors, and that conse-
quently
it
was
just
depose their descendants.
the valley of Yucay, on With a letter dated March ist, 1572, Toledo sent home this history,
together with a genealogy and a
map prepared by
cloths
Sarmiento on four
cloths.
The
bearer of this im-
portant despatch was
Geronimo Pacheco. The
"I
left in
Lima
the eldest son of Titu Cusi Yupanqui,

in
named
Quispi Titu.
He
is
the house of a half caste, his cousin

I
Francisco de Ampuero.
advise that the
these Incas to be brought to Spain, or
King should order somewhere away from the
people of Peru.
The people
always retain the
memory
of the
Incas in their hearts, and adore every one of Inca lineage." Papeles Historicos del Ex"'" Report, 15th April 1581 Thomar.
Selior
Conde de Valencia de
Don Juan.
b2
XX
INTRODUCTION.
are fully described in the covering letter.

historical truth
Their
thirty-
and accuracy were
certified
by
seven experts of the principal Ayllus or lineages of

the Inca family, and
by the Spaniards Polo de Ondegardo/ Alonso de Mesa,^ Mancio Serra de

Leguisamo,^ Juan de Pancorvo/ and Pedro Alonso
Carrasco,^ most of
them among the early conquerors. The notary Navamue. says that on the four cloths were written and painted the figures of the Incas
and
the
their wives, with their
first
Ayllus or lineages.
fable of
cloth
was depicted the
Toco, and of the creation by Vira-cocha.

executed by Pedro Sarmiento.
On Tambo On the
second was a map, with the positions of the towns,
The
cloths,
history of the Incas, which accompanied the
was long supposed
to
have been
lost.
But
who came to Peru was Corregidor of Charcas, and afterwards of Cuzco, and studied the laws and administration of He wrote several invaluable reports. the Incas with minute care.
1
The accomplished
lawyer and statesman
with the President Gasca.
He
Alonso de Mesa was one of the
first
conquerors, and
owned
a house in the square of

lasso
Our Lady
at
Cuzco, near that of Garci1600, and the Inca
de
la
Vega.
His son was
at court in
family sent
^
him a
petition to be delivered to the King.
This
is
the conqueror
who
is
said to have
golden sun of the temple at Cuzco in one night.

married an Inca princess.
gambled away the He is more
honourably known as a defender of the cause of the natives.

4
He
occupied a house
Juan de Pancorvo was one of the first conquerors who at Cuzco with his friend and comrade Alonzo de Marchena. ^ Another of the earliest conquerors to whom a house at Cuzco
was granted
in 1557.
INTRODUCTION.
the original
XXI
document has recently been discovered

University of Gottingen.
in the library of the
The
binding was of red

of a page,
silk,
with a coat of arms the size
signed
" el
Capita
Sarmi de Gaboa".
Under
the red silk there was another binding of
green leather.
the King.
This was probably the copy sent
to
brated
The document formed part of the library of Abraham Gronow, which was
It
cele-
sold
in 1785.
consists of eight leaves of introduction

text.
and 138 of
Pages 4
to 8 contain the dedica-
tion to the King, written at
Cuzco and signed by

which the Viceroy
Sarmlento on March
Francisco de Toledo
Philip II to the
title
4th, 1572, in
is
belauded, and the claim of

Is
of
King of Peru
''
set forth.
The second page
contains the
title,
surrounded
la
by an ornamental border.
Segunda Parte de
historia general llamada yndica, le qttal por
mandado
de la
del Ex'^'^ Francisco de Toledo, Gobernador y Capitan
General de
Sarmiento}
^
los
reynos del
Castilla,
Peru y Major-domo
Casa Real de
compuso el Capitan Pedro
At
the beginning of the history the
The work
contains accounts of the early possessors of Peru

the fabulous
and
their chiefs, of the first settlers at Cuzco, of
origin of the Incas, of their
march
to Cuzco, of the mixture of
fable with history, of the entrance of
Manco Capac
into the valley
of
Cuzco and
his disputes with the Alcabizas over the arable lands,
of the succeeding Incas, of the war with the Chancas, of the

rebuilding of Cuzco by Pachacutec, of the conquests of Pachacutec, of the Mitimaes, of the Colla war, of the reign of
Tupac
Yupanqui, of
of the
his building the fortress of Cuzco, of the reign of
Huayna Capac,
of the civil war between Huascar and Atahualpa, coming of the Spaniards. He places the duration of the
Inca dynasty from 565 to 1533.
XXll
INTRODUCTION.
it
author says that

the
first
will
be divided into three parts,
containing the natural history, the second
a narrative of the tyranny of the Incas
down
to the
death of Huascar.
The
first
and third parts never But the second

part,
appear to have been written.
now
Its
at Gottingen, contains the history of the Incas.

is
discovery
very important, and

will
all
students of
American history
In the
look forward to the publication
of the text with great interest.
following
year the persecution
of
the
Inquisition
was resumed.
trumpery charge was
brought against Sarmiento respecting some astronomical rings, doubtless for purposes connected with
navigation.
The
Ignorant dolts thought they had to
do with necromancy.
that Sarmiento
One
false
witness
at
deposed
Puebla
had been publicly flogged
de
los
Angeles, in Mexico, for having

In
made a graven
show
that the
image.
November 1573 he presented a pamphlet

Holy
Office, to
of twelve leaves, in the
astronomical rings were not superstitious, but that they
were
practically useful.
After long delay the sentence
of the Inquisition was that Sarmiento was a dangerous
man and
that he
must
fulfil
his
former sentence of
banishment.
But
at that time
he was serving under

against
the Viceroy, in an arduous campaign
the
Chirlguanos, in the dense forests to the eastward of

the Andes.
On
their return, the
Holy
Office
was
informed that Sarmiento was a valuable public servant,
and that he could not be spared.
The
irritating
persecution of the Inquisitors was, however, continued.
Sarmiento was next accused of having shown th^
INTRODUCTION.
lines
XXIU
on the palm of
his
hand
to
an old woman, and

to kill
told her that they

in
would cause him
two people
in
Peru.
He
But
was found
and
once
guilty,
imprisoned
to
November
banished.
1575,
again
sentenced
be
more
the
Viceroy
Toledo
interfered, ordered his release,
and placed him under
special
protection.
Sarmiento continued to be a
captain in the King's service, in high favour with
the Viceroy, and was in that position
when Francis
Drake arrived at Callao in February 1579. Sarmiento was employed in the unsuccessful chase of Drake as far as Panama, and when the Viceroy
resolved to send ships to the Straits of Magellan to
intercept
Drake on
his
return,
and
to
fortify
the
passage with a view to preventing the entry of any

pirates
who might attempt
to follow
Drake
into the
South Sea, Sarmiento was appointed

of the expedition.
to the
command
to entrust
Toledo was not a man
such a service to
any one from motives of friendship
was cold and unsympathetic, and was devoted wholly to the good of the He must, therefore, have formed a very service. high opinion of the capacity of Sarmiento, and of his
or personal predilection.
special fitness.
He
Undoubtedly he was
his time.
right.
all
Sarthe
miento was a thorough seaman, possessing

scientific
Long accustomed to the command of men, he knew how to treat them, how to win their confidence, and how to get good
knowledge of
work from them.

of mind.
He
all
had forethought and presence

he was endowed with that
if it
Above
indomitable perseverance which deserves,
does
XXIV
not always
stitious,
INTRODUCTION.
command, ^success.
his
He was
fill
very superinspired
but
acts,
strong
religious
to
beliefs
his
like
own
and tended
his followers
with
loyal
enthusiasm.
He
was
true-hearted,
man.
The
original
copy of the narrative and

through
Magellan's
route
Strait,
journal of the voyage
written by Pedro Sarmiento de

to the
King and
of the
legally
Gamboa, addressed certified by a notary, is in

Argensola, in his
it,
the Royal
history
Library of Madrid.
Moluccas, gives an abstract of

length.^
extending to considerable
The
journal
was edited by Don Bernardo

at
Yriarte,
and published
diligent search
Madrid
in 1768.
The
Editor
made
for
Sarmiento's charts, but without success.

it
He
thought
possible that they might be in the " Casa

Seville, or in the depository of
de Contratacion" at be found.
time.
the Franciscan Convent at Cadiz, but they were not

to
The
Journal
is
now
translated for the
first
"Narrative and Route of the voyage

to the Strait of the
and discovery
Mother of God,
Captain
formerly called of Magellan, by the
Don
Pedro Sarmiento y Gamboa." Sarmiento was the first to survey and give a detailed description of the
Strait.
Magellan was
in
the Strait from October

1520,
2ist to
November
27th,
but the historians
of his voyage give no detailed descriptions.

fieet of
The
it
Garcia de Loaysa and Sebastian del Cano

the
Strait
entered
on .April 8th and
left
on
Lib. IV, pp. 109-136.
INTRODUCTION.
XXV
May
26th,
in
1526/
January
Simon de Alcazava^ entered the

1535,
Strait
but his ships never got

his crew.
through.
He
was murdered by
In 1557
Juan Ladrilleros
discovered
the
was sent from Chile

island
to
examine the
side,
approaches to the Strait from the Pacific

of Chiloe
and
and the Chonos
Archipelago, but did not enter the Strait.^
Francis Drake entered the Strait on August 20th,

i57cS,
and cleared
it
in
seventeen days, passing out
into the Pacific
on the 6th of September.

of
Thus Magellan, Loaysa, Alcazava, and Drake,

were
the
predecessors
Sarmiento,
but
the
historians of
none of these voyages have given an
account of the Strait to be compared for a

with that of the accomplished Spanish
moment
surveyor.
Sarmiento discovered and explored,

boat voyages,
the
in three perilous
intricate channels
leading from
his
in
the Gulf of Trinidad.
He
described
voyage
a most
through the Strait
in great detail,
and
interesting narrative.
His work has received the

under Garcia Jofre de Loaysa
his captains.
It is
The
narrative of the expedition
was written by Andres de Urdaneta, one of

in.
the Coleccion de MuTioz^ torn, xxxvi, and was pubhshed in

Coleccion
i,
the
de
Documentos Ineditos (Madrid,
1866),
torn, v,
Burney gives an account of the expedition gathered from notices in Gomara, Herrera, and Galvano. ^ The story of the voyage of Alcazava was told by the notary
cuaderno
pp. 5-67.
Alonso Vehedor.
It
is
in the Coleccion de MuTioz, torn,
xxxvi,
and was published in 1866 in the Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos^

torn,
v,
cuaderno
ii,
pp. 97-117.
officers.
There
is
another account by
in the life of the
Juan de Mori, one of the

^
The account
of the voyage of Ladrilleros
is
Marquis of
Cafiate,
by Figueroa.
XXVI
INTRODUCTION.
high praise of modern English surveyors from FItz
Roy
to Nares,
and Sarmiento consequently takes a
foremost rank
century.
among
the navigators of the sixteenth
When
tions,
Sarmiento arrived
in Spain, his representa-
and those of the Viceroy Toledo, led to the equipment of a large fleet to fortify the Strait and to form settlements, with which object a number of
colonists
were embarked with

of
the
officer
fleet
their families. to
The
command
while
was entrusted
to
a most
Valdes,
incompetent
named Diego Flores de

be
the
forts
Sarmiento was
Governor and
in the
Captain-General of the
Strait.
and settlements
This arrangement led to disaster and
ruin.
For Sarmiento had no power until the Strait was reached, and could only advise and protest. The second document in the present volume is a Report by Sarmiento, written from Rio de Janeiro
on June
in the
ist,
1583, the original of which
is
preserved
It
fleet,
Coleccion
de Juan
Bautista
Muiioz.
gives
some account of the equipment of the

particularly interesting because
it
and
is
describes
the system for the supply of charts, and the details of an observation for an eclipse of the sun, to ascertain the longitude of
Lima.
The
third
document contains an enumeration of
the names of the ships and officers of the fleet of
Diego Flores and Pedro Sarmiento.^
From
the Navarrete
MSS., copied from
the Archives of the
Indies.
INTRODUCTION.
XXVll
The
narrative of the voyage, of the disgraceful
conduct of Diego Flores, of Sarmiento's inexhaustible

patience and determination, of the final establish-
ment of two settlements
in the Straits of
Magellan,
and of the subsequent misfortunes and adventures of Sarmiento, is contained in the fourth document,
which
is
a detailed report by that deserving but

officer
:
unlucky
himself^
This
is
the history of a
great calamity
the story of a resolute and loyal

difficulties
man
battling
against insuperable
in the end, yet
and,
though succumbing
continuing the
last gasp.
brave struggle against fate to the
But
there was a curse on the executioner of the last of
the Incas.
Sarmiento sent home another detailed Report,

from Pernambuco, dated i8th of September 1584, which is preserved but still remains in manuscript.^
I
have a copy of the Pernambuco Report, which

in
have collated with the translated Report

crepancies.
this
dis-
volume, noting any. additional information or
The
fifth
and
is
last of the
documents forming the

settlers in the Straits of
present volume
the Deposition of Tome Hernandez,
one of the survivors of the

Magellan,
who was taken on board by Cavendish in January 1587, and escaped near Valparaiso. The
1
MS.
Coleccion
de
at
MiiTioz^
torn,
xxxvii,
copied
from the
original
document
Simancas.
v,
Published in the Coleccion de

iii,
Dociimentos Ineditos^ tom.

2
cuadernos,
iv
and
v.
Navarrete MSS., copied from the original
in the
Archives of
the Indies.
XXVlll
INTRODUCTION.
Deposition was taken
many
years
afterwards
at
Lima, by order of the Prince of Esquilache, the
Viceroy of Peru.^
It is
a harrowing
tale.
When Tome
Hernandez
was
embarked
by
Cavendish, the other survivors of the settlers landed
by Sarmiento were abandoned to their fate. There were fifteen men and three women. The Delight
commanded by Captain Andrew Merick, entered the Straits of Magellan in December 1589,
of Bristol,
and found one Spaniard

he had been there
sole survivor out
at Port
Famine.
He
said
six years,
and that he was the
of 400 settlers landed in 1582.
Captain Merick took the wretched
but he died on the passage home, and his

not given.
It
is
man on board, name is
not
quite
certain
what became of Pedro

entreating
Sarmiento, after his return to Spain from captivity.
He
wrote a
letter to
Philip
II,
him
to
send succour to the abandoned

dated
settlers in the Straits,
November
21st, 1591.
He
then appears to
have gone out

Mexico.
to the Philippine Islands
by way of
The Governor
of the Philippines,
Don
Gonzalo Ronquillo de
to
Pefialosa, sent
an expedition
of Captain
conquer Tidore, under the
command
Pedro Sarmiento and of Juan Ronquillo, nephew of the Governor. The landing was opposed, but the
defenders were repulsed, and Sarmiento formed an
end of the volume containing the Journal It was obtained by the Editor from the collection of the Mariscal de Campo Don Eugenio de Alvarado.
1
Published
at the
of Sarmiento, in 1768.
INTRODUCTION.
entrenched camp and planted his
pestilence broke out, the enterprise
artillery.
XXIX
But a
was abandoned,
and they returned

wrote, in 1608.^
to Manilla.
Argensola says that

at Manilla
Pedro Sarmiento was living
when he
after-
He
probably died there soon
wards, as he was then a very old man.^
Argensola says
Incas,
that,
besides his History of the
the Narrative of his Voyage, and his nu-
merous Reports, Sarmiento wrote a Treatise on

Navigation, a Notice of the Stars, and Treatises on
fortification
I
and on the founding of

received
copies
artillery.
have
in
of
several
manuscript
reports by Sarmiento, from Spain, which have been

useful
editing
the
documents composing
writing
this
the
present volume, and in
introduction.
One relates to the affairs of Peru and to the treatment of the surviving Incas another is a report on the kind of vessels most suitable for navigating the Straits of Magellan two more are pitiful letters to the Secretary Idiaquez and to the King, from the
; ;
Cotiquista de las Islas Malucas^ por el licenciado

lib.
Bartolome
167-169.
Leonardo de Argensola (Madrid, 1609),

See also Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, por
v,
pp.
el
Doctor Antonio de
iv,
Morga (Mexico,
p. 28.
'^
1609), translation, Hakluyt Society, 1868, ch.
am
not quite satisfied that this Pedro Sarmiento of Manilla
was the great navigator.
The
invasion of Tidore under Ronquillo
appears to have taken place before Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa,
who was
in
reached Manilla.
navigator.
Spain in the autumn of 1591, could possibly have There was another Pedro Sarmiento who died
at Potosi in 16 10, but
he certainly could not have been the great
XXX
prison of
INTRODUCTION
Mont Marsan
another contains state-
ments respecting the amount of the ransom.

are
several
There
other documents
of less
importance,
relating to the expeditions of Sarmiento.

.
owe more than
can express
in
la
words
to
my
friend
Don Marcos Jimenes

only
sent
de
Espada of
Madrid, for his kind and ever ready assistance.
He
not
me
list
of the manuscripts
relating to the affairs of Sarmiento,

for the transcription of those that
I
and arranged required, but he
himself carefully collated the copies wjth the originals,
and even himself made a copy of one of the most

important documents.
useful
references.
He
also
gave
me
various
To
Professors
Meyer
and
Pretschmann of Gottingen
for informing
my
best thanks are due
me
of the existence of the History of
the Incas by Sarmiento, and especially to Professor
Pretschmann
of
its
for furnishing
I
me
he
with a
will
full
abstract
in
contents.
trust that
soon be
a
I
position to print the text.
Last,
but not
least,
owe thanks
to
my
friend
Dr. Coppinger, the dis-
tinguished Arctic officer and naturalist, for helping
me
to identify plants
mentioned by Sarmiento as
Straits of Magellan.
growing on the shores of the
VOYAGE
>
O".
>
STRAIT OF MAGELLAN
THE CAPTAIN
PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA,

In the Years 1579 and 1580,
AND
ACCOUNTS OF THE EXPEDITION

WHICH AFTERWARDS WENT TO FORM A SETTLEMENT IN THE STRAIT, UNDER PEDRO SARMIENTO.
BY
PEDRO SARMIENTO HIMSELF,

AND BY
TOME HERNANDEZ
(the survivor).
UNIVERSITY
I.
NARRATIVE AND ROUTE

OF THE
VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY

TO THE
STRAIT OF THE
MOTHER OF
GOD,
FORMERLY CALLED "OF MAGELLAN".
I.
Causes for sending

Sanniento.
Viceroy.
Orders of Sarmiento. List of

FTER Don
Fitting
the
Expedition.
out of the Ships.
Appointment
Officers.
of Pedro of the
Instructions
Francisco de Toledo,^ Vice-
roy of Peru, sent two ships, with more

than 200 men, in pursuit of the pirate
Francisco Draquez,'^ which arrived at
Panama without
report of his
to
more than a proceedings, and returned

finding
will
Lima
1
(of
which your Majesty
have
notice), con-
Don
of Oropesa, succeeded the
Francisco de Toledo, a younger brother of the fourth Count Governor Lope Garcia de Castro in the
government of Peru, in 1569, with the title of Viceroy. He was a man of great energy and resolution, devoted heart and soul to his pubHc duties, but narrow-minded and unsympathetic. His cruel execu2
Sir Francis Drake.
He
was
at Callao
on February
15th, 1579.
4 RESOLUTION TO EXPLORE
THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.

all
sidering the importance to the security of
the Indies on
the South Sea, for the service of

and prese^-vation of His
God our
Lord, the increase
nbld^'alnd'niaintains in these parts,

'wd!l:be',e6,tablii'shed,
Holy Church which your Majesty and that which it is hoped

for
and not to leave anything unexplored

;
the service of your Majesty and your subjects
as well as
because there was the public fame and fear of the two
English ships, consorts of Francisco Draquez, which
re-
mained behind on the coasts of Chile and

had carried
did not
their
Arica,^
and which
arms into those
ports, so that the people
know what
and
it
to do, ceasing their business, because
the merchants feared to risk their goods, and the sailors to
navigate
being the public fame that Francisco

Strait, as
would return by the
he now knew where
it
was
for all these reasons,
and to prepare
for future events,
he
determined to send to and discover the Strait of Magellan,
which
it
was held
to be almost impossible to discover
by the
where
way
of the South Sea, owing to the innumerable openings

at
it,
and channels which there are before arriving
many
there
discoverers had been lost

Chili.
Governors of Peru and
who had been sent by the Although persons had been
who
entered by the North Sea, they never succeeded.

lost,
Some were
and others returned, so tossed about by
storms and uncertain of what could be discovered, that

there was a general dread of that navigation.
The
object was to dispel this fear once for
all,
and that
the Strait might be explored and properly surveyed and
examined throughout
to ascertain the best plan for closing
tion of the
young Inca Tupac Amaru,
at Cuzco, in 1571, is a foul blot
on his character. But he regulated the administration, and his Libra de Tasas was the text-book for the guidance of future Viceroys. He He died in ruled Peru for thirteen years, returning to Spain in 1581.
1584.
1
Of
these two ships, the Elizabeth went back into the strait and
returned
home
and the Marigold foundered
at sea.
APPOINTMENT OF SARMIENTO.
it
and so guarding those kingdoms against an enemy, a

is
matter which concerns his Majesty's service more than

generally understood, no less than his
kingdoms and
in council
estates,
and the bodies and souls of
their inhabitants.
This having been well considered
with the
Royal Audience of Lima, the Royal

both to sea and land,
officers,
and persons of
great experience in the government of things pertaining

it
was resolved that two ships should

Within ten
be sent to the above said Strait of Magellan.
days of the vessels returning from Panama the Viceroy
began to make preparations.
Although he was unwell, he

which
is
went personally to the

city,
officers,
port,
two leagues from the

lanthorns and
went on board the ships and, with
examined them down

for
to their keels.
From among
sailers
them
he selected the
two strongest, newest, and best

your Majesty.
and purchased them
He
ordered the captain, Pedro Sarmiento, to undertake

title
the responsibility of this voyage of discovery with the

of Superior Captain of both ships
to serve
;
and Pedro Sarmiento,^

notwithstanding
decline.
His Majesty, accepted
it,
many
his
things which might have
made him
life in
But as
habit always was to risk his
the service of his

to turn
King
were
and natural Lord,
it
was not
for
him
back nor excuse

others
himself, for fear of death nor of the dangers that
notorious, nor because
it
was a service from which
all
turned away.
Rather, he offered himself the more willingly
to the service of
God and
of your Majesty, so that
if
his
deeds should equal his

well served.
will
your Majesty
will
be certainly
As soon
as they bought the ships, the business of equipin
ment was put

as all other
hand, as well the carpenters and blacksails,
smith's work, the supply of ropes,
and provisions,
assisting
in
needful
things.
There were
Sarmiento writes of himself in the third person.
FITTING OUT THE EXPEDITION.

despatch of the ships
the port for the
Don
Francisco
Henrique de Lara,^ His Majesty's agent, and a Knight of

the Habit of Santiago, and Pedro Sarmiento,
who went
to
and
fro
from the city to the port superintending the

for assistance
fitting
out and the entry of men, and arranging for the pay of the
sailors
and
from the
soldiers.
This was a very
troublesome business, for as the enterprise was one of great
danger and
little profit,
no one wished to embark
in
it,
and
many
ran
away and
hid themselves.
At
last the
necessary
number was got together

soldiers.
112
in
all,
half sailors
and half
As
lose,
the the
time to
summer was Viceroy came
passing, and there
was no
to the port a second time,

all
and personally superintended

they were completed.
the preparations until
The work
of the marine department
was usually executed by the Licentiate Recalde, Judge of the Royal Audience of Lima, who carried out the orders
of the Viceroy with
much
diligence.
The Treasurer and

the business of wages,
Accountant
outfit
in
Lima superintended
and
victualling, as directed
by the Viceroy.
With
it
this diligence the ships
were got ready sooner than
was
thought possible.
The squadron being ready

the large
ship
for sea, the
Viceroy named
to
Nuestra Senora de Esperanza,

;
which
Pedro Sarmiento was appointed as captain

one,
and the smaller Juan de
San
Francisco, which
was made Almiranta.
Villalobos was appointed Admiral.^
In order to take leave
of them his Excellency ordered to appear before him on
See note further on.

of Almirante pecuHar to sea-
The Spaniards made the title commanders in the time of Alfonso

2
(1252- 1284),
and
it
afterwards
of a
fleet.
became, with them, the
title
of the second in
command
Edward
I,
the brother-in-law of Alfonso IX, introduced the
title
of
Admiral into England, but as that of the commander-in-chief at sea. Eventually the Almira7ite became the chief commander in Spain
also.
INTERVIEW WITH THE VICEROY.

Friday, the 9th of October
i\dmiral, and the other
officers
1579, the
Captain-Superior,
and
soldiers
who were
affably
then
present in the
city.
He
spoke
to
them
and
seriously, not concealing the great difficulty of the under-
taking on which they were employed, at the same time

putting before
receive,
them the rewards and recognition they would

for the service of
and charging them to work
God
our Lord, and of his Majesty, and for the honour and
reputation of Spain.
to the Capitan-Mayor,
After this he delivered the banner
Gutierrez
who handed it to the Alferez, Juan de Guevara. They all kissed his Excellency's
dismissed them with his blessing.
hand,
who
On
city.
Saturday the Capitan-Mayor^ went on board, followed

officers, soldiers,
by the other
and
sailors
who were
in the
On
the
same day,
in the port
and
in
presence of the
officers,
Licentiate
Judge
Recalde and the Royal
the
Secretary, Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel,^ read the instructions
of the Viceroy to the Capitan-Mayor, Admiral, and Pilots,
which were as
follows.
I
insert
them here because the
Viceroy ordered that
should submit them to the Royal
person of his Majesty and to his Royal Council of the

Indies.
Sarmiento.
" Captain-Superior",
also
called
"
Capitan-Mayor"
or " Chief Captain".

^ Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel y de los Rios was the son of Francisco de los Rios and of his wife Ines de Navamuel, and was born at Aguilar de Campo, He was Secretary to the government of Peru under five Viceroys, from 1569 to 1596. The Viceroy Toledo was a witness to the marriage of his brother Francisco with Juana Aliaga, a daughter Afterwards Don Alvaro's of one of the first conquerors of Peru. daughter married her cousin Don Geronimo Aliaga, from whom descended the Counts of Luringancho. Don Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel died on June 27th, 161 3. He wrote a history of the administration of Don Francisco de Toledo while he was Viceroy of Peru,
dated Dec.
Sarmiento.
1578,
previous to the departure of the expedition of
INSTRUCTIONS OF THE VICEROY.
"Instructions of the Viceroy.
"For the honour and glory of God, and of the Virgin Mary His Mother and our Lady, whom you Captain Pedro Sarmiento
are to take for Advocate
and Patron of the ships and crews under
your orders, for
this
discovery and enterprise in the Strait of
Magellan, with which you have been entrusted by reason of the

experience which you have acquired in your
takings
own person
;
in
under-
and operations of war both by sea and land during the ten years that I have been in this kingdom and that you may, by your labours and diligence, further the service of His Majesty the King our Lord and safeguard these realms so that they may
not be occupied by the enemies of our Holy Catholic Faith as
they would desire, thus placing in peril what has been gained. " As you have seen, two ships have been armed and equipped
one named the Nuestra Senora de Esperanza which goes as Capitafia^ in which you, the said Pedro Sarmiento sail as Captain, and the other named San Francisco in which
for this service, the
Juan de Villalobos goes

venient
Majesty,
said
ships,
as
Admiral.
It,
therefore,
is
con-
to as
the
service
as
to
of the
God
our Lord
and of the royal

that
well
success
sailors
of the voyage,
the
Admiral,
Pilots,
officers,
and
soldiers of the said
Capitana and Almiranta^ should obey you the said Pedro

It is
Sarmiento as Captain of the said squadron.
thus provided
and ordered in conformity with the titles of the said officers, which you and the said Admiral bear, on pain of what is incurred by those who disobey their captains, and this is given as an And you instruction to the said Juan de Villalobos, Admiral. shall communicate with him the orders contained in these Instructions, forming your decisions as most in accordance with
them, so that
fidelity
all
shall
perform their respective duties with the

in
that
binds
is
them,
business
of
such importance.
Besides what
contained in the rules, you shall observe the

is
following Instructions, on pain of what
incurred by those
who
do not obey the orders given them our Lord the King.
I.
in the
name
of his Majesty
"First you are directed and ordered to take particular care

that
yourselves, during the voyage, as
you and the people under your orders shall behave becomes Christians in
the service of our Lord, for the duty on which you are
employed makes it important that you should be specially particular on this point and that you should punish whoever acts in a contrary way as the offence may
deserve.
II.
"There will be delivered over to your charge the two ships now ready in this port, the Capitana named Nuestra Sefiora de Esperanza and the Almiranta named San Francisco, supplied and furnished with double stores, and with provisions and munitions, and artillery and
arquebuses from the royal arsenal, which
to
Officers of this city.
will
be delivered
to
you with a memorial of the whole by the Royal
You
are to give a similar

it
list
the masters of the said ships whose duty

serve
will
be to
them out
is
and you are
to notify this
my Instruction
to the pilots, that they
may know and
not be in ignorance
of what
III.
directed and ordered to be done.
"Having
grant,
set forth with
the good fortune that
God may
you have, and which we have arranged, without touching on the coast of the kingdom of Chile, but making for 54 or 55,
from
this port,
you
shall take the route
according as you shall find

the
it
most convenient for reaching

shall give the route to the
officers of the said ship
mouth
of the
strait.
You
said Admiral, pilot, master
and
San Francisco that they may navigate so as to follow you, and the lantern is always to be shown by both ships by night. You shall communicate whenever it is possible,
assigning a rendezvous in case you are separated by a
storm, so as to return to or to wait one for the other,
and, in conformity with the weather and what
is
possible,
you
IV.
shall thus follow
your route.
"In
the course of your navigation, you are to understand
that all that occurs, as wêll the courses

steer, as
the lands that you sight and discover,
by which you is to be
written in a
book
that
you are
to take for that purpose,
as well yourself as the said
and
Admiral in the other ship, you are to make a chart. This you are to do, in your own person and on board your own ship, in the presence of Juan Desquibel and Francisco de Trejo, Notaries, who have been appointed to the said ships.
also
10

Besides this you are to give orders to the said Admiral,
and other persons of the said Ahniranta that they do the same and what may be thus written is to be read in public on board the said ships every This is to be recorded by the notary of each ship, day. that it may appear in what manner this order is obeyed, and what authority has been given to it. If any of those on board the said ships should consider that the truth has not been kept to, or that any circumstance ought to be set down or noticed, what they say is to be noted, that all may be recorded, and they shall sign their names to it, jointly with the chaplains who go in each
pilot,
master,
of the ships, the notary witnessing the signatures.
V. "Throughout the voyage you are to take care, as well

yourself in the one ship, as the said Admiral in the
Almiranfa, to shape your courses, and to watch and

note carefully the routes, and currents and tides that you encounter, and the winds as they blow during the
course of your voyage;
islands,
as well
as
the
reefs,
rocks,
lands,
rivers,
harbours, anchorages, and bays
that
in
you may meet
with.
These are
to
be recorded
each ship, in the books which you are ordered to

;
take for this purpose
and on the charts which you and
the other pilots are instructed to make, consulting and
comparing that of one ship with that of the other, communicating for that purpose as often as you can, and
as the weather will permit.
You are to understand that, you are to set up high crosses at points selected by you, as beacons for those who may
when
it
is
possible,
afterwards be passing
and where no names are
given,
you
VI.
shall record the positions in the said
books and in
the charts.
"When
you
you are
shall
in the latitude of the entrance to the Strait, to
be much more careful
observe
find,
all
the
features of land
and sea
that
you may
if
noting the
conveniences for settlements, and

enter every detail.
there are any signs
of people having been there before, without omitting to
You
to
are diligently to
make
yourself
acquainted with
the Strait;
all
the mouths leading from the sea into
you are
measure them and give them
II
names, surveying alike their width and their depth, and

explaining in which of
them there are the
greatest con-
veniences for fortifying.
VII. " Having done
this,
you are to enter the said

in
mouth
are
to
that appears to
Strait by the you most convenient, and you
proceed,
company with the
other
ship,
Almiranta^ without leaving or parting from each other,

so that what one sees the other
may
bear testimony to
all
that
out the extent of the Strait to
may see, and that both may happen. Throughwhere you come out you
same descriptive
details,
are not to desist from writing the
and you are
to take special care to note
whether on one
any settlement, and what the details that you are able to obtain, noted down with the utmost clearness and precision. VIII. " Wherever you may see fit to stop and go on shore, you are to take possession, in the name of His Majesty, of
or the other coast there
it,
is
people are living in
with
all
all
the lands and provinces and ports you will have
reached, performing the necessary acts and solemnities
which are to be
IX.
'^
testified in public
form by the notaries

after
you take with you. When you fall in with any settlement of Indians,
having
carry
made
for
by giving them such things as you the purpose scissors, combs, knives, fishfriends
hooks, coloured buttons, mirrors,
bells, glass
beads and
other articles of that kind, you shall arrange to take
some
Indians for interpreters from that place to any other
You are to treat them and by means of the said languages, or in the best way you can, you are to converse with the natives, and hold discourses and conversations with them, so as to learn their customs, character, and manner of life, with particulars of their religion and of the idols they worship; also you are to collect particulars respecting their sacrifices and religious ceremonies, and to ascertain whether the people have among them any doctrine, any kind of learning, and how they are governed, if they have kings, if so, whether they succeed by election or by right of blood, or whether the government is repubHcan,
which seems most convenient.
well,
12

what rents and taxes they give and pay, and what persons
What and things are those which they most esteem. products have they in their land, what things do they bring from other parts, which they hold in estimation. Ascertain whether there are metals in the land and of what kinds whether there are spices or any kind of aromatic drugs. For this inquiry you are to take some
;
specimens of
spices,
such as pepper, cloves, cinnamon,

others, to
ginger, nutmeg,
and
show the people and
find
out whether they
know them.
You
shall also
inform
yourself whether there are any kinds of stones or precious
things such as have value in our country.
You
are to
inquire about the animals, wild or domestic, and con-
cerning the quality of plants and trees, whether wild or

cultivated
;
also touching the supplies of provisions to
be had, and such as are profitable you shall obtain for You shall take nothing from the Indians your voyage.
against their wills, but only by barter, or
voluntarily.
when given
In
this
manner you
all
are to inform yourself
and give an account of
the things you possibly can,

or
without being detained or hampered,
allowing so
much
time to pass as to hinder the principal objects of
the voyage. X. " Having arrived in the North Sea, you shall take steps to
jom company with
the other ship,
if
you should have
been unavoidably separated, for the purpose of exploring the entrances to the Strait on that side, and ascertaining
the conveniences for fortifying and forming a settlement
there;
and you
shall
do
this either personally
or
by
employing those
the
in
in
your ship.
This
is
to
be done with
same care and diligence as you are ordered to use examining the other entrances to the said Strait. If
it
there should be time for one of the ships to return,

shall
be that which you
shall select,
and she
is
to return
have come
by one of the entrances, not being the one by which you out, but one of the others of those that it is
understood that there are in the said Strait. For it will be of little use to discover one if another is left for the She is to have the information which you have pirates. been ordered to collect, and which shall be most useful

to
enable the said ship to return to this land and port
where we are.
XI
" In the event of there being
no time^
to return,
you are
to
arrange that the said ship which you shall have selected,
with the despatches you carry for the Governor and

Municipality of the Rio de
thither to winter,
la
Plata, ^ shall coast along

;
and wait for the proper season and you are to decide when and how she is to proceed, and by which of the mouths she is to return to this kingdom,
and to the port of this city, to report to me, or to the Governor then in office, and to this Royal Audience, all that has been seen in going and returning, all that has happened, the weather and winds that were enThose who shall come shall here be countered.
remunerated and rewarded
orders that
in
accordance
with
the
may be
given by His Majesty, and in con-
formity with what will be so justly the due of
men who
have made so momentous and important a voyage. With this ship you are to send two records in duplicate
of
all
your proceedings up to that time.
One
is
to be
prepared in order that the Governor or Municipality of

the Rio de la Plata
may send
it
to me, or to this
Royal
that
is
audience, by land, by
way of Tucuman, the other
may may be no
you
in
be sent in the said ship.

failure in this,
But, in order that there
under whatever circumstances,
your ship, and the said Admiral in the other, or

arriving together,
whichever of you, in the event of your being separated,
and not
or arriving together,
arrive,
or in
whatever other manner you
you are
to
send these
in-
despatches by one of the soldiers on board, so that

telligence
way of the Rio de la Plata and the province of Tucuman, closed and sealed. Besides this, you are to leave another despatch with the said Governor of Rio de la Plata, so that he may send it to His Majesty by whatever opportunity may offer, in addition to the one which
reach
of what has happened, by
may
me
you
carry.
Thus,
in
conformity with
these
orders,
/.^.,
no time before winter sets See Appendix A.
in.
14

with the object that there
may be no
news
to
detention of the
ship which has to take the
His Majesty, on
of
board each
purpose.
is
ship there are to be four copies
the
narrative written during
the voyage for
the following
ship.
One
left
is
to
remain on board each

the
One
de
la
to
be
with
Government
of
Rio
Plata to be sent to His Majesty.

to the
One
to be delivered
same Government to be sent to me by way of Tucuman. The fourth is to be conveyed by the soldier
you may
select to
whom
it
send with
it.
But
if it
should
appear to you that there

with the brigantine/
all this is
may be delay you should send that she may bring it as desired.
For
of great importance, so as to provide for
every doubtful contingency.
XII. " Having given the above orders to the ship you
selected to return, you are to
:
may have
comply with the following order yourself Prosecute your voyage for the kingdoms of Spain, making direct for the port of San Lucar, or any other on that coast that you may make with most conyou
you are to take and descriptions that you make during the voyage, not only up to the time
arrive at that or another port
Strait,
venience.
XIII.
"When
the said narratives, relations,

are to
of leaving the
but also touching the navigation of
the said North Sea, because throughout your voyage
you are
to take
your notes, looking out
for
and recording
very carefully the special matters enumerated in another
paragraph of these instructions, entering them in the said

that
book and chart, and reading them in pubHc every day what passes may be better recorded, and that the
the notary certifying, and
signatures, as
it is
truth may be estabUshed, who can write adding their
all
laid
down.
to
XIV.
"
With
this Narrative,
and with the Despatch you are
take with you for His Majesty, you will go before his
royal person
to
give an account of the execution
and supreme Royal Council of the Indies, and accomplish-
a brigantine
Sarmiento took with him all the materials for the construction of if such a course should be found advisable and it is to this brigantine that the Viceroy refers in his Instructions.
1
;

ment of your
tions,
instructions,
and
to present the said rela-
informations,
and
descriptions,
authenticated in
manner laid down, in order that His Majesty may order and provide for all that will be most for his service
the
in the security of that Strait before
it
can be occupied
by the pirates who now know of

will
it.
From
here notice
the
de-
have
been
given
ships
to
His
Majesty of
spatch of the two

voyage, that
bring,
and of the object of their he may expect the report which you will
in a position to provide for everything.
and be
XV.
" In order that the
work which
is
ordered to be done and

as regards a
recorded
may be
better executed
know-
ledge and description of the land and sea, you and the
Admiral and
that
pilots,
each one
in his
own
ship, are to take
altitudes as well of the
sun as of
stars in all the places
you can where they are visible, communicating and comparing between yourselves whenever it is possible, as
a matter of great importance.
XVI. "
If,
in the course of
your voyage, when off the coasts in

in with
the South Sea, or in the Strait, or on the other side in
the North Sea, you should
fall
any English or
other piratical ships, or should find any settlement of
them
in
any of those
parts, or
should receive certain

island, take pains to
intelligence that they are in
some
get the
their
most accurate information possible, as regards numbers, their resources, and the munitions of
war they possess, and of the time when they arrived and made their settlement, and give me notice in the way laid down. You will do this as time and occasion
prompts you, without
in
any way ceasing from carrying

the
out the object of your voyage, or turning from
prosecution of the ends which you are sent to attain.
But
sails,
if
you should encounter or receive news of the

has entered into this sea and coast of the
ship in which Francisco Draquez, the English Pirate,
who
South, and committed the robberies and injuries that are
known
you a
take
to you,
you are to endeavour
to take, kill or destroy

;
him, fighting with him at whatever risk

sufficient force, munitions,
for you have with and arms, to be able to
him according
to the force he carries, or can carry.
r6

This you shall do with great dihgence and without losing any opportunity, for you know how important it is for
the service of
God
our Lord, and of his Majesty, and for
the good of these realms, that that pirate should be
captured and punished.

service
it is
Our Lord God,

it.
in
whose
If
he is you and your officers and soldiers shall be very well recompensed from the plunder that they have
captured,
secured,
all
done, will give you force to do
and other rewards

I
which
shall be conferred on you, promise in the name of his Royal Majesty.
If
you should meet with or hear of other
piratical ships,
or of his consorts, in conformity with what has been

said above,
you may
attack,
or do what seems most
advisable, always having trust in

will give
God
our Lord,
who
you force against your enemies, and that should
encourage you.
impressed upon
ships, that they
And
th.e
these orders should be specially

officers
Admiral,
and men of your
may comply
with them, and give their
help in
given.
accordance with the orders that have been
XVII. "As I am given to understand that the weather is often bad along the coast of the Strait, you are to take notice
that
if,
for this or
any other reason, the Capitana should

desist
be
lost or
should be parted from the Almiranta^ you are
not
on
this
account to
from prosecuting the

to
voyage, and the same order applies to the other ship,
with the caution, diligence and care that
is
be expected
from your
zeal
and
ability.
You
are to take evidence
respecting the weather, and the circumstances, whether
unavoidable or otherwise, under which the ship was

parted company, or was
lost,
left,
with the regard for truth

that, at
and
fit
fidelity that is
expected from you, in order

culpable
time, those
who were
such neglect
and disobedience
may be punished as may deserve which,

;
however, we neither believe, nor
is it
just that
it
should
be assumed of
men
of the Spanish nation, so famed for
their great deeds.
XVIII.
" In the event of parting
company and of only one
ship
entering the Strait,
you are
to take notice that, after

is
leaving the said beacons already mentioned, she
to
])roceed to Spain and give an account of everything to His Majesty, and to the said Royal Council, for from thence must come the remedy and precaution of closing and impeding the passage through the said Strait, by
the pirates.
XIX.
" In the said event of the parting
company of
the ships, as
to discover
both ships go with the same object, which

into the
is
the said Strait in obedience to orders, and to

;
come out
North Sea in order to make known which ship is ahead, and one ship having sailed for Spain to prevent the other from doing so also, instead of returning
in
accordance with the instructions, you are to arrange

pilots,
with the admiral,
and master of the other

be
left
ship,
that certain signs shall
that they will
know and
and placed where the and these should be left in as many places as possible, that there may be no confusion in the arrangements from want of information. " All which you the said Captain and Admiral, each one as in duty bound, will do and carry out with the prudence and care that is expected from you, and that a business so useful to the service of our Lord God and For this I order that of His Majesty requires of you. there shall be delivered to each of you a copy of these Instructions signed by my hand, and attested by
understand,
if
possible in writing,
vessel that
is
astern will see
them
Albaro Ruiz de Navamuel, Secretary to the Govern-
ment of these
realms,
who
will
read them to you and
to the officers of
war and
pilots, that all
may understand
in the said
what they have to comply with, and observe

voyage and discovery.
You
the
said Captain
and
in-
Admiral
shall
observe and comply with the said Infalling into

evil case,
structions,
on pain of
and of
curring the other punishments
due
to those
not obey the orders and instructions given in

of His
who do the name
Majesty the King, our Lord.
city of the
Dated in the Kings on the 9th day of the month of
October 1579.
"Don
"
Francisco de Toledo.
By command
of His Excellency
"
Albaro Ruiz de Navamuel."

B
l8
OATH TAKEN BY THE OFFICERS.

"Notification and Oath.
" In the port and Callao of the city of the Kings of the realms and provinces of Peru, on the loth day of October 1579, in presence of the illustrious Lords the Licentiate Recalde, Judge of the Royal Audience and Chancellery which has its seat in the city of the Kings, and Don Francisco Manrique de Lara,^ Domingo de Garro, and Pedro de Vega, Royal officers of His Majesty, who are in the said port for the despatch of the squadron which his Excellency sends to the Strait of Magellan. I, Albaro Ruiz de Navamuel, Secretary to the said Royal Audience and to the Government of these realms, have notified these Instructions to the Captain Pedro Sarmiento, Superior Captain of the said squadron, to Juan de Villalobos Admiral, to Hernando Lomero, chief Pilot, to Hernan Alonso and Anton Pablos, Pilots of the said squadron, and it was read word for word as it is written. By order of the
Licentiate
Recalde,
the
said
Captain-Superior,
Admiral,
and
Pilots swore
by
God
our Lord, and by the sign of the Cross, in the
prescribed form, that they would serve his Majesty in the said
voyage and discovery on board the two ships of the squadron which are entrusted to them, with all fidelity as good and loyal
vassals,
and
that,
in
the said voyage and discovery, they will
observe the said Instructions as they are bound to do, and as his
Excellency commands, as to which I give
"
my
faith.
Albaro Ruiz de Navamuel."
Immediately afterwards, by order of the Viceroy, the Captain-Superior, Admiral, and Pilots, discussed before
the above named, the place and position where they were
to wait,
and to proceed to seek and

stress of
find
each other,
if
by
any accident or by
weather one ship should part

that in the
company from
the other.
They agreed
mouth
of the Strait, on the side of the South Sea to the west,

^ A cousin of the Viceroy Count of Nieva 1560-64. It was in consequence of an intrigue with the sister-in-law of Don Francisco Manrique de Lara that the Viceroy was put to death in the street at midnight by order of the jealous husband Rodrigo Manrique de Lara. The affair was hushed up.

INSTRUCTIONS OF SARMIENTO.
I
I^
late at
they should go to seek and wait.

night, nothing
As
it
was now
more was done, nor could we embark for want of some of the people who had not yet come down from the city.
that reason, and also for
I
On
the next day, being Sunday, the

officers,
nth
of October, the
Captain-Superior and
and many
others, confessed
and took the sacrament.

fidelity to the service of
Afterwards, the Captain-Superior

their
tjie
and Admiral did homage, and solemnly pledged

your Majesty,
in the
hands of
Factor,
Don
Francisco Manrique de Lara, and before the
Secretary, Albaro Ruiz de Navamuel.
Then
after
the Captain
it
Major took the banner, and went on board with

in the
at
all
two
the
afternoon of the said day
and
him
rest of the people
embarked, who were engaged to go

voyage.
In
in his
company on
Chief
Pilot,
this
order that the Admiral
and crew of the Almiranta might know what

in
they had to do so as to proceed
company, and where
they would find us

reasons,
I
if
we were
separated, and for other

:
issued the following Orders and Instructions
"Orders of the Captain-Superior, Pedro Sarmiento, for THE Admiral, Juan de Villalobos, and the Crew of
THE Ship 'Almiranta'.
"
I
I,
the
Captain
his
Pedro Sarmiento, Captain-Superior of the

of
the
Strait
squadron of
excellent
Majesty for the discovery
of
Magellan, bearing in mind that one of the things which the most
Lord Don Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy, Governor, and
Captain-General of these realms and provinces of Peru gave in

charge to
me and
is
to the
Instructions
that the
that
we should keep
Admiral of the said squadron in his together and in company, and
Almiranta should show her lanthorn so as not to separate is of great importance to the service of God our Lord and of his Majesty, as well for the said discovery and the good success of the voyage, as that, if God our Lord should be served by our falling in with this squadron under
or go apart, seeing that this
Captain Francisco, the English pirate, with His grace and favour,
we should be
able to encounter
and take him.
Also in the meet-
B 2
50
ing that his Excellency caused to be held before the illustrious
the city of the Kings,
Lords the Licentiate Recalde, Judge of the Royal Audience in and the Royal officers of his Majesty, by
it was agreed and by an accident, or by stress of weather, the two ships should part company, which is to be prevented by all
me and
by the
pilots of the said squadron,

if,
determined that
possible means, the
one ship
is
to wait for the other at the
mouth
best
of the Strait for fifteen of their "

I,
days,
and both are
to
make
the
way
to the said entrance.
therefore,
carried out,
squadron,
in order that the above instructions may be command and charge the Admiral of the said who goes in the Almiranta^ named Sati Francisco^ and
Hernando Lomero, the

the said squadron, that
Pilot of the said ship,

if,
and Chief-Pilot of
by reason of some storm or bad weather, they should be driven from company with the Capitana, on board
of which I go, they are to continue their voyage by shaping a
course for the
mouth of
the said Strait of Magellan, by the route

carry them, obeying
and complying with Having arrived at the mouth of the said Strait, which opens on this South Sea, they are to watch and wait in the said mouth for me and for
what
his
along which
God may
Excellency has ordered in his instructions.
the Capitana^ for the said fifteen days, keeping a look out for
and taking care to send the boat, in the day time, to examine the gulf and the Strait, so as to find me. For it may be that the said Almiranta may not be able to see the Capitana-)
signals,
being at sea outside.
The same
orders apply to me,

If,
if I
should
arrive first at the entrance to the said Strait.
by chance, the
that space of
ship should not arrive within the fifteen days,
and
time being passed, they are to cut great crosses on the

raise others
trees, and on the rocks, and within the Strait, at such points as the other of the two ships will have to pass. They are to make buoys of light poles with marks, and on them they are to nail
crosses, with written reports of all that has

is
happened, and of what

it is
intended to be done, with the route and course

in conformity with the
determined
to take
instructions
of his Excellency,
and with the information that shall have become known, in order that the people of one ship may profit by the knowledge acquired by the people of the other.
"
Item.
he
shall enforce,
order the said Admiral, Juan de Villalobos, that among the people of the Almiranta^
Strict
21
and that he shall and prevent the use of oaths and blasphemies by which our Lord God is offended ; that he shall cause prayers to be said morning and evening beseeching our Lord to guide us, and to grant good
Christian
military discipline,
and
do
his best to prohibit
success to the business so conducive to His service.
"
IL
Ite7n.
He
is
to prohibit gambling, especially for
arms and
clothes, assuring all that
he who wins arms and clothes
does not win that which he can take, for in that case
soldiers
would be
left
naked and disarmed, and would
not be able to do their work, going in great dishonour
and contempt, and endangering their lives from the cold and from other hardships. " HI. Ite77i. Those on board the said Almiranta shall avoid contentions and disputes, that they may continue in If, by chance, the concord, as friends of one nation. contrary should happen, which God forbid, the punishment according to military law is to be proceeded with briefly and summarily as the case may require, without questions nor reply beyond what is necessary for the
proper verification of the circumstances.
If
it
should
punishment is necessary, it is better to chastise with the sword than with hard words, because from the former course amendment and much good follows, and the men feel less aggrieved. " IV. Item. Every night before dark, as well as in the morning,
that the infliction of
^
happen
when come
it
is
possible to
come
is
is
nearer, the
Almiranta
is
to
within hail of the Capitana^ and the Capitana will

it
do the same when
needful to
to
communicate the
name
" V. Item.
fire
is
of the saint
who
be had
in
memory
for their
information.
If the
Almiranta
if
is
in
is
need of
assistance, she
is
to
a gun, and
the help
;
to fire
two guns
needed for any persons she and the same will be done by me,
night,
that she
"VI. Item.
may give me help, if necessary. They shall always follow thelanthorn by
and
the banner of the Capitana by day.
If the Capitana^
on board of which ship I go, alters the course from that which she had previously shaped, she will give notice by showing two lights on that side to which the new course

22
is
OFFICERS OF THE SQUADRON.

directed, in order that the
Almiranta may better know
and follow the said direction. "VII. Item. All which I charge and order the said Admiral to do and perform in conformity with the Instructions of his Excellency on pain of such penalties as befal those who do to the contrary. Dated in the port and Callao of the city of the Kings the nth day of October 1579.
" " Before me,
Pedro Sarmiento.
Juan de Esquivel, Royal Notary.

of the Squadron."
"The People
There embarked on board the Capitana

The
Vicar
Squadron
Superior
Captain
and General of
the Fleet
the
Pedro
Guadra-
Sarmiento.
and Preacher of
Father Friar Antonio

in the
miro, of the Order of the blessed St. Francis,
a venerable
person
who had
also
been
voyage to Panama on a
similar service for his Majesty.
Juan Gutierrez de Guevara.^ Capitana" Anton Pablos, Hernando Alonso.^ Purser charge ofprovisionsJuan de Royal Notary Juan de Esquivel. Boatswain Pedro de Hojeda.
The Ensign
in
Pilots of the "
Sagasti.^
The names
of these are given because they were officers,

soldiers,
who, with the sailors and
made
fifty-four
men on
board the Capitana. barked

:
On
board the Almiranta there em-
The Admiral
Vicar
ciscan).
and Preacher
Juan de Villalobos. Father Fray
Christoval de Merida {Fran-
Chief Pilot and Pilot of the ship
Hernando Lamero.
treason,
Executed by Sarmiento
for
towards the end of the
voyage.
2 3
Sent back to Peru with despatches, from the Cape Verde Islands. Disrated in the Gulf of Trinidad, and beached at the Cape Verde
Islands.
ARMAMENT.
Sergeant- Major
23
Notary Francisco de Trexo. Boatswain Guillermo.
Pascual Suarez.
and the
soldiers
;
With
fifty-four
these,
and
sailors,
there
were
few
persons more or less
and altogether the expedi-
tion
numbered 108
souls in the
two
ships, besides a
servants.^
Each
ship carried two pieces of artillery of
medium
size,
and 40 arquebuses, with powder, lead, lard, pikes, leather morions, and cotton and blanket for " escaupiles'' ^ which are
a kind of breastplates
made
as
armour to protect the body.
All these things were supplied from the royal arsenal.
Indians and half-castes.
Armour
of quilted cotton stuffed with cotton-wool, to keep off

in
arrows.
This armour was
use by the Aztecs before the conquest of
Mexico.
24
CALLAO TO
PISCO.
II.
The Voyage from Callao
to the
Gulf of Trinidad.
These
we
in
provisions and arrangements having been
made
is
set sail
and departed from the port of Callao, which

in
I2257 on the
afternoon,
nth of October 1579, at 4 o'clock the name of the most holy Trinity,
in the
three
persons and one only God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.
That same night we came to off the island of the port,^ which is two leagues to the west of Callao. We anchored there because it was necessary to make the Capitana secure, and to finish putting her in order. For there had been
neglect in stowing her ballast, and she could not carry her
sails.
at
That night the crews had no sleep, because all were work, some bringing ballast from the island, others finishreeving of running
in port.
ing the setting up of shrouds and

rigging,
which there was no time to complete
On
fair
Monday, being the

northerly breeze,
course, passing
port,
morning
left
of
the
12th,
with a
we
the island, and shaped a southerly
between the island and the point of the

Beginning by we then tacked and stood in towards tack we sailed under a Morro called
which has very seldom been done.^

sea,
standing out to
the land.
On
this
Solar,* in the valley of Surco,
two leagues from the
island,
and three from
Callao.
On Tuesday
the thirteenth of October,
when we began
bows of
owing to several
to stand out to sea,
we
presently found that the
the Capitana were opening in
many
parts,
1 2
12
3'
45" S.
-jf
6'
10"
W.
of Greenwich.
3
San Lorenzo. The Morro Solar^ above
-n^g
Boqueron Passage.
Chorrillos,
REFITTING AT
seams not having been caulked.
everything.
PISCO.
2$
The
haste in despatching
the expedition did not give time for the overseers to see to
By
reason of this defect, large quantities of

aft as far as
water were shipped, coming
the main mast,
where
it
was up
to our knees.
The
sailors suffered
much
from the fatigue of continually working the pumps, and from

the work of throwing gear overboard to lighten the ship.
bows was such that any press of sail would have opened them altogether and the gripe streaks^ was gaping, while all the bows and stem were
The danger from
the state of the
without fastenings.
efforts
In order not to return to Lima, great
were made to reach Pisco, about 30 leagues to the
south, to effect repairs.
With the help
of
God we
entered
the port of Pisco" on the 22^^ ^^ October, and presently the
crew was set to work.

sails,
Some went on
shore to finish the
others were told off to the rigging, and carpenters and
caulkers were employed to strengthen and repair the bows.
This work was well done, and they were properly
fortified.
Four
sailors
were taken on board here, receiving the same
wages as had been paid to the others at Lima. One was a caulker who received the advantage of a wage and a half,
amounting to 37
boat load of
salt,
dollars a month.
sent to Paraca for a
a distance of two leagues.
In this port
we took some
cient.
self,
provisions on board in which

for
we were
defi-
Pedro Sarmiento paid

for others
many of these
things him-
and
on
credit.
At
the request of officers and
men two hundred
jars of the
wine of the country were pur-
These were divided between the two

Capitaiia
chased, at 4J dollars, amounting altogether to 900 dollars. ships, a hundred for the
and a hundred
for the
Almiranta, and
the men.
in
each ship
they were equally divided
among
All together.
1 Corbaton de la gorja. This is the timber next to the gripe, which connects the stem with the keel, or perhaps the garboard streak.
13 44' S.
26
ORDERS TO KEEP STATION.

for himself,
and each man

bills to
undertook to pay for
it,
and gave
the owners to enable

their pay.
them
to recover the
money
at
Lima from
joy,
Having executed the

noon, and
is
repairs
we made
sail,
with renewed
in the after-
on Wednesday,^ the 21st of October, at one

all
that
day we were beating out of the bay, which
large,
without having enough wind to enable us to
make
headway.
On Thursday
is
there was a calm during the whole

off the island of
day, and night
came on when we were

in 14 S.^
Sangallan, which
Two hours after dark a breeze

sea,
sprang up from the S.W., and we put to

night until noon on Friday,
continuing
all
when we had made
12 leagues
by dead reckoning.
From noon
of Friday the 23rd until
night we steered S.W. 6 leagues. ammunition were served out, and

steered S.W., a
little
On
all
this
day the arms and
the following night
we
making 8 leagues by estimation. Saturday the course was S.W. 4 leagues, and another 6 leagues until dark, by dead reckoning. On this day Pedro Sarmiento ordered the Admiral Juan
southerly,
de Villalobos not to pass ahead of the Capitana, but to follow

the lanthorn
by
night,
and the
flag
by day, on pain of
dis-
pleasure, for such were the orders for the service of his
Majesty.
He
had clearly begun to show a desire to part

the Capitana, in defiance of the orders of the
officer.
company with
Viceroy and of his superior
During the next night

distance 10 leagues.
I
until
Sunday morning there was

25th,
a fresh wind, the course being from S.W. to S.S.W., and
At noon on Sunday, October

S.,
took the altitude in 16 55'
60 leagues from Pisco and

at
70 from Ocona.
S.S.W. 10 leagues.
all
From Sunday
noon
until night the
course was S.W. 6 leagues, and until
Monday morning
and her head was
I
The wind then
fell,
round the compass.
On
this day, at noon,
took the
Should be Tuesday.
13 5' S,
ORDERS TO TAKE THE SUN.

altitude in
17
55',
27
87 leagues from Pisco, with
Tambo
clear.
107 leagues to the east.
This day the weather was
Hitherto
it
had been very thick and hazy.

is
At
this
time
the weather
cold, the
here moderate, more inclined to heat than

S.E., generally light, with a
winds blowing from

clear sky.
until
smooth sea and
From Monday
Tuesday, at noon, the course was
S.W. and S.S.W., the wind light and veering about from S.E. to S.S.E. We shaped a course S.W., because this day
we came up with
at eight in the
the Almiranta.
We made
first
leagues,
and
morning we had the

left
shower of rain from

it
the S.S.E., which
us with a fresh breeze, and before
we
steered S.W.
After the shower the wind returned to
E.S.E., leaving us to steer S.S.W.
These showers consist of

;
very small drizzling
rain,
and bring a fresh breeze
the
temperature being rather

sky, sea,
warm than
cold, but very pleasant
and wind agreeable.
This day the altitude was

22' as the result,
taken.
Anton Hernando Alonso 19 5'; so that we had The waters go with the gone, since Monday, 28 leagues. wind in our favour to the south. I found myself this day
Pedro Sarmiento gave 19
50',
Pablos 19
with the river Juan Diaz 140 leagues to the

this sea
I
east.^
In
we saw few
that he
fish,
and some white gannets.
To-day
asked the pilot of the Almiranta for his position, and he
had not taken the sun, having had an opportunity of doing so. Pedro Sarmiento^ reprehended him for his neglect, and ordered him never to omit observing
replied
the sun every day
when the weather was sufficiently clear. From Tuesday to Wednesday, the 28th of October, at
S. W.,
noon, our course was

the altitude this
^
little S.,
30 leagues.
We took
day
in 21,
and observed that the current
Then
follows
I
adelante."
2
" Abre en esta region el cielo de las diez del dia cannot see the meaning of this sentence.
:
Sarmiento generally writes in the

person.
third,
but sometimes
in
th^
first
28
THE SO-CALLED
"
DESVENTURADAS".
ran S.W. in our favour.
This day we returned special

for the fine
thanks to our Lord
God
" in
weather we had exevery feast day the
perienced, and offered
certain alms to the house of our
Lady
of "
La Rabida
Spain.
On
Vicar gave us a sermon, which consoled us
much by
its
good doctrine.
We
found ourselves this day 160 leagues
from Pisagua,^ 154 leagues from Pisco, and 168 leagues from Lima.
From Wednesday
S.
until
Thursday, the 29th of October,
with a S.E. wind blowing fresh,
we
steered S.W., a
little
about 30 leagues.
six hours
and S.S.W. roughly, making an average of S.W. by S. From Thursday at noon until night for
S.W. to
S.,
the rest of the night
it
was blowing
and with the
harder, and
so hard that
we had
to take in the headsails,
mainsail at half-mast ran for 12 leagues S.W. to S.S.W.

In the
morning of Friday the wind blew

off the
still
we took
bonnet of the
30th,
noon of Friday the
S.W. until and making good 10 leagues.

foresail, steering
From Friday
20 leagues.
to Saturday at noon,
S.W.
to S.
and S.S.W.
From Saturday
ber,
noon of Sunday, the ist of Novemhalf the time the course was S.W. by S., and the other
until
half S.S.W. 30 leagues.
This day
took the altitude
in
about 26 20'
when we were
difference
in 21,
and adding up our runs since the they amount to ii4f leagues.
28th,
The
between the observed position and the dead reckonings was 5-J leagues. This day we found ourselves
1
80 leagues east from Copayapo,^ and
50 leagues west of
"
the meridian of
Lima
that city being distant 285 leagues
N.E.
We
passed 18 leagues west of the

in 25"^ 20'.
Desventuradas'
islands,
pilot
which are
In the year 1574,
when
the
Juan Fernandez was on a voyage to Chile, he discovered them by accident a second time, for they had not
1
19 27' S.
27 20' S.
OBSERVING WITH THE ASTROLABE.

been seen since Magellen discovered them
are
in 1520.^
29
They
San Felix and San Ambrosio. They are small, uninhabited, and without water. They are frequented by many birds and seals, and there are quantities
called
now
of
fish.
The
navigators in these parts do not place reliance on
the dials^
made
in
Spain,
France, Flanders, and parts
further north for fixing the sun with the ordinary astrolabe,
neither in the
compass
cards, because
when you
it is
shall
mark
will
the north point, you will think that
noon, but
it
already have passed more than a point.
Therefore you
the sun you
it
should take notice that
when you would take

below the upper part
all
should wait with astrolabe in hand, until you see

the lower sight, which
is
;
rise
by
is
and
this
the most perfect and exact dial for
parts for the meri-
dian of altitude.^
The
reason
is
that the compasses have
Argensola also says that San Felix and San Ambrosio were
discovered by the pilot Juan Fernandez in 1574, after having been Sarmiento and Argensola are quite seen by Magellan in 1520.
wrong
in supposing that San Ambrosio and San Felix were the Desventuradas of Magellan. On Jan. 24th, 1521, Magellan discovered a small uninhabited island, which he named San Pablo, according to the pilot Alvo, in 16 15' S. On Feb. 4th he came to another small
island, similar in all respects to the former,
two
collectively,
although 200 leagues apart, were
They cannot now be identified. by Meiniche, and accepted by Peschel, is that S. Pablo is Puka-puka in the Tuamotu Archipelago (lat. 14 45' S., long. 138 48' W.), and that Tibiiron is Fli7it Island in the Manihiki group (lat. 11 20' S. long. 151 48' W.) but there are no sufficient data in the accounts of the voyage, and this is little more than a guess. Relox. He probably refers to the Relox Solar which was placed on the meridian by being suspended over the north and south line of the compass, while the altitude was observed by means of sight vanes when the sun appeared in a line with them. 2 This instruction, for taking the meridian altitude, to wait until the sun has reached its greatest altitude, independent of compass bearing,
venturadas.
;
'^
named Tibiiron. The named Las DesThe latest guess, made
is
quite accurate.
30
COMPASS VARIATION.
the needles changed nearly a point from the fleur-de-lys,
having respect to those which make to north-east or northwest.

It is desirable
that there should be one rule for
all
the
world, for they would thus be certain, and not, as

it,
some teach
Corvo
is
more or
less so.
They say
that in the meridian of

;
it
neither turns to north-east nor north-west

is false,
but the truth

I
that this rule
according to the experience
have
east,
acquired in
west, north
many
very different parts of the world
and south
over
more than i8o degrees of
longitude and more than lOO degrees of latitude, having

crossed the equator at different points
dials
many
times.
The
for
which are not made general are only correct

little
that altitude for which they are made, or a

less,
more or
at noon.
it is
although some think that all dials serve well Both are very notable and dangerous errors, and
de-
sirable that they should
be made known and corrected.
But
are
if
the needles should be corrected
now
for
the
new
with
error
would be greater than the former one,

laid
now
the lands
their
down according
changed
;
to these
needles
directions
so that, in seeking for the coast, these

;
needles must necessarily be used
for if
it is
sought to find
the coasts with good and correct needles they will not be found.
Consequently
;
it
would be necessary
until
to lay
down
the coasts afresh
and
this error of uncertainty
must be
taken to
endured to avoid a greater one,
order
is
make the corrections.^ From Sunday to noon on Monday, the 2nd we steered S.S.W. 42 leagues. I, Anton
Hernando Alonso took the sun
this
of November,
Pablos,
28
37',
and
with
day
in
In this passage Sarmiento does not

true meridian, as they
seem
to
deny that there

all
is
variation of the compass, but rather suggests that
charts should be
drawn on the
now are. He refers to a system of on the compass card to allow for variation, and rightly states that the dial will only then be correct in the latitude for which such correction was made, which is quite right.
shifting the north point
THE COURSE TO BE STEERED.

Guasco
distant
to
178
leagues,
Lima 325
N.E.
From
40',
Monday
the
river
noon of Tuesday, the 3rd of November, we

I
steered S.W. 26 leagues.
took the sun in 29
with
Coquimbo^ 190 leagues, and Lima 355. From Tuesday to noon on Wednesday, the 4th of November, our course was S.W. to S.S.W. 24 leagues. On this Tuesday the Capitana came down with sheets eased off on the Almiranta^ and she did the same on Wednesday, because the Almiranta proceeded very carelessly, falling off to leeward, and taking no pains to keep station accordof
ing to orders.
At
last
we overtook
her, suspecting that
she was running away or trying to part company.
But
it
was not then desirable to act with severity, and on coming up with her, Pedro Sarmiento asked the chief pilot for his position. He replied that the day before, which was Tuesday, he had made it 29 1 5'. This day it began
to
blow from
the
N.E.,
and
we
steered
S.W.
The
Captain-Superior
consulted
with the pilots
respecting
the route they should take, for
it was now blowing fresh. Lamero, of the Almiranta^ advised a south course because
;
thus the high latitudes would be reached more quickly
not considering that in this

in 70.
way land would not be reached Pedro Sarmiento, Anton Pablos, and Hernando
S.S.E., for even
Alonso agreed that the course should be

50,
then the land would with difficulty be reached in 45 or
even with good navigation.

lose the
To
steer a south course

lives,
would be to
therefore,
summer and our
and not to
This night,
perform the service on which we were
sent.
we
:
steered a quarter east of south until noon on
Thursday
previous
noon,
and as we had made more easting up to the This day I took the south. I steered
11',
altitude in 33
and found that
in the last
24 hours we
had run 62
leagues, being
410 leagues from Lima N.N.E.

29 53' S.
32
THE COURSE TO BE STEERED.

fine day,
This was a
with
little
wind and a clear sky, and
we kept on
this
to the east of
south.
We
took the altitude
day
in 30 20'.
From Thursday
progress as
it
to
Friday we kept on with a course east

42'.
of south, and took the altitude in 33
We
result
;
made
little
was calm, Anton Pablos'

40',
was 33 54
and Hernando Alonso's 33
10 leagues
at
with the river
418 leagues distance, being 140 from the Lima meridian. For the last day it was more than usually warm and calm, so that we made
little
Maypu
at 170 leagues,
and Lima
progress.
to
From Friday
in 34 30'
;
Saturday, the 7th of November, the
course was south 14 leagues.
This day
took the altitude
with Cobas 150 leagues, and
track, but taking a line N.E. to the point
Lima 440 by our where we stopped
at the island of Lima it would be 420 leagues. In these days there were calms and great heat until noon but on
;
Saturday, a
N.E.,
little
before noon,
it
began to blow from the

it.
and we proceeded before
From Saturday
to
Sunday, the 8th of November, at noon,

our course was
for eighteen hours,
S. by E. 25 leagues, and for six hours S.S.E., This day the sun was by dead reckoning. not taken. At seven in the morning the N.E. wind died away, and showers came from the S.W., which lasted for more than two hours, followed by a wind which took us
leagues
S.W. and
S.E.,
and we went again
to east of south.
After
an hour a breeze came from N.E., and we proceeded on the
same
ranta,
course.
This day we communicated with the AlmiPilot,
and the Chief
Hernando Lamero,
said that
we
to
should steer south.
Pedro Sarmiento answered that he
should not alter his decision.
To
steer south
would be
make
a landfall in too high a latitude for the service they
had to perform.
for the service of
The Capitana would do that which was our Lord God and his Majesty, and he,
with the Ahniranta, was to keep station, following the
REASONS FOR SHAPING A COURSE.
33
banner of the Capitana by day and the lanthorn by night.
Lamero
replied that
we should come
to a land that
was
of
undiscovered, and Pedro Sarmiento said that he would not
go anywhere but to do what the Viceroy,

his Majesty,
in
the
name
had ordered, which was to discover the
Strait
of Magellan, and to take as
much advantage of the time as possible, so as not to lose the summer season. If we passed to a higher latitude than the mouth of the strait is in, we should have to make northing which we could not do
so as to reach the strait until the south winds blew, which
not until the end of April, and then it would be winter, and the year would be lost, when by good fortune we might
is
avoid
this.
Besides
we should
thus have to go over the
ground twice, and run the
risk of
more
pirates arriving
and
settling in the strait, preventing us
from passing to give
notice to his Majesty in Spain,
Peru to inform the Viceroy.

harmful and pernicious.
S.E.
and also from returning to Such events would be most This was so evident that, by a
and S.S.E. course,

strait,
desired to discover land to the
north of the
in
a position convenient for taking
advantage of the north winds at a time when there were no

others.
I
said that this
was
my
belief
and
intention, as
well as that of the other pilots of the Capitana,
Hernando
Alonso and Anton Pablos, the
latter
an expert pilot of
erroneous
much
Chile.
credit in the navigation of these coasts, especially
But Hernando Lamero persevered

so the Captain-Superior ordered
in his
view,
him
to follow the
Capitana by day and night, on pain of being deprived of

his appointment,
and of one being sent to the Almiranta

orders.
who would obey

station,
He
ordered the Admiral to keep
and not to lose sight of the Capitana by day or
night,
on pain of death.
This was the reason that the Almiranta did not part
company, although those on board intended to do so that

night, according
to
the testimony of the Father Vicar,
34
THE "ALMIRANTA" OUT OF STATION.

who heard
it
Friar Antonio Guadramiro,
from Friar Chris-
toval de Merida, his opposite

ranta.
number on board the Almi-
He
said that the
Almirmita would have gone that and others had conversed.

at noon,
next night,
if
Pedro Sarmiento had not imposed the penalty,

to
for to that effect the pilot
From Sunday
south.
I
Monday, the 8th of November,
with a wind from N. to N.E.,
we
37
steered to the east of

56',
took the altitude in

I
which made 58
leagues since
took the observation on Saturday, with the
port of Carnaro, at a distance of 100 leagues, and
Lima
45'.
500 leagues S.S.W.
Hernando Alonso's
at
result
was 37
From Monday
the
to Tuesday, the loth, at noon,
we
steered
same
course,
and
dawn
of Tuesday
it
blew so hard
top-sails,
from the north that we took

hauled
in the
mizen and the
down
the bonnets, and proceeded under the courses
at half-mast.
As we were
running, such great masses of

if it
water were shipped by the Capitana that,

for the deck,
had not been
we should have run

heavy
seas,
great risk of foundering,
for in addition to the
much water
got in through
dis-
the planks, which were very thin.
We
reckoned the
tance run at 30 leagues.
It
rained so hard that the sailors

All this
had
day,
to
change
their clothes three or four times.

at night,
in
and particularly
station,
the Almiranta, without
keeping
was ahead
defiance of orders, and of
the orders of the Viceroy, although a light was shown, and other signals were
made by day and
up with
her,
dissembled, because
for the service of his
But on coming was more convenient Majesty that the work should be done,
night.
it
than that his conduct should be noticed.
noon,
From Tuesday to Wednesday, the nth of November, we ran before a northerly gale, which obliged us
top-sails
at
to
proceed without
and
bonnets,^ and
with the
Additional sails laced to the leeches of the courses, and serving

sails.
the purpose of lower studding
BAD WEATHER.
courses lowered to half-mast.
that the
35
As
so,
the ship rolled so heavily
bows and
In
sides
were under water, they lowered

the fore top-mast of the
the top-masts.
doing
Capitana was carried away.
From Monday
I
at
noon to
alti-
Wednesday
same
which
result,
at
noon we made 82 leagues.

30'.
took the
tude by three astrolabes in 42
Anton Pablos had the

43.
and Hernando Alonso just
We
found
ourselves this
is
day 573 leagues from Lima, with the land between Osorno and Chiloe at a distance of 70
at
leagues.
From Wednesday
fury that
noon
until night
it
blew hard from

its
the north, veering to
N.W. and W.N.W., and such was

sail,
we were
obliged to take in the main
and to
make
preventer back stays for the masts, and false nettings
for the rigging.
We
continued to run before the wind under
the fore
sail,
lowered almost to the deck, as ships should be

fly
handled to
from the tempests of sea and wind.
In
these six hours, until dark,
we made 8 leagues S.E., and, On Thursday leagues night, 12 S.E. by S. during the morning the wind changed to S.W., and we made 8 leagues S.E. In the forenoon we got up the main topmast, and set the mainsail, and mizen, which we took in at two in the From afternoon, because the ship laboured under them. Wednesday to Thursday at noon, we made 30 leagues by dead reckoning on the same course. From Thursday, at noon, with S.W. and S.S.W. winds, we steered S.E. and S.S.E., making 6 leagues in 6 hours
;
and
all
night S.E. by
S.,
14 leagues, and until Friday, at
noon, S. by
storm, with
E., 8 leagues.
much
sea,
day we had another and the wind west. It was very cold.
that
On
We
ran east of south, with the courses lowered near the
deck,^ sailing
on a bowline, because we found ourselves near
the land, and
we had need of caution.

^
"
Con medias
tiestas."
^2,
36
APPROACHING LAND.
From Friday to Saturday, the 14th of November, we made 23 leagues, 6 on a S.E. course, and the rest S.S.E.
It
began to be very
cold,
and the drops of water that
fell
were round and large like very cold hail. wind moderated a little. It is noteworthy that
place, in leaving the north, the
This night the

in this
wind presently
shifted to
sea.
the west, and blew with great fury, raising a high
Thence
it
veered to the S.W. with
much
drizzling rain,
going down at night, and blowing cold and hard by day.
During three days we had not seen the sun
at a time
when
our-
we
could take
it.
By
to
our dead reckoning we
made
selves to-day in about 46.
From Saturday
6 leagues, and
the
all
Sunday, the 15th, we steered S.E.,

1
night south,
leagues
and
until
noon
same
course, 8 leagues
in 48
;
took the sun
so that since
by dead reckoning. At noon I Wednesday, the i ith, we
had made 115 leagues on a course E.S.E. Lima 690 leagues. From Sunday to Monday, the i6th of November, we had such a gale from S.W. to W.S.W., that we were obliged to
run almost under bare poles
the land,
;
and
at night, as
we were near
show more than two reefs of the courses. We steered S.E., S.S.E., and south 15 leagues. From Monday to Tuesday, the 17th of November, it blew hard from W. and S.W., so that we went under little sail.
did not
we
At
in
night, as the General considered they
were near land, on board the
agreement with the opinions of the
pilots
Capitana, he warned the pilot of the Almiranta that he
should steer S.S.E. with only the
foresail,
and that from
midnight onwards we should steer S.E.
This was done.
ENTRANCE OF THE GULF OF TRINIDAD.
37
III.
Arrival in
the
Gulf of Trinidad.
17th of
At dawn
the
of Tuesday, the
name
of the most Holy Trinity,
November we came in
1579, in sight of
high land at a distance of ten leagues to the S.E.
We
and
30',
9'.
made
directly for
it,
to
examine
it
and
fix its position,
at noon, being near the land,
we took
the altitude in 49
the result of
Hernando
Alonso's observation being 49
In coming near the land
we
discovered a great bay or
opening which went

mountains.
far into the land
towards the snowy
On
the southern side there was high land,
ending
in a
mountain with three peaks.

opening
"
''
Pedro Sarmiento
Trinity",
named
this
the Gulf of the
Most Holy
This land
is
and the high land with the mountain of three peaks was
named
the
Cabo de Tres Puntos".

is
bare,
and
the land near the sea shore
much
broken, with
many
grey,
rocks above water, and the high land has
many white,
and black patches.
To
the north of this "

is
Cabo de Tres
Puntos", at a distance of six leagues,
the land on the
other side of the entrance to the gulf, consisting of a high-
rounded
bluff,
the land falling
away
It
to a plain
inland
to the north, with
many
islets
off the shore.
This land
"
looks like an island from outside.

Primero".!
It
was named
Cabo
has this appearance approaching from the

"
N.E.
The
land to the south, which
is
the
Cabo de Tres
Puntos", seen from the sea, forms a peak.^
^ A translation from the beginning of the chapter is given in the Voyage of the Adventure and Beagle^ i, p. 159; but the month is given as March instead of November. ^
Corno vernal.
38
DANGEROUS ANCHORAGE.
The mouth
or entrance of this " Gulf of the
Trinity"
is
six leagues across from the "
Most Holy Cabo Primero" to

of the open sea,
the "
Cabo de Tres Puntos", and the coast
runs north and south a quarter to N.E. and S.W., so far as
we could make out. The channel of this Trinity Gulf runs N.W. and S.E., so far as we could determine at first sight. " Cabo Primero " and " Cabo de Tres Puntos^' bear north
and south of each
other, tending slightly
to
N.E. and
Being now near the land, the Capitana and Almiranta

closed,
and consulted over what should be done.

this
It
was
unanimously resolved to enter into

land.
bay
to
examine the
according
The
General, seeing that they were in a good posi-
tion for discovering the Strait,
and that
this bay,
to his sketch
which he had with him, might lead to the sea by another opening near the Strait, gave orders for the squadron to make for it. Thus we entered at two in the Although we went inside afternoon, with the lead going.
the channel for three or four leagues,
we
did not find bottom
sounded
we went near the land, when we Here we anchored the first time, five leagues within the bay and smartly as we let go the anchor it took the ground in many more fathoms than those we had found by sounding, and the bottom was dirty. The Almiranta anchored near the shore, and prewith
until
in thirty fathoms.
;
many fathoms
sently drifted out without finding bottom, for
it
is
there
made sail. The Capitana did the same for a similar reason. As it was night, the coast was unknown, and the weather bad, we again stood in for the
rocky, and she therefore
the depth
out that across the entrance of Trinidad Channel was 30 fathoms, while a mile inside it increased to 200 and 300 fathoms. This showed the existence of a sort of bar, representing the terminal moraine of a huge glacier which originally gouged out
^
The Alert made
the channel.
Coppinger^
p. 66.
SEARCHING FOR A PORT.

shore where
39
we had anchored
the
first
time, and, sounding

in
rather closer in shore than before,
we anchored
is
twenty
fathoms.
All the bottom of this anchorage
rocky, and
the shore steep and rocky.
Soon afterwards the A /miranta
anchored more
in shore.
Next day, being Wednesday, the i8th of November, Pedro Sarmiento, not considering that this port was good
or safe, because
east,
it
is
exposed from the north and north-
which are the most harmful quarters here, got into a
boat with Anton Pablos, and went in search of a harbour

to the south-east.
They went on
all
day, sounding in the
bays and creeks, and found a tolerable port.
When
they
returned to the ships to bring them there the Chief Pilot
was not on board, having

shift their berths
also
gone
in
search of a port
without leaving word in what direction, so they did not
on that day.
Next day, being Thursday, the weather was bad, and such a gale was blowing from the north that it was impossible to
get under weigh, for the ships would have been
dashed to pieces on the rocks before they would have had

time to
make
sail
nor could we have gone even
if
that
danger had not existed.
Such was the
force of the
wind
and
and sea that constant watch was kept over the
cables,
the blows of the waves broke the stock of an anchor against the rocks at the bottom, and chafed through the stout cable
of the other anchor.
Thus we were left adrift, and the ship Capitana began to drive down on the rocks of the coast, which were little more than a cable from us. Let those who have been in the same predicament judge what we
felt.
But not
for this did the pilots
and crew
lose heart.
On
his
the contrary, with great courage, calling upon
God and
most Blessed Mother, they
let
go another anchor with
the utmost diligence, which reached the bottom and held,
and the ship swung round.

undoubtedly
it
Thus the ship was saved and was the miraculous act of the most sacred
;
40
EXTREME DANGER.
Mother of God. In this position we remained during that day and until the following Friday.
The wind and
sea did not moderate, and to remain

risk certain
where we were was to

be thought
things.
of, for
destruction.
Yet we
could not go to sea, while to cast off the cable was not to
we were
lost if
we
did any of these three
We
desired to go from here to the port that had
less dangerous and Hernando Alonso, in a boat to sound a passage between an islet and the mainland, to find out whether there was bottom, and whether the ships could venture to pass that way to the port. He went and found five fathoms, and thence he made a signal
been sounded, as mentioned above.

risky,
As
Pedro Sarmiento sent the
pilot,
five
times with a white flag he had taken with him, remain-
ing there with the boat, for he could not return.

that this passage
Knowing
to pass
was navigable, we determined
through
it.
Therefore in the
name
of the most sacred
Queen of the Angels we cast off the cables by hand, at the same time hoisting the foresail. In an instant the Mother
of
God
carried us through the passage, almost touching
the rocks on either side, and
we reached
the port which had

in
been surveyed, where we anchored, and remained

vellous tranquility and safety
It
mar-
at
least so
it
then seemed.
among
went
run
was a wonderful thing to see the turns made by the ship the reefs and windings of that channel, insomuch
like lightning, so that if she
that a well trained horse could not have done so well.
She had touched anything

thought
it
she must have gone to pieces.

this risk,
We
better to
which gave us some hope of

in that
safety,
than to
it
remain obstinately and idly

certain, if
anchorage, where
all
was
we took no
step,
we must
have perished that
afternoon, without a
man
escaping.
As soon
as the Capitana
was anchored, the boat returned

in
from her to the Almiranta, and she was piloted by the
same passage
to this port,
where she was anchored closer
REACH PORT ROSARIO.

4
shore,
through the signal mercy which
giving us this refuge
Mother.
We
God showed in by the intercession of his most glorious named the port " Nuestra Sefiora del
Rosario", and the other " Peligroso", although the sailors

called
it
" Cache^-diablo".
On
the
following
Sunday,
November
the 22nd, the General Pedro Sarmiento, with
most of the people, went on shore, and when Pedro Sarmiento hoisted a great cross
devotion, and sang " Te Deuni
all
worshipped
" in
it
with
much
Laudamus
loud voices,
on
With great joy they gave thanks to God, knowing the mercies we had all received at His divine
their knees.
hands.
This done, the Captain-Superior, Pedro Sarmiento,
rose to his feet,

belt,
and drawing a sword which hung

in a
all
to his
all,
he exclaimed,
loud voice, in the presence of

in the
that " they were
witnesses how,
sacred Catholic and royal Majesty of the
name King, Don
of the
Philip
our Lord, King of Castille and

the
its
dependencies, and in
name
of his heirs and successors, he took possession of
that land for ever."
In testimony of
it
this,
and that those

trees, branches,
present might keep
in
memory, he cut
in his
in
and herbs with the sword he held

stones, with
hand, and
moved
which he made a heap

acts
token of possession.
As
similar
of taking
possession
have
been fully
that
recorded,
and
as
the Viceroy particularly ordered
possession should be taken in the places where
we
landed,
Pedro Sarmiento made the following statement before the Notary
Cache means " a box on the ear".
This
is
the
Wolsey Sound of
squalls
the Admiralty Chart.
In the Alert a succession of fierce
{williwaws) from various quarters was experienced in this anchorage, so that the ship kept swinging to and fro, and circling round her
anchors.
At
last
one of the cables parted
steam,
managed
p. 68.
to ride out the gale with the other cable.
considered to be an
Coppinger^
anchorage
that
and the Alert^ aided by It was not could be recommended.

;
42
ACT OF POSSESSION.
" First Possession."
" In the
name
of the most
Holy
Trinity, Father, Son,
Ghost, three Persons and one only true God,
who
is
and Holy Maker and
Creator of all things, without whom no good things can be commenced, made, or preserved and as the good beginning of whatever thing must be in God and for God and in his name should be commenced for his honour and glory in his most holy name be it known to all who may see this present testimony, instrument, and letter of possession how, this day, which is Sunday, the 22nd of November 1579, this royal fleet of the most powerful, most renowned, and most catholic Lord Don Philip, King of
; ;
Spain and
its
dependencies, our Lord, having arrived, which sailed
from the
Lord,
city of
Kings
in
Peru by order of the most excellent
Don
Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy, Governor, and Captain-
General of the kingdoms and provinces of Peru, for the discovery

of the Strait called Magellan, of which there
Superior the General Pedro Sarmiento to this land,
came as Captainnow first dis-
Being anchored in this newly named " Nuestra Seiiora del Rosario", in the bay also newly named "The Most Holy Trinity", and the said General
port,
covered by the said Captain-Superior.
having landed with the greater part of the land and sea forces of
and the chaplains, he took a cross on shore, which was all the people on their knees, and the Te Deum Laudamus.' chaplains sang the Then, in a loud voice, he said that in the name of his Majesty the King Philip II, our Lord, King of Castille, Leon, and their dependencies, who may God our Lord preserve for many years, with increase of greater states and kingdoms for the service of God, and the well-being and prosperity of his vassals and in the name of the very powerful Lords the Kings, his heirs and successors in the time to come, as his Captain -Superior and General of this the said fleet, and by virtue of the order and instructions which, in the royal name, the Lord Viceroy of Peru gave him, he took and takes, seized and seizes, possession of this land where he has now landed, and which he discovered, for ever and ever in the said royal name, and in that of the royal crown of Castille and Leon as their own, to whom it really belongs by virtue of the Grant and Bull of the most holy father Alexander VI, Supreme Roman Pontiff, given tnotii propria to the very high and catholic Lords Don Fernando V,
the
fleet,
devoutly worshipped by
'
ACT OF POSSESSION,
43
and Dona Isabel his wife, Kings of Castille and Leon of memory, and to their heirs and successors, being half the world, that is to say, i8o degrees of longitude, as more largely is set forth in the said Bull given at Rome on the 4th of May 1493, in virtue of which these lands fall and are included within the demarcation and meridian of partition of the 180 degrees of longitude belonging to the said royal crown of Castille and Leon, and as being within the hne, he takes and took possession of these the said lands and districts, seas, rivers, anchorages, ports, bays, Rosario', where at gulfs, and archipelagos of the said port of placed and Thus he, as depicted, anchored. this fleet is present places them in the power and possession and dominion of the as it is. said royal crown of Castille and Leon as its own property In sign of possession he drew the sword that he wore at his girdle, and with it cut trees, branches, and herbs, and moved stones, and walked over the land and on the shore without any
glorious
'
contradiction whatever
witnesses,
desiring that those present should be
and
that
I,
the undersigned Notary, should give public
testimony.
Then
incontinently taking a great cross on his back,
with the troops of the fleet in order of battle, and armed with
arquebuses and other weapons, they carried the cross in procession, the
monks
Friar Antonio Guadramiro, Vicar,

litany,
and
his
com-
panion singing a
and everyone answering
in the responses.
The
procession being finished, the General planted the cross on a
high rock, and
made
a heap of stones at the foot of
it,
as a
memorial and sign of the possession of all and their bounds, with the continuous and contiguous discoveries and he gave the name of Nuestra Senora del Rosario to this As soon as the cross was set up they worshipped it port. a second time, and all offered up prayers, beseeching and supplicating our Lord Jesus Christ that he would be served by this act being for his holy service, and that our holy CathoHc Faith
;
' '
these lands and seas
would be aided and increased by the wôrd of the holy evangel being preached and sown among barbarous nations that, until now, had been astray from the true knowledge and doctrine whereby they may be guarded and delivered from the deceit and dangers of the devil, and from the blindness in which they now
live,
that their souls
praise of the cross the

altar
may be saved. Then the monks sang in hymn Vexilla Regis.'' Before it, at an which had been set up, the Vicar, who was the first to say it
'

44
in this land, said
ACT OF POSSESSION.
mass
to the
honour and glory of our Lord God

all
Almighty, and for the extirpation of the devil and
idolatry.
and several confessed and took the When the service was over, the General, as a more sacrament. lasting sign and memorial of possession, caused a great tree to be felled, and from it to be made a large and very lofty cross, on which he put the most holy name of our Lord Jesus Christ I. N. R. I. and at the foot of the cross he put philippus secundus Of all which I, Juan Desquibel, Royal REX HISPANIARUM. Notary of this fleets on board the ship Capittma, give my faith
preached on
this subject,
He
and true testimony.

"
Juan Desquibel, Royal Notary."

at noon,
After
all this,
Pedro Sarmiento took the altitude
on
to
shore, vîth three astrolabes, in 50.
Then
the General,
the Ensign, the Serjeant-Major, and three soldiers went up the top of a very rugged mountain, more than twô
leagues of ascent, which was so rugged and craggy that the rocks cut the soles of their alpargatas^ and shoes like
razors,
and often we went along the tops of the
trees,
from
branch to branch, like monkeys.
We
ascended
this
moun-
tain to get a view of the direction of the channel of this

gulf,
and also to ascertain whether we were on an island or

for
on main land,
also
Pedro Sarmiento held
it
to be an island
to
see whether there
was a
clear
passage by that
channel,
by which the ships could be taken into the strait, so that it might not be necessary to take them out again into the open sea, where there was such continuous bad
weather.
Having climbed
to the summit, through
much
labour and the risk of falling over precipices a thousand

times, they
made
out numerous channels and creeks, rivers,

it
and
ports, so that
seemed
;
as
if
all
the land
it
we had
to be an
reached was broken in pieces

archipelago.
small,
and we supposed
We
counted as
many
as 85 islands, large
and
and saw that the channel was very

Shoes made of hemp, much used
in the
large, wide, open.
Basque provinces.
ASCENT OF A MOUNTAIN.
and
clear,
45
almost making out the channel coming out into

strait.
the sea near the
As Pedro Sarmiento
certainty,
could not
make
all
this
out with
he determined to go with the boat to explore and
survey.
He
could not start on Monday, the 23rd, because

it
there was a gale blowing, and
was the same on Tuesday.
On
and
this
ofificers
day there was a consultation between the General of the fleet, and it was resolved that this should
fleet,
be done for the security of the

strait
as well as to find the
and
to select a port
known
to be safe, whither the
ships could be taken
and anchored.
On
this
same day
Pedro Sarmiento ordered the carpenters to go and cut wood

for joists
and knees
for the
Capitana and Almiranta, and

received during the recent
to repair the
gales.
damage we had
This was done. On the day of taking possession, and to-day, they found signs of inhabitants, such as footsteps, darts, oars,
and small
nets,
but no people had been
seen up to this time.
46
THE FIRST BOAT VOYAGE.
IV.
NARRATIVE
OF THE
First Expedition of Discovery
made by
and
the General,
with the Pilots
ANTON Pablos
HERNANDO
Lamero,
in the boat
Nuestra Senora de Guia^ up the
Gulf of the
Most Holy Trinity.
In the name of God our Lord, and of
his
mother
St.
Mary,
our Lady, Pedro Sarmiento set out in the boat of the
Almiranta, taking with him Anton Pablos, Pilot of the
Hernando Lamero, Chief Pilot of the Almiarmed soldiers with arquebuses, shields, and swords, and provisions for four days. He left the port of" Nuestra Senora del Rosario" on Wednesday, the 25th of November 1579, at ten o'clock, to discover the channels, so
Capitana, and
ranta, besides ten
as not to put the ships in danger, to find a safe harbour for
them, and to discover the
strait.
Leaving the reefs of the port of Rosario, we kept on the

right-hand
side in
passing up the
gulf,
which
may
be
is
described as follows.
point,
From
the port of Rosario there
which we
called " Candelaria'V three-quarters of a

little
league bearing a
there
is
north of east, and at half the distance
a bay which enters into the land in a south-easterly
direction.
At
the entrance there are twenty-three
islets,
which make two large channels,^ and although there are From the point of others, they are of no importance.
1
The Admiralty Chart has

Lamero Sound,
C.
Candelaria 5^ miles from Port
Rosario.
2
of the chart, with
islets at
the entrance,
Lat. 50 S., north
Hernando Island and several ^pd of Hernando Island,

" Candelaria^' the coast turns
47
little
south of east for about

is
500 paces, and at the cape a large port

entrance facing north.
formed, with the
Here there are twenty fathoms,

is
with a clean bottom, and the port turns to the S.W. quarter.
The
"
land
is
pointed and high, and there
a high
hill
to
the south in front of the point.
We
named
the place
Puerto del Morro".
From
the point or anchorage of the

for a third of a league to a for a sixth of a league,
"
Morro" the coast turns E.S.E.

called
hill
"Morro Gordo", then S.E.

S.
and S.E. by
two leagues to a peaked mountain called "Pan
de Azucar",^ half way there being an opening to S.S.W.
From
the
for half a league, as far as a
opens to
entrance
Pan de Azucar" the coast turns to the south rounded hill, and another bay S.W. It was named the " S.W. Bay".^ At the
"
it
has twenty-two fathoms depth, bottom pebbly.

islet
is
There
which
an
is is
anchorage near a round

covered with
trees.
It
;
on the N.W.
let
side,
necessary to
out
three or four fathoms of cable

is
and
at the entrance there
four cables, the
sea, where a ship may be secured with bows on land. In this place Pedro Sarmiento sent Lamero up a high mountain to examine the channel, and from this height he saw a great number of channels, and of large and small islands. Anton Pablos
inlet of
smooth
guided us to the
slept,
little
bay, where, as
"
and called the place
Pablos."
Here possession
it was now night, we The Dormitory of Anton was taken in the name of his
Majesty, and a cross was cut on a
tree.
We
found the
lodging places and food of people of the country.

this point the coast turns S.S.E. for a league to a
From
high and
bare
when the entrance of the last bay, N. by E.

hill,
to " S.W.
Bay"
is
on with that
We
1
left
the
little
bay on Thursday, the 26th of No-
On
the chart in 50
4'
40" S.
Hill
above
it
880 feet high,
"Ancon
del Sudueste" on the chart.
48

At
vember, and proceeded to examine the main channel.

half a league east there are
some
islets,
and the channel
runs S.E.
We
sounded
In
in the middle,
and got no bottom
with 120 fathoms.
the channel between the islands
there were 40 fathoms sandy bottom, and quite close to the
The bottom is not clean. To the east, among the islets, there were 15 fathoms, gravel. You may anchor, in case of necessity, off From a small islet, which is the one most to the eastward.
islets 15
fathoms.
at half a
league,
still
the high land there runs a shoal N. and S.
Three points
of rocks appear above the water, and in the channel, two

cables from the reef of rocks, there are four fathoms of
water north and south from the reef
The way out
is
east
in
and west, and
in the
channel to leeward or to the south,
mid channel, there are twelve fathoms, rocky bottom. A league to the east, in the middle of the main channel, there is an islet which we called the island of " En-medio".^
It is in
line
with the entrance to the gulf of Trinidad,
which appears clearly from here N.W. by W.

eight fathoms
This
islet
has
a bank above water a cable's length S.W., and there are
between
it
and the
island.
In
passing
between them a vessel should keep nearer the

the bank.
islet
than
From
this
bank there runs a shoal north and

isle,
south,
covered with weed, and under shelter of the
a cable's
length N.W., there are fifteen fathoms, grey sand, and black
and white mud.
From
right
"
is
this island of "
En-medio" the main land on the

it
distant three quarters of a league, S.S.W. to a point
Delgado", so named because

point,
this
we
closed in
the
was so.^ Having reached mouth by which we had
entered from the open sea, and discovered another gulf,
Lat. 50 5' 30". Called " Delgado" is thin, fine.
Medio Island on the
chart.
PROCEEDING ON THE FIRST BOAT VOYAGE.
49
being a continuation of the main channel, running S.E.,
and
in
W.
is
we discovered a row of islands running N.W. by From point " Delgado" to another point the bearing
it
N.E. by N. one league.

In this part there
is
a round island in the middle of the

it
channel, and west of
are four more.
In the centre of
the channel there are forty fathoms, pebbles, gravel, and

shells.
Here we saw birds

seen.
in flocks,
which up to
this
time
we had not
hills,
Arrived at the
reefs,
there were twenty-
four fathoms gravel.
In this distance there are two high
and to the south-east of the southernmost a small

creek.
bay or
out
seen.
fear,
I
because there
Here the shore can be approached withis nothing but what can be
first
sounded, the
time, in ten fathoms at half
a cable from the shore, and
a cable further on there

hill
:
were thirty fathoms S.S.E. from the high

pebbly.
rapidly.
bottom
Made
fast to the
shore, as the depth increased
Beyond this point there is another three leagues to the It was named " Punta del Brazo-Ancho",^ S.W. by W. and to clear it a W.S.W. course should be steered. In this distance there are two large mouths of channels, and
although there are soundings at
fathoms, the bottom
del Brazo-Ancho",
is foul.
fifty,
thirty,
and twenty
To
it,
the south of the " Punta

there are fifteen fathoms
and near
pebbles.
with a good bottom, and a cable and a half further on

thirty-four fathoms
:
It is
an anchorage, although
rocky, of great depth.
From
in
the " Punta del Brazo-Ancho" another point was
sight which
we named
" Galeotilla",^
from
the
"
its
shape,
bearing S.W. by
point there
is
S. four leagues. in sight,
From
Galeotilla"
another
which we called
"
Hocico de
In 50
8'
50"
on the
chart.
Not on the
chart.
50
DISCOVERY OF PUERTO BERMEJO.

same
the
:
Caiman'',^ three leagues on the
bearing.
A
is
league
from
of
"
Hocico de Caiman
a port with
" to
S.W. there
sand.
good
anchoring ground in twelve fathoms

it
To
the north
there
is
fair
bottom
at fourteen, twelve,
eight,
and seven fathoms.

on
"
This port has a reef near the
land,
which the sea breaks.
Beyond
"
Hocico de
Caiman
and to
we discovered another the N.W. of it there is a
point, half a league S.W.,
port which has a beach of
brown sand, good sandy bottom, and a depth of seven, eight, and nine fathoms. Its entrance is from the N.E., between a hilly islet and the mainland on the right hand, by four fathoms of shallow sea. But a large ship should not go in that way, because the channel is narrow, and
a shoal extends far out from the hilly
sheltered from
all
islet.
Within,
it
is
Here we passed the night of Friday, the 27th of November. We gave it the name of " Puerto Bermejo de la Concepcion de Nuestra Senora".
winds.
From
this port
appeared a
bit of the
open
sea.
On
the
same afternoon that we landed the captain took

your heirs and successors,
tree.
possession, for your Majesty,
and placed a high cross on a

inland with the pilot
Presently he went
a high
in all
Lamero and two soldiers, and ascended examine the channel and make out the routes directions, and the bays ahead, for he did this as often
hill
to
as
it
was
possible,
which was a great advantage to us

this
for
our progress onwards, and for an accurate description of

the country.
From
height Pedro Sarmiento could

or, as
make
out the whole of the main
he called
it,
the
Mother Channel, which took a turn to the S.W. for six leagues, where it opened on the main sea. This we saw and considered certain, and it gave us joy, for we had
feared greatly that
we were embayed
and on
this subject
there had
been some difference amongst dull people on
On
the chart in 50 25' S.

PASS
THE WEST CHANNEL.

Another arm took a turn where we
certified that
it
51 to the were.^
board the Almiranta.
W.N.W., which seemed
to divide the land
Pedro Sarmiento alone

about
appeared, for neither the pilot

it.
was the sea that nor the men were sure
Having noted everything, we returned to the sleeping place, wet through and tired by the bit of forest, which was very dense, that we had to pass both going and
coming.
On
this
beach we found
many
fresh footsteps of
their
people, and
two daggers or harpoons of bone, with

falls
prey on the points.
This port has a large spring of very

into the sea.
is
good water which here
The
place for
coming
in
and going out
for ships
not that already men-
tioned, but to the east.
Here there is a channel of seven fathoms, and the course is more towards the island, for if the side of the main land is taken there is little water less than three fathoms but further out it is deep enough
twenty fathoms.
On
"
the next Saturday, the 28th of November,
we
left
the Puerto Bermejo", and, following the land on the right hand as we had done up to this time, we presently, in coming out, discovered a small point which is near the port, three leagues S.W. We gave it the name of " Punta de la Anunciada";^ and half-way there is a channel turning W.N.W., with a mouth a league and a half in width.
We
called
in
it
"
El Brazo del Oeste",^ because

direction than
it
has more
any other quarter. It appeared to cut through the land and reach the sea by that quarter. We crossed the entrance of this channel, and arrived at the " Punta de la Anunciada", and there we took
westing
its
bearings of the coast and bays within sight.
"
West Channel" of the
chart.
In 50 30' S. on the chart.
Only dotted
lines in this part
on the
Admiralty Chart. 3 " West Channel" of the chart.
52
VEGETATION.
As our
provisions were
coming
to an end,
and
it
was
dangerous to leave the ships
for long
with only one boat
between them, which could not be
utilised
by both
in the
event of the necessity arising at the same time in both

ships,
we
did not proceed further.
We
turned back, with
the intention of removing the ships from a port which was
not good, and taking them to that secure harbour of the

"
Concepcion de Nuestra Sefiora", which we had discovered,
so that
we could more
readily proceed with the discoveries.
In a country where so
much bad weather

it
prevailed,
and
where the ports were unknown,
was not desirable to take

first
the ships out of one port without having
discovered
another whither to take them by a route that had been

previously sounded and surveyed,
The whole
of this land, so far as

sea,
when this is possible. we could judge, is rough
and mountainous^ near the

craggy rocks, and
in
and the heights bare, with
some places mud and spongy patches of grass. We recognised some trees like those of Spain, such as cypress, fir, holly, myrtle, evergreen, oak, and among herbs, celery and water cress. All these trees are green and damp, yet they bear well, for they are resinous, The mass of the land that especially the fir and cypress.^ we saw, near the sea, did not appear good, for it had no earth mould.^ But, owing to the excessive humidity, there is such thick and close growing moss on the rocks, that it
Composed
of coarse-grained syenite, intersected with dykes of

is
greenstone.
2
About Port Rosario there

Coppinger^
p. 47.
an outcrop of limestone
of a pale blue colour.
The trees
are the evergreen
and antarctic beeches {Fagus betuloides

2cs\di
2iVi^ a?itarcticd),
Winter's bark {Drirnys Winteri)
cypress {Libo-
cedrus tetragonus).
There are several beautiful flowering shrubs and creepers, such as the Lapageria rosea^ and numerous ferns, including Coppinger^ several beautiful species of the genus Hymenophyllum.
p. 46.
^
dense network of interlacing roots forms the
soil
on which the
trees take root.
FOREST-GROWTH. BIRDS.
is
53
to enable
them These masses of moss are to grow and form forests. spongy, so that in stepping on them, feet and legs sink down, and in some places up to the waist. One man went in up to the armpits, and for this reason it is most laborious work to traverse these forests as well as because they are excessively dense, so much so that, in some places, we were
sufficient for the trees to
germinate
in
it,
forced to
trees.
make our way along
the branches and tops of the
We
were able to sustain ourselves there owing to

this less laborious than making our way on But both these ways were exhausting, though
the extreme thickness and interlacing of the vegetation,
and we found
the ground.
we had to adopt them to avoid precipices. The marine birds seen by us were black
others sea crows
;
ducks, called
by
others grey, both large and small, gulls,
and ratios dejuncos}
These birds are so
called because
they have a single, very long, and slender feather in the

tail,
which, when they fly, resembles a thin stick or wand. Hence the Spaniards gave them this name when they disIndies.
covered the
are like
We
also
saw
tail
rabi-horcados^
which
grease
kites,
and have the
parted.
The
of this bird has medicinal qualities.
There were a kind of
ducks, grey and black, without feathers, and which cannot

fly,^
but they run on

feet,
foot.
In the water they cannot rise
but by their
using their pinions as oars.

velocity,
They
thus
go through the water with great

track like
velocity
is
and they leave a that of a boat when propelled by oars. Their
good boat under sail, with a fair wind, cannot overtake them. In the woods there are small
so great that a
black birds like thrushes, warblers, great owls, kestrels, and
Skuas.
Coppinger mentions, among the

cinereics)^
birds,
steamer ducks
kelp geese {Bernicla antarcttca), oyster catchers {HcEmatopus leucopus), ashy-headed brent geese {Chloefaga folio(
^
Tachyeres
cephald).
Penguins.
54
SHELL-FISH
AND
PEARLS.
sparrow hawks.
not see them.
These we saw. There should be
No
tapirs
doubt there were
other things to observe, but as our time was short

'
we
did
;
{antas) and deer
{
'
we did not see any, only Of fish we saw red prawns
the footprints and large bones.
a good
fish
cockle
many
shells,
and
an immense quantity of other
shells.
In those which are
on the rocks, out of the water, there are

pearls.
very small
In
places
Some of them are we found so many

we could not
grey, but others white.
pearls in the shells that

it
some we re-
gretted
eat the molluscs, for
would have
this service
been
like eating gravel.
For while we were on
we cared much more for food than for riches. Very often we were in want of food, and in order to extend our discoveries from one point to another, we had to make four days' provisions last us for ten days. Then we had to
eke them out by eating shell
not stop
us.
fish,
and even the pearls did
Here we
realised of
what
little
value are
when one is hungry, and how useless. We reflected how much wiser the ancients were, who considered that riches consisted of tame flocks
riches not consisting of food,
and cultivated
fields, for
which reason many strange people
made
/
their
way
to Spain.
it
In this season
rains very
much, and the winds are very
/
]
tempestuous from North, N.W., and West.

storms begin to veer from north, there
cold, but the north
all
is
When
the
hail,
with intense
wind
is
the woods are a perfect

sea.^
more temperate. When it rains sea, and the beaches are rivers
pouring into the
On
the
same day, Saturday, the 28th of November, that
^ The peaks and ridges of the broken-up range of mountains of which the islands and coast are formed, intercept the moisture-laden clouds, which are continually being wafted from seaward by the prevailing westerly winds, frequent and long continued downpours being the result. The annual rainfall is 149.6 inches. The mean annual temperature 49, and the extremes 36 to to" .^Coppinger.

RETURN TO THE
we
SHIPS.
55
arrived at " Punta de la Anunciada",

at "
;
pass the night
we returned to Puerto Bermejo" and this day Anton

hill,
Pablos climbed the high

credulous that
it it
for
even yet he
in
was
in-
was sea that was

day,
sight,
although
"
certainly was.
On
the
next
being
in "
Sunday, we
left
Puerto
Bermejo"
under
for the ships
Puerto del Rosario", and as we
were now run out of provisions, and we could not proceed

sail
as
we did
with a
in going, the
wind being contrary, the

in
sailors set to
three days the
will, and pulled so well that we did same distance as we had done under sail
in
the
same
time.
All suffered great hardships, for besides
having
seas
little
to eat there
were storms of wind and heavy
every day, and they were constantly wet through.

to let their clothes dry
They had
on their backs,
in the
for
they
had no changes, as there was only room
boat for the
men and
to
the provisions.
They
also suffered
much from
remedy was work at the oars with great force and fury. He who did Under these 'circumnot row hard suffered the most. stances it pleased our Lord God that we should arrive at " Rosario" on Tuesday, the ist of December, 1579, having, in going and coming, covered more than seventy leagues,
the cold, which stiffened them, and the only
while
discovering and surveying
ports,
channels,
bays,
roadsteads,
rocks
besides observing
and reefs, and by dead reckoning and by

in public, in
giving them
names,
altitudes.
The whole
writing and
of which the General
regularly described in
by depicting
presence of those
who were with him, namely, Hernando Lamero and Anton

Pablos, pilots.
This time we did not navigate along the eastern coast,

but
to plot
we saw it clearly enough to take and our it down on the chart

;
bearings on
it,
so as
observations respect-
ing
it
were as follows
near the
"
From
Punta de
la Galeotilla",
on the east
56
coast,
THE ARCHIPELAGO OF TOLEDO.

an entrance opens to the S.E. four leagues, the bay
being a league across.

Andres".^
We
called
it
the channel of
"
San
From
the channel "San Andres" the coast turns

as far as another channel
it
to the north for
two leagues,
;
which
runs into the lane N.E.

channel, there
is
and near
islet.
to the west, in the
main
a small
From
there
is
the
"
Punta del
Brazo Ancho" tending S.E. by
S.,
a channel which
we
called
"Abra de
its
tres Cerros",
because there are some

the
same " Punta del Brazo Ancho" to the E.N.E., two leagues and a half, is the " Brazo Ancho". The mouth is three leagues across, and it runs into the land N.E. towards a great snowy mountain From the " Brazo Ancho" the coast on the mainland.
large hills at
entrance.
From
turns N.W., forming
many
islands with channels
between
them, which we could not count.

It
must be understood that although

coast, but
in
going we kept
it is
along the west coast, following the right hand,
not
all
one continuous
land
broken and indented throughout.

islands,
Each channel forms a great number of

is
and the
all
is
broken into
the
all
pieces.
On
the other side the
formation
same
as far as the
snowy mountains, which

"
are visible
along the main channel from
Rosario".
Pedro Sarmiento therefore named the land the "Archipelago

of the Viceroy
Don
Francisco de Toledo", because
it
was
by
his
order that this fleet was equipped and sent to
discover these lands.
Having returned to the port of " Rosario", we gave an account to our companions who had remained there on
board the ships, of the goodness of the channel, and how
it
led to the
open
sea,
discovered.
Many
and
even
and of the excellent harbour we had were rejoiced, because, from all the
lost
previous talk,
they had
confidence
above
all,
the
Admiral,
"
more the Sergeant-Major, Pascual

of the Admiralty Chart, in 50 20' S.
Andrew Sound"
THE "ALMIRANTA"
Suarez.
IN DANGER.
$7
He
it
subject, saying that
was who made the others cowardly on this we were embayed, and that it was not
possible but that
them, and rejoiced those
we should be lost. who wished
Our
to
arrival quieted
go
on.
For those
who
wanted to return said that the General had deceived

;
them in order to induce them to proceed with the voyage and that if he wanted to be drowned they were not so
desperate, and preferred to return to Chile.
On Wednesday,
sent the Pilot
the 2nd of December, Pedro Sarmiento
Hernando Alonso, with both the boats equipped for creeping, to seek and recover the lost anchors It had not been possible to do in the " Puerto Primero". Although he this before, because it required both boats.
worked
until
noon he was unable to

not proceed to
"
find them.
This
is
the reason
why we did
Puerto Bermejo" on
Wednesday.
On
Thursday, the
3rd, before
dawn, there
expected to founder at our anchors.
was such a gale from the north and north-east that we Although the port is
good, the gusts over the land and those which were caused
by and came through the narrow channel, were most The Almiranta parted one of her hawsers, which furious. were fast on shore. She was drifting, and the stern walk over the poop was actually on a plumb line with the rocks, when God miraculously saved her. The anchor that was dragging was brought up, and the boat of the Capitana was promptly sent with an anchor and two cables, by which the Almiranta was again secured and saved from that danger. As the fury of the gale continued, the Admiral was afraid to remain on board the ship, and went on shore with some soldiers, where he set up a hut, and remained in it all that day and night. On Friday, as the wind did not
moderate, but rather increased, the Almiranta lost another
cable which was chafed
Her danger was
bottom being foul. seen from the Capitana, and Pedro
by a
rock, the
Sarmiento went on board the Almiranta^ taking with him
58
the Pilot
SHIFTING BERTH.
Hernando Alonso and some

and anchor her
sailors,
who helped
to secure the ship,
safely,
with the help of
God.
Understanding what the Admiral had done, Pedro Sarmiento sent the boat for him and for the soldiers who
were with him.
it
He was
reprimanded with moderation, as
was not a
fitting
time to do more.
He made no
excuse,
except his
little
confidence,
and the
soldiers put the
on him, saying that he had taken them with him.

the Capitana.
blame Having
seen that the ship was safe, Pedro Sarmiento returned to
On
that
Saturday, the 5th of December,
it
rained
all
day, so
all
the woods experienced a universal deluge, and the

it
darkness was such that
was impossible to leave the port that day. Sunday, the 6th, dawned with clearer and better weather. We, therefore, weighed and made sail, but owing to squalls of wind we could not leave the port, and had to
anchor again to
that day, as
it
effect repairs.
late,
first
is
Thus we could not

fine
start
grew
and we came to near the

weather
as to
reefs, so
:
as to depart at the
this
appearance of
but
in
country there
bring with
it.
no certainty
what a
single hour
may
Hence
it
is
necessary to take advan-
tage on the instant, on pain of doing nothing and remaining always isolated, or being
thing.
lost,
which
is
much
the
same
On Monday,
sail.
the 7th of the month,
it
weather, and the Captain gave orders to weigh and
dawned with fine make

was nearer the
shaped a course
The Almiranta went
out
first,
as she
entrance, and the Capitana followed.
We
all
S.E. in the line of the channel.
At
ten o'clock the weather
was
clear,
and Pedro Sarmiento was
day
in the castle
of the poop with the compass, marking out and verifying
the chart he had

sailing in
made
in the first discovery.
As we were
mid channel, with clear weather, and he was at a he was well able to verify both shores, and reefs, and entrances to channels. rocks, He the islands,
slight elevation,
ANCHORED
IN
PUERTO BERMEJO.
59
during the boat voyage, owing to hazy

showers.
added some things of which he could not make quite sure weather and
Thus he fixed correctly all he was able to see. For the island " En-medio" the General took the altitude
he being between the entrance of
"
in 50 20',
Brazo Ancho'
"
and that island. the " Brazo del Sudueste", which

Concepcion", because
feast.
Thence we began
to shape a course for
we named
the
Brazo de
la
At
vespers
we passed it on we came to an anchor

side,
eve of that
at the
mouth of
the
"
Puerto Bermejo", on the south
but as the bottom
was uneven the anchors did not hold, but owing to the diligence of the pilots and sailors, the ship was towed inside
the harbour.
The Almiranta,
in
entering,
touched on
a bank of sand and suffered two bumps, but they did no
damage, and she was towed

preserved her
the
north,
!
off.
Glory to
God who
same night the wind was from although there was not much of it, for it
that
On
rained heavily, which took

wind.
much
of the force out of the
On
Tuesday, the 8th of December, the feast of the Conof our Lady, the most holy Mother of God,
sea,
it
it
ception
dawned with such foul weather over land and
and with was not
such a tempest of rain and north wind, that
possible to attend to anything connected with navigation,

for
we were
confined to the ship, and the only result of

evil
attempting to work would be to meet an
death without
any advantage whatever.
Having
arrived in this port,
it
was resolved
to set out
on
another exploring expedition with the boat, and

other things
among
we had
to
do was the work of putting the
brigantine together, which had been brought out in pieces
on board the Capitana.
The timbers were brought out on

erected.
the beach, the props and supports were fixed, the forge was
set up,
and huts were
Guards of
soldiers
were
placed, that they might be with their
officers.
All things
6o
SECOND BOAT VOYAGE.
being thus arranged, Pedro Sarmiento determined to set

out on his voyage of discovery, leaving the Admiral
in his
place to look after the ships and the people, and to finish
building the brigantine.
SECOND BOAT VOYAGE.
6l
V.
Second Voyage of Discovery in the boat
^^
Santiago".
In the name of the most Holy Trinity, Pedro Sarmiento

set out in the Capitana's boat,
named
the
"
Santiago", with
Anton
Pilot
Pablos, Pilot of the Capitana, and Lamero, the Chief
of the Almiranta, fourteen
men
with arquebuses,
swords, and shields, with provisions for eight days.
started at eight o'clock in the morning, on Friday, the
They nth
of
December
strait.
1579, to discover the sea at the entrance of
the
From
"
Puerto Bermejo"
we went
to the "
Punta de
la
Anunciada", so named during the former boat voyage.
From thence they

S.W.
for
discovered another point, a quarter of a

little
league S.W., from which the coast turns a
west of
two leagues, to a point we named
"
Nuestra
Sefiora de la
Pena de Francia".
There
is,
off the point
and
near the land, a small pinnacle rock.
In this distance of
two leagues there are two small bays.
From "Anunciada"
sea,
we
left
discovered a cape running out into the
on the
hand to S.W. by
S.
which we named
"
Cabo de
Santiago".
Continuing our voyage we passed a

the " Punta de la Anunciada",
little
to leeward of
opening and gulf of

south.
"
and thence crossed the La Concepcion" under sail, steering
In this opening, two leagues S.E. of " Anunciada",

is
there
a small island, and,
beyond
it,
a group of seven
little islets,
half
for
the whole covering a space of a league and a For two-thirds of the distance we steered south, and a third S.E., arriving at a bay which we called " Arre-
62
cifes",
"
COMMUNICATION WITH NATIVES.

there being
Anunciada".
many reefs. From this bay

"
It is three
leagues from
the coast turns to S.W. by
S.
300 paces to a small point, whence we discovered an
islet,
San Buenaventura", S.S.W. one islet N. by E. half a " league was called Isla de Lobos", because we saw some very large seals there. Between the two there is a bank, on which the sea breaks. " Isla de Lobos" bears from the " Cabo de Santiago" south-westerly four leagues. Near it there are eight fathoms, bottom stony with much weed. The land between " Ancon de Arrecifes" and the island of " San Buenaventura" forms a great bay for a league and a half to a point and anchorage which we named San Here we landed as it was late. Being settled Francisco.
and a half leagues
;
which we named
another small
down, a soldier
report,
fired
a shot at some birds, and at the

in a
some
bay,
it
Indians,
who were
loud
of the
uttered
shouts.
thought
was the
seals, until
wood on the other side At the first cry we we saw them naked, with
red bodies which, as
we
afterwards saw, they anoint with a
red earth.
We
got into the boat and went to where these
people stood.
growing
trees,
Some were in a thicket among some densely and among them an old man, with a cap of
to
seal skin,
who spoke
and gave orders to the

rocks, there
others.
On
the coast near the sea,
among some
were
fifteen
Approaching them with signs of peace, they signed to us with loud voices and much earnestness, with their arms pointed to where we had left the
youths quite naked.
ships.
When we
got nearer to the rocks they
made
signs
that they would approach, and that we should give them something of what we had with us. They came, and we
gave them what we had.
Sarmiento presented two cloths
and a handkerchief, having nothing else about him. The pilots and soldiers also, gave them some trifles, with which they were content. We gave them wine, and they spit it
out after they had tasted
it.
We
also
gave them some
A NATIVE KIDNAPPED.
biscuit,
63
which they
ate,
but they were not
made
confident
by
all this.^
boat,
by
to
encampment, and told them there. Having arrived at the camp, Sarmiento posted two sentries for security, and
to our first
As we were on we returned
a wild coast, and in danger of losing the
signs that they should
come
catch one of the natives for an interpreter.
Owing
to this forethought one of
them was
secured, and Sarmiento
presently embraced, and flattered him.
Taking a few
things from one and another, he was dressed and put in
the boat.
Then we
night.
all
was
still
We
embarked and departed when it went to stop at three islets in the

from the point where we
it "
form of a
triangle, a league
first
saw these people, whence we named
Punta de
la
Gente".
The islands bear S.S.W. from the point. We called them " La Dormida", because we went there to stop and pass the night. The land between " Punta de la Gente" and the islands of " La Dormida" forms a great bay, and is a wild coast and much exposed. We did not land on the islands, because we arrived in the dead of night, but slept in the
boat.
1 Coppinger considers the natives of the Gulf of Trinidad to be the most primitive among all the varieties of the human species. They
are closely allied
to,
but different from, the Fuegians.
They
lead a
wandering life, constantly shifting in their canoes from place to place. For the greater part of the year they live almost entirely on mussels and limpets, with occasionally a seal or small otter. The height of the men averages 5 ft. i in., and the women are shorter, complexion an ochry coffee colour, eyes dark and close together, hair long, black, and coarse. Upper extremities and trunk are well-developed, but the
legs very poorly developed.
The men
are almost entirely naked,
sometimes wearing a square piece of seal skin hanging from the neck. Their canoes are constructed of five planks, one forming the
bottom, the other four, li ft. wide, the sides, laced together by the The seams are stuffed with bark. flexible stem of a creeping plant.
They have two kinds

and each party
is
of spears, one for fishing the other for sealing,
provided with an iron axe.

ft.
Their huts are
like
small haycocks, 10
by
12
ft.,
and 6
ft.
high.

64
THE
"
ROCA PARTIDA" DISCOVERED.
Saturday, the 12th of December, we left these islets Le Dormida", which are near the main land. From them we saw a high mountain to the S.S.E. three leagues, which we called " La Silla", because it forms a great saddle
of "
On
on the
top.
In this distance there

reefs,
is
a large channel
full
of
small islands,
and banks.
The day broke

sail
clear,
and
the sun rose S.E., the sun being on the tropic of Capricorn,
and ourselves
breeze.
"
in
51.
We
of
"
made
to a light N.N.E.
The
islets
Santiago" east
La Dormida" bear from Cape and west, and that cape from the " Silla"
" Silla"
N.W. and
S.E. 6 leagues.
Half a league to the N.W. of the

which we called
" Isla
there
is
an
islet
de Pajaros", because there were

it
many
island
birds on
it,
and between
and the
all
" Silla"
there are
17 very small
islets.
From
Partida",
the "Silla"
we
S.
discovered an
which contains a high bluff

the "
of stone, which
2-I-
we
It
named
Roca
S.W. by
leagues.
bears from the
" Isla
de Pajaros" south-westerly.
i
S.W. by
at noon,
S. of the " Silla",
league, there are
To the many rocks

S.
on which the sea breaks.

rock, 6 leagues,
We
reached the
bluff to
"
Roca Partida"
of the
and thence descried a

which we named
"
S.W. by
" S^-nta Lucia".^
To
are
the
W.S.W. of the
Roca Partida"
2 leagues, there
two rocks, and beyond them a
cluster of small rocks
and breakers. Within there

for dinner
The
is
sea washes over them, and the breakers
form an arch which surrounds the island from

a space
full
W.
to N.E.
of rocks a wash.
We
landed
on
this
10'.
island at noon,
and took the sun on

fresh
shore in 51
this island.
Cape "Santiago" bears N.N.W. from

is
On
the north side of the island there

for oars.
water,
a tolerable sized port.
On it has and good timber Large ships cannot enter because

the east side
outer
face
The
terminates with a perpendicular

i,
precipice.
Adventure and Beagle^
157.
A CUL-DE-SAC.
the whole island
is
65
surrounded by
reefs.
Four cables from

S.W.
the shore there are 7 fathoms with stony bottoms.
From
this island
we
steered
first
to the east, then
in search of the
cape of Santa Lucia, the sea being covered
with rocks,
the cape, a
reefs,
little
and
islets.
Two
leagues before reaching
more
its
or less, a channel enters into the
land for one league S.S.W.

"
We
called
it
the channel of
San
Bias",
and
at
mouth
there are
many
in
high
islets to
S.E., East,
and N.W.
Being under
sail
the midst of
these reefs, the wind began to freshen in squalls, so that
we
were obliged to abandon the course leading to Cape Santa

Lucia and run before
it,
entering the channel of San Bias.

believing that
We
were rejoiced at
this,
we had found
able to run
shelter whence, without danger,
we should be
it
out into the main channel again.
But a squall came down

into the water, with into the boat,
and carried away the mast, sending

the
sail.
Having got them back

oars.
up the channel with
When we
that
believed
we proceeded we should
come out
after
into the sea,
we found
we were embayed,
This caused us
against wind and
force.
having gone a league and a half
much annoyance, because

under
sea,
sail,
the wind was foul for going back

difficult to pull
and
it is
most
and seemed to us impossible

out, for
to
human
In order
quite to undeceive ourselves, or else to see whether there
was no way
Pilots,
we
could not quite discern everything
from the boat, we went on shore.
Pedro Sarmiento, the
and some
others, climbed
overtopping
all its
up a very high mountain, neighbours, and from the top we could

was no
outlet from the
see the open sea, but that there
bay.
channel did not unite with the bay by a distance
of less than a stone's throw from the S.W.
We
received
much
affliction
from
this discovery,
but
we commended
for his Majesty,
it
ourselves to
God, and took possession
placing a small cross on the summit, calling

of
"
the
mount
left
Santa Cruz".
We
went down to where we had
the
66
ESCAPE OF THE NATIVE.

passed the night
boat and our other companions, and

there.
On
Sunday, the 13th of December,
in the
in
morning, we
returned to the outer channel, and
coming out we
encountered such a squall that

to
we were
forced to
make
fast
some
rocks, solely to shelter ourselves from the fury of
the wind, without being able to land.
On
the morning of
Monday, the 14th, we attempted to go out to sea and continue our course, but when we came from under the
shelter of the rocks
we were
nearly
lost,
owing
to the force
of the wind and the heavy sea.

to the shelter of the rocks
We were obliged
to return
whence we had come. At dawn Sending to captured, fled. the Indian, search for him from rock to rock, the guard from whom he had fled, found him, and taking hold of the shirt that had been put on him, he slipped out of it, left it in the hands of the guard, jumped into the water, and went off. This day
whom we had
there was a great storm, and
At noon
51
15'.
the
we could not leave our shelter. sun came out, and we took the altitude in
where
We
called the sheltering rock the "Island
the Indian escaped".
On
Tuesday,
in the afternoon, the sea
appeared to have
become a little less rough in one of the channels, and it seemed better for us to return to the ships than to proceed, because we had consumed all the provisions, and to gain anything we must get clear of these rocks. In coming out into the open from between these rocks, we met with a heavy sea, and it was blowing hard, so that if we had gone we should have been swamped by the waves. We were, therefore, forced to go back, and with extreme difficulty we regained the shelter of some other rocks where we remained These rocks were very rugged, until the storm abated. with sharp peaks, so that there was not a place to plant the feet, and to get a light we had to get into a cavity where all was most filthy mud.
BAD WEATHER.
6;?
On Wednesday,
the reefs,
perished.
the i6th of December,

;
we
set out
from
those rocks to go to the
Roca Partida and, arriving among such a storm arose, that we thought we must have
We
were forced to run before
it,
and God was
served by our running into a shelter behind
some very
sharp rocks, in escaping from the seas.

like
These rocks were
hedge-hogs, so that our shoes were soon in pieces, the
rocks cutting like razors.

this
rain
Here we remained, in hopes that universal tempest of wind from W. and W.S.W., with and frozen hail, would abate a little. We here took
15'.
the altitude in 51"
The
out.
gale continued
all
Thursday,
and we could not come
On
Friday, the i8th, there appeared to be

north,
some improveto sea in the
ment towards the

the
and we went out
boat, to proceed under the lee of the rocks so as to reach
Roca
Partida.
It,
however, again blew so hard from
the N.W., and raised such a sea, that

so to save ourselves from being
fore
it
we could not proceed, swamped we again ran be-
we were clear of the rocks, which are numerous and very dangerous, and, what is worse, the sea- weed which
until
is
raised
among them, would not

if
is
destroy the boat
come out and perchance she entered some bed of seafail
to
weed.
here
it
It
to be noted that in sighting a bed of

it is
weed
must be avoided, because

in seeing the sea
shallow, and no trust

in all direcit
must be placed
tions,
going down
because the same sea-weed, although

it
be very
shallow where
grows, brings the sea

it is
;
down
so that the
waves are not so high where
thus
it is
very dangerous.
sharp look out should be kept.

the rocks
In coming out from
among
seas
we shaped
a course to the east, taking the
by the
stern, to
escape from death.
Being about half
a league from the dangers,

sea in the direction of the
sailors forced
we were dashing from sea to Roca Partida. The muscular

until
her on by the strength of their arms, rushing
from one headland to another
God was
served, this
E 2
68
CONTINUED BAD WEATHER.

Roca
day, before dark, by our reaching the bay of the

Partida.
Nevertheless
we made our way by
tacks, so that
we went over double

our mouths.
the ground, and with the Creed in
This port of Roca Partida

It
is
is
a bay, with a sandy beach.
not, however, a port for ships,

It is at
only for boats and
brigantines.
*
a distance of a league and a half from

is
he eastern
side.
There
little
swamp, and much good

under the parted rock,
fuel,
and
is
at a point of the beach,

fissure.
there
a large cave in a
Here there
is
shelter for
a large number of people.
We found
considerable evidence
of the presence of natives, and an entire skeleton of a

or woman.^
man
There
is
on the beach a heavy
surf.
We
we
remained here two days and two nights owing to the continuous bad weather.
set out, in
As we were now
in
want of
food,
spite of the weather, on Sunday, the 20th of
December, and wishing to round the island so as to be

under
of
it,
its lee,
we came
to the reefs
on the north-east side

directions.
it,
and encountered a heavy sea and strong wind, with a

all
current which broke the water in
Again, to
save ourselves,
large
we had
it,
to run before
flying
away from a
Night
lost
bay which appeared
in the land to E.N.E., as near as
we could make
so as not to return to the island.
was approaching, and the mist was so thick that we

sight of the land.
until
We
were thus navigating blindfold,
coming near the land we could see the loom of the coast, but it did not look like land, and as we saw the sea
rising in all directions
lost.
we had great fear that we should be There was no part of the land that was accessible, and we could not keep out at sea, so that there was danger
of death under any circumstances.
Thus, proceeding before the wind, we were benighted
The
natives appear to dispose of their dead

p. 54.
by depositing them
in
Q.2M^^.~Coppinger^
NATIVE CANOE AND HUT.

near the land.
69
We
went
in
the direction of the coast,
commending
ourselves to our
Lady
of Guadalupe and,
with her Divine Majesty as our guide,

sheltered from
that night
all
we
entered a bay
winds, in the dark, where
well content.
Believing every
we remained moment that
we should be swamped, we found

life.
ourselves restored to
We
called this
bay
"
Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe",

her be offered infinite thanks
for the
above reason.
To
On Monday
different hills
this bay,
morning Pedro Sarmiento sent two men up to see whether a channel which ran east from
and another which ran north, continued onwards.
One
of
went very
and
them brought back a report that one of the channels far into the land, and that he had seen a canoe
in
it.
coming, with Indians

to avoid the fury
In consequence of this news,

sea, as well as to
and dangers of the
seek out a good route for the ships,
we went up
that
was reported that a canoe had been seen. In leaving the bay of Guadalupe it divided into two branches, the larger one turning east, and the other N.E.
channel where
it
we proceeded, and at half a league from the entrance we found the canoe, with four or five Indians. We went towards them, but when they saw us they pulled to
this
By
the shore,
left
the canoe, and fled into the woods.
We
took the canoe, and putting Hernando Lamero and four
men
into
it,
sent
it
ahead of the boat to a point where we

Arriving there
had seen more Indians.

but a low round hut,
we found nothing
made
of sticks fixed in the ground,
and covered with the bark of trees and seal skins. Two sailors went on shore and found nothing in the hut but
baskets, shells, small nets,
and weapons
like fizgigs,
for
harpooning, as well as some lumps of red earth, with which

all
these Indians anoint their bodies.
pilot again
who had been
in the canoe,
distance inland with one
man
to
Having received the and had gone some reconnoitre, and the other
men, we
left
the canoe for the Indians, and continued to
70
pull
ISLAND OF SAN FRANCISCO.

Up the channel
to
the
N.E. until night,
for three
leagues, for
we had been delayed
a good deal with the
canoe.
every turn
went up the channel with some anxiety, for at we expected to find that we were embayed. On Tuesday morning we followed the channel, which,
We
from the sleeping-place turned S.W. one league, and half

a league more brought us to the sea, at a league from the
bay of Guadalupe.
channel going north.
At
the
entrance
it
we saw another
for a league,
island.
We
went up
and
found that the
hill
called " Silla"
was an
We went
was a bay
on north, and passing the island of

full
Silla there
of rocks and islands.
We
called this island "
San
Martin de Pasage".
In this league and a half
we were
delayed from before noon until night-fall, owing to the

strong adverse currents
right ahead.
we met
with,
and a north wind
The
and
eastern coast
is
inaccessible, with high rocky land,
at intervals there are openings.

is
The bay we had

all
to
cross, which begins at Concepcion,
surrounded and
shut in with
islets
and
reefs.
We
arrived at the back of
the land where

us,
we had taken
the Indian
island of "
it was an island. San Francisco" and, within the channel, between it and the land to the east, there are six islets and rocks at the mouth. We passed the night at this island of San
and found that
who escaped from We named it the
Francisco.
On Wednesday,
Francisco.
the
23rd,
we
left
the
island of
San
which are suitable
Here are many coves and anchoring places for brigantines and boats, but at the
entrances there are large beds of sea-weed.

the other side has three bays in a row.
The coast on The channel con-
tinues in a northerly direction for a breadth of about a
a league.
for
The broken
Thence
it
land on the east side trends north
two
leagues,
and then turns E.N.E. to the narrow part

turns a league north, with
further on.
some
RETURN TO PORT BERMEJO.

islands
7I
and rounded rocks
off
it.
The
coast of the island

it
of San Francisco trends north until
comes
to a place
where there are reefs, at the end of the group of islets, the channel between them being a quarter of a league wide.
We called
had come
the extreme point of the island of

"
San Francisco
the point of
"
Santa Clara", and the channel along which we
Santa Clara".
The other point
of the island was
named "Arrecifes". From the point of

trends a
little
Arrecifes the coast of the broken land
S.S.E.,
and then
S.E.,
and between
it
and
the mountains of the main land there appeared to be a

channel.
east.
saw the entrance, wide and clear, trending Between the two points of Santa Clara and Arrecifes,
We
the channel of Santa Clara unites with that of Concepcion.
Further north, a quarter of a league, another point runs out

with a rock on
it.
Between
this Point of Farallon
and Point and

islands
Santa Clara, a channel makes Santa Clara into an

thence the coast trends S.W., and there are
island,
many
extending to the Bay of Arrecifes, where we dined when
we
set out
from Anunciada and Port Bermejo.

left
On
Thursday, the 24th of December, we

the
island of
Point Santa
San Francisco, although it was blowing from the north, and crossed the bay of Concepcion.
Clara on
The
waters ran to the N.E. with the flood
tide,
and we went
along the coast to leeward of Concepcion, arriving very

early at Port
Bermejo with the help of the
current.
We
it
were now without a mouthful of food, having, by serving

out with great moderation,
for thirteen days.
made
eight days' provisions last
come more
that
The morning we arrived the food had we could have made it last three days if we had not been so near the ships, although we could not have had a good meal. Glory to our Lord God
to an end, but
all
had been accomplished and supplied through

grace.
his
most sacred
We
found the brigantine completely put together, one
72
THE BRIGANTINE
BÛILT.
side planked, pitched,

finished.
and caulked, and the other nearly

General was absent on
hill
We
found
that, while the
his
voyage of discovery, some Indians had come to a
overlooking Port Bermejo.
The
Spaniards went after them
and captured one, taking him to the Almiranta, but he

escaped.
On
Friday, the
25th of December, being
Christmas
Day, no work was done on the brigantine on account

of the solemnity of the festival
so hard that
to
;
and also because
it
rained
it would have greatly hindered those who had work outside the shed, the wind being north. On Saturday, the 26th, there was a cold and freezing S.W.
wind, with a clear sky. bring a mild climate and

furiously,
In this region the north winds
much rain, but they blow most and the same may be said of the N.E. winds.
N.W. and S.W. the winds
any
others,
From
the
are very cold, and the

all,
west winds are the most tempestuous of

shorter time than
but they
fair
last
and soon bring
weather.
Thus we have
will
it,
from our known experience, that when

to west, the force
there are N. and
N.W. winds which turn
soon be spent, and a clear sky
will follow,
though with
much cold. As we had
not been able to find a good harbour nor a
secure passage for the ships, Pedro Sarmiento, with the
concurrence of the Admiral and Pilots, resolved to go

again to try the channel on the east side, which seemed to
turn towards the
snowy mountains of the main
land, for he
held for certain that there was a channel which
came out
good
on the other side of the cape of San Lucia.
If so, a
passage out might be found, which was needful for taking

the ships out safely while the brigantine was being finished.
THIRD BOAT VOYAGE.
73
VI.
Third Voyage of Discovery in
the
Boat " Nuestra
Sefiora
de Guia^\
Pedro Sarmiento
December
Pilots,
set
out
on Tuesday, the 29th of

boat " Nuestra Sefiora de
days.
1579, with Anton Pablos and Hernando Lamero,

in the
and twelve men,

provisions
Guia", with
for
ten
They
left
Port
Bermejo to discover the channel, which appeared to turn

S.E. from Port Bermejo, and ascertain whether there was a channel and port by which the ships might be
taken through safely, without having to return to the
high
sea.
We
made
sail
before a
W.S.W. wind,
an
island
It
steering S.E.
by
E. for 2 leagues, as far as
which extends a
league N.N.E. and S.S.W.
was named "Los Innocentes", and followed
because we
left it
the
day
after their feast,
the channel S.E.

east
another 4 leagues to a point on the
coast to
this
the east of the inlet of
La Concepcion.
"
Behind
point, which we named the point of
San
Juan", to the north, the coast forms a creek, where
made
fast
and
slept there, stationing a
good guard,
as
we we
is
always
did.
To
the S.S.E. of the island of Los Innocentes there

is
large entrance to a channel which, in our belief,
the one
which leads from the bay of Guadalupe, as before
said.
To
the north-east of the Innocents there
is
a large
channel, where
we stopped and remained
that night, and
which we believed to be the one which comes from the bay
and channel of San Andres.

point of San Juan there
is
league to the N.E. of the
the
mouth of a channel, which
74
THIRD BOAT VOYAGE.
should be the channel of San Andres coming from Concepcion.
In this bay, where
we passed
the night, there
is
great depth.
On Wednesday,
the 30th of December,
we
left
the bay
under sail, steering S.E., and having proceeded and a half across a wide bay, we entered a narrow of 300
for a league
paces in width.
In this
strait
there
is
a point, behind
which there
is
a bay where there are 20 fathoms, sandy

it is
bottom, and a cable nearer the island

is
stony.
The bay
called
it
sheltered from the sea and from

"
all
winds.
We
the port of
Ochavario".^
From
and
the strait the channel begins to widen
by
little
little
towards the S.S.E.

"
for
two leagues
to an island
which we called the
Island of
Two
to
Channels", because
here the channel divides into two branches.

right runs for 3 leagues S.
by W.
left
That on the a point we called " San

strait
full
Estevan", and that on the

point
goes S.S.E. for a league to a
we named " San Antonio".
Between the
and the
of low
Island of
Two
Channels the coast forms a bay,
wooded
islets.
Proceeding down the channel to S.S.E. for half a league,

another channel opens to the
middle, beyond which
it
east,
with an
:
islet in
the
divides into two
one going east

from the Brazo
islet
towards the snowy mountains and the other north, which

is,
think, the
one which branches
off
Ancho
there
is
of the channel of Concepcion.
South of the
it
another large island, and to the east of
these two
branches reunite to S.S.E., which was our course.

a league from the point of the Island of
island
is
About
Two
is
Channels the
divided in two, and a channel
formed, which
connects that of San Estevan with that to the S.W.
At
forty
the east point in the channel, a cable from the island, there
are 15 fathoms rocky bottom, and a
little
further
In 50 41'
S.
on the Admiralty Chart.
EASTERN SIDE OF THE CHANNEL.

fathoms.
75
braced up.
Here a ship could be alongside with yards From point San Antonio the coast turns
is
S.S.W.
East and west with the point of San Antonio^ there

islet
an
forming a
little
creek, where there are 20 fathoms,

little
with clean sandy bottom, half a cable from the land, a

further out,
stony,
and
then 40 to
islet
50
is
fathoms, clean
a rock and
bottom.
At
the point of the
there
abed
of sea-weeds, and close to the rock

cable further there
fathoms, a half
being
12 fathoms, then 20 fathoms.
East of a stream of fresh water, which descends from a

hill
inland,
and a
little
more than a
island,
cable's length
from
is
the land, there are 25
fathoms, clean bottom.
There
called "
anchorage to the south of the
which we
El
Surgidero", and on opening the channel from the north,
two cables from the island, there are 50 fathoms mud. A league and a half from the point of San Antonio the coast trends S.S.E., and in this part, on the east coast,
which
is
on the
left
hand, there
is
a large bay, with
much
depth at the entrance.

fathoms, and within
7,
Ne^r the sea-weed there are 6 It is 8, and 9, sand and ooze.

It
entered by the west, and has an outlet to the south.

is
surrounded by sandy beaches and sea-weed.
In the
called
south channel there are 10 fathoms

this
gravel.
it
We
bay
"
Bahia Buena", or
"
Puerto Bueno",^
being both
the one and the other.
From
named
"
the
Bahia Buena, on the
left
hand
coast,
discovered a point half a league to the S.S.E., which
we we
Punta Delgada" because
it is
low, with beaches
and
a low coast.
appears, which
From this we called
point,
"
on the same side, another San Marcos",^ S.S.E. one league.
In 50
In 51
54' S.

chart.
In 51 S. on the chart.
4' S.
on the
'j6
EASTERN SIDE OF THE CHANNEL.

opposite coast
is parallel, and is higher, with some snow on the mountains, while the eastern side is lower, and is indented with more bays. Before arriving at the point of San Marcos there is a mouth opening from the Gran Brazo, and a bay, where we took the altitude. Sarmiento and Anton Pablos made it 51, and Lamero 51 15'. We
The
called the place " Caleta del Altura".
leagues to the south, which
Beyond the point of San Marcos there is a point three we named " San Lucas", and
is
on the opposite side of the channel, a league N.N.W.,

there
a large bay with a beach.
It
appeared to be an
it.
anchorage, but
there
is
we
did not go nearer to
To W.N.W.
another opening on the right-hand coast, where
the channel of San Estevan joins, and this opening com-
municates with the bay of Monte de Trigo, and thence

[continues as the Channel of the Archipelago.
league and a half more to the south there
is
another
point,
which we named "San Mateo", and from that point to

is
seen, one league and a half to San Vicente". Between the two the south. points a great arm of the sea opens, and to S.E. of it there
the south another point
We called
it
"
is
a long point.
main channel.
point
To the west of it a channel enters the From the point of San Vicente,^ a low
came in sight to south, which we named " San Pablo",^ and between them are two bays. On this day, Wednesday, we had a north wind, while the currents were against the
wind during the greater part of the day. there was another low point, two leagues
"
To
the south
distant, called
San Baltasar", and between the two points there is a bay on the main land, full of wooded islets and rocks.
The
coast consists of bluff heights of grey rock, bare
from half way up.
Here, too, there was a bay which
In 51
31',
and nearly
74
W. on
the chart.
SNOWY MOUNTAINS.
we
called "
J'J
San Melchior", where we passed Wednesday
night.
Thursday was the 31st of December.

under
sail
We
left
the bay
and, half a league further on,

"
which we named
in the
in coast
we came to a point San Gaspar", where there are two islets
middle of the channel.
From
this point the left-hand
continues to trend south for 400 paces, and there

its
takes a turn, changing

"
direction.
W"e named
it,
this angle
Point Gracias d Dios", and opposite to
on the right-hand
side of the channel, there are
two
inlets
which appeared to
be ports.
across.
The channel
Off
is
here barely a quarter of a league
this point there are
30 fathoms, clean bottom,

is
at half a cable
from the shore, and at a cable there

the point the channel
turns
no
a
bottom.
From
S.S.E.,
quarter southerly.
From
and
"
Gracias a Dios another point
is
discovered, 300
paces on the same bearing, which was

at a league's distance
named "San Bernabe", another point projects, named
San Bartolome".
is
From
Gracias a Dios to this place the
distance
a league.
To
like
side, there is a
bay
by W., on the right-hand an arm of the sea, and beyond it,

the S.W.
island,
is
on the same bearing, rather a large black-looking

north and south, in the middle of which there
a
hill
which
)
we
called "
Pan de Azucar".
Here the channel
is
scarcely
half a league across.
From
sight
called "
the Point of
San Bernabe another point came

coast,
in
on the same bearing, on the left-hand
which we
is
San
Benito", and between
them there
a bay,
curving like a bow, with an inlet in the centre, leading up

to the
snowy mountains, which appeared very high and

peaks.
with
many
One
of the peaks looked like a six-
pointed crown, and another to the south resembled the
hand of Judas open, and seen from behind. There was much snow. The upper snow was white, and the lower was blue, like verdigrease. Where there was no snow the

78
INTRICATE CHANNELS.
This
is
mountains were black.
the mountain chain of the
main
land, but all the rest of the land to the westward,
whither
we have been going
to explore,
is
archipelago, and
land broken into pieces.
little
before arriving at the point of San Benito, on the
right-hand side, between three small beaches the length of

the boat, at a cable from the shore, there are 40 fathoms
sandy bottom
25 fathoms
and two and
boat's lengths nearer

shells.
the
shore
clean ground, with
Close to the rocks
there are 3 fathoms,
in front of a beach,
more
to the
S.W., two boat's lengths from the shore, there are 12 fathoms
shells.
Within the same bay near the rocks, 7 fathoms

lie
clean ground, so that a ship could
close to the beach.
Among
the beds of sea-weed in the middle of the bay,

5
there are
fathoms
last,
stony ground.
;
Between the
central
beach and the

10 fathoms
half a cable from the shore, there are
clean bottom
islets
and
in front of the third beach,
16 fathoms.
At
strait,
this point of
with four
San Benito the channel becomes a narrow and rocks in it, and a bed of sea-weed.
are near the point to the east, and the
Three of the
islets
other on the west side.
The main channel

islets,
is
between the
is
three and the one nearer to the three
where there
a wider space, without sea-weed.

6, 7, 8,
The channel
It
here has
and 10 fathoms
clean bottom.
might be used as
is little
a port, keeping clear of the sea-weed, where there
depth, especially where there are thick places on the west

side.
Here there
is
a rock amongst the sea-weed, the sides
only appearing, which are awash.
From
these reefs
among
the beds of sea-weed the channel follows the

for 2 leagues,
same direction
where a long low point runs out on the
right-hand side, which

islet to
we
called
"Santa Catalina", having an
the east of
it
and a bank to the south.
Here the
channel unites which comes from the sea-weed reefs near

the
snowy mountains, and a channel
is
formed over 4 leagues
79
in width.
From
point Santa Catalina, a bay, in the

if it
manner
of a channel, turns S.W., and looks as
parted the land,
and
an
it is
true that
it
does part
it.
Haifa league
islet,
to the N.E. of point
Santa Catalina there
is
and
this islet
to the south of it a reef above water, and between and the point the channel is deep and navigable.
it
Round
little
the point, close to
on the S.W., there are some
bays suitable for brigantines and boats. Three leagues beyond, to the E.S.E., a point runs out
with high land.

this
We went there to pass the night. On day there were great changes in the weather. It
;
began clear with a very hot sun
presently
it
it
clouded over,
calm.
with a northerly breeze, and afterwards
fell
At
noon the wind began to blow from the south and raised a
sea.
We
found the currents sometimes south and at others
north, according to winds
and
tides.
The
part of the
channel
we
traversed, from the bays near Santa Catalina
to the hill
where we passed the night, has a length of four
leagues.
We called it the "Hill of the New Year,"^ because we

New
Year's eve.
arrived there on
On the day of the circumcrosses
cision of Jesus Christ,
we
set
up two
Pilots
on the point
for his
of the
hill,
and Pedro Sarmiento took possession

the
Majesty, in presence of
Anton Pablos and
Hernando Lamero, and the rest of the boat's crew. The multitude of islands and broken lands continues to this point, where we came on the snow mountains of the main land which come down to the sea here.^ It is to be noted that there is a better channel between the snowy mountains of the main land and the islets that are between
Santa Catalina and the
true that
reefs of the
sea-weed beds.
but
It is
we
did not pass
down
this channel,
we saw
In 52
8'
S.
on the chart.
On
the chart they have been
named
" Cordillera of
Sarmiento"
(snow capped), from 51
34' to 52 10' S., long. ']f 30'
W.

8o
THE BAY WITHOUT AN OUTLET.

it
both ends of
where they unite with the channel down
which we went.
east
The
front of this hill of the
New Year,
on
the north side looking towards the
snowy mountains, runs
and west from point
to point about half a league.
Here the inlets and beaches of pebbles form a curve.

the place where
cables, there
is
From
it
we
set
up the
crosses,
N.W. about two

and
for the
a small
is
islet,
and the channel between
the main land
deep and clean, suitable
passage
of ships.
At
the S.E. of this beach of the crosses, at a distance of
two leagues, there runs out into the channel the snowtopped chain of the main land.
white patch on
it
like
snow, which
Near the sea there was a is a waterfall making
foam, and there are
many
such about here.

is
From
the
middle of the snow upwards there

blue snow, resembling turquoise.
a great patch of very
This
hill
of the
New Year, from
the east, curves round to

first
S.E. and S.S.E. for a league as far as the
ravine,
down
this
which a
river
descends from the summit, and east of
river a large
opening appears about two leagues

it
off.
We
went
there,
and found
to be a
bay without any
outlet,^
Ensenada sin salida^

is
p.
142 of Spanish edition.
Chart there
Ancon
sin salida in 52 14' S.,

;
and T^
On the Admiralty " The 20' W.
mountain of A no nuevo cannot be mistaken indeed the whole of the coast is so well described by the ancient mariner (Sarmiento) that we
have
little
visited.
{^Voyage
determining the greater number of places he we have, of course, preserved his names." of Adventure and Beagle^ i, p. 262.) The Ensenada sin
difficulty in
all
In
cases
salida
was found, by Captain King's surveyors,
to extend so far into
the interior, that the most minute investigation of the numerous
sounds and channels was made, in the perfect conviction of finding a communication with Skyring Water. But after a patient, minute, and laborious survey, Lieut. Skyring was obliged to give up the search and The farthest bay was called Obstruction Sound, and the return. whole labyrinth of channels forms one of the most remarkable geographical features in this part of South America. R. G. S. /., i,
p. 164.
THE MOUNTAIN OF PRAYER.
which ends with a turn to the north a league further on. As we were embayed, we went back by the way we came,
and were much annoyed.
This gulf has four
islets
islets,
which
forms
form channels, and the bay, westward from the

beaches of sand for more than a league and a
as the high hill of the
half, as far
New
hill,
curving round to the
Here there is a beach whither we went this same day,

Year,
which was Friday, the
1st
of January 1580.
We
passed
the sleeping place at a distance, and went to a bay west-
ward by the
outlet.
hill,
which we also found to be without an
low land behind,
Here we passed the night. It is a beach, with a flat, and liable to be overflowed. In this
is is
bay there are eighteen deep inlets. On this coast there much sea-weed, and where it is met with the water
shallow.
It
should be avoided whenever
it is
seen.
On
went
Saturday, the 2nd of January,

to another,
which was a
little
we left this bay and more than a league to
the west, also low land, except the point between them.
report whether the sea
Here Sarmiento sent two men up a very high mountain to was in sight or the channel on the
other side to the west, but they could not see anything.
We entered this bay, and left it to go to another near it, and saw that they were all without outlets. Pedro Sarmiento and Hernando Lamero, the Chief Pilot of the
Almiranta^ then climbed up a very high mountain to survey
Towards the west, over the land, they saw a wide and straight arm of the sea running N.N.W. S.S.E.
land and sea.
We
called this
mountain the
"
Mountain of Prayer", be-
cause here
cross,
we commended
still
ourselves to
God and
set
up a
and Pedro Sarmiento took possession
for his Majesty.
Climbing up
large
higher they discovered a bay, which forms

it
the aforesaid arm, and counted in
thirty-three islands,
and
small.
All round there were
many bays and

we left arm of the
F
channels, apparently narrow.
After the bay, where
the boat, the mountains form an inlet where an
82
SUFFERINGS FROM COLD.
sea unites with another on this side, so that a boat could

pass
shot.
;
the distance between them being about an arquebus
Anton Pablos passed from one to the other while we

this day,
were ascending the mountain.
On
Saturday, there was a north wind, and such
a dense fog, that
we who were on
the mountain, though
close together, could not see each other,
and we found each

In
all
other by taking a bearing with a compass.
these
days we experienced heavy rains and great cold, and at

night
it
gave us much trouble to make a
fire,
and
to
warm
ourselves
we got
live.
into the fire

it,
shoes without feeling
for in
and burnt our clothes and no other way could we have
continued to
The
sailors suffered
more
especially, for
the poor fellows arrived wet and tired with rowing, and
without the means of changing their clothes
for the boat,
being small, there was no room for spare clothing, and very
little
for the provisions.
For we always had to be very

out,
careful in serving
ever,
them
and
this
time more so than

shell fish
endeavouring to eke them out with
and sea-
weed.
Often we could not find any, as when we came to a

coast,
;
rough
places
which they do not frequent except

collect these shells
in sheltered
and on those days when we were
in the
open sea
cold,
we could not
although they were there.

rain,
All this night there was
much
and
it
was very
because the wind was west.
On Wednesday,
this
the 3rd of January,

Prayer".
It
we departed from
that, after
bay of the
"
blew from the west very
cold, turning to
N.W., and raising such a sea
we
had gone about a league, by the exertion of tremendous force and much labour on the part of the sailors who were pulling, we were obliged to run before it, to seek some
shelter, that
we might not be swamped and
perish.
We ran
We
in
behind a reef which just gave the shelter of the rocks be expended.
until the first fury of the blast should
called
them the
" Pefias
de Altura".
But we were unable
PROGRESS
DOWN THE NORTH CHANNEL.
83
to leave this shelter during the whole day, for the storm
was such that even very large ships could not have faced
it.
Here we waited a day and a night. On Monday, the 4th of January, the sea had gone down
still
a great deal, although there were
violent storms from
the
W. and W.S.W.
Nevertheless
we
set out,
keeping
close to the west coast, crossing the bays
and openings
us,
from point to point, sometimes having the current with
and sometimes against

often lost as
us.
The labour
of the sailors
it
pulled the oars was tremendous, and even as
who was we
favour of
much as we gained. We, however, with the God, made seven leagues that day. It did not
coming
rain except in the morning, the drizzling showers
with the cold
W. and W.S.W. squalls. Tuesday, On the 5th, we left the place where we had passed the night, and pulled, with much difficulty, by the
north channel, entering another which turned to the west,
between which and the Punta Larga there

of
is
an archipelego
a great bay,
many
small islands as far as the point a league to the

is
west,
and between the two points there
between which and the Punta Larga are

islands.
many low-wooded
the distance
is
'
From
this
"
West
Point^ to another at a distance

al Oeste",^
which we called
one league.
Punta de Mas
fine,
This day was

rule the
with wind from N.W. to

in
W.S.W., but as a
wind blows
it
the direction of
the channels, so that although
was one wind, there ap-
pears to be a different one at the
mouth of each
channel,
blowing
in
the direction of the channel.
From
the
sea which
West Point we discovered a curve in land and we called " Archipelago", strewn with many little

In 51 35' S. on the chart, at the north end of an island twenty-
four miles long, called Piazzi Island on the chart, between Sarmiento
Channel,
Beagle^
i,
and Smyth Channel,
W. See
Voyage of Adventure and
p. 260.
F 2
84
islets
FURTHER EXPLORATION.
and
rocks,
which we judged to be ten leagues

cape
is
across.
From
this point a
is
in sight at a great distance to
the west, which
the land continuous with the
Cape of
Santa Lucia, that we discovered from the open sea on our

second boat voyage.
This Archipelago
is
in a circular bay,
and from the West
Point the coast trends for two leagues W.S.W., at the end
of which distance there
is
the
mouth of the channel^ which
we West Point we navigated

some
rocks.
little islets,
discovered from the Mountain of Prayer.
From
this
to the east^ for three leagues,
through the midst of the Archipelago, when we reached
where we passed the night among some

seals
There were many

de Lobos''.^
which did nothing

therefore,
all
night
but bellow like calves.

" Islas
We,
named
left
the place
On Wednesday,
Lobos and went
the 6th of January,
we
the Islas de
for three leagues to a
group of numerous
a reef surrounded
is
small and large islands, to the north of which, near the
outermost by which we passed, there
is
by beds of sea-weed.
it
!
When
"
this sea- weed
seen, fly from
From
this point the
Hand
mountain chain to the E.S.E. are

last of these islets there is a bluff
snowy Beyond the greyish cape, to which we

of Judas" and the
in sight. la Victoria".^
It is
gave the name of

black, but has
"
Nuestra Senora de
many
patches striped with white on the side
facing the archipelago, with thick
woods lower down, the

passes from the archilast
upper part being bare.

towards the open sea
channel Cape Victoria
To one who
in
is
pelago by this route the cape appears to be the

that direction.
land
When
in
mid-
on with another cape on the other

^
Entrance
to
Smyth's Channel
West
.?
In 51 34' to 51 27' S. on the chart, a chain of islets ten miles

52'
long S.W. to N.E. * In 51 37' S. on the chart, and 74

high.
W.
long.,
about 2,ico feet
VIEW OF THE OPEN

side,
SEA.
8$
las
last
which we named the cape of

5
"
Nuestra Sefiora de
;
Virtudes'7 N.E. and S.W.
leagues
and from the
island of the archipelago to
Cape Victoria a league and a
half
From
steered
the island with the reef and bed of sea-weed
we
W.N.W. two
;
leagues to a bay on the coast, and here
we landed
to the
because we had
sea,
now opened
the reach leading

side,
open
and saw the capes on either
forming
the entrance to the channel.
Pedro Sarmiento, Hernando
Lamero, and Anton Pablos, then went up a high mountain
by a very bad
road, being in danger of falling
down
precipices.
From
the
the capes and bays
We
named
top we took the bearings of all we could discern from that position. mountain " San Jusepe", and from it we had
the
a round of angles with the compass.
The Cape
Victoria
is
N. by
W.
(S.
by E. ?) from the
mountain of San Jusepe, distant two leagues, nothing that we observed between and another cape beyond, bearing
;
from San Jusepe, N.W. by N. (S.E. by E.

"
?)
was named
island,
Santa
Isabel".^
The
land of
there being a channel between
Cape Victoria is an it and Cape Santa
Isabel,
with
many islets and reefs in the middle. From the mountain of San Jusepe, the cape with that of Santa Lucia, which we discovered
continuous
during our
this
second boat voyage, was W.S.W. 4 leagues.
Between
cape and that of Santa Lucia there are two great bays,
many islets and reefs.^ Having made this survey, we went down the mountain by so rugged a descent that we were in danger of falling over a precipice at every step but God delivered us from To Him this danger as He had done from many others.
which contain
;
In 51 31' S.
Strait
50'
The channel between
these two capes
is
called
Nelson
2 3
In 51
In 51 30'
on the chart. S. on the chart. S. on the chart, and 75
23'
W.
86 be
REFUGE FROM A GALE.

infinite thanks.
Amen
As
it
was
late before
we got
night there.
and we were wet through, we passed the Here the pilots agreed that the chart plotted by Pedro Sarmiento, and his descriptions, were correct in every particular. On Thursday, the 7th, we left the bay of San Jusepe, and, in a great storm, we rowed towards the north east for six leagues, between islands and the main land, against wind and current, and with many showers of rain. We stopped for the night in a bay W.S.W. of the Cape of Las Virtudes. On Friday, the 8th, we left this bay, and rowed round the Cape Las Virtudes with a strong north wind, heavy sea, With great difficulty we got great cold, and much rain. round, and found two large bays full of islets and rocks and
to the bay,
down
broken land.
Having rounded the

is
point,
we discovered
another point two leagues to the N.E. by N., and between
one point and the other there

islands.
a great bay with
many
in
All the land

is
is
broken up with channels, and
every channel there

hard.
It is
a different wind, generally blowing

all
a coast nearly
rocky, and the water deep
with foul bottom.

mid-channel,
is
Here the
direction of the channel, at
N.E. and S.W.
This day
it
blew so hard
cold, that
it
from the north, with a heavy
sea, rain, hail,
and
was impossible
lose
to
go forward, and to go back would be to
much.
it
In order not to lose what

to gain,
had cost us so much labour

sail,
we determined
to proceed with a reefed
and
we went on an E.N.E. course for three leagues. We were then obliged to haul down the sail, and we began to
thus
row round a
point, so as to find shelter
from the storm and
With great strength of arm the good and valiant sailors stemmed the current and doubled a cape which a galley would have found it hard work to get round. As the gale continued to increase in force we were obliged
contrary current.
to take refuge in a
bay
for the night.
THE MORRO DE LA ZORRA.
87
this
On
Saturday, the
9th,
we departed from
place,
which we called "Monte de Trigo'V because there was a hill overhanging it, which looked like a heap of corn. Before
starting,
we took
is
the bearing of the channel
of
Estevan,^ which
at the
first
the one
we had
left
on the right
San hand
Island of
Two
is
Channels.
We
then doubled the
point,
"
which
a league from the bay, and which
we named
San
it.
Bias".
and S.E. from
From
The Cape of Mercedes bears N.W. the point of San Bias the channel
point, N.
and coast continue to another

one league, and
has some
and
S.
one league,
which we named "San Luis". Here the width of the channel

is
coast.
more over on the east From Cape San Luis the coast trends to N.W. and
it
islets
S.W.
About
is
half a league N.
hill,
a high, rounded
by E. of Cape San Luis there with a patch of snow on the S.E.

legs, as
side
if it
which had the figure of an animal with four
was browsing, and a
fox's
tail.
For
this reason
we
called the hill "
Morro de
la Zorra".^
On
the coast in front

15,
of
it
there
is
a bay with soundings in 30, 20,

It
is
and 10
fathoms
south,
west.
stony bottom.
at the back,
sheltered from north and
and
which
in this part is
towards the
to proceed
This day was so
fine that
we determined
S. to
for a bit
under
sail.
It
blew from
hail.
S.W. and W., with
cold rain showers and
some
We
reached an encamp-
ment
three leagues to the
south of the Island of

it
Two
Channels.
During the night

currents
rained and blew furiously
from the north well into Sunday morning.

with
We
had met
us.
many
which had sometimes detained
Voyage of Adventure and Beagle^ i, p. 264. the chart in long. 74 20' W., lat. 50 50' to 51 25' S. 2 Captain Fitz Roy's surveyors sought for some mark by which to recognise the " Monte de la Zorra". In the white part of the cliff they Voyage of the Adventure and fancied some resemblance to an animal. Beagle^ i, p. 265 (August 1829).
^
On
88
DANGEROUS NAVIGATION.
us,
especially in rounding the points, while others helped
according to the ebb and flow of the
tide.
On
beats
Sunday, the
-i^zlii
of January, in spite of the rainy
weather,
we down
set out
with the
men
at the oars, for the rain

it
the sea.
Presently
began to blow from N.

rain,
and N.E., with much cold and

against us.
the current being

sailors
This was severe work for the
who
pulled, even breaking their oars, without advancing a hand's
breadth.
It
was hard
to lose
what had
cost us so
many
drops of blood to gain, for by not being able to reach a port
we were often in danger of being drowned. Besides this, we now had no provisions left, for the ten days were passed for which we had taken rations, and some of us now felt very weak and feeble. We could not even find shellfish,
as they only thrive
where there
is
is
shelter.
Add
to all this
that the whole coast

spite of all these
steep
to,
and no soundings.
In
drawbacks and hardships we that day
reached some
islets,
and on one of them we saw two

it
otters,
one very
fat,
so that
could not get away.
Monday, the nth of the month, began with fair weather. We started from the sleeping place and made for the strait, a little after noon sighting Concepcion and Bermejo. We wanted to reach the island of Los Innocentes^ with calm weather, but as it was still distant it would be late. As the tide and wind served we made sail, but suddenly it blew from the S.W. and W.S.W., and the sea rose so that
a large ship would have sought a harbour,
if
there was one.
But we, although we wished to take

impossible.
shelter, could not
do
so without peril of our lives, and to reach the island was
We
therefore
and, confident in his pity,
commended ourselves to God, we ventured to cross the gulf of

watching the
seas,
Concepcion
to the other side, the pilots
sometimes
luffing up, at others easing off the sheets
and
On
the chart in 50 32' S.
and
74 51'
W.
RETURN TO PUERTO BERMEJO.
89
running, while the sailors bailed out the water which the
waves poured into the
little
boat,
which was safeguarded
by our Lady of Guidance, whose name had been given to By her favour we arrived, before dark, in a bay which it.
is
N.E. of Hocico de Caiman.
At
sunset the sailors, after
eating a meagre mouthful, determined to go that night to
the ships, the distance being scarcely a mile.

oars they reached Hocico de Caiman,
Taking the
doubling the
and
in
point
we encountered such wind and sea that it was imAs the night was now advanced, we possible to proceed.
went back to shelter round the
point, where, feeling our
way
like the blind,
we found
a sheltering heap of stones,

night.
in
fair
where we made a
fire
and passed the

at early
Tuesday, the 12th of the month, we departed

weather, as there generally
is
morning, and arrived,
God
helping, at the port of Bermejo,

in
companions
good
health.
where we found our They had completed the

at
it.
brigantine, all having
worked very well
We rejoiced,
the weather
one party with another, because the one thought that

something had happened to the other.
sea might have
As
had been so bad, those in the ships feared that
some heavy
swamped
the boat, and they were thinking
of going in search of us as they ought.

difficulty
But there was a
because the Admiral and some of those on board
the Almiranta said that they would go, while
Hernando
For he
Alonso, the Pilot, said
"
No !"
that he would go.
understood that
those
of the Almiranta had no other
intention than to go out in the brigantine to

chose,
any place they
whence to return in two days and say that the General was lost, and go back to Chile. This would have been an evil thing, injurious to the service of God our Lord
and of your Majesty.

It is
Having
arrived
this
day, their
wicked intention did not take
effect.
worthy of notice by those who
may come
this
way,
that their ships ought to be well supplied with anchors and
90
END OF THE THIRD BOAT VOYAGE.

;
cables, for they are very necessary in this country
seeing
squalls
that the sea
is
very deep, and that there are
many
of wind and very heavy gales, as well as cross currents.
For each channel throughout

current.
this
archipelago has
its
In this third boat voyage
we
suffered very great
hardships, the chief trouble
being that
we
in
did not find
secure harbours nor clear channels through which to take
the ship.
We, however, achieved much
discovering the
by the south of Cape Santa Lucia.^ But for certain that, by the other outlet, we should have come out in the strait, which was what we
outlet to the sea
Pedro Sarmiento held

sought.2
Now
That
called
is
Nelson Strait on the chart. before he reached the " Ensenada sin salida", which
destroyed his hopes.
WASTE OF PROVISIONS.
91
VII.
Voyage
to the
Strait of Magellan,
'
Desertion
of the
^^
A/miranta".
Pedro Sarmiento, having

the pilots
returned to the ships with
and
his other connpanions,
he visited the bread
rooms and provision holds of the ships, for it had been reported to him that there had been disorder in his
absence.
Especially the Admiral had ordered the rations

It
i
of bread for the soldiers to be increased.

ID ounces, and he caused those
it
had been
to be increased to
pound
for
who remained
in the ship,
without considering the
future, or
showing respect
for the
misery that Sarmiento

in the boat.
and
It
his
companions were enduring
sole
was known, from what transpired afterwards, that the object of Juan de Villalobos was to consume and make
an end of the provisions quickly, so that

obliged to return
to
Chile,
we might be
with the excuse that they
returned for want of food, and that they could not go on
without
it.
the lives of those
help in his
Thus he sought to make friends at the cost of who were away working, that they might evil schemes, as it afterwards became known.
Pedro Sarmiento, learning that there had been undue consumption of provisions on board the Almiranta, inspected
her,
and put
right
what was amiss.
He entrusted
the keys,
which the dispenser and storekeeper had kept, to one single

person,
namely the Chief
Pilot, that the distribution
might
be made under his hand, and that he might have charge of

the keys in serving out the rations.
On board the
Capitana
he disrated the Purser, Juan de Sagasti,^

1 His pay was stopped, and he was (Cape Verdes) on the way home.
for seditious con-
finally
turned adrift at Santiago
92
duct,
VARIATION OF THE COMPASS.

and
for not taking
proper care of the provisions, and
appointed another more diligent and faithful dispenser^ in

his place.
rations.
"
He
For
then ordered a return to the former scale of
it is
much more worthy
that they should say
Here such an one suffered hunger but did his duty to God and the King", than that they should say, " he consumed the victuals in a disorderly way, and did not perform the duty on which he was sent." There were seditious murmurs against this reform, which
afterwards reached a dangerous point.
enforced,
for
it
But, finally,
it
was
all.
concerned the good and safety of

his
Sarmiento was always determined to die or do

blessed mother St. Mary.
duty
with the help of our Lord Jesus Christ and his most
With
this object, seeing the
length of the road that lay before him, he
made
the best
arrangements
possible
according to
the
understanding
foolish
which God had given him, turning a deaf ear to

words.
In this port Pedro Sarmiento
made a meridian
line
on
the ground, and regulated the compasses, greasing and repairing them, for in the bad and moist weather they had
received
much
injury.
It
is
a notice for
all,
that those
N.,
which were well greased never turned east or west of
beyond that half point that the steel in fluctuating varies from the fleur-de-lys. It is the belief of men with little
experience that there
is
north-easting and north-westing
when
defect
the needle
is
is
well greased
and adjusted.
it
If
any
It
found
in the needle
is
which makes
seem
to turn
in that
way, the secret
not that, and can be remedied.
This appears to have been a sailor named Angel Baltolo, who is list given in the Act of Possession at the He could not write, for he is not among those river San Juan.
^
called "Dispensero" in the
who signed at the end those who came home.
of the voyage, although he
is
in the list of

POSSESSION OF PUERTO BERMEJO.
is
93
not from that supposed cause, but
it is
learned
by habitual
at Puerto
experience.^
It
was said above that when Sarmiento arrived

for the first
Bermejo
but
it
time he took possession for his Majesty,

relate
was forgotten to
here,
that afterwards
he went
through the ceremony again before the Notary, when the

fleet
was anchored
whose testimony
is
as follows
" Possession of
"
the Puerto Bermejo.
On the 27th day of the month of December, being the day of John the Evangelist, of this present year 1579, the illustrious Lord General Pedro Sarmiento, this royal fleet being anchored in the Puerto Bermejo de la Concepcion de Nuestra Senora, in presence of me the undersigned Notary and the usual witnesses, said That although on the 26th of the month of last November, having come on a boat voyage of discovery with the pilots Anton Pablos and Hernando Lamero, with other persons, he had taken and took possession of this port and district yet as at that time there was no Notary present who could testify to it, and as now there is, he said that he took and takes, seized and seizes real and valid possession of this the said port, to which he had given and gives the name of Puerto Bermejo de la Concepcion de Nuestra Senora, and of all its territories, channels, gulfs, ports, and bays, and navigable waters, and places, and puts them under the dominion, lordship, and proprietorship of the very Catholic and very Powerful Lord Don Philip II, King of Castille and Leon and their dependencies, and of his heirs and successors, as a thing
St.
:
^ In other words, Sarmiento did not believe in the variation of the compass, but held that when the needle deviated from the north point, it was due to some mechanical and remediable cause. Burney, however, gives reasons for the conclusion that there was no variation at Puerto Bermejo in the time of Sarmiento. Sir John Narborough found it to be 14 E. in 1670, in this neighbourhood,
increasing
1 in
eleven years.
There would be no variation
in 15 16,
and only
1579; which would be too small an error for Sarmiento to detect with his rough instruments. It would seem that
4 in
he was led
to
doubt the existence of variation by having found no
variation in this locality.

94
SPEECH OF SARMIENTO.
really
which belongs to them, which
and
truly
is
their
own, being
is
within and included in the demarcation of the
i8o which
within their rights of discovery and conquest according to the
Bull of the
Most Holy Father Pope Alexander VI
as in
it is
more
fully set forth.
The
said possession was taken without opposition
from the natives of the said land, nor from any others.
of possession he set
In sign
of the said
up a great wooden cross on the reef of rocks Puerto Bermejo, and made a great heap of stones at
in
the foot of
it,
which
all
present gave their help.

;
Of which he
asked
all
present that they would be witnesses
said Notary,
would bear testimony pubhcly
in
and that I, the the accustomed

is
form, so as to guard the regal rights, that this port

latitude, S. of the equator.
in 50 30'
There were present as witnesses the
Admiral Juan de Villalobos, the Father Vicar Friar Antonio Guadamiro, the Ensign Juan Gutierrez de Guevara, and the Sergeant Major Pascual Suarez. To all which I give faithful and
true testimony, dated as above.
Pedro Sarmiento before
me
Juan Desquibel
Royal Notary."
was nothing to detain us, the brigantine being completed, and it was necessary to decide by which route the ships could be taken with most safety and the strait discovered with most certainty, Pedro Sarmiento called together the Admiral and Pilots to consider the matter, to
there
As
whom
he made the following address

'
" In this port of
Bermejo de
la
Concepcion', on Sunday, the
17th of January 1580, the illustrious
Lord Pedro Sarmiento,
General of
this fleet of the Strait of
Magellan, caused to assemble
on board this ship, the Capitana, the Chief Pilot Hernando Lamero, and the pilots of this ship, the Capitana, Anton Pablos and Hernando Alonso, in presence of me, the undersigned Notary, and being present assisting at it, the said Lord General and the Admiral Juan de Villalobos, he submitted to them that, as they
had set out three times in boats, to discover the and channels of this region of land and sea, from the port of Rosario, which is in 50" as far as 52" S., to seek for a safe passage, and ports by which these two ships of his Majesty might
well knew, he
coasts
be taken with the

Strait,
least
risk possible,
in
order to discover the
on which service they were sent by the most excellent Lord
OPINIONS OF THE PILOTS.
95
and that the said Hernando Lamero and Anton Pablos, pilots of the said ships, had seen and known by the use of their own eyes the advantages and disadvantages of the routes by the channels and
Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru
;
Don
Pilots
archipelago, or by the
open sea
as prudent persons they are
charged to state their opinions, before

sciences,
God and on
their confor
which route of the two appeared to them the best

strait,
and on what day it would be good to set out from here, for it would be put into execution in conformity with what appeared to them best. Pedro
taking the ships in search of the said
Sarmiento."
"
Reply of the Chief Pilot.

Hernando Lamero answered and Lord General had asked
" Presently the said
follows in reply to what the
said as
'
That
your worship has been on three voyages of discovery, and has seen
the
channels and the risks there

;
may be by one
route or the
other
likewise he
is
a cosmographer, has been two months
among
and those channels, and has seen and become experienced respecting them in that time and during eight or
that archipelago
;
ten days in that port his worship has seen the differences there are
in the weather, freezing
his worship has said
it
and blowing from the S.W.
and by what
in this
appears that
summer
is
approaching
:
region,
and
that this season begins to prevail
which appears
to
me
to
be
certain,
from what we have seen from the time we came

it
here until
now
of the differences in the weather there have been.
I therefore say,
and give
as
my
opinion, by virtue of what the
General has ordered, and of what

stand,
God
has given
me
to under-
and on
my
conscience for the security of the people and of

:
the
fleet
of his Majesty
that the brigantine should leave this port
in search of the strait, and, having seen the opening of the said
strait in 52*" 30',
and seen some port within
it,
and noted the bearand not by the

great
diversity
ings,
should come back to this port for the ships, and that the should then proceed by the open
sea,
ships
archipelagos
and channels because of the

If this should
of
channels and the rarity of anchorages in the channels which the
General went to explore.
not appear good to
your worship by reason of the waste of time or the objection to going far from the ships, or for any other reason, your worship
might order the
fleet to sail
to-morrow, being Monday,
if
the
g6
OPINIONS OF THE PILOTS.
it, or on the first day that the weather by that channel which we know to be open to N.E. S.E. near the Cape of Santiago, and go in search of the strait with the ships and brigantine trying the channels, the weather being favourable that is, the channel in 52 30', and the weather not allowing it, to seek the channel in about 54, and this was said as his opinion and signed with his name Fernando Gallegos Lamero."
weather should serve for

serves
"Reply of Anton Pablos.
"And
then the said Anton Pablos, pilot of this ship Capitana^
incontinently spoke.
He
gave
it
as his opinion that the
ships
ought to go by the channel for greater security, moving from port
working on the experience of had been acquired from the first arrival until to-day. This showed that there is great diversity of weather, so that the sun could be very seldom taken, and little coast could be examined during the second exploring voyage, with very dirty weather, many reefs, no ports, and the coast shut in by fogs. The strait must be searched for as a thing not yet seen by the eyes. Yet as the sun cannot be observed very often there would be much risk for the ships, as on the first night of changing winds and mists there would be danger of losing the brigantine and all on board. Owing to these dangers it was his opinion, before God, and on his conscience, that we should go by the channel discovered to turn to the right and so he signed his name Anton
to port until they reached the strait,
the weather that
Pablos Corzo."
"Reply and Opinion of Hernando Alonzo,

" Next,
:
Pilot.
follows
Hernando Alonso, Pilot of the ship Capitana, spoke as had not seen the coasts and channels discovered during the boat voyages, but from what he had heard his opinion was that it would be good for the safety of the ships if we went by the channel turning to the left to the good port which is said to be Thence the brigantine might be sent to discover the said there. strait as far as 52" 30', where it is said to be, and if it is not found
that he
within the 52 30' the ships should proceed to search for

on.
it
further
by the brigantine, the ships should be brought But, above all, he would subject his to the mouth of the strait.
When found

RESOLUTION TO PROCEED BY THE OPEN SEA.
opinion to that of the Lord General, as a
97
gained experience of the country; and he signed
man who had seen and Hernando
Alonso
before me, Juan de Esquivel, Royal Notary."

opinions, Pedro Sarmiento considered
if
Having seen these
that there were few ports in the channels, that
the weather
was not favourable and moderate there would be danger from the cross currents and other obstacles, and that the
ships should not be left at the
little
disposed for hard work, and
mercy of people who were who might commit the

that storms and dangers
folly of returning to Chile.
He, therefore, resolved to pro-
ceed by the open
sea.
It is true
were to be feared, and with much reason.

region
is
The
sea in this
the most stormy, and has the most violent winds

all
that can be imagined, of
the seas that are navigated in

is
the world.
If
by chance there
one
fine day, presently
there follow another and others, and eight or ten days
of stormy weather.
good weather
present.
for
more At no time is there any certainty of more than the hour when it chances to be
his decision
Sarmiento came to
especially the
on the above grounds,
but chiefly because there were those on board the Almiranta,
Admiral himself and Pascual Suarez the
Serjeant-Major,
who
really
wanted
to
return to
Chile,
under cover of a statement that they had scarcely any

cables or anchors, and that
injured, besides
running short of provisions
what they had were chafed and while, by

;
wintering in Chile, they could be re-victualled, so as to

return
to
prosecute the discoveries

all
the next
summer.
Although Sarmiento suspected

prove
it.
this,
he was unable to
Besides
this,
Lamero and
the Admiral, at different
times, suggested to
Pedro Sarmiento that one ship should

replied
be
left
in
Puerto Bermejo, while the other went to the

that he
strait.
Sarmiento
Excellency had ordered and what would be
would do what his best, which
was that both should proceed
in
company, so that one
98
FURIOUS GALE.
should see the other, and so that they might help each other, especially that if an enemy was encountered they
might have greater force with which to
resist
and attack
which
him
also
if
one ship was
in danger, or if
anything happened
:
to one that the other
might go on to Spain
for the
for all
reasons
it
was necessary
From what
the Admiral said,
two ships to keep company. Sarmiento suspected that he
intended to desert with the rest of the people in his ship
and abandon the discovery.
He. therefore, thought that

to avoid greater evils, to
it
would be the best course,
go to
sea with the ships, although he foresaw the bad weather.
So we departed from Puerto Bermejo with
the two ships
and the brigantine, on Thursday, the 2ist of January 1580. The Pilot Hernando Alonso, six seamen, and a soldier,
went
which
in the
is
brigantine.
We
started with a
;
N.W. wind,
it is
a furious and persistent one
but to go out
necessary to have a N., N.W., or
West wind, and

them blows
these are
there
is
so furious that whenever any one of

storm.
We
sea,
went down the channel to the S.W. as
far as the
point of Santiago, and as
we should then be in the open where there are usually gales of wind, we gave a tow
Presently the Capitana
rope to the brigantine so as not to lose her, and thus she

followed astern of the Capitana.
began to
luff,^
standing out to avoid the reefs of the Roca
Partida, which are
numerous and run
far
out to sea, and to
double the cape of Santa Lucia, where Pedro Sarmiento
had ordered the Admiral to
wait, so that
in
we might
join
company
in that
bay.
Late
the afternoon the wind

fury,
began to blow from the W.N.W. and N.W. with such and raised such a sea, that it was fearful to behold.
We
own pected every moment

could not hold our
in
spite of all our efforts,
and ex-
to
be our
last.
The Almiranta
Ir a orza.
THE BRlGANTlNE
began to make
in
IN DANGER.
fail
99
to be
for the land,
where she could not
danger from the rocks on that coast, contrary to the
orders from the Captain-Superior, while she might perfectly
have followed the motions of the Capitana by going on the

other tack and standing out to sea, which was the safest
course.
At
nightfall
it
blew
still
more
furiously,
and the
Capitana was careful to show a light for the Almiranta

that she might follow and not be lost sight
of,
the Almi-
ranta answering with another
light,
which was seen astern

Puerto Bermejo.^
from time to time, and seemed to indicate that she was
making
calling
for
cape Santiago or
for
On
board the Capitana they went
in great
anxiety and danger,
on God our Lord, on His most blessed Mother, and

for us with
on the Saints, that they would intercede
our
Lord Jesus Christ, so that He might have mercy upon us. The wind still increased, and the little sail we had shown on the foremast had been blown to pieces, so that we had no small sail for running, and showed no sail on the foremast. The seas came in on one side and washed out on the other, making clean sweeps from stern to bow, so that
there was nothing that
had not been under water.
As
the brigantine was small, and the ship gave
many
from
great lurches at each blow from the sea, she was in the
greatest danger,
and those on board cried out

it
for help
the ship, so that
gave us great grief to hear their shouts
and sorrowful words, especially when the darkness precluded

our giving help, without the risk of being lost ourselves.
We
tried to
encourage them from the ship, saying that
it
would soon be daylight, when we would take them on

1 Lopez Vaz says that the Almirafita went south as far as 58, being a degree further than Sir Francis Drake went. She then abandoned her consort, and made the best of her way back to Callao. Argensola tells a tale of treachery perpetrated by the people of the Altniranta on the natives, at the island of Mocha, off the coast of Chile.
Argensola^
p. 120.
100
CREW OF THE BRIGANTINE

ship.
sail
SAVED.
board the
to,
As soon
as
it
was day the ship was hove
and the
shortened under circumstances of great
danger, in order to succour the people in the brigantine.
By working
fast,
the windlass to which the tow rope was
the brigantine was brought up alongside,

ship's
heavy seas dashed her against the

feared
we should founder from

this
the blows.
for a sailor
in,
we thought
had happened,
made when the side so that we For a moment came up from
below saying that we were stove

in the
and that the pump

believed,
would not suck, because the water was stopped somewhere

bread-room.
At
first
this
was
and caused
much alarm among many,

examined, and
it
until the state of affairs

so.
was
Then all recovered their presence of mind, commending themselves We registered a vow to make to our Lady of Guadalupe. Then we began to a present of wax to her holy house.
turned out not to be
throw ropes, planks, and

tine, for
floats to the
people in the brigan-
them
to
make themselves
fast
and be hauled on
the brigantine (for
board the
ship.
But as the sea was very high, and the
rolling of the ship threatened to

in this there
swamp
was greater danger than from the waves) none

floats.
of them could get hold of the ropes or
Those on
board the ship shouted to them, and told them to

themselves to
One
of the
commend God who would save them. This they did. sailors, named Pedro Jorge, jumped overboard
ship's rudder.
and got hold of the
In throwing him a rope

false attempt, the
from the poop cabin, he made a
end
slipped from him, and he was drowned.
Of
the others,
some made
waists,
fast
all,
round
their
head, the rest round their
and
half dead, were at length hauled on board,

Christ,
saved by our Lord Jesus

thanks.
to
whom
be
infinite
Some came on board much

received.
bruised by the blows
they
had
Hernando Alonso escaped by a

This was on the
miracle.
He was
under the keel of the brigantine, and
God
preserved him through His mercy.
ENTRANCE TO THE
morning of Friday, and
increase,
all
STRAIT.
lOI
that
day the wind; coiitirk:^^ to

at others frorn
sometimes from the north,
the
tlte"!
west, which raised such a sea that she
couM
npt^.ifiêiio
waves.
We
were thus
in
still
greater
danger because
it,
being near the land, we could not run before
which
is
what we are accustomed

our beam.
to, in
flying
from a tempest on
before
it,
But
if
we had now run

in
have been on shore

have been
lost.
a very short time, where
we should we should
safe
We
dared not keep close to the wind so
as to keep off the shore, as the ship
was not very
when
little
the seas were on her beam.

sail,
So we went with very

In
going free so as to keep her under control.

like a
all this
Anton Pablos worked
very good
pilot,
and a
very careful and vigilant man, without resting day or night
But besides the hard work there was the wet and the great
cold,
from which the
sailors
suffered very
much, and
it
almost came to a point when they would succumb.
But
God showed
true,
us His favour, and
made them
stout
men and
and hard workers, attending to what the
pilot ordered
with alacrity.
night, after
The storm
in
lasted all Friday
and during the
which God,
His most sacred mercy, appeased

than
the wind, and
we
sighted land to the eastward on Saturday

less
morning, the 23rd of January, at a distance of

three leagues.
It
was a place where there were many

if
rocks and reefs, so that,
God had
island,
not given us
light, it
would have been impossible to escape.

land,
Approaching the
it
we found it Ines", because we

It
to be
sailed
an
and called
"
Santa
from Puerto Bermejo on her day.
then
fell
calm, which caused us alarm, because
we were
very near the land, and the swell coming from the W.S.W.
which the storm had

rocks.
left,
threatened to send us on the
We
commended
ourselves to the
Holy Ghost, the
Mother of God, who suddenly through her mercy sent us a fair wind, light and clear, with which we were taken out of danger, and enabled
Comforter, and
the most glorious
'
I02
to dp]tibilp;the
,\t
GALE IN THE BAY OF MERCY.

cape of the island of Santa
',As soon as
Ines.
We called
we
th^(â.pe of "Espiritu Santo", in

ito'iis:,
memory
of the mercy
^Kowb
we were
within the cape and
island of Santa Ines, Pedro Sarmiento recognised that
were i8 leagues to the north^ of the Cape
of Santa Lucia,
which we had discovered
in
the second and third boat
voyages, and the N.E.-S.E. channel of the archipelago, dis-
covered during the third voyage.

In rounding Cape Espiritu Santo there clearly appeared
As we were anxious to find a place to anchor, we chose the first bay we saw, about two leagues within the channel, where we anchored in 15 fathoms. We called this the Bay of Mercy,^ seeing that our Lord God had saved us from such dangers as we had passed through during the storm. That night we were like deaf men in the fine weather, but it did not last long, for on Sunday morning there arose such a gale of wind,
a wide channel leading S.E.
with a corresponding sea, that the sea would assuredly
have swallowed us up,
if
we had been
to
outside.
Presently
we began
to drag our anchors.
In order to get more
shelter from the land,
we wanted
warp the ship
in,
but
the work of laying out the hawsers was such that the force
of the sailors and the voices of those
who gave
the orders
bruises
were quite exhausted

they received.
by the cold and wet, and the
The
gale was such that for eight days the
ship remained in this position, never once abating to enable
us to warp into shelter, so that here, more than out at sea,

1
Should be south?
;
Cape
S. Lucia, 51 31'
30" S.
Cape Espiritu
Santo, 52 42' S.
a difference of latitude of 72 miles, or just 18 of Sarmiento's leagues. Cape Espiritu Santo is the Cape Pillar of modern
Pigafetta says that Magellan named it Cape Deseado. charts. The Admiralty Chart has both Cape Pillar and Cape Deseado, two miles
apart.
Fuller, Cavendish's
Pilot, gives 53 10' S. as
the latitude of
52 46' 30"
Cape Deseado.
2
Five miles within Cape

74 27'
Pillar,
S.,
W.
OBSERVATION OF AN ECLIPSE.
IO3
we looked upon our

warp
destruction as certain.
Yet by the
enabled to
favour of the most holy Mother of

in close to the land,
God we were
and there was fine end of the eight days, being the 30th of January.
weather at the
Sunday, the 31st of January, Pedro Sarmiento, with the pilot Anton Pablos, set out in a boat, and went to the
On
mountain at half a league's distance from the Bay of

Mercy.
They climbed
large
islands,
to the top,
whence they saw and
took the bearings of a large channel running S.E., with
many
Bay
that
port.
islets,
and rocks from E. to N.E.

ship.
Sarmiento took possession, and returned to the

of
This
Mercy
is
in
ground of white
clay, so that
we could
start
and has good holding was only with great labour the anchors out of the ground in this
52
30' S.,^
it
There are many beds of sea-weed, and three

is
islets
if
together to the north, which help in giving shelter,

vessel
the
anchored well
in.
There
which
is
a cove to the west-
ward, whence
come
squalls
raise the sea,
and send
Sar-
out what look like clouds of smoke.
This Sunday there was an eclipse of the moon.
miento observed
it,
and the night was

in its contact
clear.
The moon
appeared to the east

it
with the sun, and when

clear of the eclipse,
came
out,
it
was round and quite
we could see the redness and black colour in the heavens when it began to appear on the eastern horizon, and to come clear of the eclipse. To a certain extent it was possible to judge of the point when the eclipse ended,
although
though not with such precision as

clearly
if
it
had been seen

be given to the
and exactly
and
if
credit
it
may
observation,
we may deduce from

I
that the meridian of
this port is to the
west of that of Lima.
The amount of
the difference
will
mention further
on.^
52 46' 30'
, on the chart, 74 37' W. In his book on navigation, which never saw the light.
I04
DANGER FROM SEA WEED.
On Monday, the ist of February 1580, Pedro Sarmiento went into the boat with Anton Pablos and some sailors to discover a channel and harbour, and they were surveying
until
noon
for three leagues to the S.E.,
where the coast of
makes a curve to the S. We then entered a bay, and went up a high mountain with compass and chart, whence we took a round of angles, seeing many bays. Pedro Sarmiento, from that height, saw the channel for upwards of ten leagues S.E. Thence, after taking possession, we returned to the ship, and on our way back we found many beds of sea-weed which had come to the surface We sounded, and found that during the fine weather. some of them were dangerous. In short, under any cirthis island
cumstances, whenever beds of sea-weed are seen, they should
be avoided.
others
Some may have

less
six,
others ten
fathoms,
are not so
much
under them.
Even when they

is
shallow as to
make
the ship touch, there
great danger of
the rudder being entangled.
Indeed,
some of the branches

if
are so strong that they might unship the rudder,
the ship
was going before a

like
fresh breeze.
Therefore avoid them,
any other danger.

returned to the ship,
When we
soldiers,
we found
that one of the
named Bonilla, had attempted to raise a serious The General had him arrested, and he was punished in a way most conducive to the service of his It was then stated how the Abniranta had Majesty.^
mutiny.
responded to the light shown at midnight.

In
all this
time that
we had been
in this
Bay of Mercy
1 Not with death, for Christoval Bonilla, a soldier, is in the list of those on board, in the Act of Possession at the river San Juan. He so he probably formed one of the crew of the is not in the final list
:
sent by Sarmiento from Santiago (Cape Verde) to Nombre de Dios, with news for the Viceroy of Peru. Lopez Vaz says that there was a mutiny, " whereupon, hanging one, Sarmiento proceeded on his voyage for Spain" {Hakluyt, vol. ii). But he is clearly mistaken. No one was hanged on this occasion.
little
vessel
Cojicepcion^
DESERTION OF THE ADMIRAL.

the Almtranta never came, nor had
I05
we any news
or sign
in this
of her.
place,
All the
work and trouble passed through
and which has been described, and much more that
has not been mentioned, were suffered, not so
much
for
ourselves but in order to wait for the Almtranta in accord-
ance with the orders which Pedro Sarmiento had given to

the
Admiral,
that whoever
should
arrive
first
at
the
entrance to the strait was to wait fifteen days for the other,
and
if
she did not arrive, to exercise his

said that
own judgment.
them under
full
Some
sail.
she had struck on the rocks of the Roca
Partida, because she
was seen making

it
for
Others declared that

in concert that
had been arranged maliciously
and
they should part company and lose
sight of the Capitana ;
and
this
was affirmed by the greater
More credit was given to this opinion, after hearing what those who were in the brigantine had to say, and From after the views of some others had been considered.
number.
this evidence,
what was gathered
is
that the Admiral, Juan
de Villalobos, intended to return to Chile and Lima, and

concerted this sedition jointly with Pascual
Suarez, the
Sergeant-Major, and others of the ship Almtranta.
The
to
Admiral said
return to Chile.
that
if
Pedro Sarmiento
wanted
live
be
drowned, he did not wish to be drowned, but to
and to
On
going to
sea,
each one could go where
he pleased, he
said,
which clearly explained what had since
happened.
Pascual Suarez had said that he would

letting
make
Pedro Sarmiento return to Chile by

that he could there
fill
back to the discovery.

coast of Chile they would
him understand up with provisions anew, and go But that when they were off the
make a
requisition to the General
not to touch there, so as not to waste more of his Majesty's

revenue, and that thus they would
get back
to
Lima.
Lamero, the
with
pilot,
had
said,
with reference to returning,
that he would ask Pedro Sarmiento for the forge, and that
it
they would go to
where there are negroes and
I06
mulattos, and
said,
DESERTION OF THE ADMIRAL.
make themselves very prosperous. Others "Where could you go with that object, unless to
.?"
China
and he answered,
" Yes, thither."
It
is
certain
that these people acquitted themselves badly of the duty
by which they were bound

Majesty,
well as
captain,
for
Lord God, and to his Lord and King, as to their Viceroy, and to Pedro Sarmiento, their who had shown them friendship, and done much
to our
who
is
their natural sovereign.
them. can only be said that their desertion was a very great
It
evil.
Of
the rest our Lord
God and your Majesty

relate these things.
will
judge, to
whom
it is
incumbent to
safe port,
Seeing that the Almiranta did not come, and that the
Bay of Mercy was not a

it
having been there ten days,
appeared desirable to go with the ship to another port which we had discovered three leagues further up the strait,
and which seemed a better port, and there we could complete the fifteen days in accordance with the orders. This was determined because the Captain Pedro Sarmiento was
perfectly convinced that this
was the
strait of
which they
If
were
in search
although the rest did not share this con-
viction, but
were very doubtful and incredulous.
some
but
agreed with Sarmiento when he encouraged them to believe

that this
was the
this,
strait,
it
was only
in his presence,
afterwards each
specting
for the
man spoke what was
in his heart.
Re-
rigour
was not desirable, but rather

sailors,
toleration,
poor fellows, both soldiers and

suffering.
had gone
through much hardship and
DANGER FROM CABLES PARTING.
lO/
VIII.
In
the Strait
of Magellan.
On
of
Lady we got under weigh, and, in getting up one of the anchors, we carried away the cable. We made sail from the Port of Mercy to follow the channel S.E., and it came on to blow so hard from the north that we had to take in the main sail. As the day advanced it blew harder, and we got the boat inboard. At last, a little after noon, we reached the port which we had discovered the day before, and which the Captain-Superior named " Nuestra
the 2nd of February, which was the feast of our
Calendaria,
La
Senora de
la
Candelaria".
In coming
to,
the anchor fouled,

In that instant
and we
let
go another, which also
fouled.
the wind began to blow so furiously that two strands of the larger and lesser cables parted.
In order that
it
might
not carry away altogether, the

it
pilot,
Anton
Pablos, slacked
off
by hand, and buoyed
it.
The
ship remained holding
by a small hawser, of which two strands went, and only two

remained sound, each one of the thickness of a man's thumb.
These, with the help of the most sacred Virgin Mother of
God, our Lady of Guadalupe, held the ship, so that

not go broadside on to the rocks, in which case
it
did
we should
in
have been
hold
us,
lost,
a very large cable not having been able to
which before and afterwards had held us
very
heavy
gales.
We
all
looked upon
it
as a miracle that
God
and
the
and His most blessed Mother dealt thus with

servants,
their sinful
who
called
upon them from

infinite
their hearts,
for ever,
saved them.
We give them
thanks
Amen.
We
held this event to be so important, that
we kept
small cable to be offered in the temple of the most serene
I08
INTERCOURSE WITH NATIVES.
Queen of the Angels, that he who sees it may praise her for the mercies shown to the creatures of his most precious son, the true God our Lord. Finally, we secured the ship more in shore, at the cost of much labour on the part of the sailors and soldiers, who on all occasions worked together admirably, as was desirable.
On Wednesday,
high
hill
the 3rd
of February,
some Indians same way, and
natives of the land, arrived, and cried out to us from a
above the
port.
We replied
in the
made signs, calling them. They set up a white flag, and we hoisted another. They then came down to the coast Pedro Sarmiento sent and we went to where they were.
the ensign, and the Pilot
Hernando Alonso, with only

flight
four
men, that they might not take to

people.
on seeing
many
To
those
who went he gave
chaquiras, or glass
beads, bells, combs, earrings and rugs for them, so as to
form friendship with them.

Indians did not dare to
Our people
to the boat.
went, but the
So one of our people came out of the boat alone, and he gave them the things that had been brought for them. They came to him when they saw that he was alone, and little by little they ventured near. Then the Ensign and Hernando Alonso landed and gave them more of the things that had been brought out for barter, showing them what each thing was used for, by signs. They were much delighted with them, and presently they showed to our people some little banners of linen, fastened to staves. These were narrow strips of Rouen,! Angeo,^ and Hollands cloth f from which we supposed that they had communicated with people from Europe who had passed this way. Soon they themselves
come
gave us to understand, without having asked them.
^
2
^
Ruan^ a coarse kind of blanket.

Coarse linen cloth made
in
Anjou, and called angeo.
Coarse linen or hempen cloth for linings.

ACT OF POSSESSION.
I09
by signs that could not be mistaken, that towards the S.E. there had come, or had been, two ships with bearded people like us, and armed and dressed as we were. From this, and from the linen, we believed them, and suspected
that the ships they spoke of
must be those of the English
who
entered this way, in the previous year, under Francisco
Draquez.^
With
this,
and having made signs that they

to the ship,
would return and bring us refreshments on another day,

they went away.
Our people returned
and
gave an account of what had happened with the Indians to
Pedro Sarmiento.
He had
in
seen
it
it
from the
ship,
which
was near the
shore,
and judged
to be well done.
On
the
same day,
the afternoon, Pedro
Sarmiento
landed, and formally took possession of the land, of which
the following testimony was taken
" Possession.
"
On
the
island
now newly named

in
this
'
Santa
Ines',
this ship
Capitana, having
anchored
port newly called 'Nuestra

festival
Senora de
la Candelaria',
because the arrival was on her
the illustrious Lord Pedro Sarmiento, General of this
fleet,
landed
and its districts, without opposition from the natives, for the most Catholic and very powerful Lord Don Philip II, King of Spain and the Indies and their dependencies, our Lord and natural King, whom God preserve for many years, and for his royal crown, heirs and successors in token of which possession he planted a cross which
of this port, land,
:
and took possession
Sir Francis Drake's ships
were the Pelican, afterwards called the

;
Elizabeth j Marigold j Swan, a fly-boat of 50 tons Sailing from and a pinnace of 15 tons, called the Christopher.
Golden
Hind ;
Plymouth on November 15th, 1577, Drake entered the Strait with and Marigold, on August 24th, 1578, and sailed out into the Pacific on September 6th. It is recorded, in the narrative, that natives of mean stature were met with in a canoe, in the western part of the Strait. But Nuno de Silva, who was with
the Pelican, Elizabeth,
Drake, says that no other natives were seen besides those

canoe.
in
the
no
those
NOTARIAL TESTIMONY.
who were present worshipped, being present as witnesses the Father Friar, Antonio Guadramiro, Vicar of this fleet, and HerPilot
nando Alonso,
in presence of
faith
of this
ship Capitana^ and
Arce del Arroya, one of the
soldiers,
Geronimo de and Pedro de Bahamonde,

and
in all
me
the undersigned Notary, touching which I give

parts faith
and
true testimony, that in all time
may be
and
kept for the just right of the very high and very powerful
catholic
Lord the King of
Castile
and Leon
as
I
and the
said
Possession he took as a thing that belongs by right to the royal
jurisdiction
crown of the said Lords Kings, insomuch and boundary of all which
;
it falls
within their
as the
give
faith,
saying
is,
the date of the letter of possession being the 3rd of
February
1580.
Pedro Sarmiento
before
me,
Juan de
EsQUiVEL, Royal Notary."

"
Another Testimony.
faith
" Further,
I,
Juan de Esquivel undersigned, give
and
testimony that on the said day, month, and year above stated,
on a mountain adjacent to the and by shouts and signs sought from the people of this Capitana^ according to what was understood, that they should come there, as they wanted to communicate with them. And
native Indians appeared in this port,
said port,
Pedro Sarmiento, General, sent the Ensign Juan Gutierrez de
Guevara and
five soldier
mariners in the boat, that they might
speak with them and give them some presents. These went and spoke with them in a friendly way, and gave them what they
brought
and according
to
what was understood from the signs

like the said
they made, they gave us to understand that they had seen two
other ships with people
who had beards and daggers
was given because they had with them certain narrow strips of linen, of Rouen, with hemming and back stitching according to our use, which they could not have got in any other way but from the people and ships they had seen in Which said linen I, the said Notary, saw and held in the strait.
Ensign.
this credit
To
my
hands, and I hereby give faith and testimony respecting
it.
Date as above.
Juan de Esquivel, Royal Notary."
This day
hard.
it
was
fair vêather,
and
in the night
it
blew
On
fair
Friday, the 5th of February, the
dawn came
with
weather, and with wind from the
W. and S.W.
NATIVES KIDNAPPED.
clear day, but with
Ill
some
hail.
At noon
the Indians
came
as
they had promised, and Pedro Sarmiento sent the Ensign and Hernando Alonso on shore with six men and some things for bartering with them, with instructions to
if
take some one,
possible,
from
whom
to learn the lan-
guage, and to inform us of the things relating to the

country, and of
they had seen.

not inclined to
what they knew respecting the two ships Our people went, and as the Indians were approach, the same signs were made to
them
as before.
When
our people saw that they did not

sent to them, and each two
wish to come nearer, nor to come to the ship to give us

news, six of our
men were
of ours seized one of the Indians, so that
we caught
three.
They kicked and struggled
to get away, but did not succeed,
although they are very strong.
Our men
free.
did not wish to
hurt them, although they received several blows from the
Indians in their attempts to get
They were brought

and drank, and were
on board the
ship,
where the General treated them very

food.
lovingly, giving
them
They
ate
so well regaled that they lost their fear and anger, and
Asking them, by signs, about what they had said the day before, and showing them the strips of linen, they pointed out a bay where those had been who gave
laughed.
them these things. They said the strangers were bearded, and had two ships like ours that they carried arrows and partesans, one showing a wound, and another two wounds that they had received in fighting with them.^ In this port Pedro Sarmiento was more disturbed in spirit than in all his former work, because he saw all his
;
no mention of any encounter with the natives in the The English only saw one canoe of Argensola adds that the natives told Sarmiento that they natives. killed many English, and captured a woman and a boy, who lived
1
There
is
narratives of Drake's voyage.
with them {Conquista de las Islas Molucas^
p. 121).
This
is all
false
the natives must have been entirely misunderstood.
112
THE CREW DOWNPIEARTED.

many
it.
people SO tired and exhausted by so
hardships that
strait,
they were
all
downhearted about the discovery of the

in fact
being now, as
they were, within
As
the cables
it
we had
to,
left
were small and chafed, and cut to pieces,
seemed, judging of the weather we had experienced hither-
we should soon be without anchors or cables if we went on. In their talk among themselves they said that
as
if
Pedro Sarmientowas taking them to drown them, and that

he did not know where he was, and that
to return to Chile for repairs.
it
would be better
to say
But no one dared
anything to Pedro Sarmiento, although he knew very well
what was going on, and looked about for a remedy. Things presently came to such a pass that the Pilots Anton Pablos and Hernando Alonso came into the cabin and said to Pedro Sarmiento that " they seemed to have done more
than
far
;
all
the discoverers of the world in having reached so
that the Almiranta

If
had gone back, and that we were
alone.
some danger overtook us we should have no
remedy, and must perish where no one would ever know
what became of us that we have neither anchors, cables, nor cordage, and that the weather was so bad, as we had experienced, that it was impossible to go forward without expecting the destruction of us all at any moment. He
;
thought, therefore,
we ought
to return to Chile,
and so
report to the Viceroy."
Anton Pablos said this in the name of both and I suspected that all had asked them so to speak. All they said was certainly true, and all the men in the world would have But Pedro Sarmiento feared the same if they had seen it. had come to a determination, based on the reliance he had
;
on God and on His most glorious Mother, to persevere

he had
life.
until
finally
completed the discovery or
laid
down
his
He
replied to
in
Anton Pablos
that "although they

all
had
if
done much
reaching that point,

;
would be nothing
we should
return from there
that he
was astounded that
REBUKE TO THE
they, being
PILOTS.
II3
fail
men
of such valiant determination, should

;
the favours
when they were most needed that they should consider God had shown them, and hope that He would not now abandon us, but that He would show still more. He added, that he spoke thus to them as a friend, and
desired that no one would treat further of the matter."

this
On
Hernando Alonso said to the General that "he saw clearly that what Anton Pablos had said was right, and
that to persevere in going forward would be to tempt God".
Not wishing longer

to punish these
to dissimulate,
Sarmiento was minded

reflecting that the
words severely, but
man
spoke them simply and with a

fear of being
full heart,
:
and
"
I
solely from
drowned, he merely replied
do not wish,
nor do
ness,
tempt God, but to rely on His mercifulwhile we do all that is possible with all our force, on
I
design, to
our part.
ing,
What Alonso had
said
was equivalent
;"
to doubt;
but he would not discuss the matter further

"
and he
would heavily punish any one who did so

with these words
presently
:
concluding
have no more to say, except that

sail."
we
shall
make
He
many
did not proceed with

reasons.
more rigour
once.
at that time, for
This was on
sail at
Friday at night, and therefore we could not make
Next morning being Saturday, by the mercy of our Lord it dawned with fair weather and we left the port, having waited the fifteen days which the General had named in
God,
his order to the
Admiral that the ship which should have
arrived
first
at the
mouth of the
strait
should wait, and, the
time having passed, should continue the voyage to Spain,

the other not coming, in conformity with the order of the
Viceroy of Peru.
Having
left this
port of Nuestra Senora
de
la Candelaria,
we
followed the channel for about a league
S.E.
in
by
E.,
and on
this course the natives
made
signs that
a bay
we were passing
the bearded people had been,

;
whom we
took to be the English of the preceding year
114
NAVIGATING THE STRAIT.
and they were urgent that we should go there in the ship. We came near, and saw nothing but a bay to S.E., and three leagues further on there was the entrance to a clear port. Two leagues more S.E. and we saw a port to W., and further on a bay to S. Here the natives told us we should stop, for it was the place where the bearded men had taken in water. We entered this port at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. The tide flows here to the N.W. towards the South Sea, and more in the ebb than in the flood so
;
that with fresh breeze
we stemmed the
"
tide with difficulty.

Its
;
This port was named
Santa Monica".^
soundings are
it is
20 and 22 fathoms, good sandy bottom
and
sheltered
from
all
winds.
The
strait
here has a width of three
leagues, the reach extending from this port N.E. to an
island
which was named
"
Santa Ana" f which

left
is
the
termination of the bay of San Geronimo.^
On
Sunday, the 6th of February, we

in the
this port of
Santa Monica
name
of the most
Holy
Trinity,
and
the
with an E.N.E. wind and smooth sea

strait,
we navigated
"
keeping more on the right hand, which trends E.S.E.
for
about three leagues to the point which we named

Iri
San
lldefonso".^
the middle of this distance the coast forms
a curving bay, and
many
creeks and
inlets,
where there
appeared to be harbours.
so as not to lose time.
But we did not examine them,

is
All this island

first
bare and rocky.

called Pucha-
The
gua.*
natives told us that the
bay was
chailgua in their language, and the second was Cuaviguil-
Here
it
was, the natives said, that the bearded
men
In 53 1' S., 73 52' W. on the Admiralty Chart These names have not been preserved. ^ This name has not been retained. * Sarmiento set an excellent example in retaining native names when he could ascertain them. Argensola mentions this with approbation " No mudo Sarmiento los nombres antiguos a las tierras, cuando los pudo saber."
1
11^
fought with them, and they showed us the wounds they
had
received.
is
The
left
third
bay, called Alguilgua^
by the
natives,
coast,
large
and turns to the south.
On
the opposite
hand to the N.E. the native name is Xaultegua.2 To-day the day was fine and the sun clear. We observed the sun in 50 S. The bay called Xaultegua is in that latitude. From tliat bay of Xaultegua an enon the
trance and arm of the sea goes inland to the roots of the
snowy range of the main

of the
position
land.
Two
the
"
leagues to S.E.
altitudp,
where we took
sun's
we
anchored in a port which we called Puerto Angosto" :^ soundings in 22 fathoms, clean bottom, a cable from the
shore.
On
the
same afternoon the General went up a

to the S.E.
light
hill
with Anton Pablos and two other men, to examine the
They discovered a long reach The sun was clear and warm, with
strait.
by E.
winds from
W.N.W., the current against us. We saw many other creeks and bays both to windward and to leeward. It was very hot at the top of the hill, where they set up a cross, and
Pedro Sarmiento took possession
of which he and
for his Majesty, in
token
Anton Pablos made a great heap of stones,

fixed.
on which the cross was
Another cross was

tain
set up on the top of another mounby a man named Francisco Hernandez, who had been
sent to explore.
During
rose
this night, at
one o'clock, to the S.S E. we saw a

shape of a dagger, which
heavens.
circular, red, meteor-like flame, in
and ascended
in the
Over a high mountain
In 53
4'
30"
is
S.,
and
']'^
44'
W. on
This name
is
preserved on the Admiralty Chart, for a great bay
25 miles long by 10 broad.
The extreme northern
shore oi Xaultegua
Bay
in
53
S.
It
it
was examined by
very correctly.
Fitz Roy,
who
says that
Sarmiento describes
Beagle,
3
i,
Voyages
of Adventure and
p.
155
(;z.)
In 53
13' S.
73 21' W., on

Il6
it
became prolonged and appeared like a lance, turning to a crescent shape, between red and white. On Monday, the 8th of February, at dawn, it was calm, and presently freshened from the W.N.W. with clear and fair weather, in which we made sail from Puerto Angosto
in the
strait
name
of the most holy Trinity, and sailed

S.
down
the
on a course S.E. by
After three quarters of a
league
we discovered
a bay on the right hand, with a large
by the natives Capitloilgua, and the coast Caycayxixaisgua. There was much snow, and many snow-clad peaks. Here the strait is a league
island at the entrance, called
and a half wide. Having sailed three leagues S.E. by E. along the right hand coast, we came to a great bay which enters more than two leagues W.S.W., and has an
island
at the entrance.
it
We
called it "
in,
Abra"^ because we could not see that

it,
was
is
closed
and N.E. of
on the
it "
left
hand
coast, there
is
another Port and Playa Prada, where there

tering island.
also a shel-
We
named
Playa Prada. "^
Within the
a bay on the
Abra
water.
the land was low, with rocks appearing above the
Half a league further on there
is
right hand,
and to the E.N.E. of
this bay,
on the opposite
side, there is
a bay forming a port, called by the natives
Pelepelgua, and the bay itself Exequil.
Beyond
this bay,
a league to S.E. by
E., there is
a great
bay which runs inland for two leagues to the south to the
base of some snowy mountains.
"
We
called
it
the bay of
Here the coast turns to E.S.E. a league Mucha-Nieve".^ and a half. Both sides, to right and left, trend as far as a a point which runs out from the east coast, and turns
to south.
Owing
T"^
to this point
it
appeared, from a distance
1
-
In 53 22' S.
In 53 18' S.
72 42'
"Snow W.
W. on the Admiralty Chart. W., on the Admiralty Chart. "J"^ Sound" of the Admiralty Chart. Entrance
4'
30"
3'
in 53 31' S.,

of a league, that the two sides joined.^
of
II
This was the cause

the
much
sadness and distrust
among many on board

out.
ship, believing that there
was no way
is
In this distance
of a league and a half the coast makes a great curve on the

right hand,
and from thence there
a large opening to the
south.
As we proceeded
the point opened, and
we found
than a
ourselves in a narrow port formed
by
it,^
being
less
league from land to land.

E.
From
it,
this point
another appears
coast, there
is
by
N.,
and
in front of
on the opposite
it
another.
Before reaching them

close
in.
again appears that the

points, within
this
;
two and
sides
Between these
left
distance of one league, both coasts form two large bays

in the
one on the
hand there
is
an opening forming
a channel which runs in towards the snowy range of the
main
land.
At
this
opening the channel comes out, which
commences in the bay of Xaultegua, by Puerto Angosto. The land between this channel running in towards the snowy mountains and that which we were navigating, is an island, called by the natives Cayrayxayiisgua. It is all rocky and bare, without vegetation. Having passed this
opening, the current was with
us.
In these narrow places
we met with
several changes in the currents,
and
it
was
necessary to go with some care in watching them, so that
we might not be turned round.

valleys divided
Having passed
this island,
the main land begins to consist of plains near the sea, or
by low
left
hills.
From
these points the strait
trends S.E. by E. for a league and a half on the right, and
two leagues on the
hand.
On the
left
there are beaches
and some beds of sea-weed which come out a long way.
On
the right
it
is
the
same
for a league
and a
half,
and
then S.E. and S.S.E. for two leagues.

1
At
the S.E. by E. of
in the
The view
is
blocked by Carlos III Island,
middle of the
channel.
^
The narrow channel between
Carlos III Island and the south
shore.
Il8
ISLANDS IN THE STRAIT.
this point there are four small islets in
space of three leagues, on an E.S.E. Hne.^

first
and second are four
mid channel, in the Between the This day rocks, two on each side.
first
we anchored
to the east of the

cable's length
island in 14 fathoms,
good bottom, a
from the shore.

the other coast, and the
7^
Presently
we saw smoke on
natives
we took with
us began to weep.
So
far as
we
could
understand them, they wept because they feared that the

people
who made
the
smoke would
kill
them.
They
sig-
nified to us that
they were great
men who
fought much,
and that they had arrows. We consoled them, assuring them that we would defend them, and kill the other men.
They advised
or
kill
that
we should go
there at night and capture
them.
After anchoring, Pedro Sarmiento landed on
the island with
Anton
Pablos, the chief Pilot, and

It
some
soldiers, to take bearings in the strait.
continues S.E.
by E., and is very wide. We then turned to look at the smoke of the " great people" whose land is called, in their language, Tinquichisgua, and we took bearings of a channel to the N.W. This first island on which we landed is about
two leagues round, and there are plenty of small
like black grapes,
fruits
and of myrtles
food for birds.

is
Between
cross,
the island and the land to the west the strait

wide.
half a league
On
this island
Pedro Sarmiento
set
it
up a
and
took possession for his Majesty, calling

the Cross'\^
the "Island of
Here we got ready the
artillery
and arque-
buses, to be prepared both against pirates
and
natives,
and
was always an armed ûard kept. Here we saw whales, many seals, and " bufeos". We also saw large pieces of snow floating on the sea, which come from the snowy islands three leagues to the south of
there
Charles Islands of the Admiralty Chart, in 53" 46' 30" to 53 45'

4' 30''
S.,
72
^
W.
name has
not been retained.
This
ENCOUNTER WITH NATIVES.

this Island of the Cross.
II9
The storms
it
of wind displace the
snow, carry
it
down, and send
into the sea.

it
On
Tuesday, the 9th of February,
was
fine weather.
We
left
that island and, with a westerly wind,
made
sail for
the channel between this Island of the Cross and the coast
on the
left
hand or north
side.
Presently
it fell
calm, and
the current was against

slack,
us.
At two
is
the water began to be

.ship.
and we went
on, the boat towing the
Having
arrived off the third island, which
the largest,
we heard
men's voices, and canoes with
men
sent
in
them, crossing from
one island to the other.

Pilot,
Hernando Alonso the
and Juan Gutierrez with armed men in the boat, to see what people were there. They pulled into a good
harbour
in the island,
where they saw a village and

the canoes.
"
the
great people"
to the
who had sunk

their arms,
They had taken

trees they called
woods with
and from the
come on shore, our men calling to them to come to the sea. The islanders were concealed with bows and arrows ready to kill our people when they landed. Seeing this, our men fired some shots from their arquebuses, when some women began to cry loudly, and the soldiers
to our people to
ceased
firing.
Meanwhile the ship kept standing

for the
off
;
and and
on at the mouth of the harbour, waiting
boat
when Sarmiento heard and got a gun ready.
the firing, he stood for the harbour,
The
boats soon afterwards
came
;
back towing a canoe, and reported what had taken place
and that they had seen many people, a good harbour, and a pleasant land. We called it " Isla de Gente". Here we
took the altitude
near
it,
in
534o'S.^
This island has another

is
to S.E.,
which shelters the harbour, and
the last
of these islands.
league and a half to the east of these islands there

called "
is
bay which we
La
^
Playa", because
it
has a large
53 43' S.
120
beach.
THE BELL OF ROLDAN.

This bay
is
in
the
same
latitude,
and to the
S.S.W., on
there
is
the southern coast, three leagues further on,
another great bay, which
we
called "
San Simon".^
Thence the coast trends east for three leagues to a point called by the natives " Tinquichisgua",^ and then to S.W. there is a great bay, where there is a very high mountain with a sharp peak in front of a snowy range. This mountain
is
that which the old narratives
call
is
the
"
Bell of
Roldan".^
lofty
All
this
bay of the
;
Bell*
surrounded by
snow-clad mountains
and the three leagues of land

lofty,
from the bay of San Simon to the point of Tinquichisgua

is
all
broken ground, consisting of a
snow-covered
Here are the Snowy Islands mentioned in the old narratives, and not the four in the middle of the strait. From the bay of San Simon an arm of the sea turns S.E. Here the strait has a width of three leagues, and the north coast has a finer appearance, with slopes and plains near the sea, valleys, and rivers. The south coast is all rocky, with snow islands to San Simon. All the natives that have been seen hitherto have been on the south side. From the
chain.
beach, in 53^ 40'
S.,
the coast trends for a quarter of a
quarter of a league S.W. to a point
we named
"
San
Julian",^
and beyond
the land
is
it
a river
falls
into the sea, on a beach
which
beach
trends for a league N.N.E. and then E.
On
is
all this
low near the

river flows,
sea,
and there
a valley through
which the
least
which seems to be sheltered.

I
At
like
now, at the hour when
am
writing,
it
is
warm,
summer, and calm.
Yet
it is
evident, from the cold water,
Simon Bay of the Admiralty Chart,
in 53 52' S., 72
S.,
W.
On
the Admiralty Chart, in 53 52'
71 51'
W.
that the
Roldan was the gunner on board Magellan's ship. Herrera says, name was given after him. On the Admiralty Chart " Roldan's Beir is in 53 58' 30" 8.-71 46' W. The height, 2,780 feet. 4 " Bell Bay" of the Admiralty Chart.
3 ^
This name has not been preserved.
CALM WEATHER.
that
it is
121
near the snowy mountains, and
in 53 40' S. where, during
we are still in a sea many months, we have not been

To-day there was
little
accustomed to see the sun.

until sunset, either
current
during the ebb or flood, and the warmth
and calmness were remarkable.
We
it
were only able to
make about
boat, before
three leagues, most of
by towing with the

4m., so that to-day,
we anchored.
This day the sun bore
W. by
S. at 6h.
being the 4th of February, the day had I3h. i6m., and the
night had loh. 24m., in this Rio Honda, in 53 40'
strait
"
S., in
the
now newly named by

Strait of
the General Pedro Sarmiento,
The
the Mother
of God", the sun being
in
29 57' of Aquarius.
This day we
currents.
We
made little made good
progress,
owing to calms and most of the day

could never get near
four leagues,
and
all
night the boat towing.
We
find any bottom. of February, Wednesday, the lOth it dawned with a On clear sky, and no wind, and as we had not anchored we had not to get under weigh. The boat towed until a light breeze began to blow from S.E., which lasted a short time, and then there was a calm again. In this way, at one time
the shore, or to a point where
we could
being towed, at another sailing with a light breeze, we
went on, sometimes gaining and sometimes losing ground. To-day we took the altitude in 53 45' S. A little after noon the S.E. wind began, and we crossed over to the south side, where we saw two great channels, and several bays
and
fell,
much sea-weed near the coast. The wind was by towing that we reached the south coast, and anchored in an unsheltered roadstead, but near a
ports, with
it
and
stream of fresh water.

shore with
Here Pedro Sarmiento went on Anton Pablos and some soldiers armed with arquebuses, and climbed up a mountain to explore and survey. While we were on the summit we saw the wind freshening from the north, so we hurried down and went on
122
board.
MOST SOUTHERN POINT OF AMERICA.

While we were getting up the anchor
let
to
make
sail
and
fell,
shift berth
to the shelter of a point ahead, the wind
and we
go again.
We
It
remained that night, keepfreshened up at one time,
ing a very careful look out.
but presently the wind

leagues wide.
fell
again.
The
strait is
here four
We
called this place the "
Water".^
The
land appeared to be good, but
Bay of Fresh we did not see

sail in
habitations.
On
name
Thursday, the
nth
of February,
we made
the
of the most Holy Trinity, and followed the coast on the right hand for two leagues, to a point we named " San
Bernabe".^
there
is
Half a league from the Bay of Fresh Water
a broad opening to the south, running inland for
five leagues,
and then making branches on either

"
side.
It
has a large island, and two rocks at the entrance.

called
it
We
Bay of San Pedro",^ nearly half a league Thence the coast curves round, with a large creek in the middle. North of Caf)e San Bernabe, on the opposite coast, where the mountain chain is in sight, a great valley Here the is seen inland, which we named " Gran Valle". of San Cape From the strait is two leagues in width.
the
wide.
Bernabe the coast trends S.S.E., and a bay runs south

three leagues, with an
for
arm
to the S.W.,
and
in the distance
a
"
snowy range of mountains appears. The bay was named San Fernando". Here the width of the strait is three
leagues.*
From
the point of San Fernando, three leagues to N.E.j
"Freshwater Cove" of the Admiralty Chart,
in
53
54'
30"
S.,
7i45'W.
This name has not been preserved. In 53 37' 30" S., 71 37' W., on the Admiralty Chart. * Here he passed Cape Froward in 53 54' \^" S., the most southern But the name was given by Cavendish. point of South America.
2
Fuller,
who was
pilot
with Cavendish, makes Cape Froward in latitude
54 15' S.
MOST SOUTHERN POINT OF AMERICA.

which
"
is
123
the trend of the
strait,
there
is
a pofnt
we named
with a
Santa Agueda'V forming a lofty and bluff

it
hill,
ravine between
and the snowy mountains
in rear.
From
the point of San Bernabe the southern coast turns
E.S.E. for six leagues towards a mountain range
much
covered with snow, and before

hill like hill
it
there
is
a high peaked
a vernal ; and in the midst of this vernal and of a

hill.
like a sugar loaf, there is a three-pointed

bell.
This
side
vernal or sugar loaf has the shape of a

of the
hill
On one
Agueda
there
is
an opening, and on the other another
opening.
From
this point
and
hill
of Santa
the
northern coast turns N. by E. to a point one league further

on,
which we named
"
Santa Brigida".^
It is
a fine and low
point,
and
in the intervening league there are
many sandy
beaches.
This stretch of land

is all
is
mountainous, the point of
Santa Brigida
with beaches, from the sugar loaf of the
channels to this point.

S.E. six leagues.
are the sugar loaf
south,
They bear, one from the other, N.W., From this bay on the right hand, where
and the
"
vernal,
two larger channels run

a great bay
named by
us
Madalena" and "San Gabriel";^ and

is
to the west of the point of Santa Brigida there
with sandy beaches.

the bay a rock.
There
is
river,
and
in the
middle of
We called
for
it "
the bay of Santa Brigida and

it is
Santa Agueda",
sheltered
both points are near, though
more
it
by the former.
hills
The
river forms a large valley
between two ranges of

^
turning N.N.W., and then, as
The name has
not been
Sarmiento's Morro de Santa

"
preserved but Fitz Roy identifies Agueda with Cape Froward. He adds
;
:
given by this excellent old navigator is too classical and therefore, while the extremity itself may valuable to be omitted
:
Any name
retain the
name
of
Cape Froward, the mountain by which

(i,
it is
formed
may be
allowed to keep his distinction"
p. 145).
^ The name has not been preserved. This point must be very near Cape Froward. ^ Magdalen Sound and Gabriel Channel of the Admiralty Chart. In 54 S., and 71 W.
124
POINT OF SANTA ANA.

N.E.
seemed,
Valley".
We
called
it
the
"
River of the Great

is
The
point of Santa Brigida
a small island
somewhat prolonged, and on the south side it seems cut short, with some trees standing by themselves on the
upper
part.
From
the point of Santa Brigida there
is
another low
point E.N.E., which
we named
pinnacle rock^ at the end.

are two great bays.
San Isidro'V which forms a Between these two points there

the point of
"
From
San
Isidro
on the
four
south side, there are two mountains, and between them a
deep valley E.S.E. and W.N.W.

leagues wide, and
Here the
strait
is
we met with
tides.
a confusion
of currents
caused by the meeting of the

Isidro to a high hill
From
the point of San

is
on the other side the width
four
Morro de Lomas", and from it, following the coast E.N.E., the land becomes low with rolling hills, commencing at this hill, and in the low land a great bay is formed.^ Here the strait is eight [leagues
leagues.
called this hill "
across.
We
The
point of San Isidro
is
in
54.*
Thence the coast
trends north to a long point which
we named
is
"
Santa
Ana";^ and near point San Isidro there
a sandy beach
forming a bay.
out to
1
Here we saw some natives, and they called us from the shore. Hence we named the place
30'' S.,
On
70 58'
W.
Hunters give the name Mogote to the horns of deer between the time they first appear until they are a hand's breadth long. Metaphorically, the term was applied, by sailors, to points of rock jutting above the surface of the sea. From Mogote comes the adjective Amogotado which is used by Sarmiento. The editor of the Spanish edition also mentions that the word is used, in the same sense, by Don Francisco de Seixas y Lovera in his work entitled Descripcion Geografica y Derrotero de la Region Austral Magallanica. ^ Lomas Bay of the Admiralty Chart.
2
Mogote.
53 47' 30" S.
\ ^
Sta.
Ana
Point of the Admiralty Chart, the northern end of Port
Famine
in 53 39' S., 70 55' 30"
W.
COMMUNICATION WITH NATIVES.

"
25
Playa de
los Voces''.^
The bay sweeps round

in the
to point
Santa Ana, and we anchored
middle of the bay, two
leagues from the point, in seven fathoms, good bottom, as

it is all
over the bay, at least wherever
We
here took in
were on shore, the
we took soundings. wood and water, and when our people natives, who had shouted to us, came to
this
them, embraced them, and began to treat them as friends.
Pedro Sarmiento, seeing
from the
ship, sent
on shore
natives
some beads, combs,
bells, biscuits
and meat.
The
were seated with the Ensign and Fernando Alonso and the
other Christians, ten in number, holding friendly communication-
by
signs,
and they gave us to understand that they
were contented with our friendship and with what we had

given them, but that they wanted to go
away
to sleep
and
they would return to-morrow.

ance, as our very
Leaving
us, to all
appear-
good
friends,
"
they went to their huts.

of the Natives'^ and the
The bay was named

river that
the
Bay
was
there, "
S3''
San Juan".
At
this river
we took
the altitude in 5^ 40' S.^
From this port and river of San Juan there appears a bay and mouth of a channel between two masses of land to E.N.E. eight leagues, and the southern point of this bay we named " San Valentin", the northern point " Punta del
Boqueron";* the opening being half a league across.
land of the cape of San Valentin
the
hill
is
The
continuous with that of

it
and bay of Lomas, whence
gradually gets lower,
until at
San Valentin
it is
nearly level with the sea.
The
earth that slopes

strait is
down on
this land to the shores of the

It
white like white sand.
looks a good land and
1
'^
Voces Bay of the Admiralty Chart, The Port Famine of Cavendish.
in 53 41' 30'^ S.
and
70 58'
W.
2 Correct. Fuller has yf 50' S. The two observations may have been taken at positions some miles apart. ^ Capes Valentyn and Boqueron of the Admiralty Chart the former in 53 34' N., 70 32' W. the latter in 53 28' N., 17 15' W.
:
126
MOUNT SARMIENTO.
On
the north side there are fine
safe
pleasant to the sight.

valleys
and
rivers of
good water, excellent timber, and
ports and anchorages.

until lo, that
is,
This day we had a light west wind

it
while the ebb tide lasted, and afterwards

all
blew fresh from the south during
the time that the tide
was
flowing.
The
currents correspond with the tides.
From
this port,
and from the
strait,
snowy volcano
is
seen to the south, which forms a saddle between two peaks

at the summit,^
and
to the north of the volcano appear a
sugar loaf and vernal.

strait
When
he who
may
be entering the
in the
from the side of the North Sea to come out

this
South Sea, sights
volcano and mountains, he
will see
them
as they are depicted in the drawing,
and a channel
so that
it
between them which looks larger than the
strait,
might deceive and lead to an error
in the
course taken.
It
should, therefore, be noticed that a course should not be
taken by the channel between the mountains, but, as soon

as these three
mountains are
in
sight, a
is
channel will be
seen to the right

to
N.W. by W., which

left
the right channel,
which a ship must shape her course, leaving those three

hand.
mountains on the
He who
is
coming from the
South Sea must leave them on the right hand.
On
cut
in
Friday, the I2th of February, our people went on
shore to finish laying in a stock of
wood and
fuel,
and to
wood
for strengthening the ship, of
which she was much

before us.
need
this
for so long a voyage work was proceeding on

in
as
we had
While
shore,
Pedro Sarmiento went
away
seven
the boat to explore, accompanied by the Father
Vicar and Anton Pablos, the Pilot of the Capztana, and

sailors.
They went to
the point of Santa Ana, which
The
was very properly named Mount Sarmiento by Admiral Fitz Roy. it in 54 27' 30'' S. and 70 52' W., with a height of 7,330 feet. When clear the peak may be seen from Elizabeth Island,
1
It
chart places
96 miles to the north.
Fitz
Roy
gives the height at 6,800

it is
feet.
He
says that Sarmiento's description of
excellent
(i,
p. 27).
POSSESSION AT POINT SANTA ANA.

is
12/
two leagues and a half from the
river.
At
a league and
a half from the river a point of sand runs out very low, and
thence a bank extends half a league, and more than a

league along the coast.
Between the point and that of

All along this coast there the parts facing
in winter,
Santa
is
Ana
there
is
a great bay.
a great quantity of
wood thrown up on
it
the south, which shows that

for the north
must be stormy
land.
wind comes here over the
We
arrived
Santa Ana and went up to a high table where there were large glades and spaces of very good pasture for sheep and we saw two deer, very fat and
at the point of
land,
large.
An
arquebusier shot one, and the other that escaped
Here we took a round of angles and examined the land and the strait. From this point of Santa Ana, the bay of San Valentin bears E.N.E. six leagues, and from Santa Ana the coast
had large horns.
trends N.N.E. to a point ten leagues
"
off,
which
named
San Antonio de Padua".^ Between, there are five bays, and from the point forming the fourth bay a shoal about a Sarmiento and Anton league in length runs out S.E. Pablos took the altitude on shore in 53'' 30' S., and planted
a large cross on the point, the General, Pedro Sarmiento,
taking solemn possession for his Majesty.

set
The
cross
was
up on a great heap of
stones, within
which was placed
a letter in a jar lined with pitch and filled with

charcoal, to
cross
powdered
''
make
it
incorruptible.
On
"^
the pole of the

at the foot.
was
written, in letters cut out,

all
letter
In this letter notice was given to
nations and peoples
that this land belonged to his Majesty, having been taken
possession of for the crown of Castille and Leon, so that
ignorance could not be pretended
and that
in his Majesty's
name, the
strait
had received the name of "the
Strait of
^ This name has not been preserved. Punta Arenas.
It is
probably the same as
128
the Mother of God",
MAKING
FIRE.
whom
Pedro Sarmiento had adopted
as his advocate in this voyage.
The
letter also
ordered
the Admiral, on the chance of his arriving here, that he
was
to return to Peru to report to his Excellency, having
thus obtained knowledge of what had happened, and respecting the proceedings of the Capitana, while
Pedro
Sarmiento would go
on.
This
letter
was signed by Pedro
Sarmiento, the Father Vicar, and the Pilot Anton Pablos.
We
returned to the ship, and found that the bank had been
the ebb tide
;
much more exposed during

to pass clear of
it.
so that
we were
fire
obliged to go out to sea, with
some labour
for the rowers,
The
grass was set ablaze
by the
that
was made
this
to melt the pitch, as
we
afterwards found.
At
time the natives had come to where our people
were getting wood and water, with their

dren.
women and
chil-
They were busy

fire
conversing,
hill
when they saw the

stay, as
smoke of
rising
from the
which was burning, on

giants
which they went away and could not be induced to

they believed that the smoke was raised by
\}ciQ,
who made war upon them, and were more powerful than they They brought, as presents, a piece of stinking seal were.
flesh,
sea birds,
fish,
red
fruit
like cherries,
and pieces
of stone, streaked and coloured with ores of silver and gold.
were asked its use, they answered by signs that making fire. Presently one of them took some feathers they had with them, which served as tinder, and It appeared to me to with it and the stone produced fire. as it is like the mine, silver from a and be the ore of gold
it
When they
was
for
Curi-quiso de Porco^ in Peru.

that point
it
When we made
the
fire
on
other island
was answered by many other smokes on the in front, which we called "San Pablo".^
;
Porco, a 1 Ccuri is the Quichua for gold guiso, a flint stone. place where there are silver mines in Upper Peru. 2 This name for the large island terminating at Cape Valentyn has
not been preserved.

POSSESSION AT SAN JUAN RIVER.
1
29
The
point of Santa
Ana
bears from the river of San Juan
N.E. by N. two leagues and a half
On
Saturday, the 13th, mass was said on shore.
The
forge was landed,
necessary for
and the fastenings were made, that were The bows were knee timbers and joists.
strengthened with lashings and knee timbers.

Here, at this river of San Juan, Pedro Sarmiento took
possession and raised a great heap of stones on which he
set
up a
lofty cross,
which could be seen from
all
parts of
this reach of the strait;
and he there deposited the follow-
ing letter
"Possession of the river of San Juan and of Strait of the Mother of God.
^^
The
Jesus.
^^
Maria.
"In the name of the most Holy Trinity, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, three Persons and one only true God Almighty who
created heaven and earth out of nothing, in
in
whom
all
true Christians ought to believe firmly
most
holy, ever virgin
and and of the Mary, Mother of God, our advocate, and

I believe,
;
whom
more
living
especially the advocate of this fleet.
Be
it
known
the
to all
beings, peoples,
as
infidel,
and nations
to-day,
in
the whole world, as well
faithful
that
being Thursday,
this
12th of
called
February 1580, having arrived in

'
bay,
now newly
and the ship named Ncustra Sehora de la Esperanza^ which is Capitana of the fleet that the most excellent Lord Don Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy Governor and Captain General of the Kingdoms and Provinces of Peru, despatched from the city of the Kings of Peru for the discovery of the Strait on
Bahia de
la
Gente',
the
nth
of October 1579, being anchored off this watering place
and
the
river of
San Juan of Possession
and having parted company

Francisco before reaching
Strait
with the ship Alniiranta
named
Sa7i
mouth
of the Strait, this said

it.
Capitana entered the
alone and discovered
On
board the ship Capitana Pedro
Sarmiento came as Captain Superior and General of the Fleet for

the most Christian Lord
King Don Philip our natural Lord and
King,
whom God
preserve for
many
years with increase of his
estates
and kingdoms
for the spread
and defence of the holy

I
130

Catholic Church our Mother.
Roman
sion of
He, having taken posses-
many
different parts of the archipelago of this Strait, also

river, called San Juan of Possession, day being Saturday, the 13th of February,
took possession in this
which
is
in 53 40' S., to
and yesterday the 12 th he took possession of the point of Santa Ana which is in 53 30' S. This is notified in the present writing and instrument that it may be notorious to all, and that no nation, barbarous or civilized, Catholic or not Catholic,
faithful
or
infidel,
may pretend
ignorance
now
or at any future
time, nor shall have the audacity, without special
and express
permission from the very powerful Lord King of Castille and
Leon, his heirs and successors, to enter,

selves in the regions
settle,
or establish them-
and lands of this Strait vulgarly called of Magellan for commercial or any other purposes, in the belief that they are unoccupied lands having no Lord or King to whom they
properly belong
;
for,
as already notified, they are the property of
the very powerful and very Catholic Lord
Don
Philip II, most
meritorious King of the Spains with their dependencies and of

the Indies, and of the navigation and discovery of half the world, being 180 of longitude, in conformity with the donation and
concession of the most happy Supreme
Roman
Pontiff Alexander
VI.
According
inotii
to
the
concession and donation of the Bull

fall
propria
despatched, these the said lands
within
and are
included in the demarcation and hmits defined in the said Bull,

in
which his Holiness prohibits every one in general to dare to come, by any way, to these parts without express permission from the Lords Kings of Castille in these formal words And we
:
'
inhibit whatever persons of whatever dignity,
even
if it
be royal
or imperial state rank order or condition, on pain of excommunition lata sententice
which they
will eo ipso incur if
they act to the
contrary, from presuming to grant licences or any other privilege
without your special permission of yourself or your heirs and

successors, to go to the islands or continents discovered or that
may be discovered to the down from the Arctic
west and south of a line drawn and laid

to
the
Antarctic
Pole,
namely such
India
lands and islands as have been or
may be found towards
or towards whatever part, the said line being distant from what-
ever of the islands vulgarly called the Azores or
Cape Verde,
100 leagues towards the west as remains
said,
notwithstanding
constitutions^ Apostolic ordinances or others whatever.'
And
at

the end of the said Bull
it
131
shall
it
is
said that to
no man
be
lawful to break nor with audacious temerity to go against this

letter
of our grant, requirement, donation, assignment, constitudeputation,

decree,
order,
If any inhibition, and will. him know that he will incur the indignation of the omnipotent God, and of the blessed St. Peter and St. Paul. Given in Rome at St. Peter's, the 4th day of
tion,
one should presume
to try, let
May
"
of the incarnation
1493 years, in the

is
first
year of our
Pontificate.
The
possession taken,
taken here in
all
the Strait and
Archipelago by both seas of the South and North, for the said
King,
my
Lord, of Castille and Leon, discovered

order.
at his cost,
and
by
his
command and
"
I,
the said Pedro Sarmiento, Captain Superior of this the said
on the part of his Majesty the King, my Lord, order the Admiral Juan de Villalobos, and the Chief Pilot Hernando Lamero, and the Serjeant Major Pascual Suarez, and all the officers, soldiers, and sailors of the said ship Almiranta named
fleet,
San
Francisco^ that
if
they should
come
or arrive here, or see this
cross
and
letter,
they are incontinently to return to Peru, to the
city of the Kings,
and give an account
to the
most excellent Lord

city of the
Don
Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru, and to the Lords

Kings,
Judges of the Royal Audience of the said
bringing to them this letter jointly with the report of what had
happened up to the arrival at this river of San Juan of Possession and they shall report how this ship Capilana, the Neustra Sefiora de Esperanza^ arrived, with the favour of God, at this river, having discovered the Strait, and passed into the North Sea to proceed to Spain, and give an account to his Majesty, as his
Excellency ordered in his Instructions
;
also that all the people
who
left
Lima
are alive, glory be to God, besides four others
were in the brigantine and who belonged to the Almiranta.
who The
names of those on board

Captain Superior
Vicar of the Fleet
are as follows
Pedro Sarmiento.
Friar Antonio Guadramiro.
Ensign
Chief Pilot
Juan Gutierrez de Guevara.^
Anton Pablos.
Executed
for
mutiny, 19th June 1580.

I
^^
132
LIST OF
Pilot (his companion)
THE CREW.
Hernando Alonso.^
Juan de Esquivel. Juan de Sagasti.^ Pedro de Hojeda.
Baltasar Rodriguez.
Royal Notary Purser Boatswain Gunner

Caulker
Master-a t-A rms
Carpenter
Soldiers
.
Pedro Lopez.
Caspar Antonio.
Mase
Agustin.
Alvaro de Torres.
Francisco Garces de Espinosa.
Pedro de Aranda.
Geronimo
del Arroyo.
Gabriel de Solis.
Antonio del
Castillo.
Christoval de Bonilla.
Andres de Orduna. Pedro de la Rosa. Pedro de Bahamonde.

Francisco de Mazuelas.
Pedro Martin.
Sailors
Pero Pablo. Angel Baltolo.*
Domingo Baxaneta.
Juan Antonio Corzo. Sancho de Larrea. Diego Perez. Diego Perez. Francisco Hernandez.
Pero Marquez.
Ximon de Abreu.
I.uis
Gonzalez.
Gaspar Gomez.
Francisco Perez Rocha.
Francisco de Urbea.
Sent with despatches to
Nombre de Dios
in
a small vessel from

19th June
Cape Verde, 20th June 1580. ^ Beached at Santiago for neglect of duty and mutiny,
I
^80.
*
^
^
Shipped
at Pisco.
Dispenser.
Portuguese.
NEW NAME FOR THE

Sailors
,
.
STRAIT.
33
Mateo Andres. Jacome Ricalde. Manuel Perez.

Pedro de Villabustre.
Peralvarez.
Pero Gonzalez.
" There
is
one missing, Pedro Jorge, who was drowned
in the
storm on the day after we departed from Puerto Bermejo.

rest,
The
being Negros, Mulattos, and Indians taken as servants, are
and the ship is repaired. "This is my order to the said Admiral, and to the rest of those on board the Almiranta^ to be complied with and observed in the said manner because it is for the good of his Majesty's service, and in execution of the order from the said most excellent Lord They are to take the narrative of the voyage and disViceroy. covery they may have drawn up, with the three accounts which I
well,
give of the three discoveries I
made
in the three boat
voyages in
the archipelago, with this
letter,
leaving in this
same place an
for the rights
authorized copy.
For
it
will
be of great importance
of the King our Lord, in the time to come.
service, which is to be complied with by the said Admiral Juan de Villalobos and the rest of those on board the said Ahniranta, on pain of falling into
evil
may know how his orders have been carried what may be most conducive to his Majesty's
Thus his Excellency out, and provide for
case,
and
suffering the penalties
due
to those
who disobey
their captains
who
in the
name
of their Lord
and natural King
give orders touching his service,

^^
Item.
make known
discovery I took for
my
to all that to make this voyage and advocate and patron the most serene
Lady our Queen

lency.
of the Angels, holy St.
Mary Mother
of God,
always Virgin, in conformity with the Instructions of his Excel-
In consequence of which, and of the miracles which our Lord God has worked for us in this voyage and discovery, and in the dangers which we encountered, through her intercession, I
Strait of the
Strait
Mother of God, to what and I hope that his Majesty being, as he is, so devoted to the Mother of God, will confirm this name in his writings and provisions, seeing that I gave it in his royal name, because she is Patron and Advocate
was formerly known as the
of Magellan,
have given the name of the

134
DEPARTURE FROM THE SAN JUAN He
RIVER.
of these regions and parts, intercessor with her most precious son
Jesus Christ our Lord for him, and that
may, of his most

will
blessed majesty, have mercy on these natives, and send his holy
evangelist that their souls
may be
saved.
high honour and glory to Kings of Spain
From who were
it
result
his ministers.
both
will
in this
world and the next, and to the Spanish nation, which

profit,
execute the work, there will be no less honour,
and
increase.
this letter in triplicate deposited,
up on the 12th of this the said month, and mass having been said on the same day in the said port of the river of San Juan of Possession and signed by name and hand
"This cross was
set
;
"
Pedro Sarmiento,
and General of his Majesty.
" Captain-Superior
" In faith of which

this
letter,
I,
it
the Royal Notary of this Fleet, wrote
and passed
its truth.
before
me and
here
made my
sign
in testimony of
"
Juan de Esquivel, Royal Notary.

in this port of the
^^
The days
sion were
that
we were
River of Possesin the
warm, with a
fresh south
wind from eight

it fell
morning
calm
to five in the afternoon,
when
calm, and was
all night.
The
nights were very
fine,
with clear sky
the stars shining brightly, and the air healthful.
Here paroand other
quets and catalines, another species of paroquets, with half

the head of a red colour, were seen.
Silgueritos
whose song is a sign of fair weather. The footmarks of tigers and lions were seen. This day we embarked the forge, and the rest of the wood
singing
birds were heard,
and water, being Saturday, the 13th of the month. On Sunday, the 14th of February, we left this
course for the island
river of
San Juan of the Possession in fair weather, and shaped a of San Pablo and Cape of San Valentin, but before we were off the cape of Santa Ana, it
fell
calm, and
we were
at the
mercy of the
currents,
some-
times gaining ground, sometimes losing.
So we remained
SLOW PROGRESS.
without anchoring, because
35
we could not
in
get near the shore
owing
all
to having been
becalmed
mid channel.
not to lose too
Nearly
night
we were
towing, so
as
much
air
ground.
It dawned calm on Monday, and at came from the west, before which we whence San Pablo bore east. This day tude in 53 30' S. At noon it was again
seven a light
reached a point
we took
the
alti-
calm, and to-day

in Lent,
and yesterday
Spain
in July.
it
was as hot as
it is
at
Lima
and
in
At
nine o'clock in the morning of Tuesday, the i6th of

it
February,
began
to
blow from the south, and the wind
continued to freshen as the day advanced.

before
it
We
went
N.E.,
coming
to a low coast, consisting of ravines

side.
and bare ground, on the southern

land
Half a league from
we sounded in ten fathoms, and for fear of running on some bank we stood out to sea again (I should say into mid channel). At two in the afternoon we ran before the wind,
following the coast N.N.E. and N.E. to a point six leagues
from the island of San Pablo to the N.N.E.
In the middle
of this distance the coast sweeps round and forms a bay
with a low stretch of land without grass, which at this

season
53 lo^
is
burnt up.
In this bay
we took
the altitude in
"
Having passed the point to which we gave the name of Gente Grande", another came in sight five leagues N.N.E. Beyond the point of Gente Grande the land forms a bay^
and as
it
to the east with an inlet,
was
late
we anchored
in
the opening, in twelve fathoms, good bottom.
Here the
water flows more than at any other place where we had yet
Strait of Madre de Dios. In anchoring we saw some people, who shouted to us. In order to see who
been
in this
Genta Grande
Bay
of the
Admiralty Chart,
in
52
57'
S.
70 19'
W,
136
A PATAGONIAN CAPTURED.
they were, and to secure a native of this province as an

interpreter,
Pedro Sarmiento sent the Ensign and Hernando
Alonso, with some arquebusiers, in the boat.
they reached the shore the natives of that
As soon as province, who
belonged to the race of great people, began to shout and
jump about with

weapons, having
their
left
arms up in the air, and without them in a place near at hand. The
Ensign made the same signs of peace, and the giants came
to the beach near the boat.
shore with four men.
Then the Ensign jumped on But they made signs that he should
leave his lance, and turned back to the place where they
bows and arrows. On seeing this the Ensign left the lance and showed them the things he had brought for barter. The giants saw them, but turned back, though hesitation. with When our people saw the natives going
had
left their
away they got ready
to attack them.
Ten men, who had
got out of the boat, attacked one of the natives and were
scarcely able to hold him.
The
others attacked our
men
re-
from where they had
left their
bows and arrows, and
turned so quickly shooting the arrows that our
men were
obliged to return to the boat, and quickly shoved off amidst
a flight of arrows.
kept on discharging their arrows.

in the eye,
They were helped up, while the natives Our purser was wounded
side
and while the boat's crew were getting up the two arquebuses were dropped into the sea. Thus
they returned to the ship, bringing the captured native

with them.
Although we offered things to the captive
(which he willingly took) he could not be re-assured.
He
would eat nothing

very large.^
all
that
day and
night.
His limbs were
The country
1
is
plain
and without
hills,
and well peopled
at
This Patagonian was brought to Spain, and presented to Philip 1 Fitz Roy says that Sarmiento is the only person on record who has communicated with the natives in the neighbourhood
Badajos.
of
Cape Monmouth.
BAFP'LED BY CURRENTS.
with these natives, so far as
37
we could then
see.
Our men
who went on
holes, the
shore found the ground burrowed with rabbit
rabbits
being
like
those in Castille, and the
natives wore cloaks of the skins of vicunas, the
same
as
those of Peru, called in the native language neuxo, and

leather sandals.
There seemed
to
be land here, with a
good climate, suitable

feared
race,
for a settlement.
The
natives are
valiant
It
by those nearer the South Sea, and, being a
they possess the best land we have hitherto seen.
has the general appearance of the land of the Collao,^ well

fitted for raising flocks.
There are low
hills
with valleys
between them, where we saw much smoke, a sign of places
where the natives are

the best climate.
living, and, therefore,
probably with
On Ash Wednesday,
miento sent the
Pilot,
the 17th of February, Pedro Sarfind out

in the
Hernando Alonso, to
islet
whether
there was shelter behind an
which
is
middle of
the bay of Gente Grande, for

north.
we had
wind from the

to
Not
finding
good anchoring ground he returned

continue
the ship.
When
the tide began to go out,

sail to
weigh and made
we got under our voyage, making some

little
progress while the tide was with us, for there was
wind, and at times calm, that which there was being N.N.W.
and N.
tow.
But while in mid-channel it fell calm, and the tide was flowing, so we were forced to send the boat ahead to
But the current was too strong, we could not hold
our own, and
we
drifted
back some distance.

in
We
It
could
not anchor, so that
we were
this state until
the tide
turned and a breeze sprang up from

night,
N.W.
for
was then
and we were forced to search

in
bottom, and
anchored
15
fathoms, about a league further on than
the place whence
we
started in the morning.
This day we
it
could not
make
out a clear channel.
To
m.any on board
In Southern Peru.
138
APPROACHING THE SECOND NARROW.
looked ahead like a closed bay, and there were differences

of opinion over
a bay astern.
this.
Some thought we
should go back to
Others fancied that these currents ebbing^

All
trying with the lead line whether the tide
back could only be owing to a bay without outlet

night
we were
ebbed or flowed.
We
found that
it
ebbed when the current

be a closed bay, which
in that direction,
flowed towards what
we thought
to
gave us hope that there must be an outlet
though
it
appeared to be a closed bay.

tides,
But the experi-
ment of the
and
the sight of a mountain range of
greater height behind the lower land, with a valley between
E.N.E. and W.S.W., gave us a lesson to leave nothing

without trying, so that
of or repent afterwards.
we might have nothing
to complain
The
Chief
following Thursday, the i8th of February, Pedro

in a
Sarmiento went away

Pilot,
sail
boat with Anton Pablos, the
and eight men, proceeding, with the current,
under
towards the north.
They came
to a high
hill,
with a ravine, two and a half leagues from the ship, and
three and a half from the bay.
Thence we discovered the

and
ravine,
this
channel trending E.N.E.

of
"
Pedro Sarmiento gave the name

which forms one
cape of San Vin-
San Vicente"^
to this hill
end of the bay of Gente Grande. From

cente, another hill
and cape
is
seen to the north, a league E. seen since entering the
This
strait.
is
the narrowest part
we had
We
called the cape " Nuestra
Senora de Gracia".^
''''Jusente''''
(Fortuguese, /nzanie),
means
the tide going down.

or
^''
It
is
derived from the old Castillian word
^^Jtiso"
yiisd'\
meaning
the
words
abatxd'\ On the Cantabrian coast they still use the Montant^^ and Jiisetite'^ for flow and ebb. 2 Cape St, Vincent of the Admiralty Chart, in 52 47' 45" S., 70 26' W. The south side of the entrance to the " Second Narrow"
same as
'''
^^
''''
from the west.

3
Gracia Point of the chart, being the north entrance to the "Second
Narrows" from the west.
THE SECOND NARROW.

At
39
these two capes fortresses could be built to defend the
entrance from both sides.
From
beaches
the cape of
San Vicente we went onwards

Leaving a guard
in
in
the
boat for a league, the coast trending E.N.E., and having

all
along.
the boat,
we went
Here we
In
on shore without arms, and climbed up the ravine to the

highest
laid
hill in
the neighbourhood to get a view.
down
the channel, capes, and coast line as well as was
possible,
this
by means of our eyes and of two compasses.
way Pedro Sarmiento and Anton Pablos set down what they saw there. The name of the hill and ravine whence they made their survey was Barranca de San
Simon, and thence appears a point on the opposite coast
N.N.E.
"
S.S.W. four leagues, which was called the point of

On
the
San Gregorio".^
same north
*'
coast another low

la
point runs out, which was called

Valle".^
Nuestra Senora de
Thence we saw a very

vi:ew of a country,
large opening of the sea
bearing E.N.E.
Over the land on the south coast we had

with pastures like those of
over with shrubs of a fine colour, like the
an extensive
Castille, scattered
wild
thyme
is
of Castille, and with holes like rat holes.
The
land
Having noted everything we went back to the boat whence we saw the natives making great clouds of smoke on both sides of the strait. Without further delay
hilly.
;
we made
sail
on the boat and returned to the ship with the

it
flood tide, for
was beginning
to
blow from the north.

To-day, at three
in
We
took the altitude here
in 53 3' S.
the afternoon, the tide was neither flowing to the sea nor up
the strait
tain
and as
it
began to ebb, we made
sail to ascer-
whether we could proceed by the narrow part at cape
Nuestra Senora de Gracia.
The wind began
to
change
the
2
Cape Gregory of the chart being the north side of the entrance "Second Narrow", coming from the east, in 52 40' S., 70 12'
to
I40
SAILING DIRECTIONS.
from
that
W.
to
N.W., and the currents to check our way, so

little
we made
progress.
Being
in the bay, steering to
get clear of
eddies,
drifted
it and into the channel, the side winds and coming down from the hills, baffled us so that we towards some rocks, and though the seas took us,
the people believed they were eddies from the currents and,
therefore,
were not alarmed.
But coming nearer we found

it
six fathoms,
and
at the
next cast of the lead
gave
five,
presently four and a half, and each time there was less
depth.
Although we came to the side
for clearing the bay,
the wind failed, so that the current carried us towards the

rocks,
no eddy appearing.
Seeing that we were
in
great
danger,
we commended
ourselves to our
Lady
of the Valley,
and Pedro Sarmiento promised to go a pilgrimage and
make
offerings to her sacred house at Seville, beseeching

peril.
her to deliver us from this

the Angels, Mother of
breeze, with
Suddenly the Queen of

of Mercy, sent us a fresh
current.^
God and
which the ship went out against the

extend
for a league E.
The
reefs of rocks
three leagues of the cape of
and W. to within San Vicente. Half of them
are N. and S. of that cape, the rest from the E. to S.E. and
W.
He who comes
this
way, must take notice that he
must not approach these without the lead over the side, because in fine weather all looks smooth, and often the sea
is
as high as the land, so that the coast

is
is
not seen until the

thinks
it is all
ship
very near, for the look-out

is
man
sea
until the ship
on shore.
tides,
In navigating, attention should
be paid to the
raised.
and the anchors should be quickly

is
In
all
these parts bottom
to be found, from
San
Juan of Possession, even in mid-channel, and the greatest depth does not exceed 50 fathoms. The land should not
be approached closely without taking soundings and having
a boat ahead.
"
Lee Bay" of the
chart.
MAGDALENA AND MARTA

Having escaped
this
ISLANDS.
I4I
danger of the rocks, we went on
with a fresh westerly wind on the starboard tack.
was coming on, and
it
was slack
tide,
As night we anchored in
islands,
mid -channel,
in
15
fathoms, between the small
bearing N.E. and S.W. a league from each other.
We
named
the S.W, one " Madalena", and the N.E. one "Santa
Marta"/"
The Madalena
is
round, and half a league in
circumference.
league,
Santa Marta runs N.W.
S.W.
for half a
and on the S.E.
side has a low point
which extends
far out as a bank.
/^"^
land, rather high,
Between these two islands comes a point of the main named San Silvestre, and between it and
is
the islands there

is
a great channel.
The main
we
land,
which
between points San Antonio de Padua and San

^
Silvestre,^
forms a great bay of low land, which

"
bay of and between the points of San Silvestre and Nuestra Sefiora de Gracia the mainland forms another
called the
Santa Catalina"
very large bay

Bartholome".*
which
fell
raises
W. S.W. We called it the bay of "San At the entrance of this bay there is a shoal, the sea in it. Be careful of it. At night it
we anchored.
sail sail
calm, the wind which had been fresh from the west
It
died away, and
was calm
all night.
On
Friday morning, the 19th of February, at the turn
of the tide,
we made
with wind from the
east,
sending
the boat ahead under
to sound, with the Pilot

in her.
Hernando
in
Alonso and a boat's crew
We
little
were always
from
at
25 to 30 fathoms, sometimes a
Sta.
more or
less,
and
in
30'',
Marta and
Sta.
Magdalena Islands of the
chart,
midthe
channel, east of Elizabeth Island. latter in 52 55' 30" S., 70 34' W.
The former
in 52 51'
2 Point San Antonio de Padua appears to be Punta Arenas and San Silvestre is a point on Elizabeth Island. Neither of these names have been preserved.
;
Catalina Bay, on the Admiralty Chart,
is
placed north of Sandy
Point.
*
142
REMARKS ON THE WINDS.

the forenoon, coming near the narrow place,
it
in
fell
calm.
We
recalled the boat to

for
which she did

narrow
place.
is
come and tow the ship, a good long time until we reached the
is
Here there
no wind.
great danger from currents

at
when
tide
there
Being
the entrance
towing.
it
began
to freshen from the east,
and we
out,
left off
As
the
we made for the north coast, for the bay which Sarmiento named " Santa Susana". There we anchored in eight fathoms low water, good
had ceased to run
bottom, half a league from the land.
All the land in these
narrows has bottom in 30 and 40 fathoms, stone, but

the coasts and ravines, and the beaches are lime.
With
the flood tide the wind freshened from the east, moderate
and warm, with a
little
rain.
This wind seldom blows.
On
and
the coast, on the side of the South Sea from the Gulf
it is
of Trinidad,
rain
;
the north wind which

it.
is
warm and
moist,
comes with
fair
Here
is
this
occurs with the east

it
wind
although there
it
always stormy, and here

the ravine of San
It is
comes with
weather.
From
Simon
onward, the coast trends E.S.E.
a low narrow point
which we named San

each other.
Isidro.^
Points Nuestra Sefiora de
Gracia and San Gregorio bear E.N.E. and W.S.W. from
On
the
Saturday, the 20th of February,
we
shifted berth to
get closer inshore on the north side, because

full
force of the currents
and
tides
we were in where we were

we were well we sounded we
anchored.
of point
We
anchored
in eight
fathoms, a league west

that
San Gregorio.
joyful,
in three
Believing
berthed
we were
when
but,
the instant
found ourselves
fathoms of water, the tide ebbing,

;
which made us anxious
by the great diligence of
^ San Isidro Point, on the Admiralty Chart, is on the south side of in the entrance to the " Second Narrow" coming from the east
;
52 45' S., 70
7'
W.
OBSERVATIONS ON SHORE.
pilots, sailors,
43
and
soldiers, she
channel until the depth was 15 fathoms.
was towed out towards the Here we let go

safe,
two anchors, and here we thought ourselves really

though the place was dangerous owing to the currents.
For
this reason, that
is,
to fly
from the impetus and fury

strait,
of the currents in the middle of the
Pedro Sarmiento
went
in the
boat to discover whether there was a port on
the other side of the point of San Gregorio, taking with
him the Father Vicar, Hernando Alonso, seven arqueand eight sailors, good men by sea and land. We went to the shore, landed, and, forming the men in order, marched to the upper part of the ravine, to the highest
busiers,
point of the cape, where
we could make out
the sea at the
other side of the point of San Gregorio.
Pedro Sarmiento
took a round of angles of the points
and bays which
were
in
sight,
and planted a small cross on the highest
land, there not being
wood enough
for a larger one, the

trees.
land being bare, without woods or clumps of
He
took possession of
the act.
all
that land for his Majesty, and ratified
This point of San Gregorio
is
peopled by natives.
As
we saw
that the
wind was beginning to blow

it
fresh from
the west, from which quarter

furiously,
is
accustomed to blow
might be
run.
Sarmiento did not wish to stay any longer, but
to return to the ship, that
no
risks
In
returning
we saw
a long
hill
running N.W.
S.E.,
between
which and the point of San Gregorio there are some low
plains like valleys, in the
manner of
fields,
others
fallow,
also
a lake of fresh water
some green and and by the
appearance of the land we judged that there were no rivers

here, but small
lakes and springs from which the natives

to this conclusion because in
is
drink.
We
came
making
sounding
holes in the earth flowing water
soon reached.
for the ship,
Having got
as
into the boat,

It is to
we made
we
went.
be noticed that the whole bay, which
144
WEIGHING WITH A STRONG CURRENT.

I
extends, as
said,
from the bay of San Gregorio and point

is
of Neustra Sefiora de Gracia by land,

to three fathoms.
shallow, with but two
ship entering here cannot approach

risk.
near the coast without
She should rather come

it
to in
mid-channel, or at least should not anchor in less than twelve

fathoms, for being in eight,
water, and at a distance of
will give three or less at
low
two
boats' lengths will be left dry.
had scarcely got back to the ship with the boat, when it began to blow furiously from the west, and as the
tide
We
was rising against the wind, there was much sea. As we had had experience of the fury of this wind we desired to move but could not, owing to the strength of the
current and wind which turned the ship different ways.
We,
therefore, waited until the tide
was
slack,
and then
brought the cables to the capstan.
The
capstan turned
so easily that every one feared that the cables had parted
and the anchors were

heart,
lost,
which caused us the greatest

But, persevering with a
anxiety and fear of danger.
good
one piece of work, some at another, and Pedro Sarmiento taking bearings of the land to see if we
at
some
should clear the point, he

the anchors.
the ship held
knew when
that
it
the ship was over
Looking down
at the cables he
knew
that
was the current rushing under her stern that made the capstan go round so easily,
by them, and
the cables being in bights.
He
told this to the
loud voice, which consoled them greatly, as they

that the ship was
fast.
men in a now knew
At
length, with great labour for
the men, the ship receiving heavy blows from the sea so
that the topmast
was taken out of
her,
God was
served
that the anchors should be raised without carrying
away
the cables.
In casting, the current turned the ship and she
was
on the rocks, when a sail was filled by the she went ahead to weather the point of San and wind Beyond it we found a good bay, which we had Gregorio. seen when we went on shore to survey. We stood into
drifting
DESCRIPTION OF THE COAST.

this
145
in
bay
until the
cape of San Vicente was shut

in
by that
of San Gregorio,
when we anchored
20 fathoms, pebbles
and lime and

fine,
in small pieces.^
On Sunday,
the 21st of February, the
dawn was
clear
but after sunrise the east wind began to blow, and
as the sun rose, so the force of the
wind increased.
In the
morning some natives appeared on the beach, who shouted

to us
and lighted
;
fires.
We
answered with a white

for
flag in
token of peace
and Pedro Sarmiento intended to have sent

them, when the wind
in-
on shore with some presents

creased so
much
that
it
was not thought advisable

To-day,
all
to send
a boat at that time.

altitude in 52 31' S.,in
three of us took the

is
which latitude
the point and bay

is
of San Gregorio.2
From
that point another
in
sight,
bearing E.N.E.
five leagues,
being the one already named
Nuestra Senora del Valle on the north coast, and between

the two the coast curves round in a great bay, which was
named
coast,
the bay of the
"
Eleven Thousand Virgins".^
From
four
point San Gregorio another point appears on the south
which we named "San

Until noon
in
it
Isidro",
S.E.
N.W.
ebb
leagues.
was
it
cold, with a cfear
and serene
less
sky,
cold.
and
the afternoon
was more overcast and

tide nor the
In this
bay neither the flood

force.
tide
run with such
From
the point of Nuestra Senora de

hills
Gracia to that of Nuestra Senora del Valle, a chain of
extends about a league inland, not very high nor very low,
and
bare.
Its
length
is
more than eight

it
leagues,
and
it
gradually sinks
down
until
ends
in the point of
<
Nuestra
Senora del Valle.
On
the
same
Sunday, the wind and sea having gone
down, natives again appeared on the beach shouting and
"
Gregory Bay" of the Admiralty Chart.
2 ^
52 40' S.
This
name has
not been preserved.
146

In order to see what they wanted, and to learn
waving.
something of that land, Pedro Sarmiento went on shore

in
the boat with eighteen men.
On
arriving, only four
showed themselves, with bows and arrows, making signs of peace, and saying, Axzj tate,which means "Brothers".
natives
We
on a
to
jumped on
shore,
and the natives took up a position

understand by signs that one was
hillock, giving us to
come without arms.
Sarmiento sent one unarmed with
presents of beads, bells, and combs, which he gave them.
Presently they said that he must go

did.
down, which he
the Ensign went up alone, the General sending by him, which they received. But all this did not give them confidence. Seeing this, the General ordered the Ensign to come down, which he did. As they could not be reassured, either by gifts or caresses, Sarmiento determined to leave them, and to ascend the side of a ravine at a different part from where the natives were, so as
Then
gifts
more
not to alarm them, his object being merely to explore the

hill
and examine the channels.
Forming
his
men
in order,
he went up the ravine by a
slope.
Before he could reach
the top, the four armed natives came, and without any
provocation, and after having received the
to shoot
at the
gifts,
they began
many
arrows at the General,
who was
in front,
and
Ensign and Chief Pilot who were with him.
shot five or six arrows with great force and swiftness.
They One
The
in
struck the General between the eyes, and another on the

right side,
rest
which was defended by the skin of a

shield.
tapir.
were received on his
The
Pilot
was struck
he
the body and arms, and on his shield, and a soldier
named
that
"
Pedro de Aranda was

he was wounded, he
General, crying
Indians,
"
hit in the eye.

said, "
When
killed
felt
!
They have
"
me
Ensign, when he heard him, told him to turn back.
The The
four
Forward
rushed
down on
that,
the
who
fled
with such
speed
quickly as
we
reached the hillock which was close
to,
they were already
ANCHORED UNDER POINT SAN
ISIDRO.
147
so far off that no arquebus could reach them.
Forming
hill
the troops again,
we
continued the ascent of the
to get
rolling
a view of the country inland.

hills
We
discovered
some
between two
hills,
very pleasant to look upon, and
covered with beautiful verdure like cultivated land.

could
We
make
out a
number of shapes
like houses,
which we
supposed to be the huts of those people. on because

handed, and
it
We
did not go
was not desirable to leave the ship weak

hands are required when the fury of the
for
all
tempest bursts,
which
it
is
always necessary to be pre-
pared, although this land has better weather than those
had passed.
We
returned for this reason, and on the

skin,
we way
back we found two cloaks of sheep

like those of Peru,
with their wool

the natives ran
and some sandals.
As
for their lives
they must have thrown them away.
We
cured.
returned to the ship, where the
wounded man was

and there were
began
to
That night
every
it
was
fine at intervals,
squalls
now and
then.
On Monday, the
22nd of February,
force,
it
blow from
N.N.E. at dawn with much
changing to N. and then to
N.W., which wind blew

that hour
it
until eleven in the forenoon.
At
veered to W., then to S.W., and after a
little it
went down, when we got under way to proceed with our

discovery. As the west wind continued and we had not room to run before it, because we were near the land, and as we were not certain of the direction the channel would
take, also because
it
is
necessary to anchor early each
evening,
to a
we
crossed to the other side, to the southern coast,
bay
six leagues
ing early,
already
we anchored behind named San Isidro, in a

in
N.N.W\ of point San Gregorio. Arriva point which had been

little
bay, surrounded
by
low land and sandy beaches,

league from the land.
ten fathoms, a quarter of a

as
As soon
we had come
to,
we
in
sounded and found ourselves

ignorance
in se.ven fathoms.
We
K
were
how
far the
sea would
recede,
and we feared
2
148
that, as
OBSERVATIONS OF STARS.
near low land the tide usually went out further,
left dry.
we
might be
So we weighed again and stood out

Presently
it
with the wind blowing over the land from the S.W., anchoring again in 15 fathoms.
hard, and
began to blow very
was bad,
time
in
we dragged the anchor as the holding ground so we weighed once more and anchored a third
;
nine fathoms, sandy bottom
at
low water the depth
being six fathoms.
At
night the wind went
down a
little,
though there were occasional squalls from the S.W. and
W.S.W., with great

greatest cold.
cold, for
those winds here

is
bring the
better
Still this
region
warmer and has a

Moreover,
it is
climate than those

to look upon,
is
we had
flocks,
passed.
pleasant
capable of sustaining a large population,
and wild and tame
and would yield
grain.
According
which
call
is
to Felipe, the big native, the land yields cotton,
the
best proof of a mild climate, and cinnamon they
cabca}
Here the sky

and are good and we used
the
is
very
clear,
and the
stars shine very bright,
for
taking observations.
The
star Crucero
is
;
very serviceable, being 30 degrees from the Antarctic Pole

it
for
taking the height of the Pole, as

in
we used
North Star
the northern
hemisphere, although
this
with a different computation.

serve
all
As
Crucero does not

for
the year
round,
but
only
some months,
Pedro Sarmiento took great pains to seek out another

pole
star
nearer
the
Pole,
with a
shorter calculation,
which would be more general and constant.

diligence that
As
it
is
makes research bear
fruit,
God was
served
that he should
make
this discovery
and
verification.
Thus
during
many
clear nights, with

its
great
care,
he adjusted
the stars of Crucero and

stars
pointers,
and two or three pole

of
of very small circumference, with the favour

will
God, which
be very useful to the curious navigators
who may wish
to profit
by
it
during the portion of the year
Probably Winter's bark.
SUDDEN SHOALING OF THE WATER.

when
of
it.
I49
pa^ct
the Crucero cannot be used, which
is
the greater
He made
use of this observation for the honour and
glo^}((j
of God, and others of this kind for certain verifications of lati-
tude and longitude will be described elsewhere,

part which will be the proper place.
in
another
Now it does
not seem
appropriate to
mix astronomy with
descriptions of routes
and
itineraries.
At dawn on Tuesday,
low
it
the 23rd of February,
it
was very
cold and blew furiously from the west.
As
the land was
did not protect or shelter us at
all,
and, that
left,
we might
it
not carry
away
in
the only good cable
we had
although
was chafed
to
many
it
places, yet
it
was our only help and

to our Chief Pilot
sail
salvation after God,
seemed best
that
and
Hernando Alonso
it,
we should make
tide.
and run
before
both with and against the

strait,
This we did, and
continued to follow our
leaving a bay on the right

It
which entered into the land more than six leagues.
was
named
Isidro.
the bay of "
San
Felipe",^
beyond the point of San
We
continued a N.N.E. course, thus crossing the
strait to
discover a narrow inlet that appeared ahead.
We
entered a bay on the north coast,

ago,2
named
the bay of Santi-
which bears N.
S.,
with San Felipe, and being well
advanced that we might discover the narrow part, we sounded

in
20 fathoms.
Suddenly we got eight fathoms, and we had

it
scarcely hauled the lead out of the water, and thrown
again with the greatest speed,
when we got
three fathoms.
sailor
who was
in the
boat towing astern, thinking that
the ship had touched (as he said), put a pole, two fathoms
and a half long, into the water, and, before he had finished the whole length, reached bottom at two fathoms. This ship
drew three fathoms, or very
little less.
We were
all in
mortal
"Philip Bay" of the Admiralty Chart, east of Isidro Point.

" St.
Jago Bay" on the Admiralty Chart,
in 52 33' S., 69 53'
W,
50
THE FIRST NARROW.
who expect to be drowned by sea or land, and when there is no hope but in heaven. Remembering this, we commended ourselves to our Lady of Hope, the Mother of God, our Advocate, whose name this ship has, and her blessed Son miraculously
confusion, as those usually are
and
lost,
saved us through her intercession.

to
give infinite thanks
my God
and Lord, and

liberating us
!
to the
most precious Mother, the
Virgin Mary,
di.scovery,
infinite
who has shown

in
us so
many
mercies
in
this
moments
of death and from

18
dangers
Presently the ship was in
fathoms
and more, the wind
blowing
foresail
furiously
from the west.

the
Under
which
part
is
of
the
we
long.^
entered
narrow,
cliffs
better than half a league across, with
on
either side,
and three leagues

is
It
bears E.N.E. and

is
W.S.W.
side there
Here the current

is
very strong, and there
more
than 50 fathoms of depth, sand and lime.

a lime beach. This narrow was
"
On
the north
named by Pedro
our danger.
Sarmiento the narrow of

to
Nuestra Sefiora de Esperanza",^

in
whom we
had commended ourselves
At
is
the mouth, at the end of these three leagues, there
narrow point on the north side which was named the

Delgada",^ and to S.E. of
it
"
Punta
there
is
a bed of seaweed at the
end of the
side.
it,
point, at the entrance of the narrow^
on the north
It wâs
named
Baja''.^
"
Barranca", and the other opposite to

scarcely half a league across, was
on the south
side,
named "Punta
trends E.N.E.
From
the latter point the south coast

far as a
for five
and a half leagues, as
very
low point which was named Anegada.^
Points
Anegada
Here
"
it
was proposed
to
^
Spanish Editor.)
3
establish the fortress. {Note by the Called " First Narrows" on the chart.
Delgada Point" on the Admiralty Chart.
<'
Points Barranca and Baja are on the west and east sides of the First Narrow" coming from the west, on the Admiralty Chart. ^ Anagada Point is on the east side of the entrance to the " First
^
Narrow", coming from the
east,
on the Admiralty Chart,

APPROACHING THE MOUTH OF THE STRAIT.
and Delgada bear from each other E.N.E.
leagues.
is
151
W.S.W. three
it
North of Anegada Point and joined to
there
a reef of seaweed which extends out to sea the distance
of an arquebus shot, N. and S.
On
reaching Point Delgada,

it
where the
strait
now
has a width of a league,
blew so
hard from the west that we sought shelter, as well because

of the danger to the ship, as because
the boat and a sailor in
we saw
a risk of losing
it who was steering it, and was in we passed Point Delgada, we discovered a large bay on the north side, which I named " Nuestra Senora del Remedio".^ When we wished to enter it we saw an islet and a reef of rocks, with many beds 6f seaweed. We, therefore, did not dare to go in, but stood
much
danger.
So, as
on to another point, 10 leagues from Punta Baja, E.N.E.
W.S.W., which the Captain named the

tion",^ the
"
Point of Consolahills
space between being a curved bay with low
inland.
it
Before reaching this point, being in 20 fathoms,
shoaled to four fathoms half a league from the shore,
which once more put us

danger.
the point.
in a state of anxiety, and again the Mother of God consoled us by delivering us from the
Hence the name of

It is
" Consolation"
was given
to
three leagues from Punta Anegada, N.N.E.
S.S.W., with the channel between them.

When we
was
I
arrived at this Point of Consolation

S.,^
we took
the altitude in 52 30'

in sight
it
and from
it
another low point
on the north
side,
"
bearing E.N.E. four leagues.
named
the cape of the
Virgin Mary",* the coast between
being straight, with high
cliffs.
From
Point Anegada the
south shore trends to the south, and forms a great bay
This name has not been preserved. This name has not been preserved. Possession of the Admiralty Chart. 2 Cape Possession is in 52 18' S.
1
It
appears to be the Cape
Named Cape Virgms by
Magellan
S.,
which name
is
preserved on
68 21'
W.
152
A NIGHT OF ANXIETY.
strait to
which/extends and widens the mouth of the
more
than ten leagues.
we could make out was a coast N. and S. with the cape of the Virgin Mary lo leagues. I called the cape of the land " Nombre de Jesus"/ and the bay between it and Anegada was named "Lomas",*^ because
All
? hill
extends along this bay, with higher land than on the

side.
north
As we saw* no more land to the east, and we feared we might come upon some lone coast, as we had done before,
which would be very perilous without
Pilot
light,
the
Chief
her
shortened
sail,
only leaving enough to give
steerage way, navigating so as to

part of the
In the
first
make little progress, only distance we had made out from the mast head. watch God was served that the wind and sea
should go down.
the sailor
We
in
then got the boat on board, with
who was
it,
with the favour of the Mother of
God. At about 9 at night we began to steer E.N.E. in 20 or 22 fathoms, and after two hours we got 7J fathoms, three leagues S.E. from the cape of the Virgin Mary.
We
bore away to the right hand to S. and S.S.W. seeking
greater depth,
when
it
increased to 40 fathoms and more.
We
then steered S.E. and soon got only 13 fathoms, so
turned S.W. and deepened to 22.

in the greatest
anxiety,
all
night.
Thus we continued, The Pilots, Anton

all
Pablos and Hernando Alonso did nothing but sound

night,
and
at
dawn
their hands,
and those of the
sailors
who
assisted them, were quite
benumbed, from heaving and

All this night
it
hauling in the lead out of the cold water.

the wind was light from
W. and W.S.W., and
was
fair
weather.
This
name has
not been preserved.
It
is
the " Catherine Point"
of the Admiralty Chart, on the south side of the entrance to the

Strait.
2
This
name
is
retained on the Admiralty Chart, between
Anegada
and Catherine
Points.
DENUNCIATION OF THE DESERTERS.

It
53
dawned
clear
it
on Wednesday, the 24th of February,

This day we came out of
Dios.
but afterwards
the strait of
clouded over.
Madre de
But
From
if
this
point the ship
Almiranta should have returned,
she had not parted
company
before.
until she
reached this point she had

his Majesty, as well
not complied with the orders of the Viceroy, besides having
gone against the service of God and of

as against his plighted
instructions,
his
he showed
word and many oaths, orders, and little friendship and less charity to
left
companions, and did great harm, which might have

;
been worse been done

Capitana.
for
much was
first
undone which might have
if
the Almiranta had kept
company with
the
In the
place, if both ships
were together
there would not be so
much danger
if
an enemy was en-
countered
and
if
one should be
in danger, in the perils
we
had
to face, she could
have received help from the people
of the other ship.
When we
went on shore we might have
number would remain on board to guard against storms and enemies, and we could then have made ourselves better acquainted with the
had a larger
force, while the needful
secrets of the land.
It
is
necessary that, in such cases,

this
misconduct should not be passed over, because
would
excuse similar neglect of duty, whence would result great

evils
and
losses.
The
to the
strait
of
Madre de
is
^
Dios, from cape Espiritu Santo
to that of
Virgen Maria,
;
no
leagues from the South Sea

I
North Sea
and further on
will state
my
opinion
on the more important matters with reference

the principal object of the voyage.^
to carrying
out the intentions of the Viceroy, and on what relates to
Fuller, Cavendish's 'pilot, gives 105 leagues as the length of the
Strait.
2
This must have formed the subject of a separate confidential
report.
154
CAUTION TO MARINERS.
strait, it
This Wednesday, that we came out of the
blew
very hard from the north, and for an hour from the
east, at
which time we were six leagues from the cape of the Virgin
Mary, and we remained with the cape N.W.

soundings
in 12
fathoms sand
and
to get
Here we took more clear of
these shallow places,
two leagues.
we made more sail, steering N.E. for Here we sounded in 13 fathoms, being
W.N.W. from the cape eight leagues. Half a league further we got four fathoms, and returning eastward for half a league we found 49 fathoms. We then continued E.N.E. a league
an hour, and the Chief Pilot sounded
the soundings were fine brown sand.
in
70 fathoms.
All
He who
should come here, must take great care that he

in the chains, for
it
always has the lead

navigation, with
is
very dangerous
All
many
those
rocks and banks under water.
would be well
if
who
formerly passed this
way had
been diligent to make sailing directions, and to give notices

with good figures and correct descriptions.
But the notices
they gave, which up to the present time have been

generally known, are
made
in
misleading
and mischievous, and

if
would cause danger

them, and
will
to a thousand fleets
trust
was put
take
away
if
all
confidence
among very zealous

is
and trusty
Praised be
discoverers,
something better
not provided.
St.
God
our Lord and his blessed Mother

directed,
Mary,
who guided and
and suffered us
to
go forward
without delivering our souls to the wiles of the Devil
who
sought our destruction, that this voyage might not have a
good end.
in
trust in the Divine
Majesty that
it
will result
good
to
His
the
service,
by planting His Holy Catholic
Church
Christ,
in these lands, that the blind Gentiles
may
be
in-
structed in
Holy Catholic
their souls
faith
of our Lord Jesus
and that
may
be saved.
He who would
mouth on the
enter this strait of
Madre de Dios by
the
side of the
North Sea, should not approach

is
near to the cape of the Virgin Mary, because there
CAUTION TO MARINERJi.
shallow water as far out as two leagues.
to the south, the channel has
55
50 and 40 fathoms.
From 20 fathoms The

the north side,
approach should be made very carefully, and he should not
go near the land on the right hand, that

without the lead always
caution.
in the chains,
is,
and with every pre-
156
CLEAR OF THE STRAIT.
IX.
The Voyage
to
Spain.
in
Being now in the open ocean, the Virgin Mary bore east nine
with grey
cliffs
70 fathoms, the cape of

is
leagues, which
low land
inland as
In
near the sea, and the same
hills
were seen from the point of Nuestra Senora del Valle.

the
Holy Trinity we began to shape a N.W. breeze, and the foresail reefed, for the weather was threatening, and the ship carried two girdlings on the masts and false nettings for The main yard was lowered and placed fore the rigging. and aft, and top masts struck, owing to the great lurches made by the ship in the heavy seas. Having steered this
of the most
name
course N.E. by E., with a fresh
course for a league,

following the
we sounded
in 53
fathoms
sand,
and
by the
same course for about half an hour, measured we sounded again in 70 fathoms red sand. After another three hours, when we had gone three leagues, there was fine sand in 70 fathoms, and all night we went
glass,
on under
foresail
and mizen, with a
fair
breeze from N.E.
From Wednesday we sailed N.E. by E., fifteen leagues by dead reckoning. From Thursday morning, the 25th of February, we steered N.W., and at noon we took the altitude in 51 20' S. Here we saw some large whales. From Thursday to Friday, the 26th, we steered N.E., and at noon took the altitude in
there were 75 fathoms
At dawn
morning
sand.
to Thursday, at seven in the morning,
50 37'
S.,
being 46 leagues from the mouth of the
strait.
Up
to this time there

of, light
was
fine weather, neither sea.
heat nor
cold to speak
wind and smooth
From
Friday, at noon,
we went
before the wind under
all
A HEAVY GALE.
sail
57
for four hours
S.W., and two hours S.W. by
N.E. by N. until Saturday, the 27th, at noon, when

the sun
in
W. and we took
N.E. by E. Sunday at noon, the 28th of the month, with wind S.W., we steered eighteen hours to N.E. and six E. by N. The whole course N.E. by E. 34 leagues.
49
3'
S.,
altogether 31 leagues
From Saturday noon
to
We
took the altitude in 48
S.
From Sunday, the

went N.W. six
us on the land.
28th, with
wind N.N.E., we went three
leagues E., and at three in the afternoon

leagues,
then
freshened, with a heavy sea,
we tacked and N.W. by W. the wind which we feared might drive

ordered
sail to
So the
pilots
be shortened,
and hove
to.
On
the following
noon, they set the foresail
Monday, at ten in the foreand mizen, and we made a course

;
W.N.W., with pleasant weather

cold.
for
in
these
southern
regions the north and north-west winds are moist but not
We
went, on this course, four leagues.
The wind
then changed with

furled the
sail.
much
fury,
sails,
raising a great sea.
We
at
main and mizen
proceeding under the fore
There was such a sea that there were four men

All night
the helm, two above and two below,
keep her on her course.

ing splendidly.
into the ship.
who were unable to we were at prayers,
while both pilots were at the helm, ordering and work-
The
seas were very heavy, which poured
We
kept the same course until Tuesday,
the
1st
of March,
having gone 30 leagues by two

that hour
in
E.,
the afternoon.
From
we
steered N.E.
by
with the same gale blowing, until Wednesday.
On
that
day we took the sun

it
in 45 40' S.,
45
10'
S.,
so
that
Anton Pablos making we had made yd leagues since

N.E., with the
in 44"
Sunday.
From Wednesday to Thursday,

and
sea.
Pedro Sarmiento took the sun

in 43
6' S.,
same wind Anton
Pablos and Hernando Alonso
50' S.
We
made
36 leagues.
This day we hoisted another yard of the fore-
158
sail,
HEAVY WEATHER.
as the
wind had gone down a
little,
the sea in propor-
tion,
but we were always favoured by fortune. From Thursday at noon it began to blow much harder from the S.W., and the sea rose much more than ever. In
the afternoon
rain
it
blew very hard
in squalls,
with showers of
and snow.
It
These swept over us
furiously, leaving
short intervals of fair weather, and then blowing harder
than ever.
was such that we lowered the

all
foresail
down
still,
on deck, and remained

sleet until
night in a storm of wind and

It
next morning.
then blew more furiously
so the Chief Pilot took in the foresail, and set another of
only
five cloths
and of
less drop, so as to
be under more
snug canvas. on
until
In this way, and with such weather,
we went
took the
in 43 22'
E.,
noon of Friday, steering N.E. by N.

in 42 52' S.
We
altitude,
S.,
Pedro Sarmiento and Hernando Alonso,
and Anton Pablos
The course N.E. by
distance 18 leagues.
little,
From Friday at noon both wind and sea went down a and we set the topsail on the mainmast. At two at night we took it in and set the mainsail, steering all night
N.E. by E.
On
Saturday, at dawn,
it
blew furiously from
N.W., and we prepared
for a storm, taking in the mainsail,

foresail to run.
and leaving only the
We
made good
30 leagues by dead reckoning from Friday to Saturday.
From Saturday until Sunday, the 6th of March, we had this storm from N.W. and W.N.W. until five in the afternoon.
It
then went down, and the wind changed to S.W.

set the
That night we
noon, when
mainsail and
in
steered N.E. until
we took
at
the sun
41 S.
Anton Pablos
making
and
all
it
40 34' S.
Run from noon

noon
it
of Friday, 54 leagues.
From Sunday
at sunset
fell
calm with warm weather,
the wind was N.E. to N.N.E.

eight leagues, and from
We
steered
to
night
N.W, by W.,
Monday
Tuesday morning, the 7th of March, N.W., four leagues. Then N.W. by W. one league. This day was very cloudy,
MERIDIAN ALTITUDES.
159
SO that we could not take the sun. From one o'clock the wind was north, and we steered W.N.W. six leagues until six in the evening. At this hour the wind was N.W. and
we
steered N.E.
by N.
until
midnight.
In the morning
watch her course was N.E.

8th of March,
At noon on Tuesday,
the
we took the sun in 39 46' according to Sarmiento and Anton Pablos, while Hernando Alonso made it 39 48' S. Tuesday at noon to Wednesday, the 9th, we steered
N.E. with a fresh southerly breeze.
S.,
Pedro Sarmiento took
Anton Pablos making it 38, and 2' 38 Hernando Alonso 1 S. The day was clear and the night serene. Distance made good 34 leagues. From Wednesday at noon we navigated until 6 in the evening with the wind abaft the beam. Then the wind changed to N.W. and N.N.W. blowing fresh, and we steered N.E. until the
loth of March.
We
took the sun
in
37.
It
was
clear
with a
warm wind. From noon on Thursday to noon on Friday, the nth, we were on the port tack with the same N.W. to N.E. wind, eight leagues. The wind blew fresh, and all night and until noon on Friday, wind N.E. The Captain and Herr nando Alonso then took the sun in 35 36' S. and Anton
Pablos in 36 S.
From P>iday
with
fair
at
noon we steered N.E.
until 3 o'clock,
weather and N.W. wind.
At
aft,
3,
a shower
little
came
of
it,
from S.W. and brought the wind
but very
and sometimes calm.

on Saturday, the
35 \2' S.
In this
12th,
way we went on until noon when we took the altitude in

for the day's run.
There were 12 leagues

until
From Saturday
had the same
aback,
fair
Sunday, the 13th of March, we
weather with wind from N.E., and at
night a squall with rain
breeze
came from the south and took us Afterwards we steered N.E. by N. with a fresh No sights this day. 35 leagues made good.
l6o
It
PROGRESS NORTHWARDS.
now began
to be
warm, with hot winds from

it
all
quarters,
if it
and the sea water was so warm that

fire,
seemed as
by a very hot sun. On Sunday morning the wind changed to S.E., and we steered the same course as before with a fresh wind, which
or at least
had been heated by a
turned to
S.
during the night
returning to S.S.W. on
Monday.
We
continued to steer N.E. by N.
We
cal-
culated our distance
made good
at 36 leagues, not
having
taken sights.
E.S.E. and
From noon of Monday, the 14th of March, it blew from we steered N.E. by N. until Tuesday, the 15th
little
of that month, sometimes a

little
one way, sometimes a

altitude
on the other.
S.,
and Anton Pablos took the
which makes 90 leagues since Saturday. From noon on Tuesday we steered N.E. with wind from E.S.E., which freshened a good deal at night and made us
in
32 40'
take in the top
and on Wednesday morning the fore and main bonnets were taken off her. We went on under At noon on Wednesday I took the reefed foresail.
sail
;
altitude in 29 20'
Anton Pablos making
it
29
30'.
We
made 29
leagues.
This day, as the sun descended from
the meridian towards the west, so the wind increased from

E.S.E., causing
sea, as the
winds were
some disturbance, but without raising much warm and light. Yet with all its
goodness we had to caulk in the quarters of the bridge, as

in. But as we were habituated not look upon this as one. did storms, we worse much to From noon of Wednesday, the i6th, to Thursday, the
good big seas were coming
17th, our course
was N.E. and N.N.E., with the same wind.

27
15' S.
We
took the altitude in
and made good 28

with
sea,
leagues.
From Thursday
to Friday,
wind from the same
direction,
and more
much more we proceeded
under reefed courses, sometimes N.E. by N., at others N.N.E., and, owing to the heavy blows received from the
sea on the starboard side,
we went
off to N.
by E.
to avoid
UNFAVOURABLE WEATHER.
them.
l6l
At noon on Friday we took the altitude in 26 30' This day the sky became S., having made 22 leagues. From Friday at noon we steered N.N.E. with an clear. when suddenly a squall E. and S.E. wind, until night came upon us from the E. with such fury that, in spite of much haste to shorten sail, the foresail was split. The rain did not last long and was warm, but we made no more
:
sail
that night.
On
Saturday
it
it
was
1 1
before the
sail
was
repaired,
course.
when we
set
and continued the same N.N.E.
From
At
sail
Saturday, the 20th, at noon,
we went
until 10 at
night 12 leagues on a course E.N.E., with the courses down.

10
we had
a squall from E.S.E. which

to,
made
us shorten
and heave
and so we remained
It
until
Sunday, hoping
for fine weather.
blew very hard from E. and
EN.E.
with showers of
rain,
and the sea got up so that we were
in great confusion,
with
much
trouble from sea and wind,
hove-to with her head N. and N.N.E. The. wind went
down
and changed to S.E.
at
noon on Monday.
As we
feared that
we turned her head to S. and S.S.E., way we increased our distance. Seeing ourselves harassed by such bad weather, we prayed to our Lord God and to His most blessed Mother St. Mary our Lady, that we might be given fair weather and Sarmiento made a special aim to our Lady of " La Antigua" at Seville. We further commended ourselves to the advocacy of our Lady of Consolation, and promised a pilgrimage on the
we were near
the land,
because in this
part of the Father Vicar, Friar Antonio Guadramiro, and
gave an offering
for
flagellation
at
her holy house.
We
also promised another
aim
for
a flagellation at the
chapel of the Sacred Body, the Advocate in Seville for

those at sea.
Very soon afterwards

and steered S.S.E. and
it
pleased
the wind and sea should go down, and
God that we made sail to

at times
double
reefs,
E.,
and
more
southerly until night,
making
five
leagues S.S.E.
All night
I,
62
we continued the same course until morning eight leagues. Then the wind began to blow from S.E., and we began to
navigate on the other tack, N.E. by E. to E.N.E., until
noon, the wind falling nearly calm.
We
took the sun at
noon
in 25 30', S.,
making our dead reckoning four leagues

23rd of March,
behind our position by observation.
From Tuesday to Wednesday, the

fine
we had
weather and a S.E. breeze, but rather overcast after
dark,
when the wind began

I
to
blow fresh from S.S.E. This

in
25.
night
took the star Crucero

S.E.,
On Wednesday
the
24
morning the wind was

Brazil.^
and we shaped our course

coast
30'.
E.N.E. to clear the shoal of Abrohlo, on
of
All
At noon
by
the altitude was taken in

rain showers,
this
day there were
answering to the impres-
sion caused
the dark clouds,
and among them not very

winds are
dense black clouds.

side winds,
On
all
this coast the east
and
east
is
and west winds are warm and moist.
The
S.E. wind
not so
warm
as the E.S.E.,
and when the
region
wipd turns more south it is colder, because it comes from a more remote from the torrid zone over which the
sun travels.
From Wednesday
to Thursday, the 24th of March,
we
navigated with the same winds with showers of rain.

steered E.N.E. and E.
in 24
1 5',
We
This night
23
53',
and on Thursday the altitude of the sun gave From Thursday to course N.E. by E., 27 leagues.
S.,
Friday, the 25th,
we
steered N.E.
by
N.,
with wind S.E.,

like this
and there were some showers

mist or drizzling rain, for there
climate.
at night,
is
coming down seldom heavy rain in

call
At
Iris.
least,
that
was our experience.
In the middle
the
of the night
we saw
setting,
a rainbow, which philosophers
bow
of
It was white, in counter-position to the
moon
which was
and reciprocating
its
rays, which, for
The Abrohlos
are in 17 57' S., 38 41'
W.

SLOW PROGRESS.
antiperistasis^
1
63
so
were
in
the
that
I
opposite clouds.
This
it
is
curious a
phenomenon
have never seen
before, nor
it,
heard nor read of any other person having seen

the narrative of Alberico Bespucio.^
except
in
He
says that he saw

in 23,
something Hke
it
in 1501.
We
took the sun
having
crossed the tropic of Capricorn.
From Friday to noon on Saturday, the we steered N.W. and N. with a N.E. wind
sun
in
26th of March,
until night,
and
afterwards E.N.E., the wind having shifted.
We
took the
23 S. according to me, while the result of

S.,
Anton
30' S.
Pablos was 22 20'
and of Hernando Alonso 22

fair
After noon of Saturday there was

sailed
weather, and
we
when the General Anton Pablos 22 30' S. being 24 leagues made good. Thiat day we should have
E. until
N.E by
Sunday
S.,
at noon,
made
the latitude 22 45'
sighted the coast of Brazil in conformity with our observations
and dead reckoning
but there were currents taking
us east.
From
the previous day
we began
to experience
great heat and calms.
From Sunday to Monday at noon we had a calm, and current S.E. At night light airs from N.W. and we steered N.E. by E. but they died away towards morning. We made little progress. Monday at noon we took the altitude in 22 25'. The heat was great in these days. We made six leagues E.N.E. That night I took the star Crucero in 22 S. All night it was fine, but we made
:
scarcely
any way, such as

for the cards
it
was being N.E.

in
N.N.E. N.
N.N.W.,
were never fixed
one place, and so
we went on until noon on Tuesday, with calms and great Calm all day. The altitude was taken in 22. To-night the moon appeared with two great circles, one
heat.
red which encircled
it,
and the other dark green which
See
p.
50 of the translation of the Letters of Vespucci (Hakluyt
Society Series).
164
encircled
A LUNAR OBSERVATION.
the
red
one.
The moon appeared very

It
red,
held to be a sign that wind was approaching.
was
calm
4 on Wednesday afternoon, and then a breeze sprang up from S.E. We steered N.E. and N.N.E., the wind veering to E., light, with a smooth sea. So we went
until
all
night N.E. and N.E. by E.

the Pole Star in 21 47' S.

result
and
At noon our
was
2i3o'S.
many times we expected to make the land, and yet we never saw it. Although we knew our position as regarded latitude, we were ignorant of our longitude. Sarmiento knew how
Our
perplexity was
very great, for
to find
it,
but he had no instrument for the observation.

is
Necessity
the mother of invention, and Sarmiento
made
a kind of cross-staff with which to observe for longitude.
With
full
this
instrument, with
God's help, on the 31st of
March, the General took the degrees of longitude, by the

of the
were 18
moon and the rising of the sun, and found we W. of the meridian of Seville.^ From this it
had taken us
to the east
pilots of
clearly appeared that the current
more than 220

this,
leagues.
is
Sarmiento informed the
but as
it
a study which they had not learnt, they
did not believe
it,
and
said
it
was impossible.
1580,
From Thursday to noon on Friday, the ist of April, we steered N.E. by E., N.E. by N., and N.N.E.
before changeable winds.
That night I took the Pole Star in 21. Glory and honour be to God! and I give infinite thanks that, by His assistance, I found this star, as well as
This cross-staff must have been constructed to enable Sarmiento
to observe
an unusually large angle
so as to take the sun's lunar
distance.
first
is
The m.ethod of finding the longitude by lunar distance was suggested by Werner in 1522. But this is the first time that it
taken at sea.
recorded that a lunar observation for finding the longitude was The next recorded lunar observation was by Baffin.
See Buffings Voyages (Hakluyt Society).
CLEAR OF THE ABROHLOS.

the longitude,
all
65
coming from His hand.
Navigators
may
God.
take advantage of these two rules and derive profit
and recreation from them, giving thanks to our Lord

I
took the altitude in 20 33' S. and
we made
light
airs,
23
leagues N.E.
From Friday
N.N.E.
in
at noon,
sometimes with
at
others with a fresh E.S.E. breeze,

until
we went
to N.E.
and
noon of Saturday, when we took the altitude

being 24 leagues N.N.E., not counting the
19 40' S.,
current.
In the night an exhalation ran across the sky,
thick, like a sceptre,
and went into
pieces.
It
It
came from
in
E.S.E.
the
colour blue and white.
was
the
first
watch, and denoted wind from that quarter, which

at
came
dawn.
From Saturday to Sunday, the 3rd of April, with an E. and E.S.E wind, we steered N.E. by N. and N.E., clear,
with two or three showers.
altitude in 17
This day Sarmiento took the
2d
S.
We
had now doubled the shoals and

latitude,
banks of the Abrohlos, according to our
and we
must have been more than 200 leagues them. These Abrohlos, on the coast of
to run
to the eastward of
Brazil, are reported
40 leagues out to sea. From Monday to noon on Tuesday, the 5th of April, we went N.N.E. and N. by E., with an easterly wind. We
took the altitude
15 40' S.
Hernando Alonso making it From Tuesday to Wednesday at noon our

in 15 57' S.,
;
course with N.N.E., with a fresh breeze

thing because
I
allowing some-
suspected the current was taking us E.N.E.
We
took the altitude
day, at noon,
the altitude
in 14. From Wednesday to Thurswe went N.N.E. with an easterly wind, taking in 12 S. From Thursday to Friday, the 8th
of April,
we went N.N.E., with the same wind. We took From S., making good 45 leagues. Friday to Saturday we steered the same course with the same wind. I took the altitude in 7 12' S., Anton Pablos
l66
ISLAND OF ASCENSION.
it
making
42' S.
by
my
calculation
we made good
46 leagues.
From Saturday at noon, with the same fresh S.E. breeze and smooth sea, we steered E.N.E., and at five in the afternoon we came in sight of a lofty island bearing E.S.E.,
eight leagues.
it
When
this
he saw
it,
Pedro Sarmiento said that

is
was the island of Ascension, which
on the route to
India.
He knew
from the observation he had taken

In order to
;
yesterday, and by the dead reckoning, with his observed

longitude, before mentioned, as a departure.
reach
night
it
he braced up and hauled out the bowlines
but
came on before we could arrive, so we steered N.E. by E. during the first watch, and from midnight altered course to S. On Sunday, at two in the afternoon, we
anchored off the island of Ascension.
On
been
Sunday, at two
in the afternoon,
we anchored,
as has
said, in front of the port,
and sandy beaches to the
N.W.
berth.
This day we could not go on shore to find a secure
On Monday
morning, Pedro Sarmiento sent
men
Her-
on shore to look
for water,
who
did not find any.
nando Alonso, who had been on shore, sent some small pigs, and some turtles which were so large that it required the There were many crosses, boat's tackles to hoist them in. which we afterwards found had been set up by Portuguese
who were shipwrecked on
the
way from
India.
As they
all
died the survivors set up crosses, and finally they
died.
Some
crosses were also set
up by Portuguese on
their
way
to India, for
we found a board
in
nailed on a cross with this
inscription
JOAN DE CASTELRODRIGO, CAPITAON MOR, CHEGOU AQUI CON 5 NAOS DA The inscription was put INDIA EN 13 DE MAYO 1 5/6.
large
letters:
DON
back
in the place
where
it
was found, and with
it
was
set
up another board as a memorial of the arrival there of the first ship from Peru, which passed through the strait from
the
South Sea to the North Sea
in the
service of his
ISLAND OF ASCENSION.
167
Majesty, sent by the Viceroy, and with a statement of the

object.
We
could not find water, although
we were
inis
formed afterwards, at the island of Santiago, that there

water on the south side of the island.
here,
and we
killed a quantity, salting
There is much fish them down for our
provisions.
We
also killed
many
sharks, because they
interfered with our catching the small fish.

also
Here there are
many
birds, of
will
which we took some.

take anything
:
They
are so
greedy that they

birds,
some are boatswain

called.
and rabihorcados^ as they are
They even
made
his
a dash at the hat that the Ensign was wearing on

;
head
and
to take a letter he
had
in his
it
hand they came

while the birds
back, again seizing the hat.

pulled at
it.
He
held
It
ended with
their carrying off the letter,
and there was a great

the
fight
over
it
in
the
air.
Near
land
there were such
shoals of fish
that
the
men
It is a dry them with knives out of the boat. and hot land, but with great abundance of very large tortoises. Here we took the altitude in 7 30' S., in
killed
which latitude
is
is
this
side,
island
of Ascension.^
The
port
on the N.N.W.
is is
is
and we afterwards ascertained that
there
there
It
another better port on the south side, where
water.
well
worthy of notice that the observation which

Pedro
Sarmiento took
for
the
General
longitude was
shown
to have
been correct, as well as the calculation

at the
he made.
For by the reckoning

from
hour we sighted
the island of Ascension,
we judged
ourselves to be only
70 leagues
lated
Pernambuco, and we were thus
400
leagues to the east of our supposed position, as calcu-
by the
latitude only.
The
currents deceived us to the
extent of 340 leagues, which was proved by the observation

for longitude.
The experience given

Ascension
is in 7 55'
us
by the
island
was
56" S.
68
ANOTHER OBSERVATtON FOR LONGITUDE.

this,
the proof of
though with a
slight error as
shall ex-
plain presently.^
When we were navigating along the coast of Paraguay and San Vicente, by dead reckoning, we were looking out
for the land, but never sighted
it.
We
laid the
blame on
This
the charts being
false,
and badly drawn and painted.
was taken. some instances, it was not the case on the present occasion, beyond an error of two degrees of longitude, for Pedro Sarmiento examined them with much care, as a matter which concerned him nearly to ascertain.
belief until the observation for longitude
this
is
was our
Although
so in
It is
a matter of great importance to
know
this rule for dis-
finding the longitude, in long
and doubtful voyages of

ello,
covery
y quan poco
lo ordinario.
se
dan por
por no trabajar un poco
mas
God,
de
I
Some
it
day, with the help of our Lord
will set forth this rule in
such a
way
;
as will enable
those to
I
will
make use add some
of
who
desire to
do so
and
at the
end
notable directions for this
navigation.
Being
satisfied
respecting this
observation and rule for

it
finding the longitude, Pedro Sarmiento wished to try
in
fixing the position of this island, so as to test the one obser-
vation with the other.

the longitude
at 6 h.
it
So, on the I2th of April, he took

12 m.
in
the morning and, after
having worked
out,
he found that the island of Ascension

is
was
W.
of the meridian of Cadiz,^ which
further to the
east than
it is
placed on the Portuguese charts by a whole
degree, equal to 17 J leagues. So that the position of this island has to be corrected both for latitude and longitude,
with reference to the charts of the Portuguese.

to the east
It is
more
it
by a degree, and
;
its
latitude has to be reduced

7 30',
by half a degree^
^
for
it
is
in
and they place
in
Or
rather
in another place.
^
this journal.
^
j^" 23' 50"
He does not revert to the subject in W. of Greenwich, and 8 6' 13 " W. of Cadiz.
is
Sarmiento's longitude
is
nearer the truth, but the Portuguese
latitude
correct.
CROSS THE LINK.

S" S.
69
Otherwise their chart
is
well drawn, so far as
we
could judge.
While we were here we mended the sails and repaired the masts, yards and rigging, for all had been much knocked about during the storms and bad weather. Although they had often been repaired, no human power could renovate
the injury done by wear and tear of
all
kinds.
We
did the
best that was possible, and at two o'clock in the morning
of
Monday, the nth of April, with the favour of our Lord God, in His most holy name, we made sail from this little
and shaped a course N.N.E.
until
island,
Tuesday, the 12th.
That night I observed the star Crucero in 5 45', S. From Tuesday to Wednesday we continued the same course. At noon we took the sun
in 4 21', S.,
being 56 leagues made
good since leaving Ascension.
From Wednesday to noon on Thursday, the 14th of ~ we went on the same course with fine weather, and the same on Friday, when we took the altitude in 1 25', S., 42 leagues made good since Wednesday. From Friday to Saturday we steered north, with wind from S.E. I took the sun and found we were 2' S. of the equator, having made 20 leagues. From Saturday to Sunday at noon, with the same wind and the same course, we made 17 leagues. I took the altitude in 1 N. Glory to God Almighty! Today it is 52 days since we left the strait of Madre de Dios and entered the North Sea, and now we are on the north side of the equator, and one day after another we diminish
,
the altitude.
From Sunday to Monday, the i8th of April, with the same wind, we made i8 leagues, by dead reckoning: for this day was cloudy and we could not take the sun. Here we verified what we had noticed several times before
respecting the quality of the wind from the Antarctic Pole,
that
is,
from the south and S.W. or S.E., that
it is
cold and
dry, with a clear sky
and a bright sun, and
that rain ceases.
I/O
northerly winds, on the contrary, are
rain.
The
warm and humid,
bringing overcast skies and

there
is
But north of the equator

are
a change.
rain,
The south winds
damp and warm,

come from
is
with clouds and
while the cold and dryness
the north and disperse the rain clouds.
This
world
of
much
importance for those

rally write of
It
who
write repertories, for they gene-
one pole as
if it
was
for the
in general.
should be noted respecting the plagues and diseases of
the world, as well as touching winds, climates, and other

qualities, that the active
and passive
rules are not of general
application, but according to the various regions.
On
this
subject
could give fuller reasons and rules, and write
much
more
at large
on what
have noted and observed during

varied regions
:
many
place.
years, in
If
many and
but this
will
is
not the
at
God should be
to
served by
it,
do so
some
future time for the benefit of

*'
my
friends.
From Monday
At
Tuesday, the 19th of April, we steered

fair
north for six hours with a

until sunset.
S.S.E. wind
and continued
10 in the night there was heavy rain
and we collected some water, which was a great comfort, for the heat was excessive, and the water we had was getting very low, and the rations very precious. During
the night
on again N.N.E.
steered
we shortened sail, and At noon we were

to
in
the
morning went
N.
in 2 40'
Wednesday, the 20th of April, we rain showers and light winds, every now and then the wind freshening up, until Wednesday afternoon when some heavy rain caused a calm. The
From Tuesday
N.N.W. with
light airs
from the south took us north
until
9 at night
when I took the star Crucero in 4 30' N. On Thursday the same weather continued until Saturday with terrible heat. On Sunday at noon we took the sun in 5 50' N. At 10 o'clock on Tuesday a squall of rain came upon us, with so much wind, and so suddenly, that we were caught with all sail set. We carried away the mizen yard, and

SIERRA LEONE SIGHTED.
had much trouble
call
I/I
in getting in the sails.
The Portuguese
and
is
these sudden squalls.
They
are heavy, dangerous,
terrible in their effects unless a
very good look out
kept.
Many
ships have been thus
endangered, and to escape

this route to
from them the ships which used to take

India have given
it
up.
With
all
this trouble
we
also got
some good,
for
without which
we were able to collect we should have been in

to
fall
water, a supply
evil
case.
Here
is
some of the people began

very prejudicial to health.
sick, for this
region
After the squall and rain had
passed over, and the yard had been fished,
we made
sail,
and shaped a course

and
of April,
to the north,
sometimes on a bowline
at others with the
wind
aft.
At noon, on
the 27th
we took
15'
the altitude, Sarmiento and
Hernando
Alonso,
in 7
N.
We
to
had made good since Monday
25 leagues.
From Wednesday
Thursday, the 28th of April, we

to
went north, but on Thursday the wind changed
N.N.W.
and we steered N.E. and N.E. by E.

8 30' N.,
took the sun in
Hernando Alonso in 8 10' N. We made good 22 leagues. This day, as by the reckoning we ought to be near land, and the sea seemed to be deep, we sounded
at 2 in the afternoon,
and got
fathoms
sandy bottom
came
in
being 15 leagues from the shore.
After standing on for an
hour we sounded again

sight,
is
in
14 fathoms and land

1
and sounding once more we got

fish.
fathoms.
There
here a great quantity of
Steering N.E. by N. and
N.N.E. we saw the land of Sierra Leone on the coast of

Guinea, in Africa, ten leagues to the east, the ship being
then in 22 fathoms.
Sierra
Leone
is
a famous land in Guinea for the trade in
gold and slaves.

to touch here
The Portuguese
ships were accustomed

;
on the voyage
to India
but owing to the
sickness causing
many
deaths,
the country
being
un-
healthy, as well as to escape the storms, this route
was
172
COAST OF AFRICA.
abandoned, and one was adopted leading outside the Cape
Verde
Islands.
Soon afterwards we sighted another land, not so high, which was the islets named " the Idols''.^ All night we
were
sounding
in
8,
lo,
20,
22
fathoms
squall
sand
and
towards
shortened
it
dawn we encountered a
sail,
to
which
again setting the main and foresails
we when
had passed.
tacked to keep clear of the reefs near the shore S.E.
Our course was N. and N.N.E., and then At
dawn we were
the Sierra
ten leagues from the land, in sight of a high
chain of mountains, forming high peaks
continuous with
8,
Leona.
All
this
coast
has a depth of 10
15, 10,
fathoms or more; the sea outside

places 28 fathoms.
22,
and
12'
in
Continuing to shape a course W.N.W.,

I
on Friday, the 29th of April,
took the sun in 9
N.
Land was in sight, distant 12 leagues. From Friday to Saturday, the 30th of April, we proceeded with the same winds between W.N.W and W.,
with
fine
weather generally, but occasional squalls which

sail to
obliged us to shorten
sail.
the sprit-sail and a reefed foreuntil
We
made
N.W. course 20 leagues
Saturday
at noon.
In this part there are currents to the south.
shoal waters of Guinea
the sea here, and in
The come out more than 1 5 leagues into other places more than 20 leagues.
was N.W.
the
first
From Saturday to Sunday, the ist of May, our course At 8 in the evening I took the north star for
time this voyage, in 9 48' N.
It blew N.N.W. on Sunday morning and we steered west, and E.N.E. until noon. I took the sun in 10 tl- Anton Fablos and Hernando
Alonso the same.
Went on W.N.W.
to
little
westerly.
From Sunday
same
fair
Monday, the 2nd of May, there was the with calms and light northerly airs, until weather,
all
midnight, the ship
round the compass, then a breeze
Ilhas dos Idolos, north of Sierra Leone.
COAST OF AFRICA.
from N.W.
Latitude at noon io
13'
73
N.
Here we judged
that the waters of the

to the westward,
Rio Grande of Guinea had taken us
and we saw many signs of the current of
the river N.E. and S.W.
We
made
10 leagues.
From
Monday,
in 22
at noon,
we
sailed N. for five hours,
and sounded
fathoms
rocky bottom.
call
we were near
islands
the shoals of cape
they
of
the
By this we understood that Nuno Diego and the " Bixagoos",^ who are valiant
;
negroes, great
archers,
and very dexterous, shooting a
mortal poison, which makes those

rabies.
who
are hit
by
it
die of
At
this
hour we touched and went with

see land, which
little
wind
W.S.W., to get clear of the

shoal water,
there
shoals, for although there
was
we could not
made
us think
was great danger.
This we afterwards found to be

night, always getting into shoaler
the case.
We
stood out for three hours, and then turned

all
towards the land, N.E.
water down to 7J fathoms.
Then we
sighted rather high
At six when we got

land.
in the
morning we tacked and stood S.W.,
12 fathoms, so again stood in for the land

altitude,
N.E.
On
all
Tuesday, the 3rd, at noon, we took the

since yesterday 14 leagues,
in
1 1
and
three observers had 10 48' N. as the result.
We
made good
and now six leagues
from the land
fathoms of water.
From Tuesday
fine
to
Wednesday, the 4th of May, we had

Latitude 11
12'
weather, with calms and light winds.
N.
At noon we saw
the appearance of breakers at a dis-
tance of a league, and tacked to avoid them, going S. and

S.S.E. until midnight, 24 fathoms of depth. steering
At
us,
this hour,
W.N.W., a
rain,
squall
came down upon
with
set.
wind and
catching us again with
all sail
much God
it
helping, with great diligence
we got
the sails off her, though
the fore and main courses were blown to pieces.
After
passed
we were becalmed
The Bissagos
until
morning, when there was a

mouth of the Rio Grande.
Islands at the
174
SICKNESS OF THE CREW.
breeze from the north, and
we
steered
W.N.W.
At noon,
being
on the 5th of May, we took the altitude

at that time in 13 fathoms.
in io 30' N.,
From Thursday
out of them.
flight
to Friday, the 6th of
May, we found
ourselves on the shoals, and steered S.S.W. and S.W. to get
Latitude 9 N.
losing 28 leagues in our
from the shoals, and the current being south.

until midnight,
were calms
so
There and then some winds from S. W.,

Saturday,
we
steered
N.W.
until
when
the wind
fell.
Latitude 10 30' N.
N.,
On
the
nth
the latitude was 10 53'
according to the
Pilots.
Many
days.
things made us anxious and tired during The most frequent were the calms, the great
;
these
heat,
and the sudden squalls

sickness.
which were the cause of much

is
Some
suffered from fevers, which
a pestilence
that carries people off very rapidly in this land of Guinea.
Others suffered from eruptions and tumours
others from
contractions of the nerves in legs, arms, and in the teeth.
Especially a disease broke out which was contagious, and
emitting an insufferably bad odour.
It swells
the gums,
forms abscesses, and

die suffers terribly.
many
die of
all
it,
while he
who does
not
Besides
this there
was the want of
water,
and the
fearful heat
which burnt the deck, melted
the pitch, and opened the seams between the boards, which
was the reason why the ship made more water than she had ever done before. I believe that if God had not succoured us by sending us some rain showers, which enabled
us to collect
some
water,
we should have
suffered from the
great danger in which thirst would have placed us.
As we
had no means of curing the

never recover was general
1 None died, however, men made in the Strait
sick, the belief that
they would
alone sup-
among
them.^
God
as appears from a comparison of the Hst of of Magellan, with the

list
made
at the
end
of the voyage, allowing for eight

cepcion.
men forming
the crew of the Con-
SHOAL WATER.
ported us miraculously.
ever and ever
!
1/5
for
May
His name be praised
Amen.
to increase our latitude to reach the
refit,
When we wanted
Cape Verde
Islands,
where we intended to
with the aid
of the light wind which,
by good
fortune, sprang up,
we
lost
presently found ourselves

that, to
escape
among such drowning, we stood out

all
shoals and breakers

to sea,
and thus
what we had gained, which was what vexed us more than

anything
;
but in
the
God
of
Heaven and Earth, our
Lord, gave us consolation.
same Sunday, after noon, with a fresh W.N.W. we steered N. and N.E. for three hours. Then the wind came to W. (a very rare occurrence in these latitudes), and we altered the course to N.N.E., and afterwards to N. At night it again shifted, and we steered N.N.W. until noon on the 9th of May, when Pedro Sarmiento took the altitude in 11 50' N., Anton Pablos the same, and Her40' N. nando Alonso We made good 17 leagues. From Monday to Tuesday, the loth of May, we had
this
On
breeze,
1*"
calms, and the flood tide going to the Rio

off
Grande of Guinea,
which
river
in
we
were, drifted us towards the land until
we were
10 fathoms of water.
Mindful of the great
danger of these low lands, we dropped an anchor until the

ebb, for
make sail again with the we must necessarily get out to sea. As soon as the tide turned we got under weigh and steered N.W. by N., sounding all through the night. We were in much anxiety, for we had no sooner found ourselves in eight or ten fathoms than we got a sounding in six and less, and thus we were all night among banks and currents. When we heard a noise, like the rushing of a river, we sounded, and
tide ceased to flow, intending to
got very
little
depth.
We
call
passed
many
This
of those banks
is
which the Portuguese
A Ifagues}
sand
a most dan-
A shelf or ridge of
in the sea.
1/6
FRENCH PIRATES SIGHTED.
gerous coast for large ships, which should not be allowed

to take this route without a special pilot for the coast of
Guinea, on pain of running the risk of being lost at any
moment, and of going through the

sounding, and of taking
fatigue of incessant
many directions to get out of these banks. Steering S.E. we got 20 fathoms, presently we tacked and stood to N.W. and W.N.W. This day I took the altitude in 11 51' N., when we were in 30 fathoms. We had made good 16 leagues. From Tuesday to Wednesday, the nth of May, we steered W.N.W. with fine weather, changing the course during the day according to the depth, and at noon we were in 12 16' N. From Wednesday to Thursday, aifter many tacks, we again found ourselves in 14 fathoms so we stood out to sea W.N.W. and N. At this point we got no bottom in 40 fathoms, which gave us great content. Glory to God
:
!
we all three took the altitude Our corrected course up to the 17th of May, at noon, was W.N.W. We took the altitude in 14 20' N. The current was against us, taking us to the S. On the
the 13th of May, at noon,
in 12 48' N.
On
20th of
May
it fell
calm, and afterwards there was a light
wind from N.
We
took the altitude
in 15 30'
N.
On
Sunday, the 22nd of May, we were near the land

to,
and hove
which
and on the 23rd steered

it.
S. before the
wind
sail
without sighting
at first
But we came
in
sight of
two
we thought were Portuguese on the way to Guinea. Presently we stood for them, to speak them, and, examining them attentively, we made out that one was a
and the other a launch, standing towards us in We then suspected that they were pirates and that they were working to get to windward of us. When we
ship
pursuit.
recognized their character

of God, this
we were near
and,
by the favour
ship Nuestra
Sefiora de Esperanza got to
windward, and when we found ourselves at a distance of a
cannon
shot,
we were
all
ready, each
man
at his station,
ACTION WITH A FRENCH PIRATE.

without any one appearing, except he
1/7
who moved from
one part to another.

other, the launch
Thus we proceeded one against the
going ahead to reconnoitre.
When
she
was within a stone's throw to leeward, Pedro Sarmiento

ordered the Chief Pilot to
for
make
signs to her with a flag
two
objects.
The
first
signal
we saw
ship.
the arms of iWtttgfft
was one of peace, because in the banner of the large
called
were pirates they would understand that we them to come on board, as people we despised. The reply was to show us a naked sword and to fire a musket shot. We answered with another shot and she
If they
passed on.
The
ship passed us closer than the launch,
and, without speaking each other, she strove to get the
weather gage.
She and our ship manoeuvred
to
fall
upon
each other, and thus we continued until after noon.

pirates sailed well, especially the ship.
The
She was handsome and recently equipped, with very good sails two large bonnets on her main sail. Our ship had her bottom covered with weed and barnacles, from the long voyage, which greatly impeded her way. Thus we closed a little with the pirate, though not to windward, but when we sighted them they were several points to windward. The launch was ahead of the ship, but when the wind freshened she had to shorten sail and so fell astern, and we came up with her though she was some way to leeward. At this time we tacked and stood north, in sight
of the port of the city of Santiago of Cape Verde.
The
learnt,
French ship had a crew of 85 men as we afterwards

besides 25 in the launch.
She
carried seven large pieces

;
of artillery and
pieces
many
arquebuses
while
we only had two
and 17 arquebuses, with a crew of 54 men, many of them sick. When the pirate came up under our quarter, we fired a piece, and presently she replied with another.
Neither the one nor the other did any damage.
The French-
man seconded
this
with a discharge of arquebuses, and this
1/8
REPULSE OF THE FRENCH PIRATE.

effect,
ship replied with better

excells
all
for
the powder of Peru
other powders hitherto known.

in
They made
many holes
our
sails,
on board the
pirate,
except that we saw some
and we could not see what happened who were on

the pirate fired other pieces and
deck go below.
Then
volleys from the muskets and arquebuses, so that our mizen
was torn
to pieces.
This ship then
fired
it
another cannon,
is
and volleys with regularity, from which

received damage.
at our Capitana, but
believed they
hurt,
Upon this the enemy fired all her cannons God was served that no one should be although the shot passed between us. One passed so
touch the point of Sarmiento's beard, as he was
aft
as to
passing fore and

of ammunition.
fired certain
giving orders, and seeing to the supply

in
Those who were

it
the bows of our ship

in the
arquebus shots at those

is
who were
bows
they
of the Frenchman, and
believed with
effect, for
were seen to disperse, and some went below.
While they
were
firing volleys
and we were not
idle,
the
enemy sounded
a bugle, and Sarmiento replied with a drum, and hoisted

the signal of your Majesty.
With
this,
and the striking of
a bell, they were seized with such alarm that at once they
went before the wind and made

than when they had come on.
off with greater diligence
We
;
did not chase them, as
it
would have been time

on,
lost, for
those ships run before the

besides night was coming
wind much better than we could

and
I
did not carry a commission.
For these and many
other good
and
sufficient reasons,
we continued on our
voyage.
The people well, so much

have gained
of this ship of your Majesty's behaved very

so that
if
they had arrived at close quarters,
although the others were more numerous, they would not

in the transaction, so far as
all
we
could judge
from what we saw of them, above

our Lord God.
with the favour of
The people
of the city of Santiago looked on at our
ARRIVAL AT SANTIAGO DE CAPE VERDE.

fight with the pirates,
79
and thought we were French, and

bird-call to bring out the Portu-
that the skirmish
was a
guese to our help thinking we were Portuguese, when they
would have been taken by the

they were looking on.
flight
pirates,
and
for this cause
When
the thieves had been put to
a large caravel of Algarve, arrived from Portugal,

to us
came out
and told us that our assailant was a pirate

robberies off
who had committed

carried 85
Cape Blanco, on the
coast of Africa, and had plundered four other ships.
He
men
in the ship,
and 25
in the launch,
and had
to the
a Portuguese pilot on board.

Santiago, he had sunk an
fleet
At
the island of Mayo, near
armed caravel belonging
which went to colonise Paraiba, where the English formed a settlement in past years and collected the Tapuya
Indians there.
Finally
port of Santiago of
we arrived and anchored in the Cape Verde, on Monday night, the
second day of Easter, being the 23rd of
May
580.
Before
ê anchored boats came from the town to ascertain what ship we were, and whence we came. When they were told that we came from Peru, by the Strait of Magellan, they were silent from incredulity. Without wishing to come on board, they went back with the news that we were a very ill-looking lot, that some of us wore long hair (alluding to the natives of Peru and Chile we had on board), and that
our faces were so forbidding that they would bring us
nothing.
In truth, the powder and sweat of the encounter

before,
little
had not
left
us very good looking
had been too sparing of water to look beautiful. had anchored, the Governor, Caspar de Andrade, sent the
we After we
;
for
Judge of Health to visit us and to see whether we came from any place where there was plague, for in that case we should not have been allowed to land, which was a poor
consolation for our necessities and for the sick
so sorely in need of help.
who were
On
us,
the back of this examination,
they came again to test
and decide whether we were
l8o
THANKSGIVING.
in disguise, for
Spaniards or pirates
the latter opinion.
most of them were of
They went so far as to say that even if we were Spaniards and not pirates, they must then be even more cautious, because we might have been sent secretly by
your Majesty to get possession of the city and island by
treachery.
When
they were at length
satisfied, the
whole
town came to see us and to hear about our voyage, declaring it to be astounding and miraculous, and saying that they took it for impossible. This day we sent the sick on shore
to be cured, for
many
of them were suffering severely from
the
diseases of Guinea.
it
The Portuguese
said that they
looked upon
as a greater miracle that
we escaped
the
A Ifagues
Strait.
and banks of Guinea, than the storms of the

Pedro Sarmiento went on shore
On Wednesday morning
with
all
the ship's company, in procession and bare foot, with
some images and crosses in our hands. We went to the church of our Lady of the Rosary, where we confessed,
heard mass sung, and took the sacrament, giving to the
officials
the alms
we had vowed, and more.
We
gave
thanks to our Lord Jesus Christ and to His most precious
Mother, for having rescued us from
many
also
hardships, and
for
brought us to a Christian land.

the house of our
We
gave the alms
Lady
for
of the Rosary, and for the poor.
What we brought
say them for
us,
masses we gave to him who would

for the souls in purgatory.
and
done
this
we went
to visit the Governor,
who was
Having ill, and
the Bishop.
Presently
grease,
By all we were lovingly received. we began to clean the ship, to

the
;
caulk and
mend
sails,
cordage and spars, and boat, which
was
all in
pieces
if
also to water the ship,
and to clean the

This
water-jars, as
we were
just setting out on a voyage.
was necessary, seeing that and

in
we
arrived in such a condition
money
want of everything. Things were so dear that the that Sarmiento had did not suffice. He was obliged

NEWS ABOUT THE ENGLISH.
to borrow,
l8l
sell
and that being
insufficient,
he was forced to
even nails to
as
make up
the
sum
required.
The water cost
us
much
as
if it
had been wine, and from one point of view

pay.
even more, counting the jars which the negro water-carriers

stole
from
us, besides their
Although these are very

of
giving an exact
minute
details,
yet
am
desirous
account of everything.
Among
the urgent business which was included in the
objects of the voyage, the Viceroy's instructions desired
that information should be collected touching the proceed-
ings of the English, as well of those
who passed
into the
South Sea with Francisco Draquez, as of others who, according to news which had reached Peru, had settled in
Brazil
or
Paraguay.
will
Pedro Sarmiento made enquiries,
and learnt what
be stated further on, from an Algarve
which came out to receive us, when we had finished the encounter with the Frenchman. The substance of what he said on oath was as follows On the 15th of December 1579, between Ayamonte and
Pilot belonging to the vessel
:
this man conversed with two principal English merchants respecting the affairs of the Indies, and of the
Tavila,
English
who had
passed into the South Sea.
men
said that
Francisco Draquez,
robberies in the South Sea,
The Englishwho committed the was now in England, having
arrived there with two ships, very richly laden, last Sep-
tember, having a cargo of plate and valuable things.
He
made
a great present to the
Queen of England, who was

proceed to the Strait and
pleased,
and made much of him. Presently the same Captain

five ships to
Francisco got ready
search for those which had been lost there, and then pass
They took provisions for three years, and the same Captain Francisco remained to get eight more ships ready. The above five ships left England in December They further said that 15 days before the Master 1579. of the same fleet of Captain Francisco left Ayamonte with
onward.
82
NEWS OF THE ENGLISH.

oil
a ship laden with

fleet
and wine,
for provisions for the
same
dili-
of Captain Francisco, which he did with
much
gence, and in a very short time.
Those who thus conversed
with the said witness appeared to be
men
of great credit,
and they talked and

him.
to
him
in this
way
because, understanding
it
he was a Portuguese, he would not repeat

that, therefore, there
to Spaniards,
was no reason
possession.
He
swore
this before the

in
to be cautious with Royal Notary, and the
document remains
I
my
also learnt
from the same
man
that
when he was
ship,
robbed by the Frenchmen who fought with his

heard the same Frenchmen say
that, after
he
robbing one or
to
two ships laden with negroes

island of
off
Cape Verde, they went
Margarita, and thence to Yaguana, on the north side of the
San Domingo, and that it was then not four months since English ships had come to Yaguana laden
with hides and sugar, and that they had seized the Governor
of Puerto Rico, but did him no further harm because he
was ransomed, but they

Portuguese
Pilots.
killed
Captain Barbudo,
put the English to death in Margarita.
who had The English carry
From
Pilots
and Captains of and returned
Brazil,
who had
I
recently
come from
Brazil
there,
got very sure
intelligence that a great
number of
English, eight years
ago, entered the

is
in 21 20'
S.,
bay of Paraiba, near Rio de Janeiro, which and settled there. They were some time
Indians, natives of that land, and they
among
the
Tapuya
have a generation of
the Portuguese,
these
women
of the land.
who
settled in
Three years ago Rio de Janeiro, went against
English and killed a number of them, those

in the interior.
who
It
escaped taking refuge with the natives

is
believed that the natives have killed and eaten them, for
the Indians in those parts are great feeders on
human
flesh,
and have public butchers' shops of

Besides
this,
it.
other Englishmen settled in a bay to the
SHIP TO
TAKE NEWS TO PERU.

is
83
north of Pernambuco, which

settled in a
is
the
first in
Brazil,
and were
of which whence it had not hitherto been possible to drive them. For this object a fleet of four vessels, two large galleons and two caravels, was fitted out in Portugal
called "Grande", the native
bay
name
Paraiba,
with
many
married and
is
unmarried
settlers
to
colonise
Paraiba, which
in 5^ 30' S.,
fleet,
and to drive out the English.
This Portuguese
Islands,
before arriving at the
Cape Verde
was scattered by a storm.

Brazil.
arrived at the port of Santiago with 400
The large galleon men on board, and

and
of the caravels
went on to
13 days before
The other ship we came to Santiago.
arrived after her,
One
went to the island of Mayo, where the French pirate sank

her,
and
killed the Pilot
and Master.
This was what
learnt here respecting the English
who were
reported in
Peru to have settled
in Brazil.
I
Having got him

notice of
this intelligence,
determined to comply
with what the Viceroy ordered in his instructions, to give

all
that
had occurred
It
in this
voyage and
to
dis-
covery up to this point.
was not possible
do
this
by
way
of Paraguay or Brazil on account of the currents which
carried us to the eastward.
Thus was God served
that
we
should come here to be enabled to send intelligence of what
was known Jiere, but which could not possibly be known there. With this object I bought a moderate sized vessel for 330 ducats, and provided her with all that was necessary, as
well
men
as
provisions, that
she might go to
Nombre de
Dios, and that thence the news might be conin
veyed to Panama and Peru,

with
obedience to orders received.
While we were making these arrangements, the French

pirates,
whom
this ship
fort,
had fought, came within three

so that no vessel dared to go
:
or four leagues of this
out for fear of the Frenchmen
the people of this ship
always being ready with their arms, day and night.

In the
morning of Saturday, the 4th of June, the French
l84
PREPARATIONS TO CHASE THE FRENCHMAN.
ship and launch passed at a distance of less than a cannon
shot from this port of Santiago, with another vessel ahead
Every one believed that the ship in be one which departed two days before for
of them.
front
Brazil,
must
and
his
which had been taken and robbed by the Frenchmen.

Pedro Sarmiento sent to say to the Governor, and
things must be remedied.
Serjeant-Major, Francisco de Andrada, that such a state of
The Governor,
all
the citizens,
that, for
and the Bishop, sent to entreat Pedro Sarmiento

the love of God, he being the vassal of a
as his Majesty,
King
so powerful
and the uncle of
their King, that
he would
at
protect
them, as they had
no other protector
that
moment, and avenge them of so great an

eyes.
affront as to
allow the pirate to steal that Portuguese ship before their
They would
in negroes.
give us
all
the
men and
artillery
we
wanted, and a Spanish ship, well

taking
fitted,
which was there
Pedro Sarmiento,
for these
and other weighty reasons,

his Majesty, resolved to
and principally
and vassals of
over, the
for the
honour of
comply, for as they sought the favour from the servants

his Majesty,
we could not deny them.

I
More-
Governor, thinking that
should wish him to

his
keep his word, presently sent on board
Lieutenant
and Serjeant- Major, Francisco de Andrada, with 70 arquebusiers and other arms, including three good pieces of
artillery.
Another Portuguese, named Manuel Diaz, with

the Spanish ship.
as
many men, went on board
Sarmiento
also got the other vessel ready which he
had bought to
send to Nombre de Dios, arming her with two falcons, and some arquebusiers under the command of the SerjeantMajor, Hernando Alonso. Then Pedro Sarmiento went
out with the Nuestra Senora de Esperanza and the smaller
vessel, ordering the
Spanish ship to follow him promptly,
in
pursuit of the Frenchman.
In two hours
we were
less
than two cannon shots from
FLIGHT OF THE FRENCHMAN.

the enemy, but our Spanish ship did not appear.
I85
The
French had now come up with the ship ahead, which we

supposed to be a Portuguese he had captured, but which
turned out to be another French ship, and a large one.
All
being united, they bore down upon
us,
with the launch
between the two
ships.
They
tried
to get to
windward,
but our ship sailed best and kept the weather gage of them
while nearing them, but delaying a
little
to allow time for
the Spanish ship, which was late in sailing, to
come
up.
The Frenchman
consorts.
sent his launch to within a
little
more than
a cannon shot of our ship, and then she stood back to her
We
believed that this was done to reconnoitre.
Suspecting
this,
and seeing that the Spanish ship was
we ran down on the Frenchmen. When the launch spoke them they turned, and all three fled before the wind. We went in chase, and if night had not come on soon after, we believed that we should have overhauled
coming
near,
them, because one of them did not
sail well.
But the night
was very dark, and we hove

our consort.
pirates
to,
waiting for the other ship,
were enabled to get
Thus we did not pursue the chase, and the far away. We, however, conSuspecting what they had done,
tinued to follow them, although they succeeded in deluding

us as to their route.
we
also altered course, but
them during the In the morning they were in sight, though at some night. distance, off the island of Fuego to the westward. But our consort, the Spanish ship, was out of sight. Fearing that some disaster might have happened, or that she might have fallen in with some other piratical ship, and suspecting, from what we had seen, that the pirates were eager to take a prize, for it was well known that they were looking out for them, we turned to search for our consort, for it was no longer of any avail to follow the French ships when they
did not see
we
were at such a distance.

contrary, the Portuguese
The weather was bad, the wind numerous and without provisions

186
RETURN OF THE FRENCHMAN.
SO that they had to be supplied from the ship's stores while
on board.
and,
In
fine,
we went
in search
of the Spanish ship,
we discovered her coming from the east, by which we knew that she had been carried to the S.E. in the dark. The belief was that she had
when
in sight of the port,
done
fight.
this to avoid
coming
to close quarters,
and having to
We went
into port,
and the Portuguese disembarked.
But the Governor ordered that the other ship should not
come
into port that night,
owing to what she had done, and
she stood off and on.
Next morning the French ships appeared off the port again to the south, and very near it At this the Governor and
all
the people were
much
afflicted, fearing that if
the pirate
saw the Spanish ship outside alone she would come down
upon her and capture
her, just as she
had taken another

therefore, sent to
prize outside the port.
The Governor,
that
Pedro Sarmiento to request
he would
order
the
Spanish ship to come into port and anchor.

sent the small vessel with this order.
Sarmiento
was
ill
fearful
As the Governor, who in bed, knew that the Frenchmen were approaching, of the harm and damage that might ensue, he wrote
:
the following letter to Pedro Sarmiento, in Portuguese

" Illustrious Lord,
How much
it
touches the Spanish reputa-
tion that this thief should be pursued
and taken, your Lordship
understands better than any one, and that your reputation and
mine are at stake. I am thus frank because these things affect my honor ; but I feel secure under the protection of your Lordship, and of Francisco d'Andrada, his soldiers and companions. For the love of our Lord, on whom we fix our hope. Apart from
the insult, I fear great injury from this
will
thief, as
many
laden ships
be coming from Guinea, and others from India, I, therefore, beseech your Lordship's aid for the service of his Majesty. Whatever you require on shore, I have ordered to be supplied to you
and another ship. May our Lord guard the illustrious person of your Lordship and increase Under my hand, your servant, your estate.
according to your Lordship's orders
;
"
Caspar de Anprada,"
FINAL FLIGHT OF THE FRENCHMAN.

I
8/
thought
straits
it
well to insert this letter, because

in that city,
it
shows to [^
little
what
they were reduced

if this
and how
the Governor could do,
ship and these vassals of your
Majesty had not given assistance, with the aid of God our
Lord.
Seeing
this,
and also that
it
behoved
me
to
make
go
the route clear for our passage, Sarmiento consoled the
Governor and the town, and hurried

out.
his preparations to
Taking the Portuguese that were ready, and with two more large pieces, fire bombs, and good gunners, we slipped
the cables and went to sea, where
we met
the Spanish ship
coming
into port in obedience to the order that
had been
in the
sent to her.
She was ordered

Capitana.
to turn
and follow
wake of the
thieves,
We
then set out in search of the

flight.
who
presently took to
lost sight of
until dark,
when we
them.
We We
pursued them
then stationed
is
ourselves in the passage of the island of

their
Mayo, which
if
meeting-place, to
All night
should pass.
come down upon them we had no sleep, all stood
they
to their
arms
until
morning, but the thieves did not appear.
We
waited until daylight, and searched for them from point to

point of the island, towards Fuego.
fled,
Seeing that they had
we
returned to the port of Santiago.
With
all this, sell
the
only courtesy shown to us by the people was to
us what
we wanted
to
at double
its
value
and they even talked about

vessel, with the
impeding the departure of the small
news,
Nombre de
feelings, for
Dios, and they fraudulently took from us
some things
that
it
we had
sold to them.
for
But
concealed
nor was
my
it
was not a time
anything
else,
desirable that they should suppose us to be as selfish as
they were themselves.
This
island
of
Santiago
part,
is
i8
is
leagues
long,
and 8
wide at the widest

side
it
which
to the south.
On
this
la
has two settlements.
This city of Santiago de
Ribera,
situation
which was founded
no
years
ago, has
a bad
and a worse port
but the place was selected on
88
EXECUTION OF THE ENSIGN.

It
account of the supply of water.
contains a few
more
than 450 houses of stone, the best being that of the Bishop,
who is named Bartolome Leyton. There are three forts commanding the anchorage, each with ten good bronze pieces of artillery, and good gunners. They told us that
there were 20,000 negroes in the island, and a considerable
trade with them.
The custom house

is
officers said that the
customs were worth more than 100,000 ducats to the King

annually.
The
other settlement
called " Playa", at a dis-
tance of four leagues.
The
island does not produce wheat,
but they raise cattle and sheep.
There
is
little
water
in
the higher parts, except in the ravines, where there are
some sugar
others near
mills
and maize
cultivation,
which they
call
" millo", besides fruits.

it
Besides this island, there are nine
without any settlements, but cotton, maize,
and
fruit plantations.
The names
Vista,
of the islands are Fuego,
Brava, Mayo, Sal, San Antonio, Santa Cruz, Santa Lucia,
San Nicholas, and Buena

leagues.
all
within a space of 60
Being ready, we
left
this port
on Sunday, the 19th of

to Portugal.
June, in the afternoon, with our small vessel in company,

besides two caravels on their
way
on
On
this
same day
justice
was
done
the
Ensign,
who was
strangled as a traitor to the royal crown of your Majesty,
and as a seditious man who dishonoured the royal banner, and because he sought to impede this discovery which, by
order of your
Majesty, and in your Royal service, was
In like
manner two men were discharged and put on shore this day. One was a native of the Indies of your Majesty, who was landed as a mutineer, and he did not receive a more severe punishment because the evidence against him was insufficient The other was the purser, from whom Pedro Sarmiento had taken the
made and undertaken.
charge of the provisions, because he had wasted them, and
he had been punished and deprived of his pay.
He was
NEWS DESPATCHED TO PERU.

now discharged from
the
fleet,
89
and
left
on the island of
Santiago of Cape Verde, as well for this offence, as because
he stirred the people to discontent and mutiny.

In leaving this port
we went west
as far as the channel
between the islands of Fuego and Santiago.

the Portuguese vessels parted
company at we steered about N.W. to clear the island of San Antonio. Through this channel we went under very easy sail to keep company with the caravel, which made much water, and to
be ready to help her both
in this respect
Here one of night. Thence
and
in case of
meeting with
pirates.
Sailing in this
way, Pedro Sarmiento
proceeded to despatch the small vessel, which was named
Nuestra Senora de
la Concepcion.
On
Tuesday, the 23rd of
June, at 9 in the forenoon, he despatched her, under the
command
of Hernando Alonso, Pilot of this Capitana, and
Serjeant-Major, with seven or eight men,^ in charge of the
despatches which the Viceroy ordered to be sent to him in

his Instructions
:
that
is
to say, the narrative of the

all
voyage
of discovery signed by
to write,
those on board
who knew how

this ship
;
and attested by the Royal Notary of
also reports respecting
what was known of the proceedings
of the English, that a better look-out might be kept for
them, in Peru and Chile than had hitherto been the case.
These despatches were addressed to the Viceroy and the

^ These are the men not voyage
:
in
the
list
made
at
the end of the
The Gunner
Soldiers
....
. . . . .
.
Baltasar Rodriguez.
Alvaro de Torres. Pedro Martin.

Christoval de Bonilla.
Francisco de Mazuelas.
Sailors
.
Juan Antonio Corzo. Sancho de Larrda.

Luis Gonzalez.
Caspar Gomez.
They may be assumed
to
have formed the crew of the Concepcion.

igo
REACH THE AZORES.

So the
little
Auditors of the Royal Audience.
vessel
shaped her course to the west,^ while

being
we
steered
N.W.,
now
clear of the pirates.
Pedro Sarmiento had kept

these days on account
in i8, the
the^ little vessel in
company during
same
of ithem.
This day Sarmiento took the altitude

result.
CMef
Pilot getting the
We
had made good
6o' leagues.
t'rom Thursday, at noon, with a N.E. wind,
we
steered
N.W.
spljit
until
Friday at noon, and that night the
foresail
was
then
right down.
We
continued to steer N.W. until Sunin
day, the 3rd of July,

felli
when we were
N.
31 38' N.
It
calm, afterwards the wind sprung up, and on Thursday,
the 7th,
we were
it
in 35 10'
On
Tuesday, the
12th of July,
we saw
the island of
Corvo, passing
on the north
side.
It is in
40 N.
We
then steered S.E., and on Thursday sighted the island of

Graciosa, a small island, but fertile and well peopled.
We
passed the night between
it
and the island of

latter
St.
George.
We
saw much
fire
on the
island, and,
from the
information
ceira, the
we
received afterwards at the island of Ter:
reason was as follows
On
the 1st of June
of this year
1580, the following

in the
fire.
testimony was given by the Auditor Freibes,
town
of Velas, in the island of St. George, touching this
On
the above day, on the said island, there was a great earth-
quake, and in the afternoon three mouths of
fire
broke out,
from which streams of

streams of
fire
flowed
down
into the sea.
This
continued until seven mouths had opened, and one of the

fire
flowed round a hermitage of our Lady.

to take
Nine men went

of a cross
away some
bee-hives at a distance
bow
shot from the principal mouth.
When
they
1 Alonso fulfilled his mission, and delivered the despatches into the hands of the Viceroy of Peru. Acosta conversed with Alonso, and saw the account of the Strait. See the Hakluyt Society's edition of
AcostUy
i,
p. 143.
NEWS OF ENGLISH
IN BRAZIL.
19I
got there another mouth opened and burnt them, so that
only two were
left
half-burnt.
It
rained cinders, so that the
whole land was raised a hand's breadth.

adds
"
:
The testimony
I certify that
what
is
said of this fire in St.
George
is true.
"
Francisco de Freite, Auditor'^
Touching
this,
they say that the voices of devils and
other frightful things were distinctly heard, and finally the

island covered them, according to
what they
say.
Continuing our route, on the i8th of July, we arrived at

the city of Angla, in the island of Terceira, which
principal island of the Azores.
is
the
!
Glory to Almighty
God
On Monday,
the 19th of July, a ship arrived at this port

in Brazil,
from the town of Pernambuco
and on Tuesday
another from the Bahia de Todos Santos, the seat of
government
in Brazil.
When
:
Pedro Sarmiento enquired

in those parts
whether there were any English

the following information
In
he received
November
1579, five white men, with fifteen Indians,
departed from the settlement of Tifiares, fifteen leagues
from Bahia, to go to
ment, by land.
Isleos,
another Portuguese
settle-
Walking along the beach, they came suddenly upon a launch containing ten Englishmen at the "Rio de las Cuentas". Seven of them were repairing their sails on shore.
travellers
On
seeing
the
English the
them.
ran
away,
and the English
followed
But understanding who they were, the Portuguese turned, and shot down five with arrows, and came to the launch.
They captured two Englishmen who took

bush.
refuge
in the
Those
in the
launch cut the hawsers and
left
two
wish
large bombards.
to fight,
The
if
travellers said that they did not
and that
the English would
come on shore they

do
so,
should be supplied with provisions, and with what they

needed.
They answered
that they did not wish to

192
NEWS OF ENGLISH
IN BRAZIL.
and made a show of arquebuses, cross-bows and pikes. At this time the tide suited, and they crossed the bar and
departed.
Thence they went to another

in
river,
which
is
six
leagues from the Rio de las Cuentas, towards Bahia.
On
an island
front of
Camamu,
was
there.
called " Chiepe", another
Portuguese caravel came

chance, not knowing
it
upon the English launch by

It
put to sea with three
Englishmen,
the arrow
for the rest
were found on the island, dead of

at
wounds received
Las Cuentas.
Three or four
leagues further on a Portuguese boat, going from Isleos to

Bahia,
came upon the surviving
three Englishmen on the

lost,
beach, very sick and miserable, and the launch was

the end of her being unknown.
The
five
English prisoners
:
from this launch, on being interrogated, said
That they belonged

which was
in
it
to
an English
fleet
of ten ships,
fitted
out in England by a great Lord, and that
they went to the Strait of Magellan and then they
returned and cruised along the coast to settle in a port
which seemed to
end, their
offer the greatest advantages.^
With
this
Capitana, which they said
carried, in addition to the ship's
was of 900 tons, company, 500 men at arms,

mechanical
400
arts.
soldiers,
and 100
officers trained to all the
They were
well satisfied, because the
wages were
paid every month.
This
fleet
anchored off an island of the
land of Carijos, which

arose.
we
call " Caribes",
where a great storm
and the Capitana^ not being able to get under weigh as quickly as was necessary, was driven on shore, and all were lost except the said men in
fleet
The
put to
sea,
No expeditions
appear to have sailed from England
for the Straits
Drake in 1580, and the departure of Cavendish in 1586. Fenton was on the Brazilian coast in 1583, but the above particulars do not apply to any occurrence during His
of Magellan between the return of
expedition, besides an earlier date
difficult to
is
referred
to.
It
is,
therefore?
conjecture what this English expedition can have been,

in the text.
which
is
mentioned
ENGLISH ON THE COAST OF BRAZIL.

the launch, for they were on shore, getting water.
193
After
the loss of the ship Capitana^ the launch coasted along to
Puerto Seguro, where they were also chased, but, being a

better sailer, she escaped from the boats
her,
which followed
and she went on,
to
come
to
an end near Bahia, as
has been said.
One of the five Englishmen who escaped was a young man of thirty years, very clever and a great mathematician. He stated, in the prison, that those who weathered
the storm were to return to the ports of Brazil with a large
fleet,
and,
among
other particulars, he stated as the truth

"
that, at
a place called
Cananea" (which
is
a small island),
there was d^padron or
mark with
set
the arms of your Majesty,

it
and the commander of the English ordered

moved, and another to be
as
to be re-
up with the arms of England,
a sign of possession of those lands which extend to
These arms may have been set up by Cabeza de Vaca,i or by the Adelantado Juan Ortiz de Zarate,^ now
Paraguay.
six years ago, in Santa Catalina, near Cananea,
when your
Majesty sent him out as Governor of Paraguay and Rio

de
la Plata.
it
It is
not stated whether they were removed,
still
was suspected to be true that the arms of your

taken
Majesty were
England.
Besides
this,
down, and
replaced
by those of
the Captain of the Portuguese settlement
of Rio de Janeiro sent three Englishmen to Bahia
whom
he had captured at Cape Frio, belonging to the nine ships
which escaped the storm.
Three of the ships together
received
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, after his return from Florida, command of an expedition to the Rio de la Plata in 1540. He arrived at Cananea, on the coast of the province of San Paulo in Brazil, in March 1541. Thence he went to the island of Santa Catalina,
1
and disembarked
2
his troops.
in
Juan Ortiz de Zarate went out as Governor of Buenos Ayres
1565 until 1581.

194
ENGLISH ON THE COAST OF BRAZIL.

in
were found at Cape Frio which had come to the Cape

search of the other six, which they expected
to find there,
having been separated by the storm.
The Captain
find out
of Rio
de Janeiro received notice of the
arrival of these three ships,
and sent four canoes with people to
about them.
at
They came suddenly on an English launch
an island.
On
seeing the canoes the Englishmen
retreated.
all
They
should
could not do so with sufficient celerity so that

escape, and thus these three
Englishmen were captured.
On
it
seeing the canoes and people coming by land, the ships

sail.
made
From
these three Englishmen,
who were
taken,
was known that the three ships went to seek
for
Cape
Frio because they thought the other six missing ships would
be there, and not finding them they were to go

to
in
in search
Paraiba
of Pernambuco.
They
did
not
arrive,
for
Bahia they had certain intelligence, on the 15th of May, that no French or English ships had been at
Paraiba.
The account
given by these three Englishmen,
brought from Rio de Janeiro to Bahia, agreed with that

of the other five belonging to the launch that was lost in
Tiiiare.
The arrival of the Englishmen in Brazil was in last November 1579, which was the time when Pedro Sarmiento
and
his
companions arrived
at the archipelagos in search
of the Strait.
The
time, as regards one expedition
and the
other, agrees well with

Strait.
what the natives
told us in the
He who
is
gave
me
this
intelligence
respecting
Brazil
of his
one of the principal people there, and at the end discourse he said the following words, which I put
something
here, as
may
be made of them
in
the time to
come
"
The Governors
of these times give false justice in Brazil, and
are occupied in their
three years,
ance to
own special and tyrannical interests these and show no respect for what is of so much importtheir King and also to the majesty of King Philip, which
ENGLISH SHIP WRECKED AT THE AZORES.

is
I95
to enquire, find out,
and
report, with ardent loyalty
and
dili-
gence, this important intelligence."
As my
present endeavour was to enquire touching these

all
proceedings in
this city of
parts and from
all
people,
learnt in
Angla, from the mouth of the Corregidor, and
generally from
common rumour, that on the 2nd of November

came on the
coast,
1579, a large English ship
and was
lost
near a village called

of
"
Gualua", two leagues from the city
Angla on the
island of Terceira,
which ship had seven
men on board when she was lost. Two and a negro escaped. The negro is now a prisoner in this city, the others were put to death. They raised from the
or eight
bottom of the sea

the
five
very large pieces of artillery of
iron,
which the ship carried, but they had not been able to get
rest.
Those they obtained were of such

on shore,
in
size as to
be
suitable for a fort
went to form a settlement

soldiers
was known that they the Indies, and they had 300
for
it
on board.
It
is
said that they carried treasure,
which was thrown overboard when they saw they must be

lost,
that
it
might not be suspected that they were
pirates.
The
prisoners said they had been on the coast of Guinea a

all
long time with other ships, and that

died of sickness, except those
the people had
who were on board when

I
she was
lost.
The
general suspicion, which

is
believe to be
is
probable from what
known,
is
that this ship
one of
those which escaped from the storm already mentioned,
and those who give most

guese from Brazil,
credit to this belief are the Portu-
who gave me
a. great
the above information, for
they say that they went in search of the nine or ten ships
which were
In
this
fitted
out by
Lord of England.
port of
Angla there were two small English

is
vessels,
is
and speaking with the master of one of them, who

rriarried in
Hispanicized, and
the island, about Fran-
cisco Draquez, the pirate,
Pedro Sarmiento was told that
the master
left Bristol
three
months
before,
and that he had

196
A MIRACLE.
no news of Francisco having departed thence. I asked him concerning what had previously been said by the EngHshmen at Ayamonte, and he said that it was true, and
that where he had been there was the news that certain
armed ships were being

but he did not
fitted
out at Plymouth or London,
know
their destination.
This
I
is
a corroin this
boration of what the pilot told me.

port, the
While
was
Bishop of these islands gave

is
me
:
his
testimony
respecting a miracle, which
as follows
caravel was sailing from the island of
San Miguel
to
that of
San Jorge, on the 15th of June
1580, being ten
leagues from the latter island, about half-an-hour before

sunset,
when the men on board

at
saw, on the face of the sun,

there
a large crucifix, and
the foot of the crucifix

usually painted
;
appeared
a calvario^ as
it is
and they saw

left
;
two
figures,
one on the right side and one on the

in
that
left
tlie
on the right-hand dressed

dressed, as
crucifix
it
white and that on the
seemed, half red and half black.
And
was
rising
up and continued to be
it
visible until the
sun
set.
All
who saw
were much
terrified,
bewailing
their sins,
and thinking that the end of the world had

all
come.
This was taken down by the Auditor Freites, of
San Jorge, from
who were on board
the caravel, and
sent to the Bishop, and this was the substance of it. Deo omnipotenti qui mirabilia fecit in ccelo et in terra
Laus
!
When we
Malacca
lain,
;
were
in this port there arrived five large ships
from India, four from Goa and Cochin, and one from
the four were laden with spices, drugs, porceland,
and the clothing of the
and the other came
without any cargo, not having been able to get one.
The
Capitana was said to be of 1,200 tons and the other of

1,300 tons.
They
Asking
said that this one carried 8,000 quintals

for
of spices.
news touching the Spaniards of the

is
Philippines, they said that in the previous year a brother
of the
King of Burneo, or Burney, which
a great and rich
NEWS FROM MANILLA.

island,
97
came
to
Manilla and treated with the Spaniards
who were
there for your Majesty, that they should go to

his brother,
Burneo and drive out the King,

his brother's place,
and put him
in
and that he would be tributary
to your
Majesty.
The Spaniards
went, with a great force, to
Burneo and took the kingdom.

place,
The King
fled
to the
mountains, and the Spaniards set up his brother in his
whom
they brought with them.
They found much

pieces of artillery,
in the
wealth, and particularly
more than 600
and with that they returned to Manilla

After some months a Portuguese captain,
Luzones.
who came from

in
Moluco, passed by Burneo, and hearing what had happened, and that the
tains,
flight
first
King was wandering
the
mounI
he went there and restored him once more, putting to

the one
whom
it
the Spaniards had set up as King.

told to me, but
it
relate this just as
was
is
to be believed
if
that the vassals of your Majesty
who
are in those islands,
they did
this,
must have acted
in
a political and justifiable
way, as your Majesty orders and desires.

will
Your Majesty
to
have better intelligence of these proceedings by way

Spain.
of
New
Yet
if
relate
what comes
my
know-
ledge, for Princes should be faithfully informed of all that
happens, so that
any measure may be necessary,

of their service.
it
may
be provided for
in furtherance
On Wednesday morning
a small caravel, with the ban-
ner of Portugal on the poop, arrived at this port and city
of Angla, bearing a letter from

gidor, in which, although
I
Don Antonio
it,
to the Corre-
did not see
it
was declared
and ordered that the Corregidor should proclaim him as

King,^ and that any one
who
contradicted was to be killed.
On
his
the death of
was
King Henry (the Cardinal) of Portugal, Philip II nephew and next heir. The only other competitor was
Antonio, Prior of Crato, another nephew, but not legitimate. Antonio was defeated by the Duke of Alva at Oporto, and fled. Philip then
198
QUESTION OF THE PORTUGUESE SUCCESSION.

this
At
be
time Pedro Sarmiento and the Vicar, Friar Antonio
Guadramiro, were with the Corregidor, persuading him to

in
obedience to the Church, for the Bishop held
Don
Antonio to be excommunicated.
sisted in humiliating himself,
But the Corregidor per-
and maintained that he was
not excommunicated, and, by a word inadvertently spoken

as to the
coming of the
as possible,
all
caravel,
by a
notary,
it
appeared
that things against us might be considered.

as
Dissimulating
much
concluded the interview, and em-
barked with
the people
who were
then on shore.
News
then came by a caravel that the Governors had pronounced

for
your Majesty, that the camp of your Majesty was then

St.
near Setubal, and that the coast from Cape

to the
Vincent
;
mouth of the Tagus was for your Majesty while only Lisbon, Santarem, and Setubal had declared for Don Antonio. Some, in this place, showed a desire for your
Majesty, and others were on the opposite side, as
is
the
manner of the vulgar

men,
in
herd.
But the nobles and gentle-
our presence, with great willingness declared them-
selves for
your Majesty.
The
people, however, began to
show
hostility,
and we
fire
were presently surrounded by boats.
The
It
ships from India

port,
were told to defend the entrance to the
and to
upon us
that
if
we attempted
to depart.
was publicly
said
we should be attacked and
killed, for
your Majesty
had entered Portugal with your camp. They wanted to take our papers and the narrative of the voyage, declaring
that the Strait
fell
within the demarcation of Portugal, and

:
that this discovery would be most injurious to Portugal
so
they would keep no more terms with
us,
but would take us
and
kill us.
We,
therefore, lived like those
who momentarily
favour of
all
became undisputed sovereign of Portugal. The Azores were in Don Antonio, and he was prq-lairned King at Terceira, but
resistance soon ceased.
TERCEIRA FOR DON ANTONIO.
I99
expect to be executed through the bhnd fury of the mob,

but with our weapons
at all hours.
in
our hands, and our matches h'ghted
Although the majority

ships said
in this
all this,
in
the city and on board the

first.
no one dared to be the
As
those
all
ship of your
Majesty had acted well to

us,
in
that city, there were
some who befriended
and apprised
us of what passed.
Especially a gentleman,
named Juan
de Betancor, warned Pedro Sarmiento that the Pilots of the

ships from
India were jealous and indignant at his dis-
covery, and talked of sinking our ship, and getting our
journals into their hands to take advantage of them, for

that they should not reach the presence of your Majesty-
Then Pedro Sarmiento treated with certain Spanish sailors who were on board the ships from India, that they should keep him informed of what was done. Thus he had news from the ships every now and then under colour of going
to see the savages;
I
and although each told a
different storyj
understood that the commander of the ships was lukeeither side, but only
artillery.
warm, not declaring himself on

to furnish his ships with
working
more men and
They said
that he
lost,
would take the guns of the English ship that was
because, in the letter of

so,
Don
Antonio, he was ordered
to
do
and
to
work
to windward, as he
would
find ships
on the coast and would be able to enter Lisbon securely.

Finally they rose for
Don
to
Antonio.
For
this the Corre-
gidor was excommunicated as a participant.
The
officials
of the
Chamber went
him and required absolution

doing
it
for
this act, protesting that in
they should be absolved.
Assembled
in session, the
letter,
Corregidor submitted the sub-
stance of the
and some were perplexed.
The
Corre-
gidor and a few others were

it
much
frightened, saying that

in
was treason and rebellion to name him as King, or

as
my opinion
offered
Tyrant
so said
some Portuguese, and women

reign.
vows and masses that your Majesty might
200
ARRIVAL OF A SPANISH FLEET.
Finally they raised a banner and proclaimed
Don Antonio
fleet
through the
streets.
The commander
is
of the
from
India was not present at this business, remaining on board

his ship.
His name
Saldanha, and he
this,
is
the son of a
Spaniard.
Having done
the
Portuguese on shore
treated us very shamefully, even threatening to sink our

ship.
Juan de Betancor came
at night to
all
warn Sarmiento
of
this,
coming
in
a boat in rear of
the ships and with
muffled oars.
We
I
were
all
night with lighted matches, in
consequence, being determined to die for

Majesty.
God and your

to be
first,
As
said before,
no one dared
;
as
usually happens on such occasions
and also there were
some reasonable men who kept back the others. While this was going on, a fleet of twenty-two ships arrived from New Spain. The night before its arrival, was reported from the look out, all in the city were when it under arms, believing it to be a fleet sent by your Majesty
to take the island.
They detained our boat on
shore,
which
had gone
fleet
for water,
and also detained a shallop from the
people
for provisions. Some of our swam off to the ship and reported what had happened. At dawn several shallops came in from the fleet to buy
which had been sent
fresh provisions,
ship,
and Pedro Sarmiento kept them
at the
warning them of what was going on.
He
it
sent on
shore a Portuguese of our
company
to get news,
and he
found that when the people ascertained that

fleet
was only a
from the Indies they quieted down, so the boats went
on shore.
These people
silver,
sell their fruits,
and harvests, and
wood
trafiic.
to the ships of your Majesty that
come
here,
having
gold and
and they are
solely sustained
by
this
We
weighed and made
sail
to join the
fleet,
and Pedro
Spain, to
Sarmiento went on board the Capitana from
New
inform the General of what had happened in the town of
Angla and
in
Spain
and of the service that he could do
CONDUCT OF THE SPANISH GENERAL.

your Majesty,
in
20
taking the ships of India, or some of them,
especially that which
was
richly laden with spices, gold
and precious
that
stones.
He
contented himself by saying that

so.
he had no commission to do
the caravel that had
Pedro Sarmiento replied

to
come from Portugal was
depart that same night with news of what had happened,
and that a Portuguese

ships from India,
fleet
would then come to convoy the
followers would be succoured with
by which means Don Antonio and his money and men. But if we should stop the caravel and allow no notice to reach the tyrant, your Majesty would have the first news, and would take such steps as would be best for your service. The General and all the officers agreed to this, and it was
settled that
it
should be done.
With this determination, and without more delay, we made sail for the island of San Miguel. On Monday, being now in sight of San Miguel, the Capitana of New Spain hoisted a flag on the mast, and we all went on board her to see what counsel would be taken. It was only to say that we should return to Terceira to take in water. Although many ships represented that they had
enough
water on board, the Pilot Major insisted that they should
go
there, saying that if they

it
were delayed thirty or forty

absurdity
!
days
would not
signify.
What
Pedro Sar-
miento, talking with
Don Bartolome de
Villavicencio, said
that he did not wish to anchor, because this

for
was not a time
running into ports.
He wis-hed
to
go and give informa-
tion to his
Majesty and to serve him, and to report what so
nearly concerned his honour and his crown.

Pilot of Spain
The Chief
answered to
this that
no ship would anchor.

Majesty made
at seeing the
The Chief
all sail
Pilot of this ship Capitana of his

fleet,
and went out of the

in these
with a strong feeling of
annoyance on the part of General Sarmiento
want of energy
proceedings
that for the sake of
getting four raddishes and two pounds of grapes, they should
VÔf TW^
202
CONDUCT OF THE SPANISH GENERAL.
neglect what was of so

Terceira, they
much importance. SaiHng towards saw the despatch boat or caravel come out. Pedro Sarmiento was watching to see what the General of
ment.
New Spain would do to carry out the preconcerted arrangeWhen he saw that nothing was done, Pedro Sarthis
miento ordered chase to be made, but by

caravel
time the
was
distant.
Finally, this
Capitana alone
made
near
chase very
late.
Seeing that she was pursued, the caravel

in,
ran in shore, and the Capitana followed her close

the settlement of
La
Playa,
when night came

If
in
on.
This
prevented us from taking her.
Don Bartolome would

the
fleet,
only have sent one of the shallops he had
she
would undoubtedly have been captured,

this ship could not
for the shallop

;
could have gone in shore nearer than the caravel
which
lost.
have done without danger of being
By
not taking her
we
lost
two days of advantage, when

time until Wednesday, the
even an hour
may
be of consequence on such occasions
while by going back
we
lost the
3rd of August, with the going and coming, and with the
calms which occur
among
these islands.
When
the fleet
returned to port, the ships from India had already sailed,
except the one from Malacca, which was hauled

the guns of the fortress.
in,
under
In returning, the fleet passed
another despatch boat bound for Portugal, with her flag

flying,
yet the General allowed her to pass without even

;
asking the cause of her diligence

caravels with
so that he had let two
news proceed
15th,
to Lisbon.
On Wednesday,
the 3rd of August, the fleet
Monday, the
coast six
Spain, and on by the mercy of God, we sighted the leagues to the north of Cape St. Vincent. Laus
sail for
made
Deo.
All this was read publicly before
Capitana^ whose
all
;
on board
this ship
names were
as follows
. .
WITNESSES ON BOARD THE

The The The The
Father Vicar
Chief Pilot
SHIP.
203
Friar Antonio Guadramiro.^
Royal Notary Bodtswain
Anton Pablos.^ Juan de Esquivel.^ Pedro de Hojeda.^

Gaspar Antonio.^
Agustin.^
Master-at-Anns Master Carpenter

Soldiers
Pedro de Aranda.^
Geronimo de Arroyo.^
Andres de Orduna.^
Antonio del
Castillo.-^
The Caulker
Sailors
.
Pedro Lopez. Francisco Hernandez.

Angel Bartolo.
Domingo Vayaneta.
Pedro Pablo.
Jacome Ricardo (Ricalde ?).^

Diego Perez de Albor.^
Diego Perez de Villanueva. Pedro Alvarez.

Francisco Perez.'
Francisco de Urbea.^
Simon de Abreo.
Pedro de
Villalustre.
Manuel Perez. Mateo Andres.

Pedro Marquez. Pedro Gonzalez. Pedro de Bahamonde.^
Francisco Tellez.'
Soldiers
Pedro de
Isasiga.
Solis.^
Gabriel de
Pedro de
la
Rosa.
if
All those, above written, were asked

this narrative
the contents of
were
true, or
all
whether there was anything to
be contradicted, and
replied that the contents
were
true,
without their knowing anything that could or ought to be

Signed.
204
contradicted.
sign,
THOSE WHO SIGNED.

This was
it
true,
have signed
with their names.
and those who knew how to Also I, Pedro

this ship
Sarmiento de Gamboa, Captain-Superior of

fleet
and
of his Majesty, swear to God, on this cross f* and on the Holy Evangelists, that all that is contained in this
narrative and route
is
true, that things
passed
in effect as
here stated, without anything in excess of the truth.

certify to the truth,
To
this
and that
all
parts
may
it
receive faith
and
credit,
signed
my
name, and dated
on board
ship Capitana,
named
the Nuestra Senora de Esperanza,
on Wednesday, the 17th day of August, 1580.

" Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
Anton Pablos
Friar Antonio
{Pilot),
Guadramiro {Chaplain).
Pedro de Hojeda {Boatswain). Gaspar Antonio {Master-at-Arms).

Pedro de Aranda.
Geronimo Garzes
Antonio del
del Arroyo.
Francisco de Gorvea.
Castillo.
Francisco Perez.
Diego Perez.
Francisco Hernandez.
Augustin Gabriel de
Solis.
Jacome Ricaldo.
Francisco Tellez.
Pedro de Bahamonde. Andres de Ordufia {Acting Notary). "and I, Juan de Esquivel, Royal Notary of this fleet and ship Capitana of His Majesty, bear faith and truthful testimony
that I was present in
all this
voyage of discovery of the

;
Strait of
Madre de
Dios, formerly called of Magellan

I
and
it
on those occasions when

information of persons
was not present

were,
know
saw it, and from certain
and by the solemn oath of the Lord Pedro Sarmiento, Captain-Superior of this fleet, who went on the three boat exploring expeditions. I was present when the narrative was read, word for word, publicly before all the people of
who
TESTIMONY OF THE NOTARY.

this said ship,
205
according as the very excellent Lord
Don
Francisco
It
de Toledo, Viceroy of Peru, ordered in
his Instructions.
having
been read and understood,

to
all
the above-named witnesses declared
be true
all
that
is
contained in this narrative, and that they

it
could not contradict anything, and that as such they gave
and
approved
it,
that his Majesty
happened
in this
voyage of
may be informed by discovery. I know all

their
I
it
of all that
the witnesses
above named, and saw them sign
names, those in the ship

this narrative
I sign
who know how

on
all
to sign
and
saw that
was written
name.
eighty-five leaves, counting this
on which
my
which
give
my
faith
dated in this ship Capitana,
Of named
Nuestra Senora de Buena Esperanza^ the 17 th of August, 1580, and in testimony of its truth I give my sign manual,
"Juan de Esquivel, Royal Notary.
"And
I,
royal fleet of his Majesty, that
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, Captain-Superior of the went for the discovery of the Strait
all
of Magellan, declare to
those
who may
see these presents, that
Juan de Esquivel, who has signed this narrative and route, is the Royal Notary of this said ship Capitana^ and that entire credit is
to
be given to the writings and acts that pass or have passed
before him, as such Royal Notary of this said fleet and ship
Capitana.
signed with
And that this may be valid, my name and dated upon

month
"
have given
this certificate,
this ship Capitana^
on the
17 th day of the
of August, 1580.
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa."
206
LETTER FROM THE VICEROY OF PERU
APPENDIX
A.
Letter from the Viceroy of Peru, Don Francisco de Toledo, to the Governor of Rio de la PlataJ
{Referred to in Article
XI
of the Ins true tiofts.
See page
13.)
SHIP of English pirates passed by the Strait of Magellan into
the South Sea, and arrived in the port of Santiago, of the Province
of Chile,
ship of a quantity of gold that was in that port,
on the 4th of December of the past year 1578, robbed a and did other
harm
in other ports of this coast.
On
the 13th of February she

its
arrived at the port of this city, being quite off
guard respecting
in giving
any such strange occurrence.
For having been so long

war
in
me
notice from those provinces of Chile, nothing was done.

in the
The
Governor was engaged

officers
Aranco, and neither the
nor the municipality cared to buy a vessel and bring

;
me
whereby many losses and expenses might have been avoided which have fallen on his Majesty and on private persons, especially as regards a ship from which a large quantity of silver
the news
was
him.
stolen,
going from
this city to Tierra
Firme.
Much
all
diligence
was used
to take this pirate,

is
But as the sea

thing that
and two ships were sent so wide, and he had run with
in search of
speed,
it
was not possible to catch him.
The
is
of everything here,
most felt is that he will bring back intelligence and that there is now facility for them to enter
Strait,
any day, by that door of the
which has now been examined
and made known
to them.
In the year 1577 English pirates crossed from the North to the South Sea, by the forests of Tierra Firme, with the aid of the
fugitive negroes
who
in
inhabit those parts.
But the captain and

all,
troops that I sent from here captured
them
so that of those
who had been
the forests not one remained, so that others

to
might not be able
undertake to do the
like.
Notwithstanding,
his Majesty, in his great zeal for Christianity, has fortified
and
Taken from
the original minute
among
the manuscripts of
Don
Eugenio* de Alvarado.
TO THE GOVERNOR OF RIO DE LA PLATA.
20/
garrisoned the passage with galleys in the sea, and settlements of

soldiers
by land, so that the passage that way is well defended. With regard to this part of the Strait it is necessary to provide a prompt remedy, and this, in a matter which is not known nor
understood,
will
be
difficult.
We
good
have decided
pilots
to
send two strong
ships, well victualled, with
and
sailors, to
make
this
discovery in this part of the South Sea.
They
look out for the place where, with greatest

settlement or fortress
and convenience, some

are to examine
artillery.
;
may be
established,
with
They
are to occupy the entrance before any pirate can
do so and they are to find out whether in any part of the South Sea, or in the Strait itself, or outside in the North Sea, there is any settlement of the English, and in what part, and in what number, that such
order
service.
all
may be taken as Of these two
will
be most conducive
to his Majesty's
ships,
one
is
to return with the report of

after they
that has
been seen and has happened,

to
have come
out into the North Sea, and seen the entrances of the
will
Strait, for it
be
fruitless
provide a remedy for one,
if
the
enemy
it
can-
enter
by the
others.
As
it
is
possible that, by reason of the
winter, this
arrangement
may
not be practicable, and

it
may be
is
necessary to winter somewhere,
is
ordered that this

la Plata, or in
to be
done either in the mouth of the Rio de on the coast which is well sheltered.
In whatever
be, his
district in the
will
some
port
Government of Paraguay they may

I shall
Majesty
be well served, and

for the
be particularly
obliged for what
may be done
captain
and
soldiers,
and and
for the
for
good accommodation and treatment of
their persons,
what may be given

is
for the necessary repair of materials
they brought with them, that
may be worn
out.
If the other ship

is
should touch, which

should be done.
all
to proceed to Spain,
if
what
proper for
it
For
the captain and soldiers are not given

that
possible
assistance,
they
may
secure
the
object
for
will
which they were

be
fruitless.
sent, the
expenses incurred by his Majesty
The despatches which the captain or captains of the said ships may give into your charge for me or for this Royal Audience, are to be sent to me by way of Tucuman with all the speed possible, with a proper and trustworthy person, who will be ordered to
expect the reward for his labours here, and you are to advise his
Majesty of your proceedings in
this matter.
With the messenger
208
you
LETTER FROM THE VICEROY OF PERU.

will give
me
information of what you
know
respecting the
at
ship or ships of the English,
and whether they touched

;
any of
and how many also whether this ship, or others, have gone to Spain and when and whether you have news that the English have made any settlement on shore and where, and what number of people, and at what time they were
the ports of those coasts,
;
in this part.
RELATION
Of what happened
to the royal fleet for the Strait
of Magellan.
Written at Rio de Janeiro on June ist 1583, by
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.

(From the
Colleccion de
MSS.
de Juan B. Muiioz.)
Peru was
at peace
when,
for
pressed through the Strait
some English pirates of the Mother of God, formerly

our
sins,
called the Strait of Magellan, into the
South Sea, under the
command
of Francis Drake,^ a native of Plymouth,^ a
man
of low condition, but a skilful seaman and a valiant pirate.
With only one
ship,
named
the Golden Eagle^ he sailed
along the coasts of Chile, Peru, Nicaragua, Guatemala, and
New
Spain, where he committed great robberies.
Don
all
Francisco de Toledo, the Viceroy of Peru, adopted
the
measures that were possible against him, the Viceroy of
New
Spain, Don Martin Enriquez, and the Judges of Guatemala and Panama doing the same but he was so
;
fortunate that he escaped out of the hands of
all.
The
Viceroy of Peru, foreseeing the danger that was imminent,

took steps to avert
it.
He
equipped two ships and sent

for the
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, as General, to seek

tion
English, but chiefly to explore the Strait and find a posi-
and where settlements could be formed so that the passage might remain closed and guarded against the enemies of your
where
it
could be conveniently
;
fortified,
Francisco Drac.
Plemua.
This should be the Golden Hijid.
2IO
THE STRAIT TO BE SETTLED AND FORTIFIED.
Majesty and of our holy Catholic Faith.

caution
By
this
pre-
and
labour
your
Majesty's
service
would be
advanced, and those kingdoms
would be guarded and
secured, so that the enemies of our
Holy Catholic Faith

after
might not occupy them, as they might have hoped

having been successful
in
passing on one previous occasion.

his
Pedro Sarmiento
left
Lima with
companions on the
nth
of October 1579, and, in spite of great difficulties and
of being deserted by one of the two ships from fear of the

tempests, he
entered
the
Strait
in
the ship Esperanza,
which Strait he called "the Mother of God", because he
had taken her as
his guardian.
This was on the 22nd of
January 1580, and he came out into the North Sea on the
24th February, having explored, sounded, and surveyed,
and described
to Spain, in
all
the archipelagos and the Strait with the
necessary care.
Having performed
this service,
he went on
compliance with the orders of the Viceroy of
Peru, to report to your Majesty, and through the mediation
of our Lord Jesus Christ, he arrived in Spain on the 19th of August 1580.
He went to Badajoz, kissed the royal hand of your Majesty, and made his report, both by word of mouth and in writing, of the voyage and discovery he had made, and of the nature of that land. After he had communicated this, and other matters relating to the same business, your Majesty sent him to the Royal Council at Madrid, where he also reported to the Councillors of the
Council of the Indies.
informed,
fied,
it
After your Majesty had been well

Strait should be forti-
was determined that the

Strait,
and that Pedro Sarmiento should be Governor and
Captain-General of the
and that settlements should

Pedro Sarmiento offered
be formed
in
it.
With
this object
to take out settlers at his
accepted the
offer,
own expense, and your Majesty and consented that a hundred married
to
and single colonists should be licensed

ried
go out
the mar-
men
with their wives and children
and
honourable
CHIEF OFFICERS OF THE FLEET.

and
profitable
211
graces and
privileges
were conceded to
them.
Diego Flores de Valdes, an Asturian Knight of the Order

of Santiago, was appointed General of the
fleet,
which was
ordered to be large, well supplied with men, arms, and

stores,
and provided
that,
for all contingencies, as
it
might be
that enemies might be found in the Strait.
Diego Flores
had orders
with the
men he took
with him, he should
found and build two
forts facing
each other in the narrowest

each
part of the Strait, and

soldiers receiving pay,
should garrison them with 400

in
200 soldiers
all
fort
and that
he should not depart until
had been properly completed.

Diego de
las
la
To
all
concerned, your
Majesty granted many favours,

Alas was to
promising more when the work was done.
Ribera was appointed Admiral, Estevan de
be General Purveyor, Andres de Onino, Accountant, and

as Treasurer,
Juan Nunez de
Illescas,
although this
officer
did not go, but sent out Pedro de Esquivel as his substitute,
to receive half the pay.
also called
The Chief Pilot was Anton Pablos, Anton Paulo de Corso, who had come with
in this
Pedro Sarmiento
Strait.
voyage of discovery through the
The names
of the Captains will be seen in the
return which follows this report.
Your Majesty
ordered, at the
same
time, that
Don
Alonso de Sotomayor, a Knight of the habit of Santiago,
who had been appointed Governor of with this Fleet, by way of the Strait,
reasons,
Chile, should
go out
to Chile, for several
and he was to take out with him 600 married and single men.
Diego Flores had orders to proceed to Seville and procure the necessary vessels.
He was
San
to take seven of
your
Majesty's ships, the galleass
Cristoval, four frigates,
named
the Santa Isabel, the Santa Catalina, the Guadalupe,
the Madalena, and also the Nuestra Sefiora de Esperanza,
which Pedro Sarmiento had brought from Peru by way of
212
the Strait.
PLANS OF THE FORTS.
The
ship Francesa, and
sixteen others, were
hired from their owners, so that the fleet
numbered
fleet
alto-
gether twenty-three vessels.
The
general
Contractor appointed for the

"
was
Francisco Duarte, the President of the
Contratacion" and
Judge of the Council of the Indies being then Doctor Presently all began to work, your Majesty Santillan. giving such orders for despatch as seemed desirable.
Pedro Sarmiento was ordered to
where, in
the town of
proceed to Portugal
the
Thomar (where
Portuguese
swore allegiance to your Majesty,

natural Lord and
in the service of
God, as
its
King of the realm of Portugal and
dependencies), your Majesty ordered him, in conjunction
with the engineer, Juan Bautista Antonelli, to prepare plans
and sections of the

Strait.
forts that
should be constructed
seen
in the
After your Majesty had
them,
ordered to proceed to Lisbon to submit them to the
we were Duke
of Alva,^ the Marquis of Santa Cruz,^ and don Francisco
Duke of Alva, succeeded having been slain in battle with the Moors on the island of Gelves (Zerbi), near Tunis, in 1510. Don Fernando the third Duke, was Captain-General, under Charles V, in the attack on Algiers. He was afterwards Viceroy of Naples. He was a great general, only too well known in the Netherlands, from 1567 to 1573, and he was well advanced in years when PhiHp 1 1 sent him to command at Lisbon at the time that the two crowns were united. The Duke of Alva is said by Herrera to have reported against the scheme
1
Don Fernando
Alvarez de Toledo, third
his grandfather, his father
for fortifying the Strait, as impracticable.

2
Don
Alvaro de Bazan,
naval
commander during
brilliant
most
Marquis of Santa Cruz, was the best V and Philip II. His actions were against Moorish pirates. He also did
first
the reigns of Charles
splendid service against the Turks, in the Mediterranean, while in
command
of the Neapolitan galleys.
In 1571 he
commanded
the
reserves at the battle of Lepanto.
When
Philip II succeeded to the
crown of Portugal in 1580, the Marquis of Santa Cruz entered the Tagus with a fleet, and forced the ships of the pretender, Don Antonio, to surrender. He also defeated a French fleet which was sent in aid of Don Antonio, and reduced the Azores to obedience.
BAD SHIPS HIRED BY DIEGO FLORES.

de Alava, which was done.
miento, by
21
them',
Having considered
;
those officers replied to your Majesty
and" Pedro Sar-
command
of your Majesty, consulted the pilots
of Brazil respecting the navigation of that coast
He
then
returned to Thomar, where your Majesty heard the result,
gave your approval, and ordered that so
it
should
be.
Here your Majesty saw the Pilot, Anton Pablos, and granted him 500 ducats out of the rents of Seville. Your
Majesty then ordered
in the
,
all
concerned to 'proceed to Seville

i
;
execution of their respective orders.
Pedro Sarmiento had instructions to prepare the

,
charts,
in
or at least the chart of what he had

Strait, in
surveyed
"
the
communication with the President of the
Contra-
tacion" and; with. the Cosmographer, using
much
diligence
to
and caution.
Seville
Pedro Sarmiento, therefore, proceeded

ships,
and inspected the

old,
when he found
for
that
many
were weak and
and not suited
such navigation
He
reported this to your Majesty, naming several of the
Your Majesty ordered that Don Diego Maldonado and Pedro Sarmiento should make another survey. This was done v/ith carpenters, caulkers, and pilots. Your
ships.
.
Majesty then received a second report

replied that there
;'
and. your. Majesty

.
was no time
to get other ships.
Treating
of this with Diego Flores, in presence of the President and

officers
of the
"
Contratacioh", and placing before
him the
in
danger there would be

ships,
for those who embarked and almost protesting that they would; be
I
such
lost,
he
said that as
had not got to go

.
in
one ofthem
had no
occasion to say anything.

chief. who, could
This was a nice reply from a
have hired other very good, new, and

I
strong ships which, as
understood on very; good authority,
Pedro Sarmiento found him at Lisbon, while engaged on these operaThe Marquis died in 1 588, when in command of the Spanish Armada destined for England. Had he lived, its fate might have
tions.
been
different.
214
he passed
provisions,
over.
RECRUITING.
Pedro Sarmiento looked
for the soldiers
.
after
what your
and
Majesty had ordered respecting the
artillery,
ammunition,
settlers
;
and clothes
and
he caused a brigantine and a launch to be constructed,
which were to be taken out
in pieces.
They were intended
for further exploration in the Strait.

all
He
also attended to
the arrangements, engaged

diligence, for
pilots
and masters with
much
said,
most of them excused themselves, and

in
even hid to avoid service
an enterprise which, they
was the cry of
was one of much hard work and little profit. This all those who were accustomed to serve in
the fleets in the Indies, that they would not
move from one

profit,
cape to another, neither for their fathers nor for your

Majesty,
if
they did not go with assurance of
and
is
that without risk.

saying,
Among
King
the bad characters there
when they
shirk their duties or
run away from

life
dangers, that "the
neither
gives
nor
cures
wounds".^
While Diego Flores proceeded with the business ot appointing captains and despatching them to raise men, and procure provisions and stores necessary for the fleet, Pedro
Sarmiento got
settlers together in Seville,
without pay, and
named one Captain Alvaro Romo in Badajos, to take steps Your Majesty also named for inducing settlers to come. Domingo de Aguinaga and Juan de Saavedra. two captains,
Meanwhile your Majesty worked harder and did more than the others together, attending to all the business, and animating all by granting favours, and urging despatch, which was certainly the main thing. In obedience to your Majesty's orders, Pedro Sarmiento
all
began
to
work
at the preparation of charts for the voyage,
jointly with the Licentiate

1
Rodrigo Zamorano,^ the Cosmo-
el Rey da vida ni sana heridas." Rodrigo Zamorano is mentioned in Hakluyt's preface as the examiner of pilots at Seville, He was Cosmographer to the Council
2
" Ni
OBSERVATION FOR LONGITUDE.
21
grapher, Professor of Mathematics and of Pilotage to the

"
Casa de Contratacion'V Examiner of Charts and of

Royal Council of the
;
Pilots
for the
Indies,
who
all
is
learned in the
theory of the art
and with Anton Pablos.
The work was

the ancient and
done
in
presence of the President, and

charts and padrones
by the various draughtsmen and cartographers were brought into his room to examine
modern
the differences of the positions of places as regards longitude,
and by them to delineate the coast

in Peru.
lines.
The two
and
so
positions which were considered to be fixed, were Seville
Lima
fixed,
The method
in
which these positions were

it
although the account of
may
be prolix,
is
curious,
it is
and so important, both now and
in the future, that
given here.
In
former years your Majesty sent out orders to
the'
Indies that the eclipses of the years 1577 and 1578 should
be observed. Pedro Sarmiento observed near Lima^
in
578,
on a
hill called "
Quipani-urco",^ in presence of the clergy-
named Caspar de Lorca, and of a good pilot and arithmetician, named Sebastian Rodrigrez, who assisted, made notes, and signed as witnesses.
of the village,
man
On
that
hill
the eclipse ended at eight hours and one-
sixteenth of an hour in the evening.
This same eclipse
books of Euclid translated work entitled, Cosmografia^ Compendio del arte de navegar (Seville, 1586), which went through several editions, and was translated into Dutch by Everart in 1598, and of Carta de niarear (Seville, 1588). ^ The Casa de la Contratacion at Seville was originally established in 1503 to despatch fleets, grant licences, and dispose of the results of trade and exploration. Subsequently, it despatched all business of this kind, under the orders of the Council of the Indies, which was instituted in 1 5 1 1 for the control of all American affairs.
first
of the Indies, and author of the six

into
Spanish
(Seville,
1576, 4to.) of a
-jf
W.
mountain.
Differently pronounced,
it
Quipani, in the Quishne language, means "
signifies a
Urco here I cover." would mean the male
of any animal.

2l6
OBSERVATION FOR LONGITUDE.

in Seville,
was observed by Rodriô Zamorano
who showed
eclipse
after
me
the computation.
The
result
was that the
ended on the meridian of

midnight.
Seville^ at
one hour exactly
Although Chaves,^
the eclipse at
in his
Repertory, gives the end of
i hour 24 min., yet as science and experience combined, when they agree, are irrefragable witnesses, we
most go with Zamorano who observed, rather than with

Chaves who did not observe, though he made the calculation.
The
difference then that
is
derived from the obseris
vations of Sarmiento and
Zamorano
as follows
The
difference
is
4 hours 56 min., which, reduced to

is
degrees, gives 74 of longitude, and this
the
number of
degrees of longitude between the meridians of Seville and
Lima.^
This investigation was very interesting,

that time had
care, so that
it
for
no one up to
worked out the observations with so much aroused admiration in those who saw it, and
all
great satisfaction in
who
understood.
They then
prodili-
ceeded to examine the charts with promptness and

gence.
was the chart of Sancho Gutierrez, the cosmographer and draughtsman of Seville, who places Lima 7
first
The
more
to the west than
its
true
its
and fixed meridian.

longitude.
It
should be corrected as regards
1 2
5 58'
W.
Alonso de Chaves was the author of a manuscript at Simancas, entitled Relacion de la Orden que observaba en el examen y admision de
pilotos
maestros de la carrera de Indias, 1561.
He
also wrote the
Repertorio referred to by Sarmiento.

p. 219,
He was
the predecessor of
III^
Zamorano as examiner of and Dec. IV, p. 30.
pilots at Seville.
See Herrera^ Dec.
^ The result is nearly three degrees out. Lima is in 77 W. of Greenwich. The 74 of Zamorano's result added to the 5 58' that Seville is west of Greenwich, gives 79 58' as the longitude of Lima,
or 2 58' too far west.
DATA FOR LATITUDE.
21/
Another chart and " padrone" of Diego Gutierrez, cosmographer and draughtsman, father of Sancho Gutierrez, also has the meridian of Lima 7 too far to the westward, which
should be corrected.
Portuguese chart of Anton Pablos places

its
Lima
east of
true position,^ thus differing
10
from both the
above
charts, or two-thirds of
an hour.
4 too far west.
In another Portuguese chart of one Vincente Noble, a
draughtsman of Lima, that
city
is
On
another more modern chart of the above-mentioned

find
Diego Gutierrez, we
Lima
4 45' too far to the west.
In short, none are found to be correct,
some being
it,
short
of the true position, others going beyond
and
so,
having
gained this experience, one rests assured
"
unanima consensu
ac neinine prorsus dzscrepante" that in this distance of 74 of
longitude
Seville
It
we may
place and establish the meridians of
and Lima.
In the matter of latitude,
should be understood that these remarks are with
regard to longitude.
commencing
with the ancient reckoning from Seville, the chart in present

use
may
be followed for Africa and Guinea.
In the Indies,
in
beginning from Lima, the courses should be
accordance
;
with the charts of the modern explorers in the South Sea
and
in
the archipelagos and Strait of the Mother of
God
they should follow the description of Pedro Sarmiento.
From
the Strait to the river of Plata the coast
is
laid
down
by Magellan,^ Ladrillero,^ Simon de Alcazaba,* and Pedro
This
is
almost exactly correct.
2 2
In 1520.
in 1557
Garcia de Hurtado, the Governor of Chile, sent Juan de Ladrilleros from Valdivia, to examine the southern coast as far as the Strait He reached the eastern end of the Strait, and returned of Magellan.
to Chile, all the
crew having died of starvation and cold, except two
men and
4
himself
In 1534-35-
21
CHARTS AND INSTRUMENTS.

The coast from the River Plata laid down on the Portuguese charts.
settled,
Sarmiento.
to
the
Marafion
"
is
These bases having been

the
the
Pedro Sarmiento made
padrone"
lines
for the
North and South Seas.
As
regards
rumb
they had been badly ruled on the parchill
ments by Sancho Gutierrez, who was

died
at the time,
and he
left
soon afterwards.
Thus Pedro Sarmiento was
without any draughtsman to help him, and he had to take

the sole charge himself, working incessantly because the
time was so short, and the summer was passing away.

sent to your Majesty.
He
constructed twenty-three charts and a padron which was
By
these arrangements the charts
were prepared
needles,
for this voyage.
Astrolabes, cross-staves,
all
and other navigation instruments were

in
pro-
vided in sufficient quantity, so that there might be nothing
wanting
conformity with the demands of
all
the navi-
gators, pilots, masters,

raised.
and captains, no objections being
REPORT
Touchingthe Captains
and Ships,
Masters and
Pilots, that his
Majesty appointed
for the fleet sent for
the enterprise of the Strait of the
Mother of God,
and
previously called of Fernando de Magallanes,
list
of the settlers in the
Strait.
(From the Navarrete Manuscripts copied from the Archives

of the
Indies.)
Sacred Catholic Royal Majesty

First the galleass Capitana
was named San Cristoval

F'lores
on board of which embarked the General Diego

Valdes, and the Governor Pedro Sarmiento de
de
Gamboa.
The Captain
tuguese,
of the ship was Juan de Garibay, Chief Pilot

Pilot
Anton Pablos Corso, second

and the Master a
Arancibia.
Pedro Jorge, a Por-
Biscayan
named Juan de
was named San Juan Bautista, on board of which embarked the Admiral Diego de la
ship Ahniranta
The
Ribera.
the Pilot
The Captain was his brother, Alonso de las Alas, a Portuguese, named Pero Diaz, who was Chief
Gomez, and the
las
Pilot of the river Plate, second Pilot Luis
Master a Biscayan named Martin de Guirieta.
The
Bilbas.
ship
CONCEPCION, Captain Gregorio de
Alas,
Pilot Alfonso
Perez, a Portuguese, the Master Ortiz of
The
ship
San Estevan de Arriola,

Palomar,
Pilot
Gutierrez
de
Captain Juan Bartolome Vasquez, and
Master Villaviciosa Unzueta.
220
FLEET FOR THE STRAIT.

ship
The The
zueta.
San Miguel,
Captain
Hector
Albarca,
Master Martin de Lecoya.

ship
Sancti Spiritus, Captain
Villaviciosa
Un-
The ship Maria de Jesus, Captain Gutierrez de Master Balthazar de Varaona.
Solis,
The ship NuESTRA Senora de Esperanza, which came from Peru by the Strait, Captain Pero Estevan
de
las Alas,
Master Pedro de Ojeda.^
The
ship
Gallega, Captain Martin de
Quiros, Master
Hormachea.
The ship Maria de Buen Pasage, Captain Toder, Pilot Gasper Madera, Master Juan de Sagasti, who deserted at
San Lucar, and was succeeded by the
Pilot.
The The
The
ship
Maria de San Vicente,
Captain Fernando
Morejon, Pilot Garci Bravo, Master Juan de Arrieta.

ship
Maria, Captain Francisco de Nevares,
Pilot
Francisco Jimenes, Master Miguel de Sarasti.

ship
Francesca, Captain Juan de Aguirre, Master
Juan de
la Suerte.
The
ship
Santa Maria DE
Begona,'^ Captain Pedro
de Aquino,^ Pilot Rodrigo de Mora, Master Juan Rodriguez de Aguilera.
The
frigate
Maria Magdalena
Pilot
of his Majesty, Captain
Diego de
Moreno.
Gvalle,*
Fuentiduena, Master Salvador
The
frigate
Santa Isabel
of his
Majesty, Captain
Suero Queipo, Pilot Pedro Sanchez, Master Toribio de
Santa Maria.
She was lost in Cadiz Bay. Sunk by the English at San Vicente. ^ Superseded by Rodrigo de Rada at the Cape Verdes. Shifted to the Francesca at Cadiz, and succeeded by Domingo Martinez de Avendano.
1
FLEET FOR THE STRAIT.
221
The
frigate
Santa Catalina,
Captain
Francisco de
Cuellar, Pilot Melclor Paris,
Master Gaspar Antonio.

Busto,
The
Pilot
frigate
GUADALUPE, Captain Alvaro de
Juan de Escobor, Master Domingo Fernandez. The ship TRINIDAD, Captain Martin de Zubieta, Pilot
ship
Gonzalo de Mesa, Master Domingo Zelain.
The
Pilot
Santa Marta,
Captain Gonzala Menendez,
The
de
Juan Quintero, Master Pedro de Scarza. ship San Estevan de Soroa, Captain Estevan
Alas,
Pilot
las
Pedro
Marquez,
Master
Juan
de
Esquivel.
The
Pilot
ship CORZA, Captain and Master Diego de Alabari,
Antonio Rodriquez.
ship
The
San Nicolas,
Captain Vargas, Master Miguel
de Zabalaga.
Besides the above-named Captains there were others,
namely,
Domingo Martinez de Avendafio, who went

sailors,
to
left
Biscay for
Lucar, so
and did not return before the ships

to Cadiz,
frigate
when he came
of the
command
Diego Flores gave him Magdalena, Diego de Ovalle

also
taking the Francesca ;
and Rodrigo de Rada, who

far as the
went to Biscay
and went without a ship as
same time as Avendafio, Cape Verdes, when he was given command of the Begona, Pedro de Aquino going to the San Nicolas, where the death of Vargas
for sailors at the
had caused a vacancy.

Sebastian de
Palomar
enlisted
his
company
sent
it
in
the
province of Medina del Campo.
He
in
charge
of his ensign, Luis Gonzalez, while he remained behind.
Gaspar de Aquilera raised

to Seville,
his
company and brought

it,
it
and he was sent

the voyage.
to
Madrid with
so that he
did not
come on
Don Alonso de Sotomayor, Governor

600 men, among
his captains,
of Chile, raised
whom some
were married, by means of

his
and he was given separate ships to carry

222
OFFICERS AND SETTLERS FOR THE STRAIT.
troops and stores.
He
himself embarked in the ship called
Santa Catalina.
The whole
fleet carried
3,000 souls, and over
them
all his
Majesty nominated
Don
Gabriel de Montalvo, an
official
of the Holy Inquisition of Seville, as Chief Auditor.
For the
ments.
Strait his
Majesty made the following appoint-
Pedro Sarmiento de
;
Captain-General
of the
forts,
;
Gamboa was Governor and Andres Nuno was Commandant of one
with Captain Desidero de Figueroa as his
deputy
fort,
and Diego Martinez, Commandant of the other
with
Tomas
Garri.
Andres de Viedma.
The Captain of artillery was Hieronimo de Heredia was appointed

Francisco
Accountant and Overseer of the royal revenues.

Garces de Espinosa, Treasurer,
Paymaster, and Storekeeper.
Mayordomo
of Artillery,
Through Friar
Francisco
de
Guzman, Commissary-
General of the Indies for his Majesty, there was appointed a Commissary,
named
Friar
Amador de
Santiago,
of the order of
friars to
St. Francis, that
he might assemble twelve
go
in the fleet, for the conversion of the natives of
the Strait.
The names
of the friars were
Friar Martin de Torreblanca.

,,
Francisco de Peralta {Preacher).

Luis de Pedroso.
Juan de Ocafia. Bartolome de Benalcazar. Alonso Tomayo.

Antonio Rodriguez.
Diego de Haro.
Antonio de
los Angeles.
Majesty to
For the settlements Pedro Sarmiento agreed with his collect a hundred settlers, married and single,
in addition to the soldiers
who were
to garrison the forts

1
{the
names
follow).
All the unmarried settlers are

;
14,
without counting four boys
but including Felipe the
OFFICERS AND SETTLERS FOR THE STRAIT.

Patagonian, and two Fuegians,
223
Juan.
named Francisco and

\
The married
Sy children
118 single,
settlers consisted of
(it/ie names follozv) making a total of 291
43 men, 43 women, and altogether 173 souls, and

souls.
His Majesty appointed Baptista Antonelli as engineer

of the
forts,
who
took with him Caspar de Sampier as his
assistant,
and two servants.
His Majesty ordered that Pedro Sarmiento should take

out officers and mechanics for the fortification of the Strait,
and he
enlisted iii through Francisco Duarte, at 10 ducats
a month each, three months' salary to be paid in advance.
These advances were made to the masons, twenty-one
in
number
{the
names follow), names
to twenty carpenters (the
names
names
follotv), to ten
blacksmiths (the names follow), to six stone

follow), to fourteen gunners {the
cutters {the
followy, to four trumpeters {the
names follow).
Altogether,
the
number of persons who embarked

settle in the Strait
in the port
of San
Lucar to
was
357.
As many
as 171
of these were drowned in the storm
on leaving San Lucar, and 189 escaped. Among those drowned were the Friars Juan de Ocofia, Francisco de
Peralta,
Luis de Pedroso, and the
Martinez.
In the place of the latter

fill
Commandant Diego Tomas Carri was
appointed, and to
tain,
the place vacated by Carri as capIfiiguez.
His Majesty appointed Captain

fleet at
After the arrival of the
Cadiz, with his Majesty's
permission, Pedro Sarmiento enlisted
some more
officials
and
or
settlers to
fill
the places of those
who were drowned,
who had deserted. Among these were thirteen quarry men {the names follow). Altogether 1,442 ducats were paid
as advances.
The
following
new
settlers joined at Cadiz,
twenty-six in
number.
Besides the above, Pedro Sarmiento employed
one, xA.lvaro
Romo,
a native of Badajos, to raise

several.
some
more
settlers,
and he collected
When
they arrived
224
at Seville,
LOSSES BY SICKNESS
AND DESERTION.
Pedro Sarmiento sent to San Lucar to sec that
they were well treated.
The General made them

settlers.
soldiers,
though they had been engaged as

were selected by the General
in
Those who
for the
Capitana were thirty
number.
{Here follow the names.)

of settlers
The number
was
all
who
finally sailed
from Cadiz
203, besides the thirty settlers from Badajos,

to
who were
making
in
made
go on board the Capitana as
soldiers,
223, besides ten friars.
Without counting two
commandants, three
ten
friars,
captains,
two royal
servants,
officers,
an
engineer,
and
153
their
making 24
souls,
there remained
settlers,
30 wives, and 26 children.
At
the island of
Cape Verde more than

six
fifty
persons
deserted,
enlisted
whom there. On
of
were
settlers
while four were
the voyage thence to Rio de Janeiro

in the fleet,
1
there
was a great mortality

twelve were
Parra,
settlers,
persons dying, of
whom
de
la
including the captain, Antonio

In Rio de Janeiro
and four were women.
there
died.
was
also
much
sickness,
and more than 200 persons

settlers,
Of
these
eight
were
and four
settlers
deserted.
The
total
number of
officials
and
settlers
who
sailed
from Rio de Janeiro
for the Strait
was
206.
In a storm in
forty-five
38 S. the ship Arriola

settlers
went to the bottom, and

154,
in
were drowned, leaving

those
who came back to the

where the
port of Santa Catalina
the other ships,
General
families
left
who were
married, being seventeen
consisting
all
of fifty-six persons, and
two
friars,
besides
the remaining single men.

friar
The
captain, Suero
Queipo, also turned a
and
five settlers
out of his ship.
When
the General
made
San
the second voyage to the Strait

fleet,
there were fifty-one settlers in the

sisted of the Capitana
which then confrigates
Cristoval, the
Maria, the
Santa Catalina and Magdalena, the Trinidad, and the
SURVIVING SETTLERS.
store-ship which
225
was
lost in
leaving the port of Santos.
The General
returned on account of a gale of wind, which
only lasted two days.
When we
returned to Santos
embarked some of the married settlers, but the General ordered them to be put on shore again. There are still some remaining, though few and may God grant that
;
they
may
yet be of service to your Majesty, whose sacred
Catholic
and royal person
greater estate, and

Janeiro,
may our Lord preserve in augment your dominions. At Rio de
June
ist,
1583, your Majesty's loyal servant Pedro
Sarmiento de Gamboa.
CONCISE NARRATIVE'
BY
Pedro
Sarmiento
de
Gamboa,
Governor
and
Captain-General of the Strait of the Mother of God,

formerly called the Strait of Magellan, and of
the settlements
made and which may be

for his Majesty.
made
I.
Fitting out.
to
Conduct of Diego Opening Voyage Rio de Janeiro. Wintering. Disgraceful conduct of Diego
Flores.
disaster.
Flores
and
the captains.
Sire
To
the
the
most
honour and glory of our Lord God, and of ever glorious Virgin Mary, our Lady and
de Gamboa, their
faithful
Advocate, Pedro Sarmiento

vassal,
and the unworthy servant of your Majesty, humbly kisses the royal hands and feet an infinite number of times,
in
acknowledgment of the singular and royal benignity

liberal largess
and most
captivity,
granted for his redemption from

infernal ministers
in
fit
and from the power of those

for
of the
Devil,
;
such as are the heretics of Gascony
France
which he prays that the true God
may
see
to concede to
your Majesty many prosperous and most

strength,
happy years with complete health and

^
and with
From
the
at
MS.
Coleccion de
document
Simancas.
Munoz^ torn, xxxvii copied from a Printed in the Coleccion de Docwnentos

:
Ineditos relativos al descubrinnento, conquista^

a7itiguas posesiones Espafwlas en
y
ill,
organizacion de las
America y Oceania^ por Luis Torres

cuadernos
iv, v.
de Mendoza (Madrid,
1886), tom. v,
RECAPITULATION.
increase
as
22/
of
as
many and
greater
well
his divine grace, to sustain, defend,
kingdoms and empires, and infaith,
crease
his
holy church and Catholic
and to pass
as to
through
this
temporal
life
in
such
wise
merit
the eternal and celestial abode with the blessed.
Amen,
Amen.
Giving an account and explanation to your Majesty of
his obligation, duties,
and
actions,
which were entrusted
and committed
to
him with the good grace and permission
of your Majesty, he says that, as
well knows, the said Pedro Sarmiento de
now your Majesty very Gamboa departed
from the city of Kings,
nth
of October
1579,
in the kingdom of Peru, on the by order of the Viceroy, Don
Francisco de Toledo, to operate against the piratical robber,

Francis Drake,
who had done and was doing

coasts of Peru, Chile,
;
excessive
harm along the

to
and Mexico, and

and more especially
to give a report to
other parts of the south and north seas
examine the
Strait of
Magellan by which the said robber
had entered,
to survey
it
and proceed
th'e
your Majesty setting forth

to be settled
needs of that land and
applying for a remedy, that your Majesty might order

it
and
fortified,
so that this
way might be
closed, for the security of the Indies
and of other lands
of your Majesty situated on the shores of the South Sea.
He
performed
this service
with the favour of our Lord

all
God, and he gave a long and true account of
he did
and saw, with authentic opinions, signed by
all
those
who
were with him, and attested by the royal notary, with the
descriptions of the lands, archipelago, and strait which he
discovered.
This he did
in
Badajoz, kissing the royal
hands of your Majesty

year 1580
ness
;
in the
end of September, of the

in
in
which your Majesty,
your royal gracious-
and magnanimity, held yourself to have been well served by the said Pedro Sarmiento, for which such high
and singular recognition he held himself rewarded

P 2
for his
228
services,
DUTIES OF SARMIENTO.
and remained under the obligation
life.
to serve
anew
with the voluntary sacrifice of his
Your Majesty
regards both
Flores
for this
object, with a lavish
and royal
hand, ordered a most abundantly supplied expedition as
men and
supplies,
and nominated Diego
de Valdes as General of the Sea on the coast
of Brazil and in the Strait, ordering him to examine the

Strait,
and to erect
forts in the
narrowest part opposite to

forts
each other, and not to come away until the said

finished
were
to
and those coasts had been examined.
He was
leave 400 soldiers in the forts, with their magistrates and

captains, as appears from the third
and fourth chapters of
the instructions that your Majesty gave to Pedro Sarmiento, and by those of the said Diego Flores de Valdes. Your Majesty ordered that Pedro Sarmiento should serve
by the sea and
land,
and your Majesty was pleased

titles
to
honour him with the duties and
of Governor and
Captain-General of the said Strait, and of the forts and

settlements which should be established in
it,
with
many
prerogatives and privileges for himself and for the settlers

in those
lands and in the navigation he was to assist Diego Flores de Valdes with such advice and counsel as
;
might be needed
and Pedro Sarmiento, with Anton
Pablos, was to direct and arrange the navigation, as
men
experienced and accustomed to
it.
Item, that Pedro Sarmiento should assist in the selection
of sites for the
forts, and push on the work so that it might be completed, and that he should settle the sur-
rounding lands, preaching the most holy gospel of our
Lord Jesus
in the things
Christ,
and causing
it
to be preached to the
idolatrous natives of those regions,
and instructing them

which
is
of our holy Catholic
faith,
the prin-
good civil polity, inducing them to recognise their vassalage to your Majesty by the most just and righteous means, according to the
cipal object of
your Majesty
and
in
LOSS OF PREVIOUS REPORTS.

instructions
229
and
58 1.
ordinances of
your
Majesty's
in
Royal
Council of the Indies, signed and given

20th August
1
Lisbon on the
Although Pedro Sarmiento sent your Majesty

and reports with authentic proofs, and duplicate
from Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, and Bahia
yet as there was
in
letters
copies,
Brazil,^
much
delay, and as
some were captured

in possession
by
l^^nglish pirates, for
he found some
of the
Admiral of that land when he was a prisoner, and Don Antonio'^ had other parts and broke them open and although some reached the hands of your Majesty and of
;
your Royal Council of the Indies, have been seen
yet,
owing
in
to his absence,
imprisonment, and captivity, he knows not whether they

;
it
seems necessary,
order to
make up
in
for these accidents,
and
for the loss of the
papers
the
to
numerous shipwrecks suffered by Pedro Sarmiento,

well
refer generally to the narrative of the said enterprise, as
by word of mouth as
in
writing, that
your Majesty
in
may
be certainly informed of the whole truth,
order
that such order
royal service.
may be taken He protests that
as will be best for your

in
what
will
be here
said,
he does not desire to treat of any person, but only to give an account to
whom
he
is
under obligation to give

it
it,
without regard to anyone, for

the circumstances without
is
not possible to relate
naming those persons who were

in
the
officials
concerned
in the business.
Your Majesty gave orders, the kingdom of Portugal,
the town of Thomar, in
that
Pedro
Sarmiento
title
de
of
Gambda
should be appointed to serve with the
Governor and Captain-General solely as regards the

without providing for the settlements.
forts,
But Pedro Sar-
Those from Rio and Pernambuco were duly received, and are
preserved in manuscript.
Prior of Crato.
still
2
The pretender
to the
crown of Portugal.
320
ENGAGEMENT OF
SHIPS.
miento, seeing that the forts
could not be maintained
without settlements and cultivators of the land,
communication with the members of the
made "'Junta", who
a
at
that time were Antonio de Heraso, Juan Delgado, and
Antonio de
municated
it
Illescas, offering to
take out settlers without

offer,
it
expense to His Majesty.

it
Accepting the
they com-
to
your Majesty, by whom, as
seemed good,
was accepted and so arranged.

of Alva,^ the
And
your Majesty
ordered Pedro Sarmiento to go and communicate with the
Duke
Marquis of Santa Cruz, and Don
Francisco de Alava at Lisbon, who, as regards the forts
and settlements, were of the same opinion.

This being
settled,
your Majesty ordered Pedro Sarassist in the
miento to go to Seville to
fleet,
equipment of the
he had proposed,
persons
for
and he collected the
settlers as
m.any of them married men,

with
forts,
who numbered 300

officials
women and
children, besides fifty
the
quarry men, blacksmiths, and carpenters.
In compliance with the orders given by your Majesty in Thomar, and afterwards by royal letters, he examined the ships that had been engaged for the expedition and brought
forward, and he gave a special
account of each ship,
reporting to your Majesty what should be done.
Majesty held
to continue
this to
it
be useful service,
Your and ordered him
with the necessary diligence.
As Pedro
Sarmiento saw that some good ships were passed over

as gifts,
and owing to the high
prices,
and other defective

this
vessels were selected, he took steps to prevent
by
giving notice to your Majesty.

ference
On
both
account of his interfor
Diego Flores conceived such hatred

it
Pedro
Sarmiento that he showed

speaking against him
in
words and deeds,

to thwart
in public,
and trying
him
fortify the Straits to
Herrera says that the Duke of Alva considered the scheme to be impracticable.
MISCONDUCT OF DIEGO FLORES.

in all his
23
business.
More
especially,
he began to impede
the payments which your
Majesty had ordered to be

of the Strait.
made
to the sailors
and soldiers who had come from Peru
with Pedro Sarmiento by
way
Your Majesty having

forts
ordered,
by a
special royal letter,
that two companies of 500 soldiers should be raised for the

in
the Strait,
and that these should be specially 400 who were to remain might
letter
;
selected, in order that the
be chosen from them, Pedro Sarmiento showed the

but he would not obey
of your Majesty containing this order to Diego Flores

it
nor take any steps about
it,
of
which your Majesty was informed.
This inconvenient
if all
course would have given rise to serious mischief, for
the soldiers were in a confused body, no account would be
taken of their necessities and infirmities, and thus they
would die or desert while by taking steps to know them,they would be under inspection in the same way as the settlers.
;
When
left
there
was the greatest necessity

fleet,
for hastening the
equipment of the
the said Diego Flores de Valdes
everything in confusion at Seville, and, without saying

"
a word to the President and officers of the

tratacion",^ nor to
Casa de Con-
Pedro Sarmiento, he absented himself
and went
the pilots
to
San Lucar, leaving all the business unsettled, and masters not engaged, and an infinity of
for,
other things unprovided

necessary.
each one of them being most
The
officials
were astonished and scandalized,
and the President

^
Santillana,^
communicating with Pedro

by an
The
" Casa de Contratacion" at Seville was established
ordinance of 1503, with authority to grant licences, despatch flieets, and to dispose of the results of trade and exploration. When the
tacion"
Council of the Indies was instituted in 151 1 the "Casa de Contrabecame subordinate to it, and transacted the commercial
its
business of the colonies under

2
orders.
The President
of the Council of the Indies from 1579 to 1583
was
the Licentiate
Don Antonio
Padilla y Meneses.
Santillana presided
over the " Casa de Contratacion" at Seville.
232
MISCONDUCT OF DIEGO FLORES.
Sarmiento, said that as such a thing had happened now, it seemed a bad augury of what would happen to the expedition hereafter. He ordered Pedro Sarmiento to take charge
of the neglected business, which he did, getting together the
pilots,
masters and divers, and
all
that
was
still
wanting as
regards munitions of war, clothing, and materials for the

forts,
and embarked them.
He
also caused a brigantine to
be made
with his
in pieces, for service in reconnoitring

sails.
shallow places
the charts
and channels under oars and
He made
own hand, and procured

night,
it
astrolabes, compasses,
after everything per-
and other necessary things, looking
by day and have done more if

sonally
service.
and
at all hours,
and he would
had been
possible, in his Majesty's
Having completed all that was necessary in Seville, embarked the soldiers and settlers, and sent them to San Lucar, Pedro Sarmiento went there himself to go on board, on the 15th of September. Diego Flores did not wish that
Pedro Sarmiento should embark, and during more than
nine days he refused to receive his luggage and people,
Diego
Flores
and the
rest
being
embarked.
It
was
call
necessary to show the order of his Majesty and to
upon the Duke of Medina Sidonia to interfere, yet all this was not sufficient, and he persisted. Not only did he do
this while in port, giving as
an excuse that the luggage of

it
Pedro Sarmiento was so heavy that he could not take

board
until
on
he had crossed the bar; but even after the
large ship
had crossed the bar to some distance, and anchored in 20 fathoms, he refused to receive it twice, and
the use of the
even sent back the treasure of your Majesty intended for
While the treasure and the luggage of Pedro Sarmiento were being taken on shore again, the wind and sea rose on the bar, and the treasurer would have been
fleet.
lost
with the money,

large,
if
the boats with the luggage, which

to their help
were
had not come
and taken them on
THE SHIPS SENT TO

board.
SEA.
233
Even when
start,
the
same Pedro
Sarmiento went
himself personally, he did not wish to receive him, although
he was ready to
and could not go without him.
Nor
did he wish to receive 800 cwts. of biscuit which Pedro
Sarmiento brought, and
Baraona} where
it
it had been sent to the ship Pedro Sarmiento was taken on board.
embarked
in spite
of Diego Flores, having lost the greater

fell
part of his luggage, owing to the showers which
over the
boats which were on the sea without covering.

deal
great
more was
stolen,
both of
money and
goods, to the
value of more than 1,500 ducats.

to avoid an altercation with
He
dissembled, in order
to be able
Diego Flores, and
peaceably to perform the service and to carry out the wishes

of his Majesty.
As
of
it,
the cause of the loss of the ships and

I
injudicious departure from the port,
will
men was the ^w^ an account

old story.
although
it is
now
well
known and an
The Duke
put to
sea,
of
Medina Sidonia, without regard of the

this fleet to
weather or of the opinions of seamen, forced
towing out the ships with galleys

river of
until
they were
beyond the bar of the

the
pilots,
latter,
San Lucar de Barrameda, on

all
25th of September 1581, against the wish of

of Diego
Flores,
the
and of Pedro
Sarmiento.
The
then protesting against the departure, said to the

rest,
Duke, to Don Pedro de Tarsis and the
that
we were
it
being towed out by force of oars, and that the departure
was contrary to the opinions of good seamen because

was the eve of the conjunction of the
in that part of the country, that
first
moon
of autumn,
which generally awakens strong winds from S.E. and S.W.

such winds are contrary
St.
and dangerous
both ships and
Begona.
for vessels
between Capes
that
Vincent and
Cantin, for they would be driven on the thick sands,^ where
men would be
lost
it
would be right to
Arenas gordas.
234
LOSS OF SEVERAL SHIPS.
wait until after the moon's conjunction, to take counsel

respecting the weather, and to follow the advice of seamen
;
moreover, that he should not be deceived by the land breeze
which was blowing on that day, caused by the rain which had
recently fallen, that the coolness of the land caused
that
it
it,
and
did not extend two leagues out to sea.
All this did not suffice to put reason into them, and, as
they had the power, they
made
the fleet put to sea.
Three
the
days had not passed before, on the eve of
St. Francis,
second of the moon, a furious wind sprang up from South and S.W. when the fleet was between the two capes, without power to navigate either to north or south.
Thus
it
was that
all
began to
drift
towards the shore, without hope
of being saved.
Diego Flores ordered the cargo and

Pedro Sarmiento pre-
anchors to be thrown overboard.
vented this from being done, and caused the poop of the
ship to be strengthened, for great seas were
it,
coming over
soldiers
and pouring on
the deck
where the
were
much anxiety of mind, believing that they With this protection and the animating would perish. words of Pedro Sarmiento, God comforted and emboldened
stationed in
them.
Eighteen ships reached Cadiz with

the
much
difficulty,
but
all
Gallega was swallowed up, and
foundered with
hands at the entrance of the bay, and in the midst of Four others the other ships, with one blow of the sea.
were
lost off
Rota, on the Picacho, and on the Arenas-
gordas, with 800

galleass
men who were on
board.
lost in
The
large
if
would certainly have been
the port,
the anchors had been thrown overboard, as Diego Flores

desired.
The
fleet
having arrived at Cadiz, Diego Flores was
in
such a state of dismay and perturbation that he was unable

to give an order, nor to apply a
remedy
to
any
defect.
All
he could do was to send excuses so as not to have to go on
PROCEEDINGS AT CADIZ.
235
the voyage, and to ask permission of your Majesty to
remain behind, as your Majesty well knows.
Pedro Sarmiento, seeing
this,
sent a report of what had

"
happened
cion",
to your Majesty
and to the
Casa de ContrataContratacion" at
and he
visited the ships, taking notes of all defects,

"
which he promptly reported to the

Seville.
As
the ship Barahona, which
had returned to
San Lucar in a dismantled state, had many things for the Strait on board, and was unable to continue the voyage, Pedro Sarmiento sent a special officer for them with an
order of Francisco de Tello, the Treasurer of the
tacion".
"
Contra-
The
things were recovered and brought to Cadiz,

for
where they were delivered to the masters

report.
artillery
survey and
He
also sent to
Rota
to recover
two pieces of
which the people of Rota had recovered from the ship which Sarmiento brought from Peru by way of the
Strait.
She was
lost
off
Rota,
but
the artillery was

fleet.
recovered and delivered to the masters of the
As soon
visions
as his Majesty
knew of
the loss of men, pro-
and munitions, and of the helplessness of Diego Flores, from the report of Pedro Sarmiento, he ordered all
losses to be fully
made up from
the store-houses, instruct-
ing Pedro Sarmiento to draw for what was needed, as he
embarking everything on board the ships of the fleet, and entering afresh more settlers and officers, to make up
did,
for those
who had been

"
lost in
the storm.
"
By
order of
in
your Majesty and of the

person,
Contratacion
he kept watch
and through
his people
and servants, to prevent

the masters from
before.
the crews from deserting, and
taking
anything to
sell,
as they
had done
He
stopped
these practices, giving notice to Diego Flores and to
Don
Francisco Tello, that they, as Judges, might remedy the

evil
by making an example.
But excuses were
easily
accepted, and this was the occasion for further insubordi-
nation and robbery.
Your Majesty was advised of
this,
236
to
and Pedro Sarmiento was ordered

vigilance.
faults
persevere in
in
his
As an example
of the
way
which these
were punished, one case

fleet, in
may
be mentioned.
The
Serjeant-Major of the
going the rounds one night,
found a master of the

tried to stop him, the
fleet
with some goods, and when he
man
resisted with violence.
When
this
was made known to Diego Flores, he sent for the SerjeantMajor and reprimanded him, saying that he should let the
masters do these things as he had to
live
with them,
if
he
wished to make a profit
From
all,
that time the Serjeant-
Major got a
without a
Httle
from
for
having entered the
fleet
real,
he
left it
very well supplied, and leaving the
confidence of Pedro Sarmiento, he joined the fraternity of
those
who
seek to
fill
their purses.
All the time that the fleet was at Cadiz, Diego Flores
was obstructing the work, and showing that he had no

wish to
make
the voyage, although your Majesty encour-
aged him.
that
He
took no interest
ill-will
in the affairs of the fleet,
which caused such
many
resolved not to
among make
the soldiers and sailors

the voyage, and whole
companies and squadrons mutinied two or three times, on

board the Capitana, and
did what he could, with
his estate; for
in
other ships.
risk of his
Pedro Sarmiento
person and loss of
much
Diego Flores, the captains, and other officers not only applied no remedy, but even wished that the fleet
should be broken up and the voyage abandoned.
For
what Pedro Sarmiento did on

took as good service.
this occasion
your Majesty
Being at Cadiz, your Majesty ordered Pedro Sarmiento,

with the chief pilots of Brazil, to go to Gibraltar and com-
municate with the

chosen for
Janeiro.
Duke
of
Medina Sidonia respecting
the wintering, and as to what place in Brazil should be

it,
your Majesty having suggested Rio de

it
Discoursing with the Duke,

pilots that
it
seemed
to
Pedro
Sarmiento and to the
would be well
to avoid
that port on account of the prevalence of
237
worms which
fleet
destroy the ships, and by reason of other inconveniences.
But the orders from Lisbon^ were that the

winter in that
river.
should
Diego Flores being at Cadiz, and unwilling to proceed on the voyage, your Majesty wrote to him to encourage him, and offering him rewards sending by another letter
;
to
Don
Fransisco Tello an order to speak to him, and
if
he
still
did not wish to proceed, to open another paper which

sent, and to execute the orders contained Diego Flores was not moved by the letter of your
your Majesty had

in
it.
Majesty.
Don
Francisco Tello then told him what his
orders were, and Diego Flores, fearing that in the paper
another General would

fright to
be appointed, submitted out of
what he had refused when offered rewards. But he did this in so lukewarm a way that all were of opinion that Diego Flores never desired to prosecute the voyage, as,
indeed, he clearly
showed
in
many
other ways.
all
is
The
wont
shore,
fleet
being ready to leave the bay of Cadiz, and
being embarked, a fresh easterly wind sprang up, which

to
do harm
in this bay.
Some vessels were
driven on
and others dragged
their anchors.
Among them was
a frigate of your Majesty, of which Alvaro Bastos, a son-in-
law of Diego Flores, was captain.

about to be
lost,
Seeing that she was
Pedro Sarmiento said to Diego Flores that

boat and launch of the galleass to
they should go
in the
help her; and that he would go in person, taking an anchor
and
cable.
Diego Flores not only did not wish

it,
to
do
it,
or
give orders about
but was enraged at the suggestion.

lost
Thus the
frigate
was
on the
reefs of the Cross.
When
Pedro Sarmiento beheld such neglect and perdition, not

regarding his
service of
own provocation, but only thinking of the God and your Majesty and the good of all, with1
Where
the court then was.
238
out further words with Diego Flores, he got into a boat with
his servants,
and went on shore
to save those
who were
wrecked
in the frigate.
They found
that the pilot had fled
with a quantity of rope and blankets, and that the captain
was hidden on
shore.
Pedro Sarmiento got out and saved
the arquebuses and muskets,
some pipes of
useful,
wine, cordage,
and other things that would be

bread were soaked by the water.
but the powder and
He
also recovered one or

in
two pieces of
magazine.
artillery,
and placed them
your Majesty's
As Pedro Sarmiento knew of the robbery of the blankets and cordage, and that these stores were in a certain house where the master had hidden them, he gave notice to Don
Francisco Tello,
who
reported
it
to the
Judge of the
"
Conall
tratacion" at Cadiz, that they might be recovered.
But
had been carried
off,
so that nothing
was saved, touching
which the Magistrate of Cadiz lodged an information against Diego Flores.

Pedro Sarmiento being on shore, occupied with these
and other duties
for the service of
your Majesty and
profit
of the royal revenues, in which Diego Flores was under
every obligation to
receiving
assist,
many
tools
from the
and Pedro Sarmiento was further " Casa de Contratacion" at

had been
lost,
Seville, to replace those that
without which
;
the fortifications could not have been proceeded with
yet
on asking the Admiral for a boat from his ship to deliver
them
to the other ships, he did not wish to send
it.
So,
lost,
in order that the tools
might not be
left
behind and
Pedro Sarmiento gave ten ducats to a shore boat to take them to the store ships, which was done. When Diego
Flores
knew
this,
he departed without waiting
for
Pedro
Sarmiento, leaving him on shore and going to sea without
him up, Pedro Sarmiento hired a which cost him more money, and went in chase some considerable distance outside. Diego Flores laughed
him.
In order to catch
brigantine,
AT SANTIAGO OF THE CAPE VERDES.

when he saw
considered
239
the shipman being paid, for he always rejoiced
at the troubles
all
and expenses of Pedro Sarmiento, who
well spent in the service of your Majesty,
even
life itself
Departing from Cadiz

to
in
such confusion as was notified
your Majesty, on the 9th of December 1581, we had

far as
good weather as
9th of January 1582.
Cape Verde, where we arrived on the Here we found the Portuguese in;
habitants of the city of Santiago devoted to your Majesty

for the
Governor, Gaspar de Andrada, had explained the
matter to them, he being well

Christian,
educated and a good

is
showing them that your Majesty
the natural
and legitimate heir to the lordship and kingdom of Portugal
and
its
dependencies, one of which was this island.
Both Andrada and Pedro Sarmiento had become acquainted with each other before,
when Pedro Sarmiento, coming

islands
from the Strait
last year,
touched at Santiago, and, with the
favour of God, defended these
from the French
pirates, fighting with them, once at the request of the said
Governor, and driving them away from that neighbourhood.
Although the Bishop of the island was of a

yet he blessed the standard of the
feeling
different opinion,
fleet, and a friendly was established with the inhabitants, so that they
were contented and confirmed

Majesty.
in
the
service
of your
Pedro
Sarmiento
being
here,
in
company with
the
Governor of the Island and Diego Flores, he examined the

positions round this city
and on the beach, and with the
engineer Antonelli he measured and

passes and dangerous
places, with a
made
a plan of the
view to their being
repaired and fortified, of which he drew
up a description
;
and a scheme, describing the island and the weak points respecting which, and touching the resources and noteworthy things of that and the neighbouring Guinea and the adjacent main land, with
islands,
its
and of and
rivers
240
SICKNESS ON THE VOYAGE OUT.
other secrets, he
to
made
island,
a report which was communicated
the principal persons of the island, especially to the
Governor of the
to
and to his deputy and legal adviser
Bartolome de Andrada.
Through the Governor
it
it
was sent
to
your Majesty, and the Governor also gave
Diego
Flores to be sent with the despatch which he forwarded by

a messenger on board a caravel to Spain.
But Diego Flores
chose to lose
it,
in
order that nothing might arrive that

satisfaction connected with the
would give your Majesty
That your Majesty considered it a sign of malice on the part of Diego Flores, when letters were received from him and not from Pedro Sarmiento, was
services of Pedro Sarmiento.
shown
out by
in the
despatch written to Rio de Janeiro and brought

Alcega.
at the
Don Diego de
fleet
The
was a month
died.
Cape Verde
Island,
and
left
there for Rio de Janeiro.
upwards of 150
had not been
On the voyage many fell ill, and Many more would have died if it
for the gifts of
for the
mercy of God, and
benevolent persons.
With
the grace of
God Pedro
Sar-
miento did what he could, sending to the different ships some

necessaries for the sick and convalescent settlers.
Diego
Flores disliked this so
much
that he could not dissimulate,
and almost wanted to stop it His indifference and uncharitableness was such that, when Pedro Sarmiento mentioned one day that a settler in one of the other ships was
dead, he presently said
a thing can scarcely be believed unless
Such was heard and seen, and it was a notable scandal to all on board the When Pedro Sarmiento gently and temperately galleass. remonstrated, showing the good service that would be done
" I
wish they were
all
it
dead
!"
God and your Majesty by settling people in those lands, and how desirable and charitable it was to sustain and " I nourish them, he answered so mal a propos as to say title and right his what Majesty with can be do not know
to
:
called
King of the
Indies."
Seeing so great a brutality
in
ARGUMENT WITH DIEGO
FLORES.
24I
a serious man, and a servant of your Majesty
who was
under such obligations to the royal
service,
Pedro Sarmiento
was astonished.
Desiring to put him right, the arguments of Sarmiento
only served to exasperate him more.

all
Sarmiento
set forth
the divine and
human
titles
which your Majesty has to
the Indies, as Fray Francisco de Victoria^ explains in his
work.
He
added many others which he established when

in
he collected proofs
these things,
Peru of the ancient usurpation
in
those parts and of the tyranny of the Incas.
Touching
he sent to your Majesty an ancient history
in pictures, which was forwarded by the Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, Mayordomo of your Majesty, and so diligent in his devotion and service to your Majesty and in the increase of the royal crown, of
both written and shown
which Dr. Pero Gutierrez, Judge of the Royal Council of

the Indies,
is
witness,
who worked no
less, in
peace and
war, and in general visitations during the viceroyalty of the

said
Don
Francisco de Toledo.
These proofs were brought
by Hieronimo Pacheco,
year 1572, but
all
a servant of the said viceroy, in the
did not suffice to convince Diego Flores
of the truth until Pedro Sarmiento showed him the Bull, and
motu propria and certain knowledge of Pope Alexander VI, which was the first concession, nomination, and assignto the very high and fortunate Catholic Kings of glorious and eternal memory, great-grandparents of your Majesty, and first discoverers of the Indies and
ment of the Indies
preachers of the holy gospel to the natives, and to their

successors, as your Majesty
is.
Sarmiento said that whoso-
ever contradicted that, disputed the power of the Pope, and
Fray Francisco de Vittoria, a native of that town in the province Dominican and Professor of Theology at Salamanca Author of a work on Theologia (two vols., Lugd., 1557), which went through several editions. The fourth book is entitled De Indias et Jure Belli. He died at Salamanca in 1 546. See Antonio^ i, p. 496.
^
of Alava, was a
242
SICKNESS AT RIO DE JANEIRO.
accused the royal conscience, and was open to suspicion

in
both cases.
vinced, from which

zeal he
Diego Flores was silenced but not conit may be gathered with what sort of
your Majesty.
worked
582,
in the royal service of
We
March
year
arrived at the port of Rio de Janeiro on the 24th of

1
where the
fleet
wintered in compliance with the
order of your Majesty, until the end of November of the same

;
where many died of those who had been taken
ill
during the voyage, and

the brain, which
is
many more
it,
fell
ill
of a disease of
It is
a pestilence of that land.
easy to
cure
by those who understand

it
but
if it is
not understood
or not cured within
two or three days, there

killing
and
becomes incurable,
is no remedy by excessive vomiting.
It is called
the disease of the country.

visitations of illness, the Portuguese of the
During these
city of
San Sebastian offered to cure the sick, asking for some alms from Diego Flores, out of the royal treasure of his Majesty, sent for these and like necessities. Diego Flores once gave them some reales, not amounting to a hundred, for more than 200 sick. The Governor, Salvador Correa, and the citizens of the town, being extremely poor, did what they could, but Diego Flores never gave any more, not even ordinary rations for healthy men, so
that 150 died, and others, seeing
this,
deserted.
Pedro
Sarmiento, seeing the danger at hand, arranged that the

settlers
should be lodged in the houses of the inhabitants
of the land, where they were cared for and cured, and not
more than four

branches for the
all
died.
He
also constructed houses of
palm
at
officials, visiting
and ministering to them
hours, so that, to the glory of God, they were cured,

1
and
only one died out of
50.
While they were wintering,

which
Flores,
is
in order to avoid idleness,
apt
to give rise to evil
thoughts rather than to
good works, Pedro Sarmiento, with the consent of Diego
made
the
people construct two portable wooden
OCCUPATION FOR THE MEN.
243
houses, to be taken on board the ships in pieces, so that,
on arriving at that part of the Strait where they were going

to remain, they could soon be put together for storage of
munitions and provisions
in
a safe place.
The Governor,
Salvador Correa, provided large timber, and Pedro Sar-
miento caused
it
to be
sawn
into planks in great quantity.

fitted to
When
one house had been completed, large and well

all,
the satisfaction of
the envy of Diego Flores was such
that he interfered to prevent the other from being made,
proposing that the rest of the planks should be used to
make hods
for carrying earth,
although the ships were
supplied with
them of
to
leather, the best that could
be made.
first
Commencing
.and
left
make them, he got

it
tired
on the
day,
the work because
did not proceed as he wished.

it,
He
sent to ask Pedro Sarmiento to go on with

facilitate
it
with the
Admiral, and Pedro Sarmiento, to

dissimulated in
right
all
the service,
things, thinking
better to give
up
his
and
to suffer than, through pride
and presumption, to
have a quarrel with Diego Flores, though he gave occasion

for
one at each moment.
Influenced by these motives he
returned to superintend the work, causing the hods and
moulds to be made,
It
all
which, with the pieces of the house

for the Strait.
were embarked when the ships sailed
would not be
for the service of
your Majesty to pass
over in silence anything that was done here during the

wintering, respecting the waste
and dissipation of the royal

for
property.
For
it
was a cause
sorrow and regret to see
the thousand ways in which
the provisions, stores, and

fleet,
munitions, as well as the fittings of the
were robbed
and wasted, and the materials

tions
for construction of fortifica-
and houses, down
to needles
and thread.
Even the
greater part of the treasure of your Majesty, which was
sent for the use of the people and the

to
fleet,
was given away
any persons who might come, and
in like
of the stores got into the possession of such persons
manner much by
02
244
illicit
EMBEZZLEMENT OF STORES.
means,
who
sold
them
to the inhabitants of the city
of Rio de Janeiro and of San Vicente, and afterwards at

Bahia.
Even those who bought them were ashamed and

for things that
grieved to see the destruction of things for which they gave
low
prices, as
had cost
steel,
little.
Many
sell.
other
things, such as wire, iron
and
and clothing, were exSpain and
changed
for Brazil
wood
to take to
Pedro
Sarmiento, who had

tion,
his dwelling at the
beach of embarka-
knew and saw

stationed
in the
sell
all this
secretly
sentries,
property
boats to
hands of
it,
At night he who frequently caught the those who came on shore in the
by night and day.
if
or hide
and
is
he had had jurisdiction
over the delinquents,
it
very certain that he would

evil.
have punished them and remedied the

unable
to
As he was
place
to
do
this,
he
reported
what
took
Diego
Flores,
that he
might apply a remedy, but he
might as well
were engaged
except
in
have spoken to the dead.

in
it,
For
to
many
and he did not wish
interfere,
the case of
some one poor

all
creature
whom
would
he would try but not punish, and

laugh.
the
rest
Pedro Sarmiento made much of these disorders,

in
both
that
public
and
private,
but
in
the
only result was

to
Diego Flores put
himself
opposition
him,
provisions
and favoured the delinquents, diminishing the stock of by festivities and follies, and representing the
impossibilities of the undertaking to everyone, declaring
they would
a
all
die
of hard work
and hunger, without
When he hope of ever receiving rewards or pay. worked workshop to see officials who the came to the
in
the
way
!
have
described,
instead
"
of encouraging
them, he said with vehemence,

wretches
Oh, poor and unlucky

has deceived you into
Besides
this,
whither do you go,

to
who
coming here
die
without profit?"
he
fled
stopped the rations, which was the reason that
many
and hid themselves
in the forests.
Not content with
this.
245
he gave the best carpenter we had,- who could also serve as

engineer and surveyor, to the monks,^ although he had
received
pay from your Majesty.

to recover his services,
When
Pedro Sarmiento
wanted
give
Diego Flores made them
him the habit of a
lay brother so that he could not be
taken away.
In order to buy meat and flour at the towns of Santos, San Vicente, and Campo, Diego Flores sent the quantity
of your Majesty's treasure that
is
now known
in the
Council
of the Indies, with Diego de la Ribera and the Treasurer
of the
fleet,
also sending a quantity of the cloth
which
as iron
your Majesty sent with Pedro Sarmiento,

people
tools
for the use of the
who were to remain at the Strait, as well and many other stores, which he ought not
to
have
done, as he had more than enough money, while the stores could not be obtained here, and without them the orders
of your Majesty could not be carried out.
took a quantity of canvas of both old and new
Sometimes they sails, and
some of the
officers of the fleet, the captains, the notary,
and the sergeant-major and purveyor, carried off or sent wine and clothes to San Vicente in payment for meat and
flour.
The money
themselves.
paid by the Portuguese was divided

It
among
for the
was so that
at the
time of paying
meat and
flour,
the Treasurer set up a tent like a
pedlar, with the cloth, canvas, wine, old
and new
stores,
iron
and
steel tools.
When Diego
came
de
la
Ribera delivered
them
to the Treasurer, they
to him,
and the Treasurer
made them
in his
take by force the old canvas at the price of new,

for those
and kept back the new and good cloth
who were
company, who afterwards sold
it
again to the Portu-
This was an order of regular clergy, first approved in was so called because Giovanni Piero Carrafa, who afterwards became Pope as Paul IV, assisted in the formation of this order at San Cayetano. He had been Archbishop of Chieti, in the kingdom of Naples, the old name of which was Teate.
^
Teatinos.
It
1524.
246
guese.
These purchasers gave a fourth part
it
in
money, and
the rest in goods, saying that
belonged to your Majesty,

it.
and putting what price they Hked upon

unpaid, and
when
the Portuguese asked for
were threatened, and so they desisted.

not a
real,
They left many payment they Thus men who had
got plenty at Rio de Janeiro, and were possessed
of sugar and other merchandise to take to Spain, as he
who
if
acted as notary at these sales could certify more in detail,
he chose to relate what he saw.
He
explained
it all
to me,
and gave me several things
in writing
which
sent to your
Majesty, charging the notary to give
all
his evidence to the
Council of the Indies, as he should have done.
If evidence
was
collected in Brazil,
many more
cases of robbery and
destruction would be brought to light.

I
will
mention one thing from which
it
will
all
be underdirections.
stood After
how
the business was conducted in
they came with the flour and dried
meat from
San Vicente, Pedro Sarmiento went one day to the house of Diego Flores when they were going over the There were present Diego accounts for these expenses.
Flores,
Diego de
la
Ribera, the
Treasurer, Accountant,
in
Purveyor
and
others,
engaged
investigating
some
great point respecting which each one was throwing the
blame on the
they
all
rest.
Directly they saw Pedro
Sarmiento
it.
became
silent
and said no more about

their beards.
He
left
them because he had no duty connected with that business,

and they remained tearing
During
this wintering at
Rio de Janeiro
of your
all
the ships were
attacked by
worms and
bored, receiving notable
harm and
heat, with
deterioration, except those

their
Majesty, which had
bottoms covered with
lead.^
For the great
Sir Richard
Hawkins mentions
that, in
sheath their ships with the thinnest sheet lead
Spain and Portugal, some but that it is not

;
durable and subject to many casualties. He thinks a good way is to burn the outer planks until they are hke coal, and then to pitch them.
SHIPS
the
UNSEAWORTHY.
247
mud and swampy
ground, creates these worms, and

nails of the ships.
boils the
wood, cordage and
So
that, at
the time of departure,' the greater part was reduced to cinder.
Even the iron was rotten to such an extent that it could be ground with the hand, an unheard of thing. Thus what was worked with hoes, spades, or adzes came to pieces in the hands like paper, and at the least blow fell in bits on
the ground.
The
ships were refitted as far as possible, but
presently they began to let in water in
many
parts, so that
much
fear
was
felt
by
all.
Diego Flores sent one of the
ships to the bottom,
and the same ought to have been done
with the ship Arriola^ as she was unseaworthy, but Captain
Palomares concealed her condition, thinking

to
it
was enough
deceive for the present.
Pedro Sarmiento, however,
notified to all that the ship
that
was weak, and that the seas would be encountered would be high. He advised
and
stores should be divided
that the people
among
;
the
other ships, and that she should be sunk or
left
for she
lost,
was dangerous, as
will
in fact
was proved,
for she
was
as
be seen
in its place.
There happened at
blame.
the
this
time a thing which deserves

start
The ships being ready to Strait, many of the masters and
on the voyage
wood, which
it
for
captains secretly loaded

is
their ships, during the night, with Brazil
as
heavy as iron and very bad
for the vessels, as
breaks
them and
Brazil
pulls
them
to pieces.
They put
in
so
much on
board that the ships were very low, and
order to put the
wood under
hatches, a quantity of the stores for the

lost,
Strait were left
on the deck, and exposed to be
as
happened,
in the first
heavy weather.
considered, as one
acquainted with the sea and zealous for the service of
God
The
hair.
best plan was that used in England, a sheathing of very thin

it and the ship's side a composition of tar and Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins^ Hakluyt Society's vol.
boards, and between

for 1878, p; 203.
248
IMPROPER LOADING OF THE
SHIPS.
and the King, that these proceedings were most harmful,

and that
it
might be concluded from them

Spain without stopping
that, the first
time the wind blew from the south, these captains would
make
sail for
in Brazil, to sell their
dye wood.
could have
For
if this
had not been
their
intention
it
would not have been necessary

left
to load the ships, for they

it
the dye wood, and taken

Strait.
on board when
they returned from the
But they ought not to have
done either the one or the bad weather.

disabled.
other, being military
men bound
to
keep the ships clear and light for receiving the seas during
Thus
it
was that the Arriola} owing to the
weight of her cargo of dye wood, opened out and was
When
this
became known
to
Pedro Sarmiento
conduct,
he
publicly
denounced and reprehended such

for investigation
;
making great demands

be landed.
It
on which Diego
Flores ordered, between his teeth, that the dye
wood should
and even
was disembarked from some
ships,
from the San Cristoval and the

night
it
A rriola
but the same
was put on board the Arriola again, as was publicly known, and it cost the crew their lives. Her Master and
others, seeing that
Pedro Sarmiento has been the cause

the stores for the Straits
that the order was given to land the dye wood, publicly
declared that they would throw

into the sea
;
all
and they did throw a quantity overboard,

to
being the property of your Majesty.
Diego Flores disliked what Pedro Sarmiento did

proceedings of the thieves
preserve the property of your Majesty and to check the

;
and although he made an But he conceived such hatred

efforts, that,
appearance of doing the same, he dissimulated too much,
and
for
in reality did nothing.
Pedro Sarmiento on account of his
contrary
The San Estevan
de Arriola.
When
the fleet sailed from Spain,
the captain was Juan Gutierrez de Palomar, the pilot
Bartolom^
Vasquez, and master Villaviciosa Uncueta.
SARMIENTO AND DIEGO FLORES IN DIFFERENT

to the orders of
for
SHIPS.
249
your Majesty that they should be together
mutual help, he separated himself, and made Pedro

ship,
Sarmiento embark on board another

scarcely
where there was
room
for his stores.
Diego Flores said publicly that nothing connected with the fortification or settlement of the Strait should be where
he was,
for
he neither wanted to see nor to understand them.
The
officials
and
stores that
came out
in the
Capitana were
;
distributed in other ships, with
a thing almost incredible to behold
much contempt and disdain how this man strove to

and service to your
ensure the failure of the expedition, which was of such

importance, and of such
Majesty.
interest
250
LOSS OF
THE BRIGANTINE AND LAUNCH.
II.
Incapacity
and
Villainy of Diego Flores.
Two
abortive
Voyages.
The
with
fleet
of sixteen ships sailed from Rio Janeiro, badly
fitted as
regards rigging and other things, and provisioned
flour, roots,
meat, and fish obtained at Rio and at San

until the
Vicente.
They proceeded, with moderate weather,

first
38th parallel was reached, but in the
gale the launch
and brigantine were

Flores, for
Seville
lost.
This was the fault of Diego

built the brigantine at
Pedro Sarmiento, having
and embarked her in pieces, for use in the Strait, Diego Flores caused her to be put together and armed, contrary to the wishes of Pedro Sarmiento. When Pedro
Sarmiento said to Anton Pablos that the sea they had
to pass over
still
would be rough, and that even the ships would

in
it,
have trouble
much more a
lost,
little
brigantine which
insisted
would certainly be
sailors,
Diego Flores laughed and

pilot
on her being got ready and sailing with a

as well as the launch.
in the brigantine
and some
At
be
the
first
fresh breeze
those
who were
abandoned her and went

lost
;
on board the
cut
ships, leaving her to
and the launch

it
being fast to the stern of the galleass by a tow rope,
was
lost.
by order of Diego
this
I
Flores,
and the launch was also

which
I
From
came
to the conclusion, in
this
was
after-
wards confirmed, that

look at the sea, for
below.
man had
it
not the courage even to
when
was blowing he always went
Being
be
in
38 the Arriola,
when
there
was
little
it
wind,
began to make so much water one night that

got under by the pumps.
could not
signal
She made a great
LOSS OF
light
THE "ARRIOLA^
2^1
knowing the danger she was

with her
all
which the other ships saw, and they came near her, in. So they kept company
the night, the water always gaining on the
that he
At daylight Diego Flores made sail, and thinking to come near the Arriola to take the crew on board, as he could easily have done, they told him that they were sinking and that he should come to their
pumps.
wanted
Without answering, he went on ahead, flying from the Arriola before a light west wind which began to blow.
help.
Presently the Arriola and the other ships
made
sail after
him, and
all
left
her except the ship Begofta with Pedro
Sarmiento
on
board
and the Captain Rada, and
the
Almiranta with Diego de Ribera.
These two
vessels kept
by the sinking
ship,
encouraging the crew, while the wind
and sea was
increasing,
though not much.
Pedro Sarmiento,
seeing that the ship must be lost and that the crew did not
take to the boats, said that they should
make
sail
and
overtake Diego Flores and the other ships, where they could
jump overboard and be taken up. This they did and came up to the ships, but Diego Flores made more sail and ran away more than before, so as not to give them help, and so they were abandoned. The Admiral and
Pedro Sarmiento, not having
keep up, and having
left
fast
ships,
were unable to
were
lost sight of the rest of the fleet,

fell
behind.
Next day they

all
in
with the other ships

to the
again,
and learnt that the Arriola had gone

souls.
bottom
that night with
hands, being 350 persons.
May God
have mercy on their
An immense
as she
quantity of stores
and munitions were also
lost, for
was a large ship of

This was
in
more than 500

December.
tons, she carried
many
things.
This misfortune was due to our sins and negligence.
Diego
Flores, being frightened, without
bad weather, without

began to return
calling counsel or saying anything, presently
and
fly
back again, not desiring to hear anything Pedro
252
NEWS OF THE ENGLISH.

say.
Sarmiento could
Rodrigo, which
is
Thus he came
in
to the port of
Don
in 2S of latitude.
His navigation was so
unseamanlike
that,
having arrived
40 fathoms of depth
near the coast of Viaza, he did not stand out to sea during
the night nor shorten
sail
until daylight,
lost.
and so
all
the
ships were in danger of being
The
ship Santa
Marta
was lost. Seeing her upright and entire, Diego Flores took no other step than to leave Diego de la Ribera with her,
who
sent boats
and a vessel with some Franciscan

in
friars,
including Fray Juan de Riba de Neyva,

river Plate,
vessel,
Commissary of the
in that little
whom we
fell
with by chance
the river Plate.
going with the
friars to
They gave
us news that in that port of

three ships
Strait,
full
Don Rodrigo
they had found
way to the who robbed them of what they had and afterwards returned their boat. The English then departed, but it was not known whither they went. The Captain of the English was named Funtonuy, according to what the Friar
of English pirates on their
told us.^
The English
vessels,
here mentioned, were the Queen's ship
Leicester (300 tons), called " Funtonuy",
commanded by Edward Fenton, whom the Friar and the Bonaventure (300 tons), commanded by
as master.
tons), under John Drake, Their object was commerce, and
Luke Ward, besides the pinnace Francis (40

with William
Markham
East Indies or China. The Earl of Leicester was Fenton's Instructions, from the Lords of the Council, will be found in Hakluyt, iii, p. 754, together with a narrative of the voyage written by Ward. Another journal was kept by Mr. Maddox, chaplain of the Leicester^ and a third by William Hawkins, who was Lieutenant-General under Fenton. Hawkins's
their destination the
the chief adventurer.
Journal
is
preserved in the British

fire.
Museum
(Otho E.
viii),
but
much
mutilated by
What
could be deciphered was printed in the
volume of the Hakluyt Society on the Hawkins's Voyages (1878). The Instructions are dated April 9th, 1582. They went first to Guinea, and reached the island of Santa Catalina, on the coast of Brazil, in December. When they heard, from the Friar, that Sarmiento was on his way to fortify the Strait of Magellan, they abandoned their plan of passing through it, and anchored at San Vicente, in Brazil, on
EXPOSTULATIONS WITH DIEGO FLORES.

Pedro Sarmiento, finding himself
night, stood
in
253
40 fathoms that
until
out to sea under easy
sail
daylight,
showing a
follow
light to the vessels near,

until
him
morning.
and telling them to Thus God was served that we
should escape the danger into which the ship ran which
blindly confided in Diego Flores.
She was
lost
without
a tempest or other cause, but in a smooth sea with a gentle

breeze.
In this port
of
Don
Rodrigo, Pedro Sarmiento, dis-
regarding his
own
personal injuries in view of the public
good and of the

to speak with
service of
God and
of your Majesty, went
Diego Flores and
to encourage
him
to perse-
vere in the undertaking, offering to give orders to his
own
people to
make good
was
the defects of the ships.

fine,
He
argued
that the weather
and entreated him to consider
the wishes of your Majesty, and the general good of Spain
and the Indies, which depended on the efficiency of the

forces of the royal crown.
I
told
him
far
that
all
the world
was watching our proceedings from

the enemies of the church of
and near, and that

of your Majesty
God and
and
loss,
would
rejoice at our incapacity
seeing that from
January 19th, 1583.
few days afterwards three disabled ships, sent
back by Diego Flores, arrived and attacked the English. One of the Spanish ships was sunk. Fenton made no further attempt to prosecute the voyage. He returned home with the two ships, arriving at Kinsale on June 14th, 1583, but the pinnace was wrecked on the coast near the river Plate, and her crew fell into the hands of the natives. John Drake, and a few others, escaped to a Spanish settlement, and were sent to Peru according to Lopez Vaz. Their subsequent fate is unknown. Edward Fenton was a brother-in-law of Sir John Hawkins, having married Thomasine Gonson, a sister of Sir John's wife. He served with Sir Martin Frobisher in his first and second Arctic voyages but his voyage to Brazil was an utter failure, and he had a violent quarrel with young William Hawkins. Fenton commanded the Mary Rose in the fleet which dispersed the Spanish Armada in 1588. He
;
died at Deptford in 1603.
254
it
FIRMNESS OF SARMIENTO.
they hoped for their
own accursed
increase in power,
while our perseverance and resolution was their perdition.
Diego Flores replied that he wanted to go

Santa Catalina, which
that there he
is
to the island of
eight leagues further back, and
would discourse farther on the matter.
This
was done,
voyage.
to Spain,
as appeared afterwards, to lengthen out the time,
so that the winter might
come on suddenly and impede the
He
intended then to return to Brazil, and thence
abandoning everything.
again spoke to Diego Flores,
Eventually we arrived at the island of Santa Catalina,
where Pedro Sarmiento

forges
to cut
repeating what he had said before.
He
offered to get the
and necessary
tools ready, and, with the carpenters

is
and dress the wood that was wanted, as there

;
plenty of timber in the place, and to repair the ships

there
for
was not much that required
to
be done.
Diego
Flores did not wish to take this advice, hoping that
some
excuse might arise for returning
for
he and his friends

honour.
were seeking
for reasons to act contrary to their
After a few days, Pedro Sarmiento was sent for to talk
with Diego de
to
la
Ribera,
who
also tried to persuade
him
consent that they should return, placing before him

as the
numerous drawbacks, such
want of men and
stores,
the bad weather, the state of the vessels, and other absurdities.
Pedro Sarmiento replied that so long as he had a

fail in
plank on which to go, no one could induce him to

his
the
duty to your Majesty, and that Diego Flores was under same obligation, and even greater, as he had a higher
at sea,
and had been offered rewards, and been enriched and honoured in the service. As to the want of
command
to
men
make
settlements in the Strait, and to take the

;
ships back, there were plenty

stores
and
as regards the loss of
and
tools
your Majesty would provide more, besides
we could remedy that evil in the land itself, with the help of God. As for the violent weather, of which rumours had
CONSPIRACY AGAINST SARMIENTO.

been spread
in Seville
255
with reference to what was suffered
in the first discovery,
he said he was a knight and would

is
behave as one, and that to die well
an act to be honoured.
Besides, having promised your Majesty, he would persevere
and
set
an example to others while wind and weather perFinally, he
mitted.
would undertake to repair the
ships,
and from
this resolution
;
nothing would turn him but God,
your Majesty, or death
and with
this
he took his leave.
On
another day Pedro de
errand, and he received the
Rada was sent on the same same answer in stronger terms.
Then Don Alonso de Sotomayor^ came, as a friend of Pedro Sarmiento, who began to talk seamanship without
understanding
it.
Pedro Sarmiento easily refuted him, and
urged upon him that he,
who was
his friend, should not
advise so vile and base a thing, for that he would rather

die a thousand deaths than consent to such baseness, with
which answer he departed very
sad.
As they
could not
honestly return without the consent of Pedro Sarmiento,
and as he would be exonerated

disorderly
if
they abandoned the
enterprise against his will, they sought for another
most
way
of impeding the voyage.
First, the friends of
Diego Flores proposed to him to

this
kill
Pedro Sarmiento.
But God was served that
should be
for this
avoided, and Pedro Sarmiento was warned.
Not
did he swerve from his course, but he kept his counsel and
was always on
best
into
Yet the proposal appeared the means of cutting short the career of him who pried their secrets, for this done they could return without
his guard.
^ Don Alonzo de Sotomayor, Marquis of Villa Hermosa, was Captain-General of Chile. He was taking a passage with 600 soldiers. He was landed in the river Plate, whence he marched over the Pampas, and across the Andes to his government. He thought he would easily be able to conquer the Araucanian Indians,
but he did not succeed after nine years of incessant warfare. was Captain-General of Chile from 1583 to 1592.
He
256
FALSE STATEMENTS ABOUT THE

Glory be to the true
SHIPS.
for
contradiction.
God
so
much
was here shown to this unworthy sinner. In order to obh'ge Pedro Sarmiento to consent to return, a rumour was spread that the three best ships, which were the Almiranta} Concepcion^ and Begofiaf were not seaworthy, and that they must either be sunk or sent to Brazil.
mercy
as
This was done by Diego Flores because, without these

ships, there
were none to take the

;
settlers
and
friars,
nor the
stores
and provisions
for
they were those which carried
the greatest proportion of these things.
So
that without
these ships nothing could be done, and a return would be

inevitable.
The
plot
was the more
easily
exposed because
the masters of the three ships repudiated the statements of
Diego Flores, declaring that their ships were fit and ready for sea, and if anything was wanting, it could be supplied in
two days.
correct.
It is
certain that
satisfy
what the masters said was

himself,
In
order to
Pedro Sarmiento
in
inspected the ships

trying the
down
to the keels
and
minute
detail,
them had be^n navigated by Pedro Sarmiento, and was well known to him
several times.
pumps
One
of
as the soundest ship in the fleet*
In short, he found that
the masters were right, and that these very ships were the
safest in the fleet.
Finding himself thwarted

tell
in this
scheme,
if
Diego Flores got people to

the ships
the masters that
they
would give evidence contrary to the truth, and say that

could not be navigated, they should
receive
rewards, to which they consented.
On
this
Diego Flores
was delighted.
His accomplices published the news that
1 Her name was the San Juan Bautista, in which the Admiral Diego de la Ribera sailed from Spain. The Captain was his half brother, Alonso de las Alas. 2 Commanded by Gregorio de las Alas. ^ The Santa Maria de Begoila, commanded by Pedro de Aquino, She was afterwards sunk by the English. 4 The Begoiia, See page 251.
MUTINY OF THE
the ships were to return,
all
FRIARS.
257
the married settlers and soldiers
being put on shore.
Many
of the soldiers fled into the
woods, and remaining there, they were eventually eaten by

the cannibal Indians of the main land,
to the island,
killed
who came
in
canoes
and finding the
fugitives
weak and
ill,
they
and devoured them.
the Strait, and
Soon afterwards the friars mutinied, who were to go to some of them declared they would remain where they were. Pedro Sarmiento, knowing that their
commissary, named Fray Amador, was
another
friar
in the
woods with
little
named Martin de Torre
Blanca, with
regard to their habit or the precepts of their order, or to

the orders of your Majesty, went into the
woods
to them,
accompanied only by another

his servants.
friar
of the order and two of

for the love
His object was to entreat them,
of God, to return to the ships and comply with the obligations
and
rules of their order.
When
Pedro Sarmiento
came
to the place
where they were concealed, the commis-
sary fled further into the woods, but the other friar was
overtaken and induced to return.

called
and exhorted,
The commissary was but he would not come until another

Afterwards they came back
day.
Thus
three or four friars remained on shore through
the fault of Diego Flores.
to the ships which returned for the settlers
and
soldiers.
Seeing that Francisco Gavres, who had been appointed

Treasurer, and Herrera,
who was
to be
Accountant
at the
settlement in the Strait, were afraid of the prospect and

did not wish to continue the voyage, but spoke evil of
it,
Diego Flores induced them

Sarmiento, their Governor,
to leave
the side of Pedro
Majesty to grant
their Governor,
in the
who had importuned your them favours. They mutinied against

they were under obligations to serve
whom
name
of your Majesty, and these, with the
Commis-
sary of the Friars,
began to sow the seeds of insubordination
among
the people.
2.58
SHIPS
AND STORES LEFT BEHIND.

settlers,
Diego Flores ended by leaving the ships and the
and many Santa Catalina, with Andres de Aquino, Accountant of the Fleet as commander, to whom he gave 5,000 reales with which to obtain food for the soldiers. But he sent away
soldiers with munitions out of the three ships at
more than 300 of the
best,
of,
which was one of the greatest
blunders he was guilty
by making
it
impossible to
proceed with the fortification and settlement of the Strait

in
accordance with the orders of your Majesty.

left
Moreover,
he
the clothing and tents which your Majesty sent out
for the settlement, in the three ships.
When
this
came
to
the knowledge of Pedro Sarmiento he worked hard to get
them out of the

of
ships, trying to arrange with the masters
the ships
that
were going
to
the
Straits
to
take
them on board, but none of them would do so, because it was against the orders of Diego Flores. Seeing this
disastrous state of affairs, Pedro Sarmiento reflected that
they must be secured, otherwise the people
who were
landed in the Strait would be without clothes or covering.
So he resolved to take them himself, and he did so with his own hands and with the help of his own people and servants.
No
for
else would help, for fear of offending Diego Flores, was known that he detested the voyage and the enterprise of fortifying the Strait, and wished to thwart it.
one
it
The
clothing was at last received, the greater part being
rotten through
damp, and
ruined.
Thus, with the enterprise mismanaged and thrown into

disorder, leaving the three ships
and the settlers and
soldiers
Diego Flores departed from
this island of
Santa Catalina on
the 13th of January, having allowed 13 days of light favourable winds to slip away, with which the fleet might almost
have reached the
Strait.
sail,
He
let
these days pass, although

fair
he was requested to
because when the
wind had
passed a foul one was sure to blow and hinder the voyage.
In leaving this port the store ship ran on a sunken rock
I>LOTS
FOR THE RETURN OF THE EXPEDITION.
259
and was
he saw
lost.
this
Diego Flores had gone out first, and when he would not stop nor send help, and thus she
was
lost
with her crew, and the stores she was carrying for
But Andres de Espino and the purveyors got many pipes of wine out of her, and other property, which they embarked, took to San Vicente, and sold or
the settlement.
wasted them, as
will
be related further on.
In this ship
were
lost or stolen
many
pipes of wine which she carried

lost
for the settlers,
and being stolen they were

with
fair
and never
34th
could be recovered.
The
fleet sailed on,
weather as
it
far as the
degree, near the river Plate,

there was a leak in
was discovered that the quarter gallery of the poop of the

For Diego Flores had embarked on
frigate,^ so
when
San
Cristoval,
on board of which was Pedro Sarmiento and

as to be in greater
Diego de
safety,
la Ribera.
a swifter and stauncher
and be able to take
to flight
English should be encountered.
more readily if the That he might not be
recognised he did not hoist the general's banner on board

the frigate where he was embarked, nor did he
show a
light-
But he ordered that the San Cristoval should carry the

lanthorn, so as to excuse himself from the responsibility
and danger of being

fleet.
in the leading ship in
an engagement.
rest of the
This was judged to be very bad conduct by the
Having reached the above

leak, as well as the
latitude,
and discovered the

for certain
dangerous condition of the foremast,

in the fleet,
last
it
and
that
this
being
known
was held and
Sarmiento would at
be alarmed, and would

to please
consent to return.
With
this object,
Don
come
x^lonso de Sotomayor, a council was
summoned
to
on board the
Sarmiento,
frigate of
Diego Flores, consisting of Pedro

la
Don Alonso Diego de

^
Ribera,
Anton Pablos
The Santa
Catalina.

26o
the pilot, and
SPEECH OF SARMIENTO.
some
others.
Diego Flores announced the

provisions,
first
condition of the people, ships, and
and the
for the
dangerous state of the Capitana, and

opinion of Anton
Pablos.
asked
This pilot had already been
corrupted by prayers and promises, although your Majesty
had granted him great favours
in
honours and
salaries, at
the request of Pedro Sarmiento.
He
answered that under

Strait
no circumstances should the Capitana proceed to the

in her present
condition.
At
this all the pusillanimous this opinion
officers rejoiced,
supposing that
would
force
Pedro Sarmiento to concur.

mistaken.
But they were very much

Diego
feeling
When
it
came
to his turn, he said to
Flores and the others

"
who were
never
present
Gentlemen,
to
use
words
without
obliged
follow
them
this
I
King our Lord
trusted in
by corresponding acts. The me, and I distinctly promised

cannot swerve.
my
services.
From
As
regards the
present enterprise, neither
my
I
reputation and condition,
nor that of any
man
of honour, would permit
me
to turn
my
face backwards, so long as
am
not forced to do so by
clearly shown that possible. more is Therefore, nothing so long as I have life and health, and a vessel under my feet, with the help of God I will not turn away from achieving this enterprise,
violence,
and even then
it
must be
in
compliance with the
will of his
Majesty, until
it
is
comIf
1
pleted, or until
my
life's
I
end, with
my
I
best ability.
have to go alone, as
discover the Strait,
I
did
when
came from Peru
to
should complete the voyage or end

I,
my
life,
without waiting until the winter was passed.
therefore, say
and require that we must go on and do that

If the
which
his
Majesty has ordered us to do.

us, it will
enemy
should occupy the Strait before

to the service of our
be a great injury
Lord God and to his Majesty, as well as ignominious to us and to our nation. Yet we know that the enemy is in these seas, for the Father, Fray Juan de
REPLY OF DON ALONSO.
26
Ribadeneira, has told us that he has seen their ships, and

that they are proceeding to occupy the Strait, or to pass
it
and commit robberies on the coasts of the South Sea, Maluco, and India, as Drake did. As for the leak on
board the galleass
it
is
being repaired, as well as the fore-
mast, and by this time the repairs are completed.
As
the
Lord-General does not wish to go

not fear what
I
in the Capitana,
he need
do not
fear, for his
person
is
safe."
To this speech Diego Flores did Don Alonso took him by the hand
which he
did.
not answer a word, but

to give
him confidence,
and said that he himself would land
at the river Plate,
He
then said to Pedro Sarmiento that they
had not
sufficient force, either as regards
men
or stores, to
carry out the orders of his Majesty, and that, therefore, the
best plan
was
to return.
To
in
this
that he well
stores
knew
left
the artifice by which ships, men, and
had been
;
behind
order that this excuse might
be
to
made but even with what was left, much might be done deceive the enemy, and that a commencement is half the
:
work
and
that in the Strait there
was no one
to disturb them,
still
that
much
his
could be done with what they
had,
whereby
Majesty would be well served and the king:
doms
of Spain and the Indies would rejoice
that his
Majesty would take care to send help and to complete
what had been commenced and that he ought not to meddle with what did not concern him, being ignorant of
:
matters touching navigation.
Don Alonso
being thus silenced, he turned to Diego
Flores saying that this was temerity.
Diego Flores, not

that the
wishing to speak, merely said to
Don Alonso
if
Governor, Pedro Sarmiento, would do his duty
Then Diego de
well,
la
Ribera said
he could.
"
Pedro Sarmiento speaks
and
if
the weather does not force us to turn back,
we
ought to proceed."
Then Diego
it
Flores said
to
Pedro
Sarmiento that
if
was
his
opinion that they should
262
return,
THE VOYAGE TO BE CONTINUED.
Don Alonso would

left
give his, signed with his name,
before he
the frigate.
Pedro Sarmiento replied that

if
he would not be doing his duty

guided, in this matter,
he allowed himself to be
for
it
by Don Alonso,
he was not
ordered to be so guided by his Majesty, and

business of
was not the

if
;
Don Alonso
to treat of navigation, for
the
opinion was erroneous, he would not be without fault
and
Don Alonso would
not be responsible for
it
when he should
give an account to his Majesty.
Diego Flores then said to

should
Pedro Sarmiento that he would have to maintain what he

asserted
;
and Pedro Sarmiento answered that

if
if it
be well done he would help him, and

himself,
not each one for
and he would
to
find at last that violence cannot
be
perpetual.
Finally,
the great
disgust
of Diego Flores,
Alonso, the Chief Pilot, and the others

return,
it
Don who wanted to

Strait
was agreed to continue the voyage to the

his Majesty.
and to carry out the orders of

for
As soon
as
the debate was finished, Diego Flores having dinner ready

all,
he entered his cabin to take his meal with only
Don
Alonso and Anton Pablos, who had been on

Pedro Sarmiento and Diego de
to write
la
his side.
Ribera remained outside

:
down what had been arranged

interests
and
after all that
had happened, the Captain, Gregorio de

his
las Alas, desiring
own
which he had
left
in Brazil rather
than
the prosecution of the voyage, began to try and persuade
Pedro Sarmiento, with blandishments, to agree to

expressed his astonishment that gentlemen,
to be honourable
return.
But Pedro Sarmiento repelled him with few words.
He
who pretended
and loyal to your Majesty, should allow and thus
such disgraceful ideas to enter their minds: that he declined

to discuss such proposals, nor to listen to them,
they parted
in great anger.
Don Alonso de Sotomayor,

Strait,
fearing the passage of the
and seeing that the
fleet
would have
to
go
thither-
DON ALONSO PARTS COMPANY.
263
wards, and even knowing and saying that he was aware

that
it
would not
arrive,
which was as much as to say that

he would take the
Diego Flores had given out that he would only go there

for form's sake, but that
first
excuse of
requested
storm or wind to go back without entering,
now
Diego Flores to allow him

which carried
to depart with the three ships
his soldiers, that
he might land
in the river
Plate and thence proceed to Chile, whither he
was going as
Governor/ Diego Flores consented to this, as Don Alonso had supported him on the question of returning, which was not in conformity with the wishes and orders of your
Majesty, and of your Royal Council of the Indies.
Don
in
Alonso was desired to proceed by way of the Strait

order that,
as
if by chance an enemy should be encountered was expected, he might help us and drive them out
with the force under his command.
It
was, at this time,
even more necessary, because
it
was known that the
English were going to the Strait, where, as was given out
by Diego Flores and those of his opinion, the enemy would be found, and where the passage must be defended or, if it had already been occupied, where they must be dislodged. In this Pedro Sarmiento was not consulted, and it was
carried
out
before
he could
protest,
moreover as the
in his
by Don Alonso had not been placed charge by your Majesty, he had no power to resist.
materials taken
But
he obtained the condition

for the river Plate,
that, before
Don Alonso departed
he should give up the stores and people
destined for the Strait that were embarked in the three

ships,
and so
it
was
settled
between Diego Flores and
Don
for
Alonso.
When
Pedro Sarmiento wanted to send boats
the stores, he was prevented, being told that
Don Alonso
and Diego Flores would get them out and send them
Don
Alonso's orders were to go to the Strait, assist in the worko|
fortification,
and then proceed through the
Strait to
Child
^'\^
A M Y^
264
to the
DON ALONSO PARTS COMPANY.

San
Cristoval without
sailed that
fail.
This was not done, and
Don Alonso
powder, lead,
cloth,
day
for the river Plate,
thirty leagues distant, taking with
which was him many munitions of
iron, steel, cordage, pieces of artillery, blankets,

tools, friars, officers,
many
and many other things

Strait.
intended for the fortification of the

sold in the river Plate, or
These were
and other
exchanged
for horses
things wanted by
to
Don
Alonso, which was a notable injury
your Majesty's service and a diminution of the royal

it
treasury,
in
being most just that payments should be
made
by
accordance with the prices ruling at the place where

sold.
goods are
The
injuiy done to the public service
increasing the difficulty of carrying out a
work of such
must
also
importance to Christianity and to the crown of your Majesty

as the fortification
and settlement of the
Strait,
be considered.
This thwarting and contravening, with
such persistency, of the
commands and wishes
of your
Majesty
is
unworthy of
faithful servants of their
King.
Much
left
regret
to
proceed on the voyage, for

^
must be expressed here by those who were now there was no

departed for the river Plate, we set
sail
remedy.
Don Alonso having
out for the Strait on the next day, making

weather, to the great sorrow of Diego
accomplices.
with fine
his
Flores and
We
only had two ships and three frigates^
of your Majesty, out of the twenty-three that started from
San Lucar the
first
time.
We
navigated as
far
fair
as the
mouth
of the Strait with very fine weather and
winds.
Throughout the voyage, although Pedro Sarmiento saluted Diego Flores, the latter never returned the salute. Pedro
Sarmiento laughed
at this as childish petulance, not caring so
long as he attended to the wishes of your Majesty.
The San
Cristoval^ the Trinidad^
Maria^ Santa Catalina^ and
Magdalena.
DIEGO FLORES FLIES FROM THE STRAIT.
265
mouth of the Strait in the beginning of January, and, commencing to enter, the ebb tide came with some wind, as is usual, and the current carried the ships out again. The wind fell, and when the tide turned we began to enter again. The same thing occurred again, and it was proposed to anchor under shelter of Cape Virgins, where the San Cristoval and the other vessels had anchored the day before. But Diego Flores would not do this. His
to the
We
came
determination was not to enter the Strait.
So, without
consulting either with the pilots or with Pedro Sarmiento,
he
fled,
and the other ships followed him on a N.E. and

all
E.N.E. course.
Pedro Sarmiento made
sail to
come up with Diego
Flores that he might detain him, for the wind had gone
down, and he now knew by experience that when the south
wind
fell
the N.E. breezes began, which would not be later
than the next day, the time for returning to the Strait and
getting under the shelter of the
security from side winds.
"
I
I
land,
where there was

to this,
Diego Flores replied
am
going to
Brazil.
He who
pleases can follow me.
Pedro Sarmiento, seeing that he was urging on his flight, cried out, " Senor Diego Flores, your worship is well aware of the fault that is committed
shall not
remain here."
by you, being able to return to the Strait, as you are able. For there can be no excuse where there is no obstacle, and there is no pardon when we do not do our best. Dense
ignorance
is
worth nothing, and he cannot merit the palm
who shuns the fight. Remember that in Spain little is made of this navigation, and our discoveries are not considered. Your worship has not even seen a flower in the
sea,
nor passed into the South Sea
whither
it
may seem
when
impossible to go.
God
helps the
weak and
resolute,
we make be many
discoveries
and pass on with His grace, to

arrive here in
whom
more
thanks.
Some
one small vessel to
the honour and glory of our Lord God, not being
266
PROTEST OF SARMIENTO.
for the more of a knight, the show constancy in an arduous
immortal than your worship,

greater the obligation to
service."
To
more
this
sail
Diego Flores gave no other answer than to make

and take
flight for Brazil.
After a short interval,
speaking with Anton Pablos, he asked him

to him.
it
how it appeared
it
The
pilot replied that
it
would appear to him as
appeared to his worship.
Presently he asked whether
would appear
said, "
right to his worship to return to the Strait,

sail,
on which Diego Flores answered by making more

Follow
and
all
me
to Brazil, for thither
go "
which
willingly did.
Seeing this resolution, Pedro Sarmiento,

voice,
fleet,
in a
very loud
which was heard by Diego Flores and the whole
required of Diego Flores in due form, in the
name
of
his Majesty, that
he should remain,
for
now
there
was
little
neither contrary wind nor sea, and they could return to the
Strait, the
entrance to which was in sight, while the
sparrows and butterflies flew from the land to the ships.
He
protested against the mischiefs and injuries that would
arise
from giving up the
service,
both to the royal crown
and treasury, and
to the people of the fleet, of
which notice
other things.
would be given
to his Majesty,
adding
many
He
requested the royal notary, Pedro de Rada, to give his

;
testimony as witness
but he, being of the faction of Diego
Flores, said that he did not wish to
do
so.
Diego
Flores,
without answering a word, put on press of

his course to Brazil,
sail
and pursued
he
proceeding without any storm, but

sea, so that
with a light wind from E.N.E. and a smooth

could easily have returned
to
the
Strait.
Presently a
breeze sprang up which obliged the ships to work against

it,
though they could comfortably have run before it to the Strait, and have entered and found a perfectly secure port,
until there
was another south wind.
It fell
out that while
Pedro Sarmiento was taking
this course
with Diego Flores,
MISCONDUCT OF OTHER OFFICERS.

there rose against
267
him the Admiral Diego de la Ribera, the treasurer and royal notary Rada, and the pilot Anton Pablos. These officers mutinied against Pedro Sarmiento, saying that they did not want to return to the Strait, but to follow Diego Flores, who was
Serjeant-Major Loaisa, the
their Captain-General.
When
Pedro Sarmiento wished to

Ribera said
arouse in them some zeal for the service of his Majesty,
they turned against him, and Diego de

a loud voice
:
la
in
" If
God put
spirit into
your worship, he did
not put
it
into
my
word, and even Pedro Sarmiento would
be ashamed of
that
all
his
shame."
spirit if
Pedro Sarmiento answered

the will was ready, and that
had a good
;
was not the cause

bred to the
sea.
it,
for that
he was a seaman and had been
Diego de Ribera replied that he did not

which Pedro Sarmiento contested that
"
wish to do
to
some day
Diego de
the
his
la
Majesty would know who had served him.
Ribera answered,
Do
not give anything that
Queen may know."
This was a thing unworthy of a
man
after
of honour, and of one
who had
previously shown
some
and
constancy.
They continued
to shape a course to Brazil,
reaching the 38th degree the breeze again became

Strait.
it,
very favourable for a return to the
Not only did

itself
they not want to take advantage of

sail
but they shortened
and hove
to,
waiting until the breeze should blow
out and the wind again begin to blow from the south.
Imagining that the San Cristovaly with Pedro Sarmiento,
and the
frigate of Captain
Avendano,^ might return to the

he did
Strait with the
wind N.E., Diego Flores sent orders that
they should not
make
sail until
so.
The
ship Maria,
on board of which was
his son-in-law,
Alvaro del Busto,

being so intent on
if all
had dropped astern

before.
his flight that
until
she was out of sight, two days

for her,
But he would not wait
he would not have cared
the world had
The Magdalena.
268
RETURN TO SAN VICENTE.

lost.
it
been
All that night
we were hove
to,
and the next

frigate
afternoon
was reported
to
Diego Flores that the
was taking
in a little water.
left
Upon
this,
without waiting
even to put on his hat, he
that frigate and had himself

sailer.^
taken on board another, which was a better
Next
morning neither Diego

which he had been
enquiries, the sailors
Flores, nor
the other frigate in

sight.
before,^
were
in
On making
and
pilots,
who had kept watch during

This was
the night, reported that they had seen a light to N.W., and
in that
quarter the frigates should be followed.
done by the Sa?i Cristoval and the
frigate of Avendaiio,^
without finding them until they reached the port of San

Vicente, where they arrived in April, together with the ship
Maria, which by
find
this
in
time had joined them.

the port of
lost
They
did not
it
Diego Flores
San Vicente, and
was
said that she
had been
through ignorance of navigation,
having no fear of a tempest from not having known the

signs.
Arrived
ships in
it,
in this port
of San Vicente,
left at
we found
the three
which had been

;
Santa Catalina to proceed to
Rio Janeiro
the Begona being at the bottom, with half her
masts above water.^

port, being
We
were informed that when our

as
three ships arrived, they found two English ships inside the
two of the three which had robbed the
friar,
already stated.
The
other was a pinnace which was lost

at the
in the
between the island of Lobos and the main land
mouth of the
river Plate, as
Pedro Sarmiento heard
The crew escaped in a small boat and went to the natives, who detained them. After a time the captain, who was named John Drake, a native of Plymouth, the pilot named William,'^ and another man escaped in a
following year.
^
^ The Santa Catalina. ^ The Magdalena. The Trinidad. The two others were the San Juan Bautista and Co?tcepcion. He was Master of the Elizabeth (Captain William Markham.
Winter) in Sir Francis Drake's voyage of circumnavigation.
FIGHT WITH THE ENGLISH.
269
canoe and went up the river Plate to the city of Buenos

Ayres, 60 leagues from the sea, and thence they were sent
up country
to
the Judges
of
the
Audience
of
Peru.
Returning to what happened
in the port of
San Vicente
ships,
between our ships and those of the enemy, our

entering, found that the English were
on
on shore getting
Our ships anchored at a distance from the English. The enemy, who at first had given themselves up for lost, seeing that we kept at a distance, went on board and got
water.
ready their cannons for the

not
battle, that
our people might
come upon them,
for at first their ships
were almost
without hands.
Afterwards the Begona, whose captain

to board,
was Rodrigo de Rada, desiring
came up
until she
was alongside fighting with the English, while our other two ships did not move. The English in their ship, working their pieces of artillery, killed
Begofia,
some of the crew of the and with the lower deck guns they sank her and
boatswain,
sent her to the bottom, the crew escaping to the shore in

boats.
The
who was an Aragonese, went

It is
to
the English and remained with them.
suspected that
he returned to the Strait
in 1586,
with the corsair,
Thomas
Cavendish,^ of whose voyage Pedro Sarmiento sent tidings

to
your Majesty from England, and also from France.
Next morning the two English and the two remaining

Spanish ships began to cannonade each other, and
believed the English admiral received
it was some injury. For and went to sea in the
the English finally
left this
port,
direction of the burnt island,
which
is
8 leagues distant to
the S.S.W.
On
another day only one was sighted.^
" Telariscandi."
William Hawkins, who was on board the Leicester with Captain Fenton, relates that he anchored at St. Vincent on the 20th of January On the 23rd three Spanish ships arrived, of 600, 500, 400 tons 1583.
2
respectively, with 670 men in the three ships. The fight began at about ten o'clock at night, and continued until the next day at noon.
2JQ
FURTHER EMBEZZLEMENT OF STORES.

rest that
The
happened
in this action will

I,
have been
re-
ported by those
to the Strait,
who saw
it.
being absent on the voyage

I
was not
there, although
made
enquiries
respecting the circumstances

result to
affair,
when
arrived,
and sent the
your Majesty
in a special
report on the whole

at the time
by the hand of Don Juan de Pazos, Diego Flores returned to Spain.

I
when
know
not whether the faults committed in this port

this
were concealed, including what the writer of
account
what happened regarding the English enemy, the hostile ships went to the island of Santo Amaro^ from this port to refit, and were there
saw and heard.
This
is
that, after
more than eight

being superior
days.
in size
During that time our two ships, and better manned and armed, not
only did not go out against the enemy, but went two
leagues up the river, as far as the town of Santos, where
they began to trade
in
sugar and hides, selling in exchange
the wines, iron, and tools on board, being the things saved
from the store-ship that was
lost at
Santa Catalina.
These
stores consisted partly of the property of
your Majesty,
and partly of the private property of Pedro Sarmiento, but all were intended for the settlements in the Strait. More especially Andres de Aquino, as chief of these
ships and
accountant, sold in the town the cloths and
blankets intended for the Strait, as he confessed to Pedro
Sarmiento and Diego de

people.
la Ribera.
it
Being asked why he

for the
acted thus, he answered that
was to get food
But
this
was not
necessary,
because he had
" their vice-admiral we did sink. There were of our both ships six or eight, and more than twenty hurt. They had of theirs slain above a hundred, and many wounded. This we understood at Spirito Santo (Santos) of the Portingales, when we
He
continues
slain in
men
watered
there.''
Spirito Santo
March.
1
Leaving St. Vincent the English fleet anchored at on the 22nd of February, departing on the 5th of The Leicester reached Kinsale on June 14th, 1583,
Off Santos.
WRETCHED CONDITION OF THE SETTLERS.

received 5,000 reales for purchasing provisions.
271
will
God
judge his intentions
but
if
he sold the stores
for this
purpose he never gave a ration to the people after he

arrived, telling
that he would not give
them they could go where they liked, but them a mouthful of food. When Pedro Sarmiento again asked him why he had behaved in this way, his answer was that he was ordered to do so by Diego Flores. Thus it was that Pedro Sarmiento found the men and women half dead with hunger, miserable, nearly naked, and bare-footed. Some had lost their clothes in the ship that went to the bottom, others had
given clothing to the Portuguese in the town, in exchange
for
food
to
support themselves.
it
It
was a very great

to
misfortune, and
see them.
all
was enough to break a man's heart
Pedro Sarmiento, with the favour of God, did
he could to help them.
Some had gone
to other small
towns
to ask for food, for the love of

little
;
God, and he provided
them with a most naked
nourishment, giving some clothes to the
as well from the stores of your Majesty as
from his own property, to cover their miserable bodies.
He
maintained them and took them on board again, giving

rations,
them
and attending
willing.
to the sick.
He
intended to
take them to Rio Janeiro, and then to proceed to the Strait
with them,
I
God
could not then clothe them

Strait,
all,
because, on returning
la
from the voyage to the
Diego de
Ribera took the
men's clothes sent out for the settlement, and divided them
among
the soldiers of the
galleass without
any urgent
necessity,
and without the consent of Pedro Sarmiento,
although he was present while Ribera was writing
down
to
whom
each thing should be given.
The
rest of the hose,
and other things were stolen, and some lost on board the A rriola and other ships. All these effectual means
shoes, caps,
did Diego Flores adopt, to cause the ruin of the expedition.
272
GREEDINESS OF DIEGO FLORES.

of Diego Flores as regarded the sick, the
The impiety
poor,
and indeed the people generally, was remarkable. Sometimes he said, in so many words, that so long as he escaped he did not care what happened to the rest. Once,
when
there was scarcity of water on board the galleass, he
said to the dispenser in a loud voice, "
Take
in
care what you
are doing
there
must be no reduction
had a large
my share." From
that time he always
jar of water in his cabin,
which he kept locked with a key, and would not give a

drink of water even to a sick man.
Once, unknown to
him, a boy took a small jug of water out of his cabin for
his son-in-law,
who was
sick
and suffering from
thirst.
But Diego Flores caught the boy outside the door, took the water from him and poured it back into the jar, locked
it
up,
and put the key
in his
pocket.
He
did the same
with some almonds and other medical comforts, and would

not give
away
a single one, although there were
many
sick
on board, saying that he should keep them

In the end he took
to Spain,
for
himself
them back with him, when he returned Although these are trifles, they are things to be remarked in one who is placed in charge of a number of men. Returning to what happened in the port of San Vicente,
and they became mouldy.
as soon as the English departed,
Andres de Aquino, at the request of the Portuguese, began to construct a sort of bastion on a rock at the entrance of the river of this port,
to defend the entrance in the event of the
enemy
returning.
it
He
put some pieces of artillery on

arquebusiers.
it
and manned
with
some
which
In this
way many tools were destroyed

While
this
wêre intended for the Strait.
work was
in
in progress the other captains
who came with him were
San Vicente and Santos, trading and selling the wine at the public taverns and buying sugar and hides to take to Spain, all being done with the most shameless ignominy and baseness that can be imagined. Even the
the ports of
MISCONDUCT OF OFFICERS.
Portuguese,
273
who gained by
it,
could not help mocking and
laughing at the proceedings.

their superiors, the masters
Following the example of

notaries,
and
and some
soldiers,
did the same.
When
to
Pedro Sarmiento asked Andres de Aquino

if
he sold the stores
he was supplied with

replied that
buy
provisions, he
why money wherewith he knew it was not

Diego Flores
if
necessary, but as he
knew
for certain that
never intended to go into the Strait, even
he was able,
there was no need to preserve the stores, and that he would
give an account to
Diego
Flores.
From
Aquino
this
it
may
be
the
gathered that Diego Flores and
discussed
matter with their accomplices, and that the departure from
Santa Catalina was only intended as a form to be gone

through because Pedro Sarmiento insisted upon proceeding
with the expedition
;
but with the intention of turning

In fact, he
back as soon as there was the slightest excuse.

turned back without any excuse.
The Captains Alonso de

Alas,2
las Alas^
and Estevan de
their ships
sale, as
las
and many others, having loaded
with
sugar and hides to take to Spain for
they might
in the
have carried palms of victory and weapons dyed
blood of their enemies, were very joyful and contented.
Their purses, which came out empty, went back closed and
full.
They determined to sail
for
Rio de Janeiro, whence news

sent, laden
had come that Don Diego de Alcega had arrived with four
ships which your Majesty
had
with
all
kinds of
provisions and stores, like a
monarch and
lord
and more
This
than father to
all,
having the feelings of a Saint.
showed your Majesty's great
desire for the efficiency
and
all
success of this enterprise, which was so necessary for
Christians and for the Catholic Church, as well as for the
Captain of the Almiranta San Juan Bautista.

Captain of the San Estevan de Soroa.
S
274
PROTESTATION OF SARMIENTO.
your Majesty's
preserve for
royal
prosperity of
crown, which
may
and afterwards Almighty God grant that heaven which your holy works on earth have I say that these captains were very joyful, conmerited.
years,
many
sidering
that
they would also
enrich
themselves
with
another good lump of
money from
the ships that would be
delivered to them, and from other things arising from the
new arrival. It is certain that Mercury and Mars cannot be made very well to agree trading and stealing are not
:
compatible with obtaining honour in the career of arms
and showing constancy

exalts the
in
the service of a prince.

it
One
traffic,
mind
fall
as
makes
it
into
much many
as the other debases

faults,
by
and
loses personal respect
as well as patriotism
and
loyalty.
For
in place of con-
tending with the enemies of

despoil their
God and
of their King, they
honour.
I
May God
own King and country of wealth, credit, and grant a remedy who is able to do so.
more
will
I
confess myself to be
evil
than the
I
evil
but not as
regards these kind of faults, for which
give glory, honour,
and grace to God.

nor
not deceive, nor
do
wish,
is
ought
I,
nor can
if I
maintain that
my
condition
faultless,
though
am
evil it is
with those
is
men who
err
;
from love of their King, which, to me,
a crown of triumph
will
and
all
good
friends of
your Majesty
judge
me
as
ought to be judged, and encourage

with the grace of God,
power.
I
me
to
to persevere, which,
will
do
will
the
utmost of
of
my
I
Let him complain who

duty
for
in the service
sins, it shall
I
complain, so long as
do
my
of
God and
my
King.
When,
my
not be granted that this shall be
recognised in me,
shall
remain so before God.

in this
life,
shall count myself well rewarded
And I by being able

and
effi-
to reflect that
have served
faithfully, loyally
ciently
my King
liberal
I
and Lord,
and gracious.
my
natural
I
monarch,
serve
so
Christian,
Thus
will
the
crown though
should be in puribus, and those
who have
ARRIVAL OF DIEGO FLORES.

dishonestly enriched themselves should deride me.
will ever
275
For
be unus
et
idem seeking God.
Having been some days in this port, taking in wood and water, and some provisions, and having saved some pieces of artillery from the wreck of the Begona, leaving some men to defend the little fort, unnecessarily, we sailed in order to shape a course for Rio de Janeiro. As we were going out Diego Flores and the other frigate arrived, fifteen days
after us.
We
all,
found that, through ignorance of navigation,
they had been thus delayed, for the weather had been the
same
for
while the frigates were better sailers than the
Capitana and the other vessels.

navigation was wanting as well
But as a knowledge of
as the Capitana
which
showed them the way, they took a thousand confused

courses and almost despaired of being able to reach Brazil.
It
seems as
if
God
desired to
show them that what they
had
got, after
having turned away from their duty, they
were not to see concluded.

selves said, they
According to what they them-
were
for
making
;
for the land of the river
Plate to save their lives
where they would have been
captured and eaten by Guarani or Guarayo cannibals.
But
God, who does not desire the death of a sinner, but rather
that he should be converted
and
live,
had pity on them and
brought them to
this
port.
Instead of acknowledging
God's mercy and giving thanks to Him, Diego Flores
began to boast and play the

so at sea where
it
lion
on shore, not having done
was more necessary.

left
He
seized on the
Chief
Pilot,
and quarrelled with the Admiral, declaring
they had deserted him, when he had
them because he
did not speak to
thought the Capitana would be

injure the poor settlers, turning
lost.
He
Pedro Sarmiento, but presently he began to persecute and
them out of the ships and
stopping their rations, saying they might go where they

liked, that
they were of no use any more than the underfor.
taking they were engaged
This was done with great

S 2
2/6
INSOLENCE OF DIEGO FLORES.
cruelty, to the grief of those

ing,
who saw them go away weepPedro Sarmiento, not
disconsolate,
and
helpless.
being able to resist the power of the general, held his He went to the peace, seeing that words would not avail. town of Santos to avoid scandal, where he divided the
settlers
among
the houses of the inhabitants of the town,
consoling them and promising to return for them or to
send from Rio de Janeiro, as he afterwards
did.
With
to
this
some were comforted and others were allowed and were provided with what was necessary.
embark,
Pedro Sarmiento suffered these and other vexations and annoyances, for in the instructions of your Majesty it is
said that he
who
suffers
most serves
best.
it
This so
in-
creased the insolence of Diego Flores that

credited.
can hardly be
The more humility was shown,
the
more he was
puffed up with pride, and he said things that were unworthy

to hear.
Among
others there was one instance that
may
Diego Plores had treated one of the settlers He was a gallant soldier and harshly without any cause. a good servant of your Majesty in Flanders, Italy, and the
be mentioned.
Indies,
Strait.
and had come with Sarmiento from Peru by the When Pedro Sarmiento requested Diego Flores to
he replied with intolerable insolence
to
be more moderate and not to set himself against the

settlers,
"
Be
off
Be
off to the Strait."
Pedro Sarmiento answered, "I
shall go,
with
many thanks
Diego Flores said " ignoring God and the King, and implying that there he
would have
his
God and to his Majesty." To this And have many thanks to me!" almost
regard to
way without
did.
God
or your
Majesty, as he
Presently he began to form cabals
with the pusillanimous traders and enemies of the enterprise, against
Pedro Sarmiento, saying that
it
was impossible
that
it
could be done, and that Pedro Sarmiento was
desperate,
and that
if
he had known what that navigation

all
was, although his Majesty had offered
he possessed, he
THE FLEET
IN DANGER.
it.
2/7
would not have taken charge of

said to
It is certain that,
on
the passage from the Strait this time, Diego de la Ribera
me
that
Strait
it
is
a disgrace to see the English thieves
pass
the
with ease, while to the vassals of his

all
Majesty,
who
are so accustomed to encounter

it
dangers
by sea and
set aside the
land,
appears impossible.
In these times
your Majesty ought to
feel this fault, for it is
not well to
good and brave vassals of your Majesty who
are numerous, for the sake of
some inconstant ones who
always exist
for
God
will
be served when the good are
allowed to repair the faults of those
who
are not such.
In this state of confusion Diego Flores and the other

ships left
as
if it
San Vicente
for
Rio Janeiro with as much parade
was a triumph
after the victories of Scipio.

is
At
distance of twelve leagues

to the shore
current.
the island of Sebastian close
and forming a narrow channel with a strong

direct
Our
and proper course was outside, and
we might easily have reached Rio that night. But Diego Flores, who had before been so anxious to keep at a
distance from the land, must needs, without any reason,
enter a channel with a current like a mill race.

this route,
Taking
experi-
without any precaution, a gust of wind came

the island, which
is
down from
enced
not unusual.
An
pilot,
who was
with him, then advised him not

his
to take that route
which was dangerous, but he had

sails.
own way, and

then
in
a squall took the

;
All the ships were
and the galleass made a plunge nearly that Diego Flofes was afraid for insomuch water, under The precaution he took was to clasp his hands his life.
danger
and exclaim
"
Here
here
we
are
going to perish."
The
were
other ships, cutting cables and taking proper steps,

safe,
the squall quickly passing and leaving Diego
Flores and his traders so terrified that they did not soon
come
round.
At
last
they entered the channel, and the
ship Concepcion, which was large and heavy, in anchoring
27%
THE "CAPITANA** ON SHORE.

furious current.
had her cable parted by the

could
let
Before she
go another
It
anchor
the ship went broadside

dark,
all
towards the land.
being
now
gave themselves crew could have

artillery, that
up
for lost, or at least the ship, for the
been saved.
They
fired off
two pieces of
the
boats of the other ships might
come
to their assistance.
Although the ships were

than two hours.
near,
no boats came during more
The
master, Estevan Cortados, saw the
threatened loss of the ship, and Pedro Sarmiento,
who was
side,
on board, perceiving that she only touched on one

that the shore
and
he
was
steep,
jumped on
to
to the land.
their
Telling
those
who were weeping

The
hold
tongues,
made them
lay out an anchor and heave
round on the
capstan like fury.
cable parted, and presently they

It
bent another, and hove round on the capstan again.
pleased the Lord that the ship was got off without injury,
thanks to Him. Then a boat arrived without even an anchor

or cable, and not having
any means of anchoring, Pedro

out,
Sarmiento undertook to take the ship

night.
although
it
was
He
navigated her clear of the channel and the

sea.
current,
and took her into the open
In the morning
the other ships weighed their anchors, but such were the
currents, eddies,
and squalls between the small
islets
and
in
the island of
San Sebastian that we were detained,
a distance of half a league, for two or three days.
Finally emerging from these obstacles to progress, the

fleet
arrived at Rio de Janeiro in the beginning of
May,
where we found
Don Diego de
Alcega^ with the four
provision ships which your Majesty,
sent us with a most bounteous hand.
moved by pity, had They were full of
excellent victuals, biscuits, bacon, beans, wine, and
many
by a
all
other excellent and very wholesome things supplied

great
monarch who
Mariana
is
a father to
all.
For
this
bounty
calls
him Diego de Abreu
(vol. x, p. 90).
ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AT
offered
RIO.
2/9
tears of joy
;
up thanks, and the good men shed
while the covetous laughed at the thought that they might
some corners of their purses, which still seemed them to need filling. Only Diego Flores was dissatisfied, and instead of giving a welcome to Don Diego de Alcega, he showed him such a sour
replenish
to
discontented countenance that
Don Diego, from
annoyance,
avoided his company after having given him an account of what he had brought, and how he had honourably carried He also offered his person and out his instructions.
property for the prosecution of the return to the Strait.
He
further proposed that the captains,
Don Juan de
Pazos,
their
my
nephew, and Francisco Morejon, should help with
people
plined.
who were very carefully selected and well disciTo all which Diego Flores showed no approval,
he
disdained
and instead of offering any thanks
and
depreciated the proposals, so that every one was disgusted
and did not wish

or see him.
to converse with
him
further, nor to visit
Seeing what your Majesty had sent out to order us to
perform by royal
letters, as well
as
by the mouth of Don
Diego de Alcega, who gave the packet to Diego Flores,
and a
letter to
Pedro Sarmiento
Strait,
in
which he was advised of

in
the news from France that a pirate was fitting out for a
voyage to the
and that he should do

Flores
all
his
power, acting with
Diego
and Don
Alonso
de
Sotomayor, Pedro Sarmiento made a communication to
Diego Flores.
joyful
in
He
offered his person

will, not
and
abilities
with
and sincere good
regarding former differences,
view of obeying the fresh commands of his Majesty.
Diego Flores replied that this was not necessary, as if he desired to say that he wanted to return to Spain, and that
he would
desired.
not,
and was not obliged to do what your Majesty

in
But Pedro Sarmiento, with the favour of our

his
zeal,
Lord God, persevering
and confirmed
in
it
by
28o
ZEAL OF SARMIENTO.
the fresh notice of your Majesty, so increased in constancy

that his heart could scarcely
fit
in his
body.
Consequently,
although Diego Flores landed in wedding clothes as in

triumph, Pedro Sarmiento remained on board
in
the plain
dress of a sailor, with the resolution not to go to sea except
with a course in the direction of the Strait,
in
conformity
with the orders and wish of your Majesty.
DESIRE OF DIEGO FLORES TO GO HOME.
28
III.
Desertion of Diego Flores.
DiEGO Flores saw the letter of your Mêsty, in which reference was made to the favours your Majesty had granted,
in
which he was incited to the prosecution of the enterprise,

in
and
which the necessity

this
for
it
was impressed upon him.

Majesty that would
He was
told of the great service to his
be secured by doing
work,
in
words which would have
moved even an enemy, and would have put courage into a coward, how much more into a knight who had been ennobled and enriched by the royal hand of your Majesty. But all was not sufficient to make him do his duty, or to
undertake that which every well-born
man would have

;
looked upon as great good fortune to be entrusted with

well as an
as
honour and a
felicity to
be given the chance of
risking a thousand lives, one after the other, to serve your
Majesty.
All this was not enough to

will.
move
his torpid
and
of
shameless
He was
silent
with those
who spoke
the enterprise, but he was ready to eat and to dance with
those
who
advised him to return.
He was mute
letter
on the
subject of fighting at sea, but he
became a
talker on shore.
His
final
answer respecting your Majesty's

Strait,
was that
he did not want to go to the
but to return to Spain,
making an excuse that he wanted to turn the five lame Frenchmen out of Paraiba. Your Majesty ordered a letter which Bernardino de Mendoza had written to your Majesty from England to be shown to Pedro Sarmiento, respecting the intentions of Francis Drake when he entered the Strait but Diego Flores would not show it, saying plainly that he did not wish to show it, and that it was not necessary.
;
282

that
it
Your Majesty remarked
was reported,
in the
Royal
Council of the Indies, that letters of Pedro Sarmiento from
Cape Verde had not been received, though the letters of Diego Flores and others had come to hand. It was suggested that the cause was some difference between Diego Flores and Pedro Sarmiento, and that this ought not to be, because it was prejudicial to the service, almost hinting that the letters of Pedro Sarmiento must have been hidden by Diego Flores, as was the case, and desiring that there should be no differences nor disputes. From the clerk who saw this affair, Diego Flores took an oath and ordered that
he should say nothing to Pedro Sarmiento until they had
left
the port, whence he understood that the packet which
Pedro Sarmiento wrote to your Majesty, and to your
Royal Council of the Indies, had been left behind, which was of much importance. If by chance it should ever reach the hands of your Majesty it will show how Santiago
may
be
defended, for
it
contains
many
secrets
touching the lay of the land, and the means of fortifying
and defending the beach, and other things very much

the liking of your
royal estate.
to
Majesty, and for the benefit of the
Pedro Sarmiento remained on board, waiting

Majesty, for there were
for
Diego
Flores to change his views owing to the letter of your
now
provisions, ships,
men, and
trouble
munitions to enable him to persevere, with a
little
and constancy.
The Admiral, Don Diego de

to visit him,
la
Ribera,
came on board
and said that Diego Flores was
making the excuse that he was going to turn out the Frenchmen who had joined the negroes at Paraiba. This was no part of his duty, and contrary to his orders. Besides, the settlers of Pernambuco were able to cope with the few Frenchmen who remained, as
resolved to return to Spain,
they eventually did
while his departure would cause great
mischief throughout Peru and in the Strait, the
harm
that

was caused being irremediable.
283
Pedro Sarmiento said
that he wished to speak again with Diego Flores, and ask
him whether his Majesty had ordered him to return, for if not he was unable to believe that one who had received so many royal favours as Diego Flores could have so little gratitude and loyalty, nor how he could dare to appear in
ihm royal presence after having turned his face from carrying out the wishes of your Majesty.
fore, believe
He
could not, there-
but that Diego Flores must have secret orders

if this
to return,
his
and
was
so,
he desired to know whether
Majesty intended him to return or to remain, because

is,
he was, as he
so attached to the service of your Majesty
that nothing could possibly

to the royal pleasure
:
make him wish
to act contrary
even exerting himself beyond his
powers, as he had always done and intended to do in every
way until God had
his life's end, or until the
end of many
said,
lives if
given them.
Diego Flores had
however,
that your Majesty
had not ordered him

the enterprise more
to return, but
rather to prosecute
zealously than
was resolved to return, contrary to Pedro Sarmiento urged Diego de la Ribera to counsel Diego Flores to comply with his obligation and not to act so ignominiously against his
ever
;
nevertheless, he
your Majesty's orders.
honour, for he might take
it
as very certain that such con-
duct would affect his honour and quiet in Spain, as well in

the opinion of your Majesty as of
all
noble and honourable

it
men.
Diego de
la
Ribera answered that

all
would be
preaching in the desert, that he had put

into the
such things
bag behind,^ and that he would go before the wind
to Spain.
He added
that Pedro Sarmiento would not be
moved, that they were both of one mind, and that they
would complete the enterprise together.
On
hearing this Pedro
Sarmiento answered
"
How
"Alforja trasera."
284
can this be
ordered
to give
if
SARMIENTO STILL STEADFAST.

Diego Flores returns to Spain.
His Majesty
me to accompany and attend upon Diego Flores him help and advice in the undertaking, as I have
done, and
of
am
ready to do with the help of

In this
I
God
to the best
my
abilities.
will
not
fail
until
my
death, for
I
know
would
which
that his Majesty puts his trust in me,
and
cannot
forfeit his confidence, for neither
my
birth nor
my
position
suffer
me
to
do otherwise.
I
In conformity with the
order of your Majesty

I
have complied with
my
orders
received in writing, and which are to

go.
If
I
accompany
him wherever he may

returned, the reply
is
should be asked
I
why
clear
and brief
have only to say

I
that
have
strictly
obeyed orders throughout, and now

in
have done the same
whose orders
in all things.
coming with my captain under am placed, and to whom I owe obedience

it is
As
not for well born gentlemen to use
prevaricating or misleading words with
any one, how much less with princes, I have to explain the reason as I see and know it, which is the will of my King and natural Lord, whom, apart from God's commands, I love far more than For your Majesty myself, as your Majesty is my witness.
has seen
me
set out to
perform your
that
I
will
an
infinite
num-
ber of times, in a
way
would not work
for myself,
nor for anything else in the world.

so
Now
Diego Flores, and

I,
many
others,
have
fallen
all
away, but
the
rest,
with the help of
ever,
God, though weaker than and each hour I feel

completed.
have more zeal than
my
will
more ready and
my
de-
termination more
is
firm to persevere until this undertaking

will
The limbs
all
take example
when
duty
the
head changes, and
will
have a good excuse by saying

I
my
leader turned his face away, and
did
my
in
following
him
but the same

his
men
will
condemn
their
Yet if Diego Flores captain, should want to go without orders from your Majesty, I will not do so until I have done all that I possibly can, and
seeing
inconstancy.
SARMIENTO FORCED TO LAND.

more, towards carrying out the service
the royal will."
in
285
compliance with
After
this,
Diego de
la
Ribera
left
the ship, and gave an
account of what had been said to Diego Flores,
who would
Instead, he
not even then hold communication with Pedro Sarmiento,

fearing that he
would persuade him to
go.
obliged
Pedro Sarmiento to
land almost with violence,
together with the
munitions for the Strait which your
Majesty had
sent,
which Pedro Sarmiento had secured

all
in
San Vicente, turning them

Sarmiento, although
in
out on the beach.
Pedro
conformity with general usage he
might have
left
them
to perish, because
Diego Flores was

at seeing
responsible for them, yet,
moved by sorrow
such
disorder and waste, and neglect of duty, he collected and
guarded them as
if
they had been precious brocades instead
of a few bales of cloth and canvas.
As soon
as Pedro
Sarmiento had landed, which was

touching at Bahia on the way.
what Diego Flores

did this without any
wanted, he published his intention of proceeding to Spain,
He
communication with Pedro Sarmiento, who, speaking with
Don Diego de
Alcega, requested him to speak to Diego

the phantasm from
his
Flores and remove
brain.
Don
if
Diego made the attempt, and even proposed to go with

Pedro Sarmiento to the
there
Strait, offering
8,000 ducats
was want of money, which he and his friends could Diego Flores quarrelled with him and refused to produce.
discuss
it,
as
if it
had been an
the
la
fleet.
insult,
and
this
was well
known throughout
On
this,
Diego de
stores
Ribera came to
tell
Pedro Sarmiento
five
that, if
he intended to remain, he would stay also with
vessels,
some
and provisions, and people

Strait.
to proceed
with the settlement of the
The
did,
fortifications,
he
thought, could not be undertaken.

that he

because what he
must consider well what he
undertook must be carried out.
He
said that the forts
286
PROTEST OF SARMIENTO
must not be given up, because they were intended by his Majesty to close the passage. Although the settlement
was of great importance
to supply the forts
and to keep the
peace and convert the natives, yet the main object had
been and must be to prevent the passage by the enemies of
God and
of your Majesty
although Diego Flores had not

fortify the Strait in
complied with the orders to

to the will of
obedience
your Majesty.
He made
the royal
this reply,
and as Diego de
la
Ribera said no
more, Pedro Sarmiento, in order further to try and have

to see Diego Flores at Having saluted him apart, and the two being Sarmiento once more strove to induce him to remain
his orders,
commands obeyed, went
his lodging.
alone,
and obey
tions.
speaking
in a friendly
way.
He
gave
him many
reasons
why he ought
to carry out his instruc-
The
reply he gave was that Pedro Sarmiento ought
not to say such things, that he
knew what was
right, that
he was not bound to give an account of the course he took,
and that he would

subject.
go,
and would not say more on the
On
a
full
hearing this precious answer, Pedro Sarmiento
made
demand
in a
loud voice and also in writing before

;
witnesses and a royal notary
the purport of which was,
couched
in respectful language, that
Diego Flores ought
not to abandon nor to discourage the enterprise nor to

return to Spain before he had carried out your Majesty's
orders in the Strait, explaining the benefits from doing the
work, and the
evil results
of abandoning
it
and returning
to
Spain, also pointing out the uselessness of going to Bahia,

as he
would not be able

sail to
to
go
to Paraiba that year, while
he could easily
the Strait, and do anything that was

;
necessary in Brazil on his return

Strait
moreover, to go to the
was
for
his duty,
and the other business was only an

if
excuse
It
not complying with his obligations.
was further urged that
he went away,
all
the best
AGAINST THE DESERTION OF DIEGO FLORES.
28/
and most enterprising men in the expedition, and even those who wished to do their duty, would be disheartened and would wish to go with him, under colour of following
their leader, while
it
would be impossible
for
those
who
remained to do the work, as they would be poor, bare

footed,
and naked.
this protest,
Having made
Pedro Sarmiento placed

In answer to
it,
it
in
the hands of Diego Flores.
Diego Flores
gave a banquet to the notary, Pedro de Rada, who was his
He delayed two making a written answer, and he did not dare to have it delivered to Pedro Sarmiento until he had embarked. After he had gone on board he sent it. In substance it was to the effect that it was not the duty of Diego Flores to give an account of his proceedings to Pedro Sarmiento, that he knew what it was proper to do, and would give an account to your Majesty which seemed
lawyer, and to his trading accomplices.
days
in
almost equivalent to saying that
he had orders from

the Captain
your Majesty to return to Spain.
When
Diego Flores was ready to
sail,
Cubierta arrived at Rio de Janeiro from the river Plate, with

his ship cut
down
to the second deck.
This was one of
three ships which took

people.
Don Alonso
de Sotomayor and his
He
brought the news that the other two ships
had been
visions.
lost,
and that Don Alonso had sold the
stores
intended for the Strait, in exchange for horses and pro-
This ship brought some pieces of
artillery
be-
longing to the others, and presently

to rights
and make them as
we began to put them good as new for service in the

tried to find
expedition, for which purpose they were afterwards used.

It
must here be observed that Diego Flores

for his
an excuse
conduct
in a letter of
Don
Bernardino de
by your Majesty, but the simplest person in the world would see that it was no defence and only material for laughter. It was that Don
sent out
Mendoza which was
288
INCORRECT INFORMATION FROM

in
Bernardino de Mendoza,^ your Majesty's ambassador
England, had collected some particulars from men who
had been with Drake
in the Strait.
He
;
said that they
had
given him to understand that Drake had not
come out
by the same channel that he entered but that he had mouth in 52 30' S. and gone out by that of San Julian, there being many openings and chanentered by the great
nels forming islands.
On
this
Pedro Sarmiento replied to

with clear proofs and
your Majesty, refuting

from
his
this story
own experience and

its
that of his companions with
the greatest possible diligence, and afterwards he did more,

as will appear in
place.
Four years afterwards,
dis-
cussing this point in Paris with the same
he made
this reply to
Pedro Sarmiento.
Don He
Bernardino,
said that he
had not understood, and he believed that the information

he obtained was misleading.
It is
not to be wondered at
that piratical thieves should always vary their statements,
because they use no judgment in what they do, and cannot
keep to the same story afterwards.

explained
in the report
I
All this
is
satisfactorily
sent with the captain,

in the
Don Juan
de Pazos from Rio de Janeiro,

Flores returned.
year 1583, when Diego

to get hold of the
Diego Flores
tried
report at Bahia, through third persons, that his proceedings
might be unknown.
charge of the Bishop of Brazil, that
But Don Juan de Pazos left it in it might not be stolen
from him by his shipmates who were accomplices of Diego

Flores.
One
thing alone suffices for an answer to the
Bernardino de Mendoza was a son of Don Alonso de MenConde de Corufia, by a niece of the great Cardinal Cisneros. He came to England as Ambassador in 1578, with very conciliatory When Drake returned in 1580, Mendoza demanded a instructions. Elizabeth was determined not to give it restoration of his plunder. up; and other differences arose. In 1585 Mendoza was ordered to leave England, and in the same year became ambassador at Paris.
1
Don
doza,
He
either misunderstood his informants about Drake's track in the
Straits of
Magellan, or was deceived by them.
DON BERNARDINO DE MENDOZA.

statement
in
289
It
is
the letter of
Don
Bernardino.
that
Francis Drake, after he entered the Strait and passed out

into the South Sea, never returned to it} For he went to Maluco and by the usual route of the Cape of Good Hope, by
which the ships of Portugal return from India. This being the case it cannot be said he returned by that or
any other mouth of the Strait. Another fact is equally conclusive, which is that the port of San Julian is a bay without any channel, but only a little river of sweet water and two islands in the middle. Wintering there until
August, Drake made
sail
again into the North Sea and
went to the entrance by the Cape of Virgins, to which he
same North Sea. Hence he cannot either have entered or gone out by San For both mouths, both that which he entered by Julian. the Cape of Virgins, and that by which he went out into
"
gave the name of
Good
Success",'^ in the
South Sea by the Cape Deseado, and the port which

called the
Bay of Mercy, and Drake

:
the
Bay of
is in
Safety, are
in 52" 30' S.
while the Port of San Julian
43 S.
at
Further, Magellan,^ Loaisa,* and

But Captain Winter,
This
Simon de Alcazaba,^
home by
in
the Elizabeth, returned
the
Strait.
2
Edward
^
Cliffe,
name is not given in the narratives of Drake's voyage. who wrote the narrative of Captain Winter's voyage in
it
the Elizabeth, called
"
Cape
Victoria".
It was at Port San Julian that Magellan suppressed a mutiny, by assassinating one captain, quartering the bodies of other mutineers, and abandoning others on the beach. * Garcia Jofre de Loaisa and Sebastian del Cano, with six ships and a pinnace, sailed from Spain in 1525, and passed through the Strait of Magellan, but did not touch at Port San Julian, according to Herrera {Dec. Ill, Lib. vii, cap. v and vi), nor, according to the report of Andres de Urdaneta, who was on board (Munoz MSS.). ^ Simon de Alcazaba was a Portuguese in the Spanish service. He left Spain in 1534 with two ships, but he does not appear to have touched at Port San Julian, either in the account of the voyage given by Herrera, or in the narrative written by the notary, Alonso Vehedor, on board, which was preserved in the Munoz MSS., and since printed,
From
April
to
August
1520.
290
different times,
ERRONEOUS STATEMENTS
having been
in the
in
the
Strait
making
If a
it,
dis-
coveries,
were also
Port of San Julian.
channel
thus
had existed
Strait
to the other sea, they

losses.
would have used

I
saving distance, time, and
traversed the whole

if
by
sea, a great deal
by
land,
and
there had been
any channel coming from the North Sea from the north, I must have found it. But it is certain that the largest river
I
found
in the
extent of a hundred leagues could be passed
over with lances crossed to serve as a bridge.

reason
I
For
this
called one the " River of the Lances",

first
which enters
built.
the bay at the
narrow where the
forts
were to be
This being
so, as
Diego Flores saw the chart of Don

pirate,
Bernardino showing the information respecting the he wanted to use

it
as a shield for his delinquencies, saying
that Pedro Sarmiento had not
had
seen.
He
told this to persons
come out by the mouth he who did not understand

this is the other foolish
navigation, not to those
who
;
sailed with Sarmiento, but to
people ignorant of the sea

thing he
and
made
use of to sharpen his knife.
The
fact
is
that Pedro Sarmiento, in his report, gave the latitude of
the
mouth of the
Strait at 52 30' S.
The day
that Diego of the
Flores and Pedro Sarmiento were at the

Strait,
mouth
on the 7th of February,

fleet,
all
the masters and pilots
of the
as well as Pedro Sarmiento, took the sun
and
made
the latitude of the
entrance
52
30'
S.
exactly.
Diego Flores, although he took

did not
the^ astrolabe in his
hand,
know
either
how
to take the altitude or to
make
the calculation, nor could he plot his position on the chart
any more than if he had never been Further, if Diego Flores, having
to sea in his
ill
life.
will
towards Pedro
Sarmiento, thought that the opening he saw was not the
one through which Sarmiento had passed, how was

five ships, arrived there
it
that
afterwards Pedro Sarmiento and Diego de la Ribera, with
and entered by that very mouth,
and that
later a single ship
came
there and navigated as
OF DIEGO FLORES.
far
291
as
Point
Santa Ana, where Pedro Sarmiento had

sailing directions supplied
estabhshed the settlement of FeHpe, without any pilot or
any guide but the chart and

Pedro Sarmiento
the ashes of the
;
by
finding on the
same point the
cross
planted there by Pedro Sarmiento and Anton Pablos, and
wood they
burnt, as well as a dagger lost
by one of the soldiers, the cross at the river of San Juan, and all the old signs and relics, as will be mentioned in
the proper place.
Your Majesty already has a
report of
these proceedings, which Pedro Sarmiento sent from Per-
nambuco and the bay of San Mateo in Brazil, in 1584. Thus it is easy to expose the feeble attempt that Diego Flores made to excuse the serious fault with which his
reputation
is
stained.
Truly accurate statements should be
made
which
to princes, otherwise ignorance should be confessed,

is
better than attempting to defend our faults with
inventions.
Pedro Sarmiento would have been well

Flores, saying that he
satisfied if
Diego
would report what had occurred, had
done so
in reality,
because your Majesty would then have
been well served.
But avoiding further disputes, Pedro
Sarmiento sent to say that as Diego Flores was abandoning his duty and departing, he ought to leave on shore the
people,
munitions, and
necessary stores,
especially
the
pieces of artillery, powder, lead, arquebuses, muskets, and

all
that was intended for the Strait,
and that what was
wanting should be supplemented from the stores brought

out by
Don Diego de
and
it
Alcega.
But
it
was
like
preaching
in the desert, for
he carried off a thousand things intended
for the Strait,
was even necessary
for
Pedro Sar-
miento to send and get out of the Capztana, ten small

cannons, after she was over three leagues at sea.
What
Diego Flores said
to
Diego de
la
Ribera when he departed,

but that Pedro
was that there were to be no Sarmiento was only to make
fortifications,
his settlement.
This shows
T 2
292
FINAL DESERTION
by him and by others never which was to fortify.
to
the care that was taken
obey
your Majesty's order,
Diego Flores
best men,
finally sailed
from Rio de Janeiro with the
and the greater part of the stores and provisions

passage home, without taking leave of Pedro
brought out by Diego de Alcega, and with the best ships
merely
for the
Sarmiento or saying a single word to him, nor to the
Governor on shore, going as joyfully as

triumphant
in
if
he had been
the greatest victories that ever were won.

at
He
left
Pedro Sarmiento
Rio ready to die
in
the service
of your Majesty and in carrying out the royal wishes, and
Diego de
officials
la
Ribera with 300 soldiers,the
settlers
and some
who had remained.
Altogether there were 500

settlers,
persons large and small, seamen and soldiers, and
besides 30 servants of the house of Pedro Sarmiento
who
were resolute men.
Pedro Sarmiento sent a special report to your Majesty and to your Royal Council of the Indies by the Captain
Pazos, as has already been stated. As Pedro Sarmiento had been robbed of the clothing for the settlers, he wrote to Manuel Tellez Barreto, Governor of Brazil,
Don Juan de
whom your Majesty ordered Pedro Sarmiento to keep good correspondence, and him with Sarmiento as well as to Cristobal de Barrios, your Majesty's purveyor at Bahia,
with
;
that the people might be succoured
who were
pieces
to proceed to
the
Strait.
He
asked for some

to cover the
of cloth, baize,
and other things

settlers.
nakedness of soldiers and
For among the other good things that Diego Flores did as a servant of your Majesty, and for the good of the expedition was that, being aware of the robberies
and
losses of the stores, the
most robust and best dressed

especially
it
soldiers were taken away.
More
was arranged
that those
who had
clothes from the royal stores should
not go to the Strait.

miserable,
All these were taken, while the lean,

left
weak and naked, were
with their flesh so
OF DIEGO FLORES.
exposed that
against
it
293
to think
was misery
to see
them and
what
they had suffered.
Those who were left cried to God Diego Flores and against those who were his
accomplices.
At
the time of his departure Diego Flores did a fine
piece of work.
The
best officers
and soldiers came to
volunteer their services to Pedro Sarmiento, for the service

of the Strait, like honourable men.
When Diego
Flores
heard
it
he was so annoyed that he put some
in prison,
abused others with bitter words, and afterwards promised
them
them
them made captains in Spain, and to enrich Then he went from ship " to ship, crying, I will reward you and clothe you in Spain, and they will leave you to die in the Strait like do^s." In
all
to get
in
the career of the Indies.
this
way he seduced many who had

Even
after
it
already agreed to
remain.
to
was settled about those who were

dressed and
remain, because there were a few well
healthy, he himself
came to the ships and took them out, much against their own wishes. Even among the settlers he carried off some clandestinely. If a soldier came to him
and
said, 'T
want to return with your worship", he praised
and rewarded him, saying he would make a gentleman of

him, as
if
he had merited a civic crown for having liberated
some
left
citizen or city.
In this condition the General Diego Flores de Valdes us naked, hungry, and unprovided with necessaries,
while through his orderly arrangement, constancy and intelligence, his
that had
Majesty.^
own ships were well laden, and the purses come empty were full of the money of your Those who were intended by your Majesty to
Diego Flores de Valdes, who was a native of Gijon in Asturias, from Rio on June 2nd, 1583. It would naturally be supposed that, after such gross misconduct and such a display of incapacity, Uiego Flores received his deserts on his return to Spain. But this was far from having been the case and the reason appears to have
^
sailed
294
FINAL DESERTION
be supplied with provisions and money, were left often without a skin but they were not stripped of courage to
;
consume what was
left
of
life
to
fulfil
the royal wishes,
with the favour of our Lord God, without which it is not possible to do any good thing. Pedro Sarmiento wrote further to the Governor and
purveyor at Bahia,
for a
supply of tar for the ships that

sails,
were
left
behind, and for canvas for the
using for this
purpose the money of your Majesty that remained.
For
Diego Flores
de
la
left
a certain quantity, very
little,
with Diego
Ribera, to
buy
tar
necessaries for the ships during the
time of wintering, until December.
Of
this,
the greater part
was sent
to
buy
and other
things.
The Governor and

tar.
Factor, in compliance with the request of Pedro Sarmiento,
provided some cloth and baize, and the

instead of increasing, reduced the
Diego Flores,
the
sum that was left, and money which Alonso de Alas brought was taken again, when a receipt had been given for it. This was the fine help
been that he was so fortunate as to perform what was held
service at Parayba, before leaving the coast of Brazil.
to be
good
Some French
ships were getting in a lading of
dye-wood
at
Parayba, where Diego
Flores succeeded in burning three and sinking two.

five
He thus destroyed
and
re-
French
ships, fortified
Parayba
to resist future attacks,
turned to Spain with his

sufficient
fleet richly laden.
These
services were of
and the
Strait
importance to secure his misconduct respecting Sarmiento being condoned. He even appears to have been taken
In the Invincible
into favour.
Flores received comand was captain of the fleet and adviser to the Duke of Medina Sidonia on board the flag-ship {Duro, He was jealous of his cousin Pedro de Valdes, who comi, p. 43). manded the squadron of Andalusia, and when that officer was in danger, Diego Flores refused to succour him. For this disgraceful conduct he was censured even by the servants on board his own ship. When the Duke shut himself up in his cabin, Diego Flores was left in command. More by good luck than by good management the flagship reached the coast of Spain at Santander. Diego Flores at length got his deserts. He was proceeded against for leaving Pedro de Valdes to his fate, and was confined in the castle of Burgos, He remained in prison until January 1590 {Duro, ii, p. 513).
Armada Diego
mand
of the squadron of Castille,
OF DIEGO FLORES;
he
left for us, ^îvlng
295
as an excuse that he
had taken
it
to
maintain the soldiers.
The maintenance ho gave them was
by thirty at a time. The best remained in the city of Bahia, where there was plenty of biscuit and flour. One man, named Pedro de Arcea, borrowed 5,000 ducats in food and money, with
a death by hunger, insomuch that they fled
other persons
Flores treated
who
there sustained themselves, and Diego

it
them so badly that

In
all
was thought they

estate of
would
rise
against him.
this the
your
as
Majesty received much injury,

sold the royal
for there
they robbed and

;
property more shamefully than here

for
Pedro Sarmiento knew,

your Majesty
in
he saw pieces with the mark of

there.
in
Bahia when he was
One
thing ought not to be passed over
silence, as
proving the things already mentioned, with regard to what
happened
sent
at the island of
Santa Catalina when Diego Flores

Concepcion^
the three ships Almiranta^
and Begofla
These same ships went on from that time, which was in February, throughout that year, and when they v/ere taken to Spain
they were the best
intention
is
back, on the pretext that they were unseaworthy.
in
the
fleet.^
From
this his sinister
proved,
when he
left
them behind,
his
only
object being to oblige Pedro Sarmiento, seeing the ships
and
is
settlers left behind, to
agree to return to Spain.
This
most clearly proved.

In Bahia the friends of
Diego Flores sold the powder,
wine, provisions, and anything purchasers wanted to

for low prices, as things that
buy
had cost them
little.
Touch-
ing other matters, and what occurred at Bahia,

it
is
not for
me
to
Pernambuco and be the narrator. I relate what
should be
known
with reference to our
own expedition and
our work.
1 He must mean the A/nnranfa and Concepa'on, sunk by the English,
for the Betôna
was-
296
THOSE WHO REMAINED,
IV.
The
Settleinents in the Straits.
Pedro Sarmiento and Diego de

sail
la
Ribera, with their
people, remained at Rio Janeiro, waiting for the season to
southwards.
las
With them were

to
the Captains Gregorio
de
Alas^ and Pedro Avendano,^ and Alonso de las
Alas,^
who went
Bahia as Accountant.
Two
of the
captains appointed to serve in the Strait had been drowned
with the Arriola.
The
fort.
other two were Andres de

left at
Viedma
as
and Pedro Iniguez.

in
Another had been
San Vicente
charge of the
Francisco Garces,
who came
Treasurer, and
Geronimo de Heredia, the Accountant,
were also at San Vicente.
Out of
the twelve Friars sent
by your Majesty, only two remained, the Commissary, Fray Amador, and his companion, Torreblanca. Of the others, Don Alonso de Sotomayor took some by force, and and some fled at Santa Catalina and came with the ships
that were
left
at
San Vicente.
They had
all
mutinied
through the instigations of Diego Flores and the Treasurer

Garcia.
Pedro Sarmiento saw the nakedness of the

tried to
soldiers,
and
remedy the
evil
and to cover the bodies of the
1
'^
He
went out as Captain of the

out in
Co7tcepcion.
Domingo Martinez de Avendano, Maria Magdaleita. ^ There were three other captains of this name Oregorio of the Concepcion ; Pero Estevan, who had the Esperaiiza when she was lost in Cadiz Bay and " Estevan", who commanded the San Estevan
This must be a mistake for
who went
command
of the frigate
Alonso was doubtless one of the family. He was a half brother of the Admiral Diego de la Ribera, and left Spain as captain of the Alniiranta San Juan Bauttsta,
de Soroa.
TREPARATIONS FOR THE ENTERPRISE.
297
been saved from the

hose,
most necessitous with some old pieces of cloth that had stores, also giving them shirts and
and buying
hides with
which
they could
make
to the
sandals for themselves. glory of
Thus a remedy was found,

;
God and thanks to your Majesty for with the royal clothing much damaged but carefully kept, they became joyful, consoled, and pleased, praying to God for
start.
your Majesty, and saying that they were ready to

stout, healthy,
Their rations were regularly served out and they became
to
and contented. Pedro Sarmiento also sent San Vicente for the settlers who had been left there, and
all
almost
came.
They
also were lodged
and cared
for
by
the inhabitants of the city, while the Governor and citizens

assisted
them and
also gave help to the ships.
There were
only missing three or four families of settlers
seduced by the Friars and by Garri, the

left in
officer
who had been who was
charge of the
fort.
As he had been
Diego Flores, that vinegar remained.

Friars were true.
talked over by Only two of the
One was named Antonio

Geronimo
Portugues.
All
Rodriguez,
the others
and
the
other
mutinied against their obedience to their CommissaryGeneral, and

the
wishes and orders of your

in the world,
Majesty,
without the slightest occasion
except the
example of Diego Flores, and other little matters, which for the honour of the habit of the blessed and seraphic
St.
Francis
it
is
not decent to mention in public.
All
these inconveniences
and innumerable others show the kind of constancy of Diego Flores and his followers, who were loud enough in peace, which was on shore, and were
dumb
The
flour
during war, which

cloths
is
being at
sea.
and
tar
having arrived from Bahia, and some
meat from San Vicente, the vessels were and we embarked. Pedro Sarmiento settlers with some calves and goats, and embarked the some sheep, plants of fruit trees, vines, and garden vegeand
salt
caulked and
refitted,
298
TROUBLE WITH THE FRIARS.

and seeds of
all
tables to cultivate,
kinds.
We
sailed
from
Rio de Janeiro with

1583, having
for
five vessels^
on the 2nd of December
bought tools
for the fortifications,
and paid
everything with money,
took two Friars, the one

the other Geronimo.
down to the bed clothes. We named Antonio Rodriguez, and

his
For the Commissary, and
com-
panion Friar Martin, had mutinied and refused to embark.

This was contrary to the provision of your Majesty, and
the others had mutinied nihilomimis.
issued against the other Friars
commission was
at
who had remained
San
Vicente, and were four in number.
Having
had been
arrived at Santos and
San Vicente, Pedro Sarsettlers

fled
miento went on shore, and embarked some

left
who
there.
Three of the Friars
into the
interior, leaving
one named Geronimo,
whom
Pedro Sar-
miento asked,
he presently
for the love of
God, to go on board, which

Friar,
did.
He
also
begged another
named
the
Bartolome,^ with urgent prayers, to
make
the voyage as he
in
had come out on that duty, and wanted nothing

of clothing, shoes,
office.
way
and provisions, and the
ecclesiastical
But the more he was asked, the more he would

Pedro Sarmiento requested him to turn
for a day,
it
not come.
in his
over
mind
and
and besought him

in
to
show charity
with his two
to us
to the service of
God by going
companions, that we might not be
want of confessors
and ministers of the holy sacraments. Meanwhile, Pedro Sarmiento discovered the ornaments of the church which
the other Friars, Juan de Carvajal and Amador, had sold,
being the property of your Majesty.
He
recovered the
silver.
ornaments complete, with the
altars
and chalices of
Then
returning to Friar Bartolome to entreat him to go on
board, he found that he did not wish to embark, although
'
The Maria, Trinidad, San/a

Bartolome de Benalcazar.
Cafa/ina, Magdalcfui, and anotlier.
-'
AT LENGTH THEY REACH THE STRAIT.

he had given his word to do
linen
rest,
so.
299
He had
a large supply of
and cloth which had been given

for.
to him, as to the
Commissary had made off with a quantity of money which had been given to him at They Seville by order of his Majesty for the use of all. had wasted and sold many pieces of cloth that had been brought for habits, as well as damask for chasubles. The commissary pocketed the money and spent it. They had also been given numerous presents of flour, bacon, and
the vo)age, and the
other food during the voyage, which they sold and kept
the
money
with which to escape to other parts, leaving the
road which was pointed out by their duty to your Majesty.
Out of reverence
for his habit
Pedro Sarmiento did not
wish to compel Friar Bartolome to come on board, although
he had the power to take that course.

of everything, so the commission was
But
use
this
Friar
returned to the lodging of Pedro Sarmiento making a joke
made
of,
and he
was ordered
in
to
embark.
The
Friar was alarmed and went
a canoe to the Capitana} with the other two monks,
which pleased the
people
on board
for
Having finished the shipment of the flour some pipes of wine, we got under weigh
good reasons. and meat, and

for the
Strait,
with the favour of God, on the 8th of December.

Sailing with fair winds and fine weather, thanks be to
God, we arrived at the entrance of the

fication of
Strait,
without acci-
dent, on the 1st of February 1584, the
day of the Puritide,
our Lady.
Entering with wind and
and
even on the same tide without stopping, we reached the

first
narrow and passed

in
it,
not without some satisfaction.
Being
the second bay between the
Cape of San Gregorio

latter,
us,
and the said narrow, four leagues beyond the

tide turned
the
and the current began to be against
which
Not the San
Cristoval.
She had been taken by Diego Flores.
This new Capitana appears to have been the Trinidad.
300
SHIPS STRAINING AT THEIR ANCHORS.
obliged us to anchor, to wait until the next flood, being
unable to proceed
in
opposition to
it.
One
at
of the frigates
towed a large boat which we had bought
Rio
for use in
examining and surveying the
Strait
and
for other purposes.
As
the frigate turned to keep her head to the current, the
boat was caught under the counter and could not be

cleared,
and with the pitching of the
frigate she
was torn
to pieces.
The men
in
the boat escaped on board, losing
their clothes.
After this the tidal current increased so that the cables
The Indians, who had seen made such a smoke that it concealed sea and land. Then the wind came down from the snowy mountains with
were strained to the utmost.
us,
great
force
and, combined with the current, the
cables
parted, so that the other anchors
had to be
let go.
Such
was the straining and pitching of the ships on

that no one could keep his feet, and they
all
their cables
believed that
all
the ships would go to pieces and that they would

lost.
be
One
frigate parted her second
cable and she was
carried
by wind and
current, under bare poles, into the
narrow.
The
ship
Trinidad, with
Pedro Sarmiento on
board, was in the part of the channel where the current was
most
furious,
and consequently laboured more than the

Consequently
including
others, being larger and heavier, and more loaded with
people, artillery and stores.
all,
the master and pilot,
bemoaned
their fate, believing that
they must all be lost. Their terror was such that some of them confessed, thinking they must perish. The captain wanted to cut the cable and run out of the Strait, but Pedro Sarmiento prevented it, seeing that it was half-tide. The
Captain Zubieta^ persisted
in
his desire to cut, so

in
so,
Pedro
Sarmiento gave him an order

Majesty that he should not do
writing on the part of his
pointing out the mischief
Martin de Zubieta, Captain of the Trinidad,
DRIFTED OUT WITH THE CURRENT.

of having
3OI
come here to make a settlement and being driven

Pedro Sarmiento restrained him, there being
out by force.
neither reason nor justice in cutting the cable.
Such was
the terror with which Diego Flores had infected those under
his
command
that this
man
trembled, although he was a
Biscayan, one of a nation which consists of resolute and
experienced
sailors.
In this state of things they cut the

it
had parted owing to the force of the current. We were left to drift, and began to take a turn towards the narrow, though Pedro Sarmiento worked so as to make tacks until the flood began, which would be
cable, pretending that
in
two hours,
for the
bay was
;
clear,
and there were ten

pilot,
leagues from shore to shore

sailors
but the
captain,
and
ship.
were so amazed that they could not work the

time we were twenty-two leagues within the
arrive there in an hour
is
At
this
Strait,
and three leagues from the Cape of San Gregorio, so that
we should
ing,
and
a-half, the tide help-
where there
secure anchorage, and where

first
we
could
unload and establish the

the
fort,
settlement and begin to build
there being
many
conveniences, good land, water,
and wood, and natives
at a league's distance.
Maria} with Diego de la Ribera and Anton Pablos on board was there, anchored near the shore, so
ship that she
The
had
less strain
more than
one.
on her cables although she parted She and the other frigate had the means
;
of repairing damages.
Presently the other frigate parted
her cable, and, turning into the narrow, she encountered

the current
when
half through
it.
strong that with the foresail hoisted
The stream was so she could not make
half a quarter of league during the whole night, with the
wind whistling
in
the
sail.
In the morning of the 4th of
February we passed the narrow, and the ship Maria, with

the other frigate, parted cables and
came out of the narrow,

Maria
de Castro.
Her
full
name was
the Santa
302
SARMIENTO LANDS
in the
heaving to
wide
part, fourteen leagues short of the
capes at the entrance.
Diego de
to
la
Ribera and Anton
Pablos were here able to communicate with Pedro Sarmiento.
He
told
them
go back with the
tide,
and
if
unable to pass the rapid again owing to a contrary wind,

that
we should anchor
forts
in the
bay
to the north of the rapid,
where the
were to be
built, at a
to.
distance of a league
from where the ships were hove

westerly wind that
This they did.
Com-
ing to the narrow channel we were met by such a fresh

it
was impossible to enter or pass on so
as to anchor in the bay.
Two more
fell
off,
attempts were made,
but each time the ships

of the Strait.
and were carried out
Pedro Sarmiento turned once more to speak with the
two
officers.
Seeing the unfavourable weather, and that
their cables
were nearly expended,
in
order not to lose
more
the
time,
and as the people were becoming sad and

at the first entrance of the Strait,
despondent, they agreed to anchor under the low land of
Cape of Virgins,
and
fourteen leagues from the narrow.
Pedro Sarmiento went
on shore to reconnoitre and, with the favour of God, they
anchored on the
boats out.
fifth
of February, and at once got the
Pedro Sarmiento then went on shore with

las
Captain Gregorio de
Alas and Anton Pablos.
Sar-
miento carried a great cross on his shoulder, with which,

in the
name
of the most
Holy
Trinity, he
jumped on
land,
and the others
after him, with eight arquebusiers.
With
the cross on high they went on their knees and recited
a Te Deuin laudainus}
Coming
to a large plain clothed
with odoriferous and consoling herbs, and putting his hand
on
his sword,
he solemnly took possession
for
your Majesty
In the
Pernambuco Report he gives the names
of the witnesses
Captain Gregorio de las Alas, Pilot Anton Requena, Gonzalo de Reyna, Juan de Osuna.
Pablos,
Hernando de
y\ND
TAKES POSSESSION.
303
Castille
and your
and Leon,
grass,
heirs
and successors to the crowns of
in the
name
of the most
Holy
Trinity, Father
Son, and Holy Ghost.
In sign of possession he cut the
moved
stones,
and made a great heap of stones with

Presently he planted the
his shoulders,
his hands, the others helping.
cross
which he had borne on
and they sang

a white
the
hymn
of Crux Vexilla Regis.
They placed
as a banner,
cloth he
had brought on the cross
making the
complete instrument of possession to secure the right of
your Majesty.
This having been done, Captain Gregorio de
las
Alas
wanted Pedro Sarmiento

replied
to return to the ships
and report
what had been done to Diego de la Ribera.

:
Pedro Sarmiento
"Sir Captain, for the glory of God, until now, so long

able,
I
as
was
have never abandoned that which

I
had once
undertaken
in the discovery of the Indies.
have planted
the cross of Christ in the

I
name
of the King our Lord, and
will
not abandon the place, with the favour of God, while

is
there
no one who
I
than at present.
here but ourselves,

grace."
to
more constraint on me trust in God that, when there is no one the land will sustain us by the divine
is
able to put
He
then ordered the captain Gregorio de
las
Alas
disembark the soldiers and stores with diligence.

Presently
Pedro
Sarmiento remained on shore waiting, with only eight

soldiers.
first
all
the boats were hoisted out, and the the captain and servants f Pedro
a royal standard with the arms of
Sarmiento,
who landed were who raised
your Majesty on one
side,
and the crucifixion on the

in
other.
As
at
they arrived, the people formed
order of battle, and
once raised certain tents round a place of arms, and dug
a deep trench round, for the protection of those

landed, having
first
who had
of what was done.
made a survey, a review, and a record The biscuit and bales of clothing were
;
stored in a large tent

shelter possible,
day all received the best which gave them satisfaction, and those
and
this
304
THE SETTLERS LAND.

felt
were gladdened who had
the cold.
Then people were

spot.
sent out to seek for water, as there
was none on the
At a
the
site
distance of a quarter of a league five fountains of

little valley,
perennial water were found in a
which received
first
name
of
the "
Valley of the Fountains", and this
was named the " Purification of our Lady". Next day the naked were clothed, all being given cloth for clothes and sandals, together with some linen, needles
and thread.
As
there were no needles in

at a real each,
I
store,
Pedro
Sarmiento bought them
and distributed
them, one to every four persons.
say this to show the
abundance we had.
effects of the
Further,
God
provided that, on the

all
Governor being disembarked, he divided
that
was necessary among those in want, serving out caps and shirts, one for each man, and sandals, insomuch that
all
presently
were clothed, glory be to God.
There had
were
now disembarked
more
all
three hundred persons, but there
to land, besides almost all the stores of powder,
and
the artillery.
That night there was a strong breeze with the current, which obliged the ships to weigh and run out for three
days.
Believing that they had deserted and gone to Brazil,
the Governor addressed his companions, saying that
now
they
they had sufficient hands to labour and obtain

desired.
all
He
asked them to raise their eyes and consider

it
the extent of land that was before them, adding that
would
all
belong to those
to enjoy so
who showed valour and constancy, many mercies which God our Lord had conPutting their confidence
in
ferred on them.
Him, and
it is
forwarding His holy service,

prevail
He would
give us grace to
and to persevere
in labour, for in these parts
honour which brings welfare

living
to the good, both those
now
and
their descendants.
They must no
longer think
of the ships, because they were gone, but that our feet and
hands, endowed with persevering courage,
must be our
FOUNDING OF THE CITY OF

parents and our granaries.
shirts into
JESUS.
305
Henceforth we must tuck our
our girdles and set to work to build huts, and
seek for provisions and shelter for the winter which was at
hand.
All answered that they were ready to obey and
to follow to the end of the world as they

father
;
had no other
so they entreated Pedro Sarmiento to do
what he
said, as
they would work and persevere under him, for in
no other way could they be preserved. At this time we had not provisions for four days, except
flour
from the roots of Brazil^ and two sacks of

for roots,
biscuit.
Seeking over those wildernesses

that were sweet and well
we found some
flavoured like turnips, which,

;
when roasted or boiled, might serve as bread and also some very small roots as sweet and pleasant as conserved
pine nuts.
We
also found such quantities of the black
berries of a thorn tree, well flavoured
and nourishing, that
they brought them in large sacks and ate them.

this food, for
With
at
they had no other that was more sustaining,
Pedro Sarmiento selected the Valley of the Fountains

the entrance to a ravine, and half a league from the
Cape
of Virgins, as a
for a settlement.
site
most sheltered and most convenient
Under the favour of the most Holy

candles
lighted,
Trinity he brought the people there in procession, with a

cross
in
on high
and
taking
possession
due form
for
your Majesty and the royal crown of
Castille
site
and
Leon, and for your successors.

it
On
this
he formed a settlement, giving
the
name
of the
"City of the
Saints.
Name
;
of Jesus", with additional

set
names of
up where the church the square was set up the tree for the execution of justice. The church was next traced out, which was to be dedicated to the Purification of our Lady,
cross
was presently
in
was
to be built
and
because the arrival in the Strait was on that day, and by

reason of a special
vow made
^
to the Virgin, our advocate.
Mandioc.
306
TRACING OUT THE CITY OF
JESUS.
first
The Governor, with

most Holy
vestments.
in the
a spade in his hands, cut the
sods
for the foundation of the high altar, in the
name
dug up
of the
Trinity, behind
him being the
Friars in their
earth,
Then
the captains and officers

advocates.^
name
of their saints and

first
Pedro Sar-
miento placed the
stone in the hole, and in the
name
of our Lord Jesus Christ and of your Majesty he put a

large silver coin, with the
arms and name of your Majesty,

a testimony or instrument written
jar,
with the day and year,
in
on parchment, with the testimony of possession, into a

tarred
and sealed with charcoal, so as to make
it
im-
perishable.
Next, the altar was made, and the bounds of
the church traced out to the height of a

the clergy blessing
it
man and
a half,
it
in the usual
way and
sail
sprinkling
with holy water.

as there
It
was covered with a
from the ship
was no other material
at present,
images and a
cross being placed inside.
The
royal standard of your
Majesty was blessed, and the vespers of the Holy Trinity
and of the Purification of the Virgin were

the invocations of the church.
said, those
being
Then
a procession, singing
a litany, went round
it.
Next, Pedro Sarmiento marked out, at the sides of the

square, streets and houses in squares, building huts
made
of poles, earth and grass.
At one
side of the church your
Majesty's store house, large and spacious, was

receiving
all
the stores.
On
the following day he
made for named
the officers of the municipality, in conformity with the
Having been called together them the commission of your Majesty appointing him Governor and Captain-General. The judge and officers, receiving it in their hands with much
ordinance of your Majesty.
the Governor showed
reverence, kissed
it
and placed
it
on their heads, and they
received and obeyed Pedro Sarmiento as their Governor

In the
Pernambuco Report the names of the
officers,
and of the
patron saint of each are given.
SEEKING FOR FOOD.

and Captain-General.
307
Two
magistrates were then elected

in
and the Governor confirmed them
the
name
of your
Majesty, with the other officers of the settlement.
Sarmiento also ordained a solemn and perpetual

to the
festival
honour and glory of our Lord God and the most
glorious Virgin St.
Mary
his mother, our
Lady and
ad-
vocate, with a procession, a
march with banners,

Purification, in
this
vespers,
and a mass, on the day of the

of the founding of the city
;
memory
first
and
was signed and
entered in the municipal book.

festival
On
that very
day the
was celebrated.
hospital
was got ready
for the
sick
and infirm who were not
able, at present, to build
habitations for themselves.
at his
The Governor had brought out own expense to cultivate
labourers and gardeners the

land,
and he now
city,
caused them to begin to break up the ground near the

beans, although they had been
and the sowing labourers sowed a quantity of Spanish
made wet by
the salt water.
little gardens round the fountains, and planted the vine shoots which Sarmiento had brought
The gardeners made
out, in barrels, as well as all kinds of vegetables

fruit trees
and some
with shoots.
He
also
made
a pond for the use
of the city, where the settlers and their wives could

their
make
things
arrangements and remain contented.

in
all
Pedro Sarfor
miento sent people

to eat, for they
directions to seek
had no provisions now that the ships were gone, without any hope that they would return. They
found a quantity of chick peas
like
in the
underwood, sweet
honey, but smaller than those of Spain.
They
also
collected a quantity of shell-fish in an
arm of the sea near

fish
the settlement, and found
dog
fish
and a
all
with a very
rough
there,
skin, at
low water.
One day
the soldiers went
and one of them caught more than a hundred very

things
large ones with his hands, which they took for provisions.
These
little
made them
cheerful, for,
though they
308
did
RETURN OF THE
not
SHIPS.
expect that the ships would return, yet they
trusted in
God and were confident in themselves. But God, who never forsakes those who put their
Him, brought the ships back
to the old
is
trust
in
1
anchorage on the
3th of February.^
is
As
that beach
it
dangerous when the
wind
blowing on the shore, as
then was, nothing could
be disembarked without the chance of losing the effects
and the boat, and getting the provisions wet and

Pedro Sarmiento went to the ship of Diego de
la
spoilt.
Ribera,
which was the one furthest

munitions and
out,
and arranged that the
Trinidad^ which was the largest, and was loaded with flour,
artillery,
should be run on shore high and

get out the flour and other
dry during flood

to the
tide, so as to
things to be conveyed partly in boats, and partly in carts
narrow and that the Maria should be

;
left
at anchor
with the soldiers and remaining stores, that Pedro Sar-
miento might proceed up the Strait to found another

at
city,
the part of the land where there

fish,
is
wood, and great
quantities of
game,
fruits,
birds,
and many other
things, being in the country of the tall natives.
This having been settled, all that was wanted, and that was on board the three frigates, was put on board the other two ships. But while Pedro Sarmiento sent for the captain to put the things
frigates
on board, those that were
in
the
to return, took and stole many things.^ Pedro Sarmiento put his relation, Juan Suarez de Quiroga, on board the Maria as captain he being a very resolute knight and servant of your Majesty. On board
and had
Finally,
the
Trinidad he put Andres de Viedma, a captain of
1 Saturday, the 17th of February, is the date given in the Pernambuco Report. 2 In the Pernambuco Report Gregorio de las Alas, the Captain Morejon, and the Master, are mentioned as having stolen everything on board the Maria, down to rigging, chains, and even nails. She was left with one small anchor and cable.
BEACHING THE "TRINIDAD".

artillery
309
the wars of
and a veteran of honour, trained
in
These arrangements having been Flanders, and resolute. made, a bad S.E. wind sprang up during the night, which
tore all the vessels from their anchors
and drove them out
to sea.
This was the fourth time, and they were driven as

they thought they would be unable to
far as 49, so that
return.
At
la
the end of five days
God was
served by sending
fine weather,
and they
Ribera did
all
returned to the same anchorage.
Diego de
to serve
this
very manfully, showing a desire

give every one his due,
your Majesty.
It is just to
that the good
may
be recognised and the bad condemned.

it
By
this
example
will
be seen whether Diego Flores

if
could not have returned
he had chosen, when Pedro

to
Sarmiento loudly called upon him

looking forward, turned and
fled.
do so
but he, not
As soon
as the ships anchored this time,
Diego de
la
Ribera, having been on shore and seen the natives, and
Pedro Sarmiento having gone to the

here,
ships,
they agreed
that at high-water that night, the tide rising very high
Pedro Sarmiento being on shore, should make
fires at
high water to show the place where the Trinidad should
be beached.
that at low water the ship
Those on shore were to help with would be high and dry.

all
ropes, so
Every-
thing could then be got out of her without trouble.
Pedro
Sarmiento was
night on shore showing lights, but those

ill
on board did not carry out the arrangement, which was
done and harmful, as

water
it
turned out.
Next morning, Anton
Pablos brought the ship Trinidad in shore, and the lowleft
her in an arm of the sea, where he abandoned

lost,
her to be
help.^
and went to
his dinner without giving

disaster,
any
Pedro Sarmiento seeing the
and that the
that Sarmiento
Pernambuco Report there is a long account of an interview had with Ribera and Pablos. He entreated them to save the Trinidad^ but they treated him with great insolence and would do nothing.
^
In the
3lO
WRECK OF THE "TRINIDAD".

in
people and stores were
danger of being
lost
between sea
and land, came quickly

set to
to the rescue in a boat,
though
it
was hauled up on shore a league away.

the help of
In a
moment he
work with his hands, God being favourable, and with some soldiers he ran her into the water. Getting into her he reached the ship, which was rolling and opening out, so that there was danger of all, people and
stores,
being lost
in the surf
Pedro Sarmiento was giving orders to secure her, so that she might rise with the tide which was flowing, and so re-
main dry and

in
clear of the sea.
But Anton Pablos arrived

tide,
made them run when she commenced to roll with the seas that broke over her, so that we looked upon all as lost with the stores for not much account was made of the ship, except to make houses and doors with the boards
a fury, and, without considering the the ship on shore,
;
that were in her.
There were
still
soldiers
and
settlers in
the ship, under Captain Viedma,
who were
hurled about at
every lurch, and presently she opened at the keel, so that

the water entered freely.
fled to his
Anton Pablos was
stupified,
and
own
ship without offering any help, neither
him
nor any of the others.

conferred upon
Assuredly Anton Pablos was under

at
the greatest obligation from the favours your Majesty had
him
the request of Pedro Sarmiento.
The Chief Pilot having fled, the others did the same. The day after this disaster, Pedro Sarmiento being on board the Maria to finish his arrangements with Diego de la Ribera, Anton Pablos presented a certificate for your
Majesty, composed and written by himself, in which there were some things against Pedro Sarmiento and intended to
clear himself,
and wanted
it
to be
signed.
Pedro Sar-
miento, to oblige and content him, and to induce him to

persevere in the service of your Majesty and to complete
the work of the ships, not only dissimulated and signed,
but even wrote under the whole, in his
own
handwriting, a
FINAL DESERTION OF THE SHIPS.

request that your Majesty would confer
3 II
more favours on
him.
It
those
who were
interests.
was thus that Pedro Sarmiento strove to animate slack in the royal service on difficult and
doubtful occasions, and those
who only
care to stir in their
own
It is
always like the sign of an inn that
shelters those
who
pass,
and ever remains serene, thanks be

be
all
to our Lord God, to
Ribera then asked
whom me to
praise.
Diego de
to
I
la
write a certificate
your
said
I
Majesty
for him,
and
to please
and oblige him
would do
so in letters of gold.
his,
But Anton Pablos, when

everything as regards your
he had got
was wanting
in
Majesty's service, neglecting his duty and leaving the ship
without help, and deserting Pedro Sarmiento.
He
also
gave Diego de
la
Ribera to understand that the three
frigates could not hold
by
their cables,
though
it
was calm.
With
this precious
scheme, on that same night, without

current,
any need from wind or
Diego de
for
la
Ribera and the
other vessels^ departed silently, without waiting for letters
which Pedro Sarmiento had written

for
your Majesty and
your Royal Council of the

arose from
Indies.
The hurry
as
of
Anton Pablos
her,
the
fear
that,
the
ship
Trinidad had been abandoned without any

take out
profit
from
Pedro Sarmiento would come to the other ships and
some of the
provisions of which they had
more
than they wanted, and the stores and munitions for the
Strait,
of which there was
still
a quantity not yet landed,
and which they carried
off to Brazil, even including clothes.
Some
settle,
of those
who were on board wished
to
remain and
but they were persuaded not to land, so that even

of the settlers returned.
this
many
Honest men would not

force.
have done
simply by persuasion, so that they must Ribera was asked

for a pilot to serve
have been taken back almost by
Diego de
la
on
Three
frigates,
312
SALVAGE FROM THE "TRINIDAD".
board the ship that remained, but he never would appoint
one although he had four supernumeraries. It was, therefore, from having no other resource that Pedro Sarmiento
agreed with a Portuguese sailor that he should act as
teaching him
pilot,
how
to observe an altitude,
and promising
him a salary of 600 ducats a year out of his own pocket, and if he had to proceed into the South Sea he was to have a hundred ducats a month, according to the custom of that
sea, all for the service of
your Majesty.
sail silently
Finally,
on
this
same night they made

is
and
maliciously,
and without the excuse of bad weather.
The
proof that this was the case
that the ship Maria, which
remained, continued to lay quietly at her anchor with only
one cable and a boat's hawser

cables, as
while the frigates had two
was proved as regards the Maria and the other and reported
to your
ships in Rio de Janeiro,
Majesty from
Pernambuco.
The
original documents,
all
Sarmiento, and, to prevent
drawn up by Pedro doubt and suspicion, attested
before Salvador Correa de Saa, the Governor of Rio de

Janeiro,
city of
and by his Secretary, being also Secretary of the San Sebastian, is now submitted.
:
Returning to the ships Trinidad and Maria
when
lost,
Pedro Sarmiento saw that the former was hopelessly
and that the sea was making clean breaches through

fast to her,
her,
he caused the masts to be cut away, and making cables he secured her on the beach with anchors, by
the
safe.
force of three
hundred men, and thus she remained
He had
all
sacks
made from
the
sails,
and
in
two hours
he got out
the flour that had remained dry, for

salt
much
had been damaged by the

ship.
water which entered the

meat, grain, and wine.^
He
also got out
some
salt
These
stores having been placed in safe custody, he pre-
The Pernambuco Report adds beans and ahin
or preserved tunny-
fish.
FITTING OUT THE "MARIA".

sently
set to
313
work with the artillery, saving 22 pieces, including two culverins and two half cannons, and some Half the wine and flour, and some tools iron and steel. were lost. Next day was spring tides, and the ship was
broken up.
The wood,
cordage, and nails that could be
made
useful,
were collected with great diligence.
We made
in
carts and brought everything to the
city, partly also in
men's arms or on their backs, and

Majesty's magazine,
in
all
was stored
ensign
as
your
charge of the
Garnica,
whom
Pedro
Sarmiento
nominated
store-keeper.
Captain Viedma, a very honourable, diligent and conscientious
man, was nominated Lieutenant

city, for
it
to the Governor, to assist
and Captain Iniguez became Master of the Camp,

in the
defence of the
the natives
night.
came
resolutely
and very often to surprise
by
While thus occupied
in
saving things from the Trinidad
on shore, the crew of the Maria got together cables,

anchors, bars of iron, blocks and other things belonging to
the lost ship,
and
in
the
place where the
Maria was
fast to
anchored they found some buoys of anchors, and lengths

of cable which would
be useful for making her
her anchors more securely.

clothing out,
sailors
Pedro Sarmiento served some

the poor soldiers and
from the
stores, to
on board the Maria^ giving orders that they were
not to land, because they had to proceed up the Strait to
found another settlement.
He
also gave clothing to those
who had been saved from

arrangements, the natives
the Trinidad.
While Pedro Sarmiento was on the sea making these
made an
attack on the settle-
ment, discharging
many
arrows, and advancing to where
the guard was posted, they

thigh.
wounded
a Spaniard in the
Pedro Iniguez was on watch with few men, but he
resisted the attack,
and put the natives
to flight.
Although
they came again, they never attacked with such fury as the
first
time.
314
THE "MARIA" PROCEEDS UP THE

settlers
STRAIT.
The
proceeded to improve the huts, and the
carpenters and blacksmiths began to work, repairing the
arquebusses at two forges which Pedro Sarmiento had
bought
lost.
at
his
own expense,
city,
for those in store
had been
They dragged
four sakers
up from the
sea, for the
defence of the
ditch
which they surrounded with as good a
and rampart as could be made in a short time. Sentries, keeping vigilant watch, were posted day and
were very audacious.
night, for the natives

,
On
the 20th of February Pedro Sarmiento gave instruc-
tions to
and
to
Juan Suarez de Quiroga, the captain of the Maria, the pilot Antonio Gonzalez, how they were to
navigate within the Strait, and he gave them a chart with

sailing directions.
They were ordered
to sail to the foot
of a
mountain, to a port which Pedro Sarmiento had

"
named
he
first
Los Rincones",
at the point of
Santa Ana, when

to wait there
came
there from Peru.
They were
with the ship, and to cut good timber, while the Governor
came by land with a body of men to found a settlement. The ship got as far as the first narrow, but while in it a contrary wind sprang up from the west, with a strong
current,
and forced her to return to the anchorage
in front
Anchoring off the beach of the city of Jesus she was driven from her anchor again, and carried out to
of the
city.
sea during the night.

return next
God was
fair
served that she should
day with a
wind.
As soon
as Sarmiento
saw
her,
he made signs that she should not anchor, but pro-
ceed with the same tide and pass the narrow.
The
captain,
understanding the signal, went on without stopping, sounding carefully as he proceeded, and so he sailed up the
Strait, in
obedience to the orders of Sarmiento, with some

that Pedro Sarmiento should wait
accidents, but not being again driven back.
The arrangement was

three days, and,
if
the ship was not driven back during
that time, he should set out from the city on the fourth
JOURNEY OF SARMIENTO COMMENCED.

day by
land.
315
While he was waiting, some natives came

on the
hill
to the city, and, stopping
near the fountains,
they began to speak
in
their language and to make signs.
Pedro Sarmiento came out to speak to them, but they
him get near them so he gave orders that one should be caught and brought to him, whom he dressed When the in a shirt and to whom he gave some presents. father of the native, who was waiting to see what happened, beheld that Pedro Sarmiento let his son go to join the rest, he was so well content that he took some martin skins and, covering himself and his son with them, he went
would not
let
;
Governor and thanked him by signs for what he had done. He presented his mantle, while Pedro Sarmiento gave the father some things made of glass and
straight to the
a hat, and for the chief he gave a looking-glass, which
astonished him at seeing his figure in

others
it.
Then
all
the
came
with confidence, and Pedro Sarmiento pre-
sented something to each, giving them to understand that
he was their
friend,
and that they should

signs,
call their chief. in
They promised
to
do so by
and that
the course of
food.
two days they would come with him, and bring some
Then they departed. As soon as the three days were passed since sailed, Pedro Sarmiento made a speech to the
and
in
the ship
settlers,
animating them to persevere in the work of the settlement,
good fellowship with each

and celebrated the
all
other.
He
left
with them
of your
certain
ordinances for the services of

;
God and
Majesty
in
festival
that he had
instituted
memory
of the founding of the city, with vespers and

the solemnity that was possible.
masses, with
On
the
4th of March
he set out with a hundred men, arquebusiers
and shield men, each carrying rations for eight days. New sandals and shoes and some spears had been served out to them. Taking leave of the rest, the settlement was left in
charge of Captains
Viedma and Pedro
Iniguez.
They
3l6
PIONEERING.
parted with tears from those
who remained
ofT
behind, taking
Friar Antonio.
Friar Geronimo^ with them, and leaving
Diego de
la
Ribera
had carried
Friar
Bartolome.
Sufficient provisions
and necessaries were
left to last for
some
time,
and Pedro Sarmiento promised that he would
return to see them, and to take back
some of the married
couples to settle in the other city that he was going to

found.
Serjeant
After fifteen days the Lieutenant was to send a
and
thirty or forty
men
to follow the
signs.
It
is
same
road,
which would be marked out by
worthy of
march, the
remark that when Pedro Sarmiento began
his
sheep they had landed, and the dogs, set out
also,
and
it
was not possible

ment.
to induce
They marched
as well
them to return to the settleand as quickly as the men

in
without any compulsion, which seemed a miracle, and

every night they came to lodge themselves
of the corps
die
the middle
gard.
Marching
in
order of battle by land, they encountered
some
hardships.
Pedro Sarmiento always went ahead to
make
out the road, and

left
the sea, he
the
when he came to gulfs or arms of main body and went on with a few men
first,
to select the route
so as not to tire the

it
rest.
Many
make
a
;
times he came to places where
was necessary
in
to
round of several leagues, and to come back
for the others
and he always went with a compass was no

clear
his hands, for there
way
nothing
but wilderness.
He
carefully
remarked the lay of the land, so as always

channel of the
leave
it
to return to the
Strait, for
sometimes
it
was necessary
to
It
for
twelve and
fifteen
leagues, to find a way.
great and small, yet in
was a curious thing that we found vestiges of many people, more than forty leagues not a single
seen, nor
human being was

in the Strait, all
any smoke.
full
Previously,
of smoke.
when
the plains were seen
From
Geronimo de Montoya the Commissary.

HUNGER OF THE MEN.
this
317
we were
if
led to believe that the natives
were either
fall
hiding, or watching us secretly, that they might

us,
upon
In
they caught us off our guard on the march.

this
marching over
land,
we
saw very pleasant valleys
covered with odoriferous herbs, also

with beautiful skins,^ and
many
deer, wild cats
many
vultures
whose eggs were
found on the plain and were eaten by the men.
Once we
found on the plain a quantity of creeping herbs which
produced a small
cherries
fruit,
the size of a pomegranate seed,
which were sweet and wholesome.^
Another
fruit,
called
by the men, was

it
in
such quantity that the
men
could pluck
as
they marched, without stopping, and
satisfy their hunger.^
Their hunger was greater than could
be wished,
half a
for the ration for eight
days only consisted of
pound of
biscuit a day,
;
and one small measure of
wine, for the whole time
for there
left,
it
was no wine
in store
only what the Governor had

sick
which he kept
for the
and
to say mass, so that
could not be regularly
served out.
As
the soldiers were young, and unaccustomed
to the hardships of a march,
most of them ate
all
their
rations in
two days without looking forward, and soon
afterwards they began to be faint with hunger.
Then God
succoured us with the

while
fruit,
and now and then with eggs,

to
when we came down

and
the seashore there were
shell-fish
sea-weed, which
they cooked
for that
in
pot
brought
by Pedro Sarmiento
the necessities of a
purpose, as one
who knew
new
land.
Sometimes a
deer was secured. Before reaching the

first
narrow, no water was found in
the space of two days, and the people, such as in the Indies
Skunks
In the
Pernambuco Report he says
that
some were run
down by
'-^
the dogs.
This was probably the Myrtus nwnmularia^ which has a small
edible berry.
^
Perhaps the crowberry,
fruit
of an
Empetrum.
3l8
FRESH WATER FOUND.

became very sad.
are called chapetones}
The reason was
that
the rivers, flowing from the interior to the sea, flow under-
neath when they reach the sands, and, as we were marching
along the shore, we did not find any fresh water from this
cause.
It
pleased
God
that
when we were marching along

Pedro Sarmiento tasted
a backwater looking for shell-fish on the beach at low tide,
we came
it
to
some running
water.
out of curiosity, and found that
his followers, they
it was sweet. Telling drank and wêre consoled when they ex-
pected to perish, for
now they no
longer
felt thirst.
There
into the
was here a great quantity of black stone which, when put fire, burnt for a long time like grease, and better
coal.
than French
Having arrived
where the
fort
at the first narrow,

built,
which
it
is
the position
should be
we found
to be very well
suited for the purpose,
and
at a distance of a quarter of a
league there
is
extensive pasture land, very pleasant to

fuel,
behold, with grass suitable for sheep, lagoons, and
while near the narrow
is
a rivulet of good and plentiful
water which
falls
anchorage
narrow.
for
bay forming good and secure ships large and small, quite close to the
into a
We
called the rivulet
"of the Lances" because,
being narrow, we put the long lances
we
carried across
it
Here there are salt marshes between high and low water, and swamps suitable for making salt
and so passed over.
in
the summer, and
mines of saltpetre as
narrow, which
it
appeared
to us.
Having passed the
first
is
14 leagues from
Nombre de Jesus, we arrived at a bay of the
Strait
where there
was a great quantity of whales' bones, hugely

the coast and die.
large, for the
whales enter the Strait to pair for the summer, then come to
The
natives thereabouts eat their flesh,

is
and that of the
seals,
which
their ordinary food.
From
this
Greenhorns.
NATIVES.
place
319
we began
to find quantities of nourishing shell-fish
the shells containing
many
small pearls,
some black and
others good, the black kinds shining and polished like jet
which
is
a wonderful thing to behold.^
We
"
travelled along the coast of that bay,
named
the
Bay of Victoria", because, when Pedro Sarmiento passed way the first time, he gained a victory over the natives here, and was also saved by God from a great danger on
this
the sea, which was here encountered.
After marching ten

is
leagues
we
arrived at the
Cape of San Gregorio, which

is
in
the second narrow, where the width
half a league.
fruit,
This
as well
land
is
pleasant and
fertile,
producing much
the red cherries as the berries growing on thorn trees, and

there are
many wholesome and

away
and waited
sustaining shell-fish.
league and a half
there were
for us in
many
valiant natives,
who
all
retired
an ambuscade.
Here
in
Pedro Sarmiento had an encounter with some natives when

he was passing through the Strait on his way from Peru
January 1580.
sea,
This time the natives
let
us pass about a
league into their land, when, as
we
crossed a ravine by the
we came upon the very valiant men of great stature, with a leader very much taller than the tall native captured by Pedro Sarmiento at the time of his first visit, who was seen by your Majesty at Badajos in the same year. The natives had dogs with them, of different colours, much larger than those of Ireland, and there are many in that land.^ They use them in war time, the dogs fighting each other, and also being set at men opposed to their
The
and
principal edible shell-fish are mussels, very large limpets,
macteas.
The Fuegians
also feed
is
on sea urchins
but the Magellan
mussel, a very large bivalve,

the year.
^
their staple food for the greater part of
These mussels occasionally contain very small pearls. Dr. Coppinger tells me that some of the Fuegians had dogs with
terriers.
them, resembling large rough-coated

seen running wild.
But they were never
320
masters.
CONJURING TRICK OF A NATIVE CHIEF.
These natives came naked, with bows and arrows, wearing clouts of the wool of the llamas,^ which are the sheep of Peru, whence the bezoar stones are obtained. Here there are many, and their natives wear their wool on
their
name of the head dress worn in Peru instead of hats or caps. They also wore many strings of beads round their necks, and from the wrists to half way up their arms. They came shouting " Jesus, Maria, Cross, Captain", which surprised every one who was unable to conjecture whence that novelty arose. The chief of these natives came straight up to the Governor saying " Captain,
heads as a
llautu^" the
Ho Ho
!
Ho
"
raising
his
hands to heaven, and ex-
pressing satisfaction.
Pedro Sarmiento embraced him, and
showed friendship
as
to
him and the
rest
by
signs
and by some
trifles,
words which they understood, and also by some

explaining the use of each.
such
combs and beads, and a red cap and looking
glass,
They appeared
to be satisfied,
and invited us
proceed
further
ship, of
to
come
to their settlement,
making
signs
that they would give us to eat, but that

in the direction
on would
kill
us.
we should not we were going, as other natives They also made signs that our
had passed on through
rejoiced, because
which we were
in search,
the second rapid.
At
this
we were
we
had become anxious from having seen nothing of her. This great native, to amuse us, or perhaps to terrify us, took an arrow more than iowx palmos in length, and fine as a cross-bow shaft, and taking off the stone point, he forced the arrow through his mouth and down his throat into his body until the feathers were hidden in his mouth. Afterwards he pulled it out, and there was a little blood at the end, the most astonishing thing that can be imagined.
1
'^
Guanacos.
:
Huaraca is the word used in the Pernambuco Report which means a sling in the Quichua language. It must have been twisted round the head. These slings were made of the wool of the guanaco.
ENCOUNTER WITH THE NATIVES.

Then he gave himself
sounded
a
32
good blow on the

air,
chest,
which
after
like the stroke of a timbrel,
and immediately
he gave a great leap into the

back.
with a terrible shout.

to turn
Next he embraced Pedro Sarmiento and pretended

Pedro Sarmiento continued his march, going
nica to bring up the rear.
shield
in
front
himself as he always did, and directing the ensign Guer-
Guernica had with him six
men and
six arquebusiers,
if
and he was
told not to let
the natives approach

their
they
made
their appearance, for
custom was to come
first
to reconnoitre as friends,
and the second time to make war. He was to pass the news of what happened on to the front. After having marched about a thousand paces, the same natives returned,
and those of us who were
carried
in front
saw them
first.
They
in
many
arrows
in the llautus
on their heads, and
the bows, and others in their hands.
As soon
as
Pedro
Sarmiento saw them, he returned quickly to the rear guard

with sword and shield, followed by some of the arquebusiers.
Rapidly as he came, the Indians had already
discharged one or two flights of arrows, and had killed a

soldier,
who
received an
arrow between the shoulders,

through a bag that
of shirts, shoes, and
which came out
at the heart, passing

full
he was carrying on his back,

sandals.
in
They had
thighs,
the
wounded ten other soldiers arms, and body and they attacked so
seriously
;
furiously that they

all.^
seemed
to
have expected to destroy us
But when Sarmiento came to the

to return to
mercy of God, he got some

incited others.
flint,
by the the defence, and

rescue,
soldier attacked the native chief with a
shielding Pedro Sarmiento,
who gave
the
same
chief
1 From the Pernambuco Report it appears that there was a panic. The men fired their arquebuses without taking any aim and they fell
back on each other Hke sheep.
322
CARE OF THE WOUNDED.
a good blow with his sword at the same time, on which he

fell.
It is
a wonderful thing that as the chief was falling,
he shot an arrow furiously, which went whistling through

the grass and cutting
followers were
to flight,
all
it.
The
native chief died.

able,
His
took
wounded, and those who were

It
some
falling at intervals.
was noteworthy that
our dogs, and those of the natives, flew at each other until
they came within four paces, when they turned round with-
we could never get them to attack again. The Spaniard having been buried,^ and the wounded having been cured with a little grease,^ we continued the march, with much difficulty, owing to the bays and inlets The Governor suffered more than can be of the sea. imagined in seeking out a road, which was made so much
out touching, and
longer by these obstacles, while the want of provisions and
of shoes disheartened his people.
Besides this the wounded
had
be
to be carried,
some of them on the backs of their com-
rades.
left
These wounded men did not want to go on, but to Being unable to do to die among some reeds.
else,
anything
others.
they were
left
behind, to the grief of the

the fruit and wild
In marching, the
men only had
celery to eat, and
some were ready
to faint, so, to comfort
them, Pedro Sarmiento killed a goat,^ and divided a quarter

of
it
the
among the weaker men every morning, without strong men a mouthful, or taking one himself
Goat's
flesh,
giving
This
being done, the infirm gained strength to march, thanks be

to God.
which does not agree with healthy
His name was Lope Baer, a native of Badajos, and a respectable
married man.
2
fire
was
lighted,
and the wounds were
cauterized, grease being
then appHed, bandages being

shirts.
made with
strips of cloth
from the men's
The wounded were then given mouthfuls

Report.
of preserved ginger.
They were then helped along by Pernambuco the other soldiers.

3
the arms, which was hard
work
for
He was
taking seven goats for breeding purposes.
Want of
people, does
shoes.
353
Pieces of the
good
to the sick
and wounded.
skin were served out to those
who were
bare footed.
Thus
sea,
we pushed
always
the
in
on, circling
round the bays and arms of the
and marching over trackless mountains with the compass

hand, until we came once more to the shores of
All
this
Strait.
time there were murmurs against
Pedro Sarmiento by those who said that he took the wrong

way, that they would never find the ship, but would die
without help.
Although Pedro Sarmiento knew

Strait.
this,
he
dissembled and encouraged them, following a route until
he came to the coast of the
Having marched 70
leagues
by
land,
which would
arrived at the
have been scarcely 30 by the
Strait,
we
wooded country, where there

shells,
are good rivers, and
many
the
containing pearls, on the beach.

tall
Here we
left
land of the
natives,
and reached that of the small
some deer, of which there are many, with wholesome and well-flavoured meat. The men were thus refreshed, while those who were still bare-footed
people, where they killed
made
sandals of the skins.
For now almost
all
were bareit
footed,
and many would have had no
feet left, if
had not
been for a bag of shoes of cowhide which the Governor

brought, having been
made in
Jesus, each pair costing
more
than three ducats.
These relieved the
sufferings of the
weakest and most necessitous.

so
little
There were some who had
confidence that they secretly fled into the woods,

die.'
and remained there hidden, to

should see a comrade
To
prevent
this,
Pedro
Sarmiento imposed the penalty of death on him who

fall
out and not report
it.
In this
way
the evil was remedied, and
some of those who had
concealed themselves to die were brought back.^

1
One
soldier,
named Lorano, hid himself in

fallen out,
the bushes
and could
not be found.
2
Pernambuco Report. Three of the best dogs had also
and dropped behind,
too tired to proceed.
324
DESPONDENCY OF THE MEN.

in
Marching along the beach

seeing the ships, a
there were
like
great
affliction
at not
new trouble fell upon us. In the trees some bunches of green and soft nuts, smelling chestnuts. The soldiers, finding them pleasant to the
'them like bread.
But, in
taste, ate
many
cases, they
had
the effect of stretching the belly almost to bursting, and
they were like stones in the stomach.^

their
With
this,
and
on
despondency, the men were so downhearted

23rd
that,
the
March, they
all
said
that
they could not go
another step further, but that they would wait were they
were, either for the
mercy of God, or
for death.
Then most
of the
men threw themselves on
the ground.
Who
can
imagine the feelings of the Governor, seeing his comrades,
whom
he loved as himself, quite despondent and without
confidence, and hearing the groans and miseries of the sick,
wounded, and
tired
He
gave each one a mouthful of

to
meat and some

distant,
roots,
and spoke
that,
them
to encourage
them, pointing to a cape, not three quarters of a league
and promising
it,
with the favour of God, before
they reached
find the ship.^
which was called Santa Ana, they would
He
said they should rest
were they were.
This may, perhaps, be the
fruit
of the beech tree, of which there
Fagus ajitarciica and Fagus betuloides. 2 He made them a long speech, which is given in the Pernambuco Report. In order to arouse their pride, he told them the story of Pizarro having drawn a line upon the sand with his sword at the isle of Gallo, calling upon those who dared to follow him, to cross to his He said that only twelve dared to cross the line, who suffered side. every kind of misery with Pizarro until Almagro came to their rescue, when they gained immortal honour by the conquest of Peru. He then told them how Cortes had burnt his boats, to prevent all possibility of retreat, and thus gained undying fame and he also described the desperate march of Cortes through Honduras. His next examples, for their edification, were Blasco Nunez de Balboa when he marched across the isthmus of Darien, Pedro de Alvarado in Guatemala, Cabeza de Vaca in Florida, Benalcazar in Popayan, and
are two kinds,
;
Valdivia in Chile.
He deduced
an impressive moral lesson from
THEY REACH THE
SHIP.
325
with the ensign Guernica, and that he would go on with

those most able to march, and would return to them.
all
But
believed this to be impossible.

set out at
So next day Pedro
Sarmiento
daybreak, with ten or twelve of his
own servants, taking leave of the rest. Befo^ they had gone two hundred paces along the beach, they came in sight of a boat coming towards them. Presently Sarmiento made out
that
it
was the
ship's
boat,
and sent the

all
news back, which so raised the

they got up, and cam.e
all
spirits
of
the
men
some
down
all
to
the beach,
limping, and others on
fours, to
where the boat had

the people.
now
arrived,
to the
great joy of
They
in a
embraced the boatmen, who said that the ship was

port, at the distance of
an arquebus shot from where they
were.
Pedro Sarmiento sent
for biscuit
and meat, and, wine,
which was quickly supplied, and he gave each man a

mouthful and a drink of wine, whereby they were comforted
and made
joyful.
The wounded and most
feeble
were put into two boats, while the Governor, with the
others,
went by land to another bay where the people of
the ship were
camped
in
small huts.
With great
delight
they embraced each other and gave thanks to
God
at
having escaped such imminent danger of death.

second narrow, and were nearly
that Captain Suarez went
Those of
After
the ship also gave thanks, for they ran great risks in the
lost
in
on the rocks.
away
the boat, sounding and
seeking for a harbour, until he found the same one which
Pedro Sarmiento had instructed him to seek.
He
then
in
went back
as a
to look
pilot.
for
the ship which had been

a
left
charge of the
He was
bad
sailor,
and as incapable
landsman
to find a port,
on account of which there
these heroic deeds
but he could not induce the worn out soldiers to
shake
off their feelings of despair.
326
VESTIGES OF THE FORMER VOYAGE.

kill
were conspiracies to
afterwards.^
the captain, as was
made known
Pedro Sarmiento presently set to work to cut wood, and
made
a large hut with his
own
hands, in which
all
the
people he had brought
with him found shelter.
The
wounded and
for,
sick
were sent on board ship to be cured and
to receive the necessary comforts.
Thus
all
were cared
and only one died, besides three on the road, one

and was
left to die.
having been killed by the natives, one hid himself, and a

third could not be carried further,
Pedro Sarmiento arrived on the 20th March 1584, and having made arrangements both for the sick and the
healthy, he, on another day,
sites as far as
examined the neighbouring San Juan and the bay of Santa Brigida, where he had been when he came from Peru tl\e first time. There he found all the signs, in the shape of crosses and cairns, which he had then left. But the cross point he had set up on the of Santa Ana had been blown
the river of
down by
lost
the wind.
He
even found a dagger which was

there,
by one of the men by

a
possession for his Majesty.

traversed
there
are
when they landed to take Along all the route we had

counting
the circuitous
rivers,
land, from the city of Jesus to this place,
hundred
leagues,
marches round the bays, and there are no large

only rivulets of sweet water.
there
is
but
Whence
it
is
proved that
in
no other opening to the North Sea, besides that

as has been said,
52"^ 30',
by which Pedro Sarmiento has

times.
entered and
Thus the malicious ignorance of Diego Flores is refuted, when he said that this was not the opening by which Pedro Sarmiento came He said this out, when he made the voyage from Peru.
gone out
five
The
captain was Juan Suarez de Quiroga, the acting pilot Antonio
Gonzalez, the boatswain Antonio Vidal, and the
ciew consisted of
29
sailors,
besides boys and pages, in
all 52,
SITE FOR A SETTLEMENT.

to excuse himself for not having
it
327
to enter
had the courage
when he was
there,
wishing to turn and run away as he
did.
Further, the sinister information sent from England

is
by Don Bernardino
were
also confuted, to the effect that there
Drake had used one from the bay of San Julian, as has already been mentioned. Touching this matter, there is no truth except what Pedro Sarmiento certified, and this is most certain, without any
that
many mouths, and
doubt.
Having investigated the surrounding coasts, and ascertained that there was no more convenient place for a port,
or for obtaining
to
timber for building and for conveyance

first
the
projected fort at the
narrow, a distance of
twenty-five leagues, which can be traversed
period of one tide or a
little
more,
the country abounded in large deer,
by sea in the was also found that which stood until they
it
were approached quite

in
close.
One
which
soldier got five fawns

is
an hour, and
fruit
many
in the
birds,
a sign that there
is
plenty of
woods.
It is still
more worthy of
which
notice that there are

hitherto
many
flocks of green paroquets,
had only been seen in warm climates. There are also many shell-fish, insomuch that the boats were loaded with them in a short time every day. The soldiers and
sailors
cooked them
of
in a
stew with wild cinnamon.
But
it
many
them
are
full
of pearls, and the people found
tiresome to pick them out, though they could not eat them
without doing
small.
so.
There
is
also plenty of
fish,
large
and
When
the ship arrived, there were huts of native fisherfled.
men, who
This
is
the frontier between the two races
of Indians, the gigantic and the small men.

the land which
is
The
half ot
plain
and open
is
towards the North Sea,

is
and the mountainous and wooded half

Sea.
towards the South
For
this
and other reasons Pedro Sarmiento, with the
general approval, selected this site for a settlement.
On
328
FOUNDING OF THE CITY OF

March
FELIPE.
the 25th of
1584, with the divine grace
and
in the
name
for
of the most
Holy
Trinity, he took formal possession

officers for a municipality,
your Majesty, selecting
by
whom
the ordinary magistrates were elected and confirmed
by the Governor in the name of your Majesty. The tree of justice was erected, and the city was traced out, receivPresently the ing the name of the " King Don Felipe".
church was commenced, with the
the Annunciation".
name
of
"
Our Lady
of
perpetual festival was instituted, to
be held every year on that day, with vespers and a mass,

in
honour of the Annunciation and

city.
in
memory
of the found-
ing of the
The church was
built of very fine timber,
high and strong, the chapel of the high altar being of stone,
which
all
the people brought on their backs, Pedro Sar-
miento taking the
lead. He who carried most was held in most honour, and the same with regard to cutting and
leading the timber.

straw, of
The church was
roofed with good rye
which there was plenty near, which was brought

Divine service then began to be performed
the carpenters and blacksmiths were
by the
daily.
boats.
The shops of
round the principal square.
Next, the royal store house was commenced, 100 paces long, with thick and lofty forts of oak and beech timber, daubed with clay and roofed with straw. It would hold 500 men, and here were stored all
biscuit,
flour,
the
salt
meat,
wine, beans,
powder, lead,
rope, balls, steel,

in
and other things which had been brought

delivered over to ensign Guernica,
storekeeper.
the ship.
They were
who was appointed
Fixed
rations
were
ordered to be served out,^ for the supplies obtained by land
Only 12 ounces of biscuit or flour and half a gill of wine, for each man, and nothing else. Without the shell-fish life could not have been sustained. But there were only 50 casks of flour, 12 of biscuit, 12 of wine, 2 of dried tunny fish, one of salt meat, one of bacon, and 4 small barrels of beans in store.
^
BUILDING AND SOWING.

and sea supplied the want of things from Spain
were
satisfied
;
329
and
all
and invigorated by the work.^
The
built,
church, royal store-house, and hospital, having been
the town was traced out in form of a square, and surfence.
rounded by a
The houses and

In front
streets
were then
traced out in squares.
was the sea
shore, with a
convenient port for loading and unloading the boats.
On
one side a secure port, at four brazas from low water, and
on the other side another, with good, wholesome fresh
water flowing into each, while around were
beautiful groves of trees, affording
many
birds in
much
recreation in the
summer time. As soon as the houses were

to
traced out, the people began
work at them with great diligence, building them of the same wood, with a coating of clay. They were lightly thatched for the sake of despatch, for it was now the end of April, and winter was approaching. Here the month of
April corresponds with our October.
In each house four

lot,
comrades were lodged, the houses being given by

not to favour anyone.
so as
also
The municipal house was

city.
traced out, the clergy house, and the site of a Franciscan
monastery, at one side of the
The view
of the sea
from the city was very pleasant.
While the building wa
progressing, ground was broken near the city for cultivation,
and a quantity of beans and seeds of turnips and

of maize was put off until the weather
garden vegetables, and some grains of wheat, were sown.^
was warmer. Presently all the seeds sprouted, which was a The town was sursign of a very fertile soil, as it is. rounded by pallisades, and a bastion was erected on the
The sowing
Sarmiento himself touched nothing but shell-fish. The seeds which all been ruined by salt water. remained dry and good had been obtained by Sarmiento at Rio de These seeds were of turnips, Janeiro, and they soon germinated.
1
The wheat had
radish, cauliflower,
and
lettuce.
330
sea
CONSPIRACY.
face to defend the anchorage
artillery of
and the landing place

it,
Six pieces of
20 cwt. were planted on
on a
levelled platform.
soldier,
Ensign Francisco de Guernica,^ an old

Artillery,
was appointed Captain of
and the Cap-
Juan Suarez de Quiroga became Chief Magistrate and Mayor of the city.^ The people were well nourished with shell-fish, seals, and some small fish. There were many sardines and fish like
tain
hakes.
There were also many vultures and other birds

Provision of fish was
with wattled necks.

winter.
It
fell
made
for the
out that certain soldiers,
who had been most

seize
honoured and favoured by the Governor, conspired to

forcing the pilot to take them.
the ship, murder the captain, and return to the river Plate,
of the plan while they decided
They delayed the execution who should be their leader
and also because Pedro Sarmiento, not without apprehension
and mindful of past events, arranged that certain men

should be in attendance near the captain,
It
in his confidence
and so be prepared.
was
in
was known
that,
when
the ship
to return
danger
in the Strait,
some men wanted
but they did not dare because the ship was aground and
they knew not

their
how
to escape, but they
had weapons
in
hands with the intent of mutiny.

there
Among them
man,^
was a man,
at
in the habit of a clergy-
who had been taken
Rio de Janeiro, being a
soldier,
and released from prison

for a serious offence.
to
which he had been condemned
This
man
conspired with Antonio
Rodriguez,* a native of Villacastin, to take to flight in the
Garnica
in the
Pernambuco Report.
elected two magistrates for the year, one
The people then
named
Simon Navarro, the other Diego Fernandez.

3 ^
Pernambuco Report.
Named Alonso Sanchez. Juan Rodriguez according to the deposition of Hernandez, made many years afterwards. But Sarmiento was doubtless right.
winter's bark tree.

boat with the people
331
who would mutiny, and they proceeded to corrupt many others, but it all came to the knowledge of Pedro Sarmiento. They intended to kill the Governor and all those who would not go with them.
Antonio Rodriguez and the principal conspirators were
arrested, and, in answering the accusation, they confessed.
Justice
was executed upon Antonio Rodriguez,
his
head
being stuck on a pike.

ments.^
The
others received lighter punish-
This being done, and the settlement having been

saded, the winter
palli-
came on very suddenly.
During
all
fifteen
days
it
never ceased to snow, and nearly
the trees lost
their leaves in
two days.
although
A wonderful
all
thing was then seen
which was
snow.
that,
the other trees were bare ol
leaves, there
were
many
as green as
when
it first
began to
that the
going to see what trees they were, it was found snow had not reached them within a circuit of more than ten paces. On further investigation it was seen
that of the cloves of Gilolo.
On
that the bark was like very strong cinnamon, and the fruit
like
It
was
in flower
during
fell
the proper season, and was like a wild jasmine, which

after eight
days and
left
a green clove, of the
those that are eaten, there being fourteen or
same size as si>ên at the
end of each branch, and
in the
middle a thick mother clove.

the
After twenty days the clove was red, and began to ripen
and turn black.
Pedro Sarmiento could not see
it
in
ripe state, because he
came
visit
before the season.^
Pedro Sarmiento had promised the people of the city of

Jesus to return and
them
after
he had founded the
second settlement.
As
well for this as with the object of

first
beginning to convey some of the heavy artillery to the
^ The other ringleaders were Juan Alonso and Francisco de Godoy. The clergyman was named Alonso Sanchez.
Probably the Winter's bark

like
tree,
Driinys
Winterly the bark of
which tastes
cinnamon combined with pepper.
332
SARMIENTO'S SHIP BLOWN OUT OF THE STRAIT.
narrow, to
commence
the forts for defending the passage of

thirty
the Strait, he
embarked on board the ship with
men,
leaving sufficient supplies in the city of Felipe, and got
under weigh before daylight on the 25th of May.

this
At
time a total eclipse of the
moon
occurred, of a pale
yellow colour, the occupation lasting two hours and a half
This eclipse
is
not noted or calculated
in the
ephemerides
for these parts.
On
the
same day Pedro Sarmiento reached the anchorage

and sent to the
city to
of the city of Jesus late at night,
give orders for embarkation of things which were to be
taken to the city of
Don
Felipe.
While
this
was being
done such a furious gale sprang up that the single cable

parted,^
and the ship was driven out to sea without a chance
of being able to return or to anchor again.^
The storm
increased and blew furiously for upwards of twenty days, so

that the ship
was forced
to
make
for
San Vicente or Rio de

and
roots.
Janeiro, in Brazil, with only half a barrel of flour
Some became
fingers
his
blind from cold and hunger, others lost their
and
toes.^
In San Vicente Pedro Sarmiento sold
clothes to obtain food for the crew.
Here the
ship
grounded, and Pedro Sarmiento, making an offering to our
Lady of Guadalupe, it
1
pleased
God
that she .should be saved.
On Saturday, May 26th, 1584. Two men who had come on board from Jesus, were carried
off,
being
They reported that, a few days after the unable to land again. Governor's departure from Jesus, Andres de Viedma had sent Ihiquez
into the interior with forty
men
to discover the river Gallego.
explored
chief
its
course and were returning
They when they were attacked by
four bodies of natives.
Ten Spaniards were wounded, and the native were killed by shots from an arquebus. The natives then retreated. Flour was reserved for the sick, and the rest of the There had been a mutiny, settlers lived on seals, shell-fish, and roots. and the ringleader had been executed. ^ Sarmiento arrived at Santos on the 27th of June. They only had
and
his son
six rations of flour left,
and the men were gnawing sandals, and the
leather of the pumps.
AT RIO AND PERNAMBUCO.
333
Captivity of Sarmiento.
Diego de
In Rio de Janeiro, Pedro Sarmiento^ found letters from la Ribera, saying that he was shortly going to
Spain, without taking the despatch from Sarmiento to your
Majesty, and that he would leave at Rio the stores which
had been brought there

to the Strait.
in the frigates,
and which belonged
Pedro Sarmiento, with the help of the Governor, Salvador Correa, arranged for a vessel laden with flour to be
sent to the Strait, with a pilot
who had been
left at
Rio by
Diego de
la
Ribera.^
Leaving a general message, and
having made a cable of the bark of trees and got an anchor,
Sarmiento departed
tar,
for
Pernambuco^
to obtain a supply of
provisions,
to
and clothing
the
to take with
him
to the Strait.
In order
effect
purchases, he
in
took with him a
1,000 cwts. of Brazil
dye wood
the ship.
able to cross the bar into the port of
Not being Pernambuco owing to

thrown overboard
want of depth, more than 300
cwts. were
by the advice of Martin Corballo, your Majesty's surveyor. Even after that there was no pilot who could take the ship in, until Pedro Sarmiento got into the boat and went ahead to sound, making signals to the ship with a flag. The ship
followed and entered safely, together with a large ship from
Sarmiento
left
Santos for Rio de Janeiro on Wednesday, the 3rd of
July 1584.
*
2 His name was Caspar Conquero. The stores left by Diego de la Ribera consisted of some iron and lead, powder, balls, nails, and copper. They were used for the purchase of provisions. 3 On August 14th, 1584, arriving at Pernambuco on September
he
6th.
334
DISTURBANCE AT PERNAMBUCO.
Bahia laden with sugar, on board of which was Gabriel

Suarez,
who
is
now
at this court.
In Pernambuco, the Royal Purveyor, having seen the

orders of your Majesty, and the correspondence, supplied
some
clothes
tar,
and
baizes,
some
barrels of wine,
twelve
boxes of
and other necessaries, with which Pedro Sarrefit
miento determined to proceed to Bahia to
the ship,
and buy
flour
and hides
for the Strait.
He
gave Martin which
Carballo 700 cwt. of Brazil
wood
for the stores, with
many
things were paid for what had been taken, and an
entry was
made
in
the royal book, signed by Pedro Sar-
miento and the notaries.
While he was
city
there, such a scandal took place
in the
between Martin Carballo and the Bishop of Brazil on

side,
one
that
and Martin Leyton, the Chief Justice, on the

negociation, on the part of Captain
in
other,
the
Francisco
Morejon, ended
an appeal to arms, including the clergy

If
in
and
it
all
the people.
Pedro Sarmientohad not been there
would have ended

in
many
deaths.
For the said Pedro

500 people were
Sarmiento, sword
in
hand, went before the Court of Justice
the
Rua Nova, where more
than
assembled in battle array, and succeeded in appeasing them by persuasive words. He also calmed down the Chief Justice, who wanted to arrest Martin Carballo in the house of the Bishop, and induced them to make friends for
the time, which was a notable service to
God and your
Majesty
touching
I
all
which, and a report of what after-
wards happened,
sent, in
two parcels
Bahia
in
to
your Majesty, by
way
of Lisbon.
for
Leaving Pernambuco
the end of September,^
Pedro Sarmiento arrived near the port of Bahia, and, as he
1 His detailed report to the King, from Pernambuco, dated Sep tember 18th, 1584, was duly received, and has been preserved but it remains in manuscript.
;
SHIPWRECK AT BAHIA.
was about to ship on to the
filled
335
enter, a great
storm arose, which drove the
shore, dashed her to pieces,
and she presently
with water.
the people
Pedro Sarmiento got the boats out, and
put
all
who
could not swim into them, that they
might be saved. He remained on board to the last, at the mercy of God, with a few who could swim, that he might
help them.
On
help.
reaching the shore the boats were dashed
to pieces, so that there could be
no return to the ship and

the ship.
no human
Sarmiento nailed two boards together

on them and
left
and he and a
times.
priest got
But the
seas were so heavy that they were nearly stifled a thousand
Holding on to the boards, Pedro Sarmiento received
many wounds on his body and legs from the nails. All who could swim abandoned him, except a negro of his own, yet God was pleased that, through His infinite mercy, he should be saved, to whom be many thanks for ever and
ever.
He
lost all
he had
in the ship
except two or three

artillery.
barrels of wine,
and a small piece of
Presently
the ship broke up, and Pedro Sarmiento beheld the loss
and found that some were drowned.

vivors as well as
He
consoled the sur-
he could.
During that day and the
following night they went without eating or drinking, for
they had nothing.
He
wrote to some monks, who were at
a distance of four leagues, asking for succour.
One
an
of
them came with some Indians and

were consoled.
flour,
with which they

to
estate,
They then made
their
way
four leagues distant, where they rested for two days.
The
comPedro
Governor of Bahia sent an
officer to visit
Pedro Sarmiento
his
and bring him
to the city,
where he arrived, with
panions, on the 3rd of October.
All were kindly received

Factor.
by the Governor, and by your Majesty's

the Strait, and they gave
Sarmiento asked the favour of being enabled to return to
600
alcahices of
mandioc
flour,
him a vessel of 160 tons, with and some cloth and other
things for the Strait.
He
took
many
stores
on
credit,
and
336
GREAT STORM.
from one
man
alone,
named Pedro de
Arce, he bought
600 ducats worth of powder, and other things.
The
it
said
powder belonged
on
it.
to
your Majesty, and had the royal mark
When
Diego Flores was here with the ships

sold,
must
have been stolen and

the pound.
and
bought
it
at 'half a ducat
Having got
artillery of the
this vessel
ready, and
saved a piece of
two
lost in
the ship, and having given
account of
all,
to be kept
by your Majesty's purveyor, and
written to your Majesty and to your Council of the Indies by the hand of the Governor, Manuel Tellez Barreto, Pedro Sarmiento left this port and went to that of Espiritu Santo, where he obtained some cotton cloth, and 200 arrobas of
dried beef
Portuguese named Coutinho was Governor,
who was
when he
It is
zealous in the service of your Majesty, and had
recently resisted the ships of the Englishman, Frentons,^

arrived here, after being repulsed at
San Vicente.
understood that he sustained some damage.

this port
From
Pedro Sarmiento again sent an important
despatch, and departed for Rio de Janeiro on the 15th of
January. Itwas a month since thevessel had been despatched

to the Strait with flour
and other
left at
stores, as well as
with the
for
munitions that had been

breeding.
Rio, and
some sheep
We
set out for the Strait at a

in
stormy season,
from the desire to lose no time

panions, for the service of
sailed
in fine
succouring our com-
weather until
God and your Majesty. We we reached the 33rd degree

was judged
to be the worst
when we encountered
and most
terrible
a gale from the west and south-west,

it
which was so furious that
we had
seen.
All the elements seemed

lightning broke
it
to be entangled together.
The thunder and
over our heads, so low and horrible, that

the sea had opened an abyss of flame.
seemed as
all
if
We were
amazed
Fenton.
FURTHER MISFORTUNES.
and without
feeling.
337
Looking
us.
at each other,
we
could not
to
recognise those nearest to
Every sea threatened

sea.
overwhelm
us,
and one struck the port quarter of the poop,
sending the starboard side under the
thought we must be drowned, and we called to

help.
Then we God
all
for
The sheep and everything on
deck, including boxes
of cloth and hide, were thrown overboard.
The ship then began to right itself, by the mercy of God, and we ran with bare poles whithersoever the sea might take us. The
blows from the sea were so terrible that they tore open the
bulwarks, and washed over the deck of the poop.
Seeing
no human remedy, we again commended ourselves to God, and threw overboard most of the flour. Passing grass cables
under the
ship,
we
secured them above with hawsers and

In this manner, with wind
hove taught on the capstan.

S.W.,
until
we ran before an increasing storm for fifty- one days, we entered Rio de Janeiro, thanks be to God who
saved us from this danger, as from others.
Having arrived nearly naked and bare-footed, with the knocked to pieces, we had one more disappointment, which was that the barque, which had sailed with flour for ^the Strait, had also returned owing to bad weather. On
vessel
seeing her Pedro Sarmiento was ready to burst with rage,
but he considered that in the various and sudden events of

the world,
many must
be irreparable, and
we must submit
several masses
to the will of God,
whose works and
secrets are marvellous
and incomprehensible.
to be said for
all,
He presently caused
and turned
in
his attention to the
needs of
the ship.
In order to pay the officers he sold everything,

the shirts,
down
to
which
he was assisted by the
Governor, Salvador Correa, a good servant of your Majesty.
There were no
nails,
so Pedro Sarmiento and his
com-
panions pulled to pieces a ship that had been wrecked and,
having burnt her, they got

they
all
her old
nails,
from which
afresh.
made new
ones, and
boarded the ship
As
^^^
SUPPRESSION OF A MUTINV.
there was no tar, a

plenty,
man was
it
sent to Bahia, where there
is
and
it
is
cheap on
credit.
The Governor waited

for
until April, for before that
would not be the season
making a passage
to the Strait.
The
skins belonging to Pedro Sarmiento did not suffice
to sustain the people,

officers.
who numbered
all
thirty-two, including
He, therefore, sold
that remained of the cloth
for the Stiait, at
good
prices,
and with the proceeds mainfruit,
tained the people with rations of cassava flour, meat,

treacle beer,
and
fish.
The
whales.
tar
having arrived, the grease was wanting.

sailors to kill
Pedro Sarmiento gave orders to the
So some
They caught two

oil
in
the
port,
for
from which a
sailors
quantity of grease and
was taken,
which the
were paid, and with

fitted.
this
and the
tar the ship could be re-
In addition to
all
these calamities, another befell Pedro

least.
Sarmiento, and not the
It
was that the
sailors,
although they had received food, clothing, and pay, not
wishing to remain, became so disaffected that they deter-
mined
the
to seize
Pedro Sarmiento and
kill
him.
chief
Knowing
mutineer
facts,
Sarmiento
;
apprehended
the
between decks
but next day, when he was at mass, the
others broke open the door of the prison and released him.
When
He
Pedro Sarmiento was informed of

his servants,
in
this,
he came
promptly to the ship with

found the mutineers
without shame.
arms, in
and went on board. open rebellion and

service
They disowned
the
of your
Majesty, and showed their desire to seize the ship and go
Although Pedro Sarmiento spoke gently to it was not sufficient. Seeing this, he would not yield to force. He drew his sword and drove them all below with blows, wounding the most audacious, and giving
off with her.
appease them,
the pilot,
who was secretly at the head of it, He seized the man and put him with
a sword thrust.
the
rest,
who
BEAT AT LAST.
339
numbered twenty-three or twenty-four. He disarmed them and made them more yielding than wax. The worst
deh'nquent was sent to the fort of San Vicente.
When
the
others thought they were going to be punished, he pardoned
them and
left
treated
them
well, for
it
was no time
for rigour,
but rather for indulgence, otherwise he would have been

alone and without sailors.
He
considered that such
hardships had
made them
despair,
and they might say that,

and an ensign had
left
taking example from Diego Flores, as he had turned back,
they also wished to return.

already taken to
flight,
pilot
who had been

Strait.
by Diego de
la
Ribera to return to the

Finally,
Pedro Sarmiento, seeing that the
time was
passed, and that
now no means
of returning to the Strait

all
with help could be got in Brazil, and having done
that
was
possible, with the concurrence of the Governor, Salvacity,
dor Correa, of the Chamber of that

public,
and of the general
he came to the resolution that the most necessary
and indispensable thing was to return and give an account

to your Majesty of
what had happened,
that,
being
in-
formed, order might be taken to provide what would be

best for the royal service in those parts.
With evidence
and proofs of everything, he
set out for
Spain on the 26th
of April, arriving at Bahia on the 14th of
May
very
ill,
but always on deck, apprehending some insubordination
from the
sailors.
The Governor
of Bahia asked for help in the shape of

killed
ammunition, because the Indians had
many
people,
and he intended to make war on them.

powder.
Pedro Sarmiento,
barrels
out of his poverty, gave the Governor six
of
We
nth
left
Bahia on the 22nd of June 1586, and on the
of August Pedro Sarmiento was between the islands
of Terceira and San Jorge.
Here he encountered three

.Y 2
340
English
artillery
vessels,^
PRISONER IN ENGLAND.
which together had thirty-four pieces of
and 170 musketeers and arquebusiers, with two armed launches. They surrounded us and fired some
rounds from the cannons, and
many rounds
of musketry.
Without power
twenty
either
to resist or to escape, with only
inefficient
men
as a crew, Sarmiento
little
was taken
his
prisoner and robbed of the
he had.
He
and
men
and
were stripped and brought on board the Capitana of the

English
frigates,
fire
where they were stripped to the
skin,
tortured with
and twisted cords
in
such a
way
that the
ends of their fingers were maimed and broken.
This was
silver
let
done to make them say whether they carried

money.
or
The English
for
captain then wanted to
Pedro
Sarmiento go,
some provisions he would supply, but the
same Portuguese pilot he had brought with him, betrayed him and said who he was, even exaggerating his importance, to do him more harm. On this the ship and the rest of the
crew were allowed to go, while Pedro Sarmiento, the
pilot,
and two others were taken
to England.
We arrived at Plymouth in the end of August, where Pedro Sarmiento was kept a prisoner and nearly naked until the nth of September. On that day the general,
John
Hawkins,^ arrived
at
Plymouth with
twenty-two
ships, galleons
and
frigates of the
service.
men
for sea
and land
Queen, carrying 4,000 They were going to cruise
and commit robberies on the coast of Spain.
When
they
^ It was in 1584 that Sir Walter Raleigh sent his first expedition to Roanoke when the Queen gave the land the name of Virginia, and
:
knighted Raleigh.
Richard Grenville took out a colony in 1585, and in the following year Sir Francis Drake came to the settlement and took the colonists home. He arrived in England on the 27th of July. In the meanwhile Sir Walter Raleigh sent out three vessels in 1586, under the command of Sir Richard Grenville, who returned in August. It must, therefore, have been Grenville's squadron which captured Sarmiento on its way home. ^ Juan de Aquines.
Sir
;
returning in October
FRIENDSHIP WITH RALEIGH.

arrived
it
341
was four days since the English pirate named

sailed for the Strait with five ships,
his
Thomas Cavendish^
having sold
all
property to
fit
them
out.
After
eight days he arrived at Artamua,^ and, hearing that the

Strait
was
as
fortified,
he determined to postpone his exthen,
pedition,
he did
but
when
in
he
heard of the
imprisonment of Pedro Sarmiento

determined
Strait.
France, he again
for
to
start,
and
sailed
from England
the
Pedro Sarmiento apprised your Majesty of

England, by way of Lisbon, sending his
ship which was wrecked off
all this
from
letter in
a Venetian
Cape
Finisterre.
After his
imprisonment at Plymouth, they took him to Hampton

Court^ on the 14th of September, and thence to Windsor* on the 15th of the same month, where Queen Elizabeth of
England was.
to a
He who had
prisoner,
charge of him presented him
gentleman usher of the Queen,^ who was owner of the
ships that
made him
and he received the prisoner

in Latin,
very courteously.
Conversing with him
Pedro
Sarmiento made himself so agreeable that God was served
by
his gaining the captor's
good
will,
who began
to
show
him honour and

^
to sit
by
his side.^
He
gave the prisoner
Teloriscandi.
Cavendish
left
Plymouth with three
vessels, the
Desire (120 tons), Content (60 tons), and Hugh Gallant (40 tons), on Sarmiento's information was, therefore, incorrect. July 2 1 St, 1586,
He was
3
in the Strait,
and visited Sarmiento's

in
city of
Don
*
Felipe, which
^ ?
he called " Port Famine",

Antones.
Sir
^
January 1587.
Guinsar.
Walter Raleigh. Speaking of the fictions of map makers, in his History of the World, Sir Walter Raleigh says : " To which purpose I remember a pretty jest of Don Pedro de Sarmiento, a worthy gentleman who had been employed by his King in planting a colony upon the Streights of Magellan for when I asked him, being then my prisoner, some question about an island in those Streights, which methought might have done either benefit or displeasure to his enterprise, he told me merrily
^
;
that
it
was
to
be called the "Painter's Wife's Island", saying that
342
QUEEN ELIZABETH AND SARMIENTO.

who spoke Spanish
to
a Special house, and a gentleman
attend on him, to accompany him, and keep guard over

him.
Don Antonio
of Crato^ took such offence at this

friendliness, all his reliance being
it,
companionship and
Sir
on
he
Walter Raleigh,^ that he strove to disturb

to the
as
afterwards did.
Don Antonio complained

that,
Queen of this
friendship,
saying that Pedro Sarmiento was said to be illegitimate, and
being under his protection, he was under an obligation
to give
him satisfaction, and that not doing so he would teach him a game that would cost him his life. The Queen became angry, and ordered Sir Walter to put Pedro
Sarmiento
in
felt
in prison.
Then
Sir
Walter spoke to the Queen
favour of Sarmiento, in such wise that the anger she

against
consequence of
him was turned against Don Antonio. In this Don Antonio plotted to kill Pedro Sarmiento by means of a Portuguese, his favourite, named
Antonio de Vega, who
is
now
at this court.
But he warned
Luis,
a Portuguese merchant in London,
named Bernaldo
who
to
is
also
now at
this court,
and he passed on the warning

it
Pedro Sarmiento.
Thus
was that the intention of

with
Don Antonio had no effect. The Queen expressed a wish to speak Sarmiento, who was called up to London for
and he conversed with her
hours and
a
half,
Pedro
the purpose,
in
Latin for more than two

is
in
which language she

is
proficient.
What
ticular
passed on that occasion

report,
reserved for a more par-
and
for the information of
your Majesty
alone.
Pedro Sarmiento also conversed with the Lord
Treasurer and President of the Council, Lord Burleigh,^

whilst the fellow
drew
that
map,
his wife, sitting by, desired
him
to
put in one country for her that she, in imagination, might have an
island of her own."
^ 2
Vol.
II,
Book
ii,
Chap,
xxiii, p.
327 (Ed. 1736).

^
The Portuguese
Guaterales,
pretender.
J3urgulley.
SARMIENTO LEAVES ENGLAND. who

is
343
well
known
to
your Majesty, on the same subject
as with the Queen.
The Admiral and

will
Sir
Walter also
This
treated with Pedro Sarmiento, as your Majesty has already
been informed, and on which a report
be made.
done, and other important matters being settled,
by the
grace of the Queen a passport was given to Pedro Sarmiento, with leave to proceed to Spain and to return to
England
plated.
if it
should be necessary for the object contem-
Having given him a present of a thousand escudos in pieces and pearls, which Bernaldo Luis lent to Sir Walter, Pedro Sarmiento left London on the 30th of
October 1586, having received much courtesy
from
all
in that land
It
sorts of people,
thanks be to God.
may
be
taken that the wish of the Queen to set Pedro Sarmiento

at liberty
was the sign of a desire to humiliate herself to

fear.^
your Majesty from
He came
to
Calais,
if
and went thence to Dunkirk
in
Flanders to see
there was any despatch to convey to
your Majesty, and to apprise the Duke of Parma respecting
England that it was proper he should know, and that he might take order about certain things relating to the war, as he did. Having visited that port and M. de la
affairs in
Lord Howard. It seems likely that Queen Elizabeth,
in
her conversation with Sar-
message to Philip, of Sarmiento in France prevented the message from being delivered, and when he was released in 1589, the Spanish Armada had been defeated, and the The Queen's declaration of face of things was entirely changed. October ist, 1585, had virtually been a declaration of war with Spain. In December Leicester had landed, and in September 1586 the battle But it w^s a hazardous proceeding, the Queen of Zutphen was fought. desired peace if it could be obtained with honour, and she was doubtless glad of an opportunity to communicate privately with Philip. The release of Sarmiento without ransom, and with a passport and a present of money, points to something of this kind,
miento, entrusted
conciliatory verbal
him with some
intended as a basis for negotiations.
The imprisonment
344
SARMIENTO IMPRISONED
in
Mota
the
Furnes, he returned to Calais, where he communi-
cated with M. de Gordan, the Governor of that town for
King of France.
Pedro Sarmiento found the Governor

that officer's
his pleasure
his
to be informed respecting the affairs of your Majesty, often
pressing Sarmiento's hand, whereby he

great regard for our nation.
felt
Sarmiento showed
by the usual ceremonies,

satisfaction
at
which Gordan made known

at Paris
by doing the same.

on the 21st of Novem-
Pedro Sarmiento arrived

ber,
de Mendoza, who advanced money
and was nine days with the Ambassador Don Bernadino for his journey. Conhis packets for
tinuing his journey by post, with the concurrence of the
Ambassador, and carrying

arrived at Bordeaux.
your Majesty, he
Between that town and Bayonne he

on the 9th of December, by a Captain
was taken
de
prisoner,
Vendome,
Viscount of Bearne, and a company of
arquebusiers, while he
was sleeping
in
an inn.
On
to
the
nth they Vendome
took him to the town of

is
Mont Marsan, where

him
M. de
the Viscount, and presented
Castelnau,^ the
commandant who
resided there with five
companies as a garrison,
fifty cuirassiers,
and loose horse-
men, with which forces he made war on the catholics of the towns of Dax and St. Sever,^ where a valorous catholic,
named M. de Poyarne,
heretics
is
governor,
who waged war on
and
their abettors.
When
and the
Pedro Sarmiento was made prisoner they collected
the packets that were for your Majesty and his

interpreter,
own papers
who
acted as his guide, a native of
Irun, in order that he might be released, said that Pedro Sarmiento was a great personage, much more important
1 Michel de Castelnau, Baron de Jonville, was Ambassador in England, and died in 1592, author of the Memoires de Casiebiau. The commandant of Mont Marsan may have been his son Jacques or a cousin, Mathurin de Castelnau, Seigneur de Rouvre. 2 Towns on the Adour, above Bayonne.
BY THE HUGUENOTS.
345
than he really was, that they had better guard him well,
for
that
they would get a large ransom for him.

is
The
man's name
postman
he
did.
at Irun.
Ramos, a servant of Juan de Arbelaez, the May God pardon him for the mischief
few days afterwards they killed the captain and
soldiers
who captured Pedro Sarmiento, owing
to
which
there were differences between the colonel and the other

captains,
and Vendome himself, over which of them should

prisoner.
eat
up the poor
Pedro Sarmiento wrote to the

in Rochelle, giving
Viscount of Bearne, who was
him to understand the injury that had been done when there was no war, on the contrary, that there was peace, confirmed
settled,
and
between the crowns of France and Spain.

sufficient to let
He
presented the passport of the
which ought to be
allied
Queen of England, his ally, anyone pass free through an

He. entreated
said
that,
and confederate country.
on these
grounds, he might be set at liberty, thus undoing the wrong

that
had been committed.
The
Vendome
replied to
Pedro Sarmiento with feigned courtesies, saying that he had

not the power to do what was requested, because he had
given him to the relations and friends of M. de

liberation, in
la
Noue
for the
exchange, of his son Telini,^ taken

la
in Flanders,
faith,
and of the father of M. de
Noue,^ who, on his
had
Teligny was a son-in-law of the Admiral Coligny, and held

in
St.
Quentin
ISS7-
He was
killed or desperately
wounded
in a sortie.
For, in the
massacre of
the text as
Memoirs of Sully, he is said to have been killed at the The prisoner mentioned in St. Bartholomew in 1572. a son-in-law of De la Noue may have been a son of
Coligny's son-in-law.
2
Francois de la
in
Noue was taken
prisoner at an action near Ingel-
munster
1580.
He was
not
only one of the most experienced
one of the most accomplished writers of the age, so that was a great blow to William of Orange. The States in vain offered Count Egmont and other prisoners in exchange. De la Noue remained for five years in a loathsome dungeon at Limburg
soldiers, but
his capture
34^
QUARREL WITH
HIS CAPTORS.
make war. Pedro Sarmiento replied to the said Vendome, and to Colonel
given your Majesty his word not to
Castelnau, that
getting what
they had not adopted
a good
way
of
they wanted, because
the exchange was
unworthy of being entertained, Sarmiento being a man of peace, and Telini a man of war taken with arms in his
hands, perpetrating his illegality in flagrante^ and that your
Majesty would take no more account of such a proposition

than of a worm.
should sooner be
Had
left
been a great Lord of Spain,
to be burnt alive
by them, and
this
they should well know, or they would be altogether deceived, for instead of obtaining the liberty of Telini, they
would secure the death of both.

After
all
they compelled Sarmiento to petition your
Majesty, which he did
miento spoke to the said
much against Vendome
his will.
in
Pedro Sar-
Marsan, and gave
him the letters he had received in reply from this court. Above all they wanted to force him to continue to urge his petition. Pedro Sarmiento answered them that he would
die in the prison before he
was bound
to serve,
would importune one whom he on which Colonel de Castelnau in-
solently gave expression to
some
irrelevant
words against
Sarmiento
the authority of a monarch
whom
to
Pedro Sarmiento loves

stand this
more than
himself.
Unable
challenged him with the weapons at his hand, on which
M. de Castelnau was so aghast that he did not answer a word. If Pedro Sarmiento had not done this, he would deserve to be branded as a disloyal and recreant knight,
and an unworthy servant of your Majesty, though there may be some who would condemn it as temerity.
For
this
Pedro Sarmiento was disliked by the
heretics,
In June 1585 he was exchanged for Egmont, at least eighteen Castle. months before Sarmiento was captured. So that this was only an excuse about De la Noue the real person whose release was sought, was the son-in-law Telini (or Teligny?),
;
MORE CLOSELY CONFINED.

which
for
it
347
more
him was honour and glory, and all the more, the was made public. It took place before all the
gentlemen of that town, and before one Christoval de

Morales, a Spaniard
known
to
Don Juan
de
Idiaquez.
;
Presently the permission was withdrawn to go to mass
he was put under lock and key, his guards were doubled,
and he was threatened with death
at every
moment.
But
God watched
teeth.
castle,
all
over him in the cruel prison, where the
damp
to a
crippled him, where his hair turned grey, and he lost his
For a change and

and immured him
alleviation they took

in infernal darkness,
him
deprived of
human communication, and accompanied by the music of toads and rats in the castle ditch. The place where he was thus imprisoned was so fetid that those who brought
him food were unable to endure it. He was here for thirteen more months, sentenced either to pay 5,000 escudos and four horses, or to be thrown into the river, as was done
to others, his
countrymen, every day.
After
many
disputes
over
it
they definitely announced that the sentence was

select horses, or death.
6,000 ducats and four
Under-
standing
this,
among
in the
heretics,
and that he might not perish miserably and for another chance of doing some
service to
God and to your Majesty, he accepted, confident mercy of God and the magnanimity of your Majesty,
to
me, not for any merit of
whom I humbly prayed that your Majesty would redeem my own, for I have none, but that
by reason of your Majesty's admirable liberality, bounty, and mercifulness, your Majesty would see fit to succour me, and deliver from this hell, from which only God and your Majesty can deliver me, for the ministry of good
Christians, zealous of God's
service.^
honour and
for
your Majesty's
Glory to God who brought
me
before the presence
There are two
letters of Sarmiento
in
the Archivo General de Indias.
One
from his prison at Mont Marsan, is addressed to the Royal
348
SARMIENTO RANSOMED.
of your Majesty, with a heart as ready as ever, and more,

if
more
is
possible, for the royal service in affairs
most near
humility,
to
your Majesty's wishes.
At
present, in
feet
all
Pedro Sarmiento kisses your Majesty's

humanity, liberality and mercy
towards him, providing the 6,000
addition to
as
and hands a
thousand times, praying to Almighty God
that, for so
much
in
your
Majesty used
esc7idos
and four horses,
many
other mercies which during the imprison-
divine
ment you conferred on him, He will see good to show His mercy to your Majesty, granting you His most holy
grace, that, during
many joyful
years,
you may govern your
states and monarchy with increase to it, you have sustained, the most holy Catholic Church, and the catholic faith of our Lord Jesus Christ, whose protector and defender and only column your Majesty is, so that, at the end of your most propitious temporal life, you may be received by God into His
most Christian
sustaining, as
celestial eternity.^
When
the English captured Pedro Sarmiento between
the islands of Terceira and Graciosa, seeing that escape was

impossible, he threw
many
and
papers containing secrets of
Secretary, Juan de Idiaquez,
is
dated September 27th, 1589.
It
appears that
for the
still
money had been

;
collected,
among
friends
and
relations,
ransom
but he represented that 5,100 ducats of his salary were
unpaid, and that iôoo ducats were due to

;
him
for the
government
All
of Peru
this
as well as 14,800 ducats for his grant in that country.

will
be pleased to advance the amount of the ransom. One Christobal de Morales was the bearer of the letters and of the ransom. The second letter, on the same subject, is addressed to the King himself, and dated from his prison of Mont Marsan, on October 2nd, 1589. The period of
Sarmiento's captivity was the disturbed times at the end of the reign
of
being due to him, he entreats that the King
Henry III of France. He called Henry of Navarre the King of Beam. Henry III was assassinated on August 2nd, 1589, and
1
.Sarmiento appears to have been released in the following October.

All the rest, from this place,
is
writing, as well as the signature.
in Pedro Sarmiento's own handNoie by Mufioz.
LOSS OF DOCUMENTS.
349
navigation and of discovery, reports, notices, and proofs,
touching the expedition to
the
Strait,
into
the
sea
especially a large book, containing descriptions in colour
and
in the art
geographical of the mountains of the

fall
new
discoveries
and routes, that they might not hand of the enemy, lest, coming into their power, they might enable them to injure our navigation. A few that were in cypher were alone saved, as they would not be
into the
understood, some of which

the rest
I
have been able to ransom, and

in
may
be able to do over again
time and with
the help of God.

It
is
necessary to
make
the following statement respect-
ing the ships that were the Maria.
left in
the Strait, the Trinidad and

up,
The Trinidad having been broken

for
the
owner treated
a valuation, but Pedro Sarmiento had
been nominated valuer by the owner of the ship.

she could be valued Diego de
la
Before
Ribera departed for Spain
without taking the
letters
of Pedro Sarmiento, and in Rio
de Janeiro Sarmiento heard that an excessive valuation had
been put on the

scruples
time.
ships, respecting
which Sarmiento
felt
great
of conscience,
without saying anything at the
Now
he must inform your Majesty that there has

in this business, to the injury
been deception
of the royal
treasury, as well in this as in other things, both written
and by word of mouth.

Pedro Sarmiento was made prisoner by English pirates
when he was coming from
the Strait and from Brazil to

all
give an account to your Majesty of
that had happened
connected with the expedition, and of the settlements that
had been founded

necessities
to
give information
respecting the
of that land, and of the faithful, loyal, and
constant subjects of your
Majesty who were
left
there,
under such urgent need of being succoured and maintained,
and that the Strait might be fortified in accordance with the wishes of your Majesty. Having been liberated from that
350
captivity,
EARNEST PRAYER FOR HELP

and coming back through Gascony,
I
was again
taken prisoner by the heretics of Vendome, from which

prison
I
advised your Majesty of affairs touching your

I
royal service, and
especially entreated your Majesty to

cities
send succour to those loyal and constant subjects and

so important to the royal service, and because
of the Strait, which your Majesty will have done as a thing
God
has
shown such
in setting
pity and
mercy by the hands of your Majesty
me
at liberty so as to be able to
make my
suppli-
cations in person, and being
bound by
is
my duty to
prosecute
the matter, especially seeing what notable service to our
Lord God and
to Christianity
placed in charge of your

I
mercy, whose service and satisfaction
seek and desire.
Humbly,
I
in
the
name
feet
of the said cities of your Majesty,
kiss
your royal
and hands, and
entreat, for the love
of our Lord God,
may He
be served continually, that other
occupations and demands

help
;
may
not impede nor detain the
for the royal

is
of God,
hand of your Majesty, with the favour more than enough for all. This business ought
to be preferred to
many
is
others, because if this
is
impeded,
the best work there
placed in jeopardy, and the purse

in danger.
is
which sustains
all is
put
Thus your Catholic Majesty

service,
under an obligation of
cities,
conscience to succour your subjects and
with whose
will
under God, the royal crown of your Majesty

Sea,
be
sustained and preserved in those parts, and in the Indies
of the South
Molucos and Philippines, whence,

For the execution of
if this
in
course of time, will result very great advantages, exceeding

the present expense.
it,
weak
subject and servant of your Majesty can serve in anything
non recuso laborem above
all
former work, with joyful
countenance
formerly,
until
it
and prompt
end.
willingness,
I
more
now than
being more needful,

Certainly
I
will
embrace the work
my
life's
it
is
not convenient for the
service of your Majesty that
should be called upon to
TO THE SETTLERS IN THE STRAIT.

answer the
account of
faults of others,
35
being scarcely able to give an

desire
is
my
own.
As my
that
I
my
will
should with
not be different from your Majesty, this

the favour of God,
will follow,
by sea and
will
land, here
and elsewhere,
beseeching for the sake of the blood of our Lord Jesus

Christ, that
your Majesty
be mindful of your poor

will
subjects,
and that your Majesty

relief,
not be content to
send some
but to continue until they are firmly
.established, to
the terror of the enemies of

is
God and
For
this
of
I
your Majesty, when that Strait

offer myself,
closed.
with the help of
God and
of your Majesty,
God
it
giving
me
life.
This
pray with such insistency

After
I
because
my
conscience obliges me.^

it
have brought
before your Majesty,
remains with your Majesty, to

grant long
life
whom may Almighty God

increase of
for heaven.
and health, with
power
for
His sacred
service,
and afterwards
Amen.
1589.
In the Escurial and
December
Majesty.
San Lorenzo the Royal, 15th of This humble subject and most loyal
feet
though unworthy servant kisses the
and hands of your
Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
Again, on
November
21st, 1591,
Sarmiento entreated the King to
send succour to the abandoned

ransom.
settlers in the Strait.
He also requested
that his accounts might be adjusted, after deducting the cost of the
DECLARATION
WHICH,
By
order of the Viceroy of Peru,
Don Francisco de
BoRjA, Prince of Esquilache,
ToME Hernandez
in the Strait of
made
before a Notary respecting what happened

in the settlements
founded
Magellan, by
PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA.

In the city of the Kings, on the 2ist of March 1620, the
most excellent Lord Prince of Esquilache,^ Viceroy of these

kingdoms, said
report
:
that his Excellency had understood from a
made by
the General,
Don
Ordofio de Aguirre, that
Tom( Hernandez, resident

1
in this city,
came from Spain
in
58 1, in
company with Diego
Flores de Valdes and Pedro
Sarmiento, to the discovery and settlement of the Strait of
Magellan, where he lived two years and a
half, until
he
embarked
in the fleet of
Thomas
and that
Candi,^ an Englishman
it
who passed
into this sea
was desirable
for his
Majesty's service to
Strait as well at
its
know and understand

opening as
in the
the width of the
middle and at the

it
other side, what bays, harbours, and anchorages
contains,
and whether
well as in
its
navigation would be easy or

it
difficult, as
what season of the year
can be passed, and
of that
Don Francisco de Borjay Aragon, Prince of Esquilache, was a son Duke of Gandia who was canonized as San Francisco de Borja.
of Peru from 161
5
The Prince was Viceroy

and a
scholar,
to 1621.
He was
a poet
at
and he founded colleges
for the education of noble

until 1658,
Indians.
Returning to Spain, he survived Madrid, at the age of 76.

^
when he died
Cavendish.

EXPEDITION TO SETTLE THE STRAIT.
353
what winds are favourable or the reverse, and what islands and main lands border on the Strait, also what kind of
people inhabit them, whether the countries are desert or
inhabitable,
and everything
it
else bearing
on the
subject, in
order that
scientific
may
be
more
distinctly
understood with
accuracy and sound knowledge.
His Excellency,
shall
therefore, orders that the said
Tome Hernandez
make
a declaration in presence of his Excellency,
and before
Garcia de Tamayo, Chief Notary of Mines and Registers,
and of the Royal Treasury.

{Signed)
{Before me)
The Prince don Francisco de

Garcia de Tamayo.
Borja.
In the city of the Kings, on the 21st of
March
1620, in
the presence of his Excellency, the oath was taken before
God
our Lord, and the sign of the cross, in the prescribed
form, by a
man who
said his
name was Tome Hernandez.

in Spain,
He
said that he
was a native of Badajoz

truth.
and he
in
promised to speak the
And
being interrogated
accordance with the tenor of the above order, he said as

follows
:
This witness being
in
Spain
in
the year 1580, people
were taken, by
command
of his Majesty, to form a settle-
ment in the Strait of Magellan, as well as to serve in the war of Chile. Diego Flores de Valdes was nominated as General of the fleet and of all the people who went out, as
well to the Strait as to Chile.
vessels for this service.
They
fitted
out twenty-three
to
Don Pedro Sarmiento embarked go to the settlement, and Don Alonso de Sotomayor
This witness knew that the
settle-
as Governor of Chile.
ment, of which
Pedro
Sarmiento was
in
charge,
was
ordered to be formed in consequence of the report he had
made
of the Strait, for he had
from these kingdoms to
come out of it and come those of Spain. The General had

z
354
orders, after
THE VOYAGE OUT.

he had taken the soldiers to Chile, and after
he had landed the people who

Straits, to return
came
to
settle
in
the
with the
fleet to
Spain.
In conformity
of
with
these
in
orders
they sailed from

this
the port
San
Lucar
1581,
and
witness embarked as a soldier
on board the Capitana of the

called the galleass
sailing in
fleet, which was a ship and named the San Christoval. All
company they encountered

it
a great storm in the

to return
Gulf of Yaguas,^ owing to which
was necessary
to Cadiz with the loss of seven vessels
which were missing.
There they were

Strait.
refitted,
and again
set out in search of the
The
first
land they touched at was Cape Verde,

in
where they took

the
fleet,
water and other things necessary for

sailed,
and presently
continuing to navigate until

in Brazil.
they arrived at Rio de Janeiro

there for
They remained
and
at the
months hoping
for better weather,
end
of the four months they anchored in a port called San

Vicente, which must be about 50 leagues further on than
Rio de Janeiro.
It
was peopled by Portuguese, who

there,
told
General Diego Flores de Valdes that the English had done
them from the attacks of the enemy. He, therefore, landed a garrison and some cannons, and built a fort, leaving Hernando de Miranda, who had come out in the fleet, as Governor. At the end of a little more than six weeks, during which time they were in the port of San Vicente, they set out to go direct to the Strait, and sailed as far as 48, the ships going more
protect
them harm when they came some soldiers and artillery to
and asked him
to land
than 200 leagues over the
sea.
In this latitude a great

fleet.
storm arose which scattered the ships of the

ran before
it
They
under bare poles, and a ship named the Arriola,
with 300 settlers on board for the Strait, foundered and
1 The fleet encountered the storm outside the between Cape Cantin and Cape Si. Vincent.
Strait of Gibraltar,
LOSS OF
THE " SANTA MART V.

The storm
355
went down with

and when
Rio de
it
all
hands.
lasted eip^ht days,
abated the ships rejoined the Capitana^ except

lost.
is
the one that had been

la Plata,
This was in the latitude of the
which
in 38 a little
more or
less.
Here
the Governor,
Don Alonso de Sotomayor, asked
the consent
of the General to proceed to Chile with his people,
who
were on board three of the

overland from the Rio de
at
ships, saying that, as they could
not reach the Strait, he wished to continue the journey

la Plata.
His troops were landed

for Chile.^
Buenos Ayres, and started from there
The
which
General Diego Flores went with his
fleet to
the island of
Santa Catalina, and before arriving he
lost a frigate
went on shore one morning.^

soldiers in the frigate got
She
fired a piece of artillery,

fleet
which was the cause that the whole

powder, and
was not
all
lost.
The
the
on shore with
the
clothing,
artillery, all
was saved except the

lost ship.
is
frigate,
soldiers remaining
on shore by the
The
fleet
anchored
in the port of
Santa Catalina, which
three days'
lost.
journey by land from the place where the frigate was
The whole way
is
a war-path frequented by Indians.

fleet,
The
left
General, with his
being
in the port of
Santa Catalina,
anxious about what had become of the

at the place
men who were
where the
frigate
was
lost.
Captain Gonzalo
who was on board the frigate, arrived by They brought news that the land with two women. soldiers had mutinied, not wishing to obey him who
Melendez,^
He had reduced them to order, by was their captain. good arguments, and they had agreed to leave the place At the end of about 15 days all the where they were.
soldiers
of the lost frigate
came
to the
port where the
1 Don Alonso de Sotomayor, Marquis of Villa Hermosa, Captain-General of Chile from 1584 to 1592. 2 The Santa Marta. See page 252.
was
He was
captain of the Santa Marta*
Z 2
356
General was.
DESERTION OF DIEGO FLORES.
The ringleaders of the mutiny were taken into custody. They said that they had come retreating from the Indians. At first they had been regaled and well received.
Afterwards the Spaniards had been deceived by a
mestizo
frigate,
kill
who had been brought from Rio de Janeiro in the and who had declared that the Indians intended to
them.
He
advised that the Spaniards should

eat.
it,
kill
the
Indians when they came for them to
This they did,
and when the
rest of the Indians
knew
they attacked the
soldiers, setting fire to the grass all round, so that there
was
no way open except along the sea

in search of the Strait,
shore.
fleet sailed
After the mutineers had been punished, the
and
in leaving the port
a ship,
named
She
the Proveedora, was
lost.
She was of about 500

all
tons.
was
lost
on a rock, but
the people were saved, losing

rest of the ships
the artillery and stores.
The
shaped a
course for the Strait and, after
some days of
navigation,
first
is
entered
it
with good weather, and anchored in the
narrow, off the point of San Geronimo,^ where the width
about a league from shore to shore.
where the
to sea.
forts
were to be
built.
This was the place That night there was
such a storm that the ships had to cut their cables and go
They
fleet,
returned to Rio de Janeiro, where they found four
galleons which his Majesty had sent with supplies for the
under the
command
of Diego de Arce.^
Here the
General,
fleet
assembled, and the ships were divided.

to
The
Diego Flores de Valdes, resolved

fleet,
go to Bahia with the

Strait, as General,
settlers.
and
to send
Diego de la Ribera to the
with two or three frigates to convey the
In short,
Diego Flores intended to return to Spain.
In accordance
with his scheme the two ships and three frigates sailed from
1
^
He must mean San Gregorio. Diego de Alcega. See page 279.
SETTLEMENTS IN THE STRAIT.

Rio de Janeiro and went south to
of the Strait in January, having
fine
357
40, arriving
on the coast
made
a good voyage in
weathen
They
la
entered the Strait for half a league,
where Diego de
on shore, the
her.
Ribera put the people on shore, as he did
not want to enter the Strait any farther.
One
ship went
artillery and wet provisions being got out of Landing 280 men at this place, in charge of Captain
la
Pedro Sarmiento, Diego de

supplies except
Ribera departed, leaving no
what was contained in one small vessel. At this same place a settlement was formed near the sea.^ Thence Pedro Sarmiento despatched the small vessel up the Strait with some arms and a crew of sailors, with orders
to wait at jthe point of
Santa
Ana
until
he reached,_that
place
by
land.
Being
in this first settlement thjere
came
250 natives with signs of peace.
There were men and
women
of gigantic
size,
and
they conversed with the
who regaled them, after which they went away. Three nights afterwards they made an attack and fought
Spaniards,
with us for some time, some of our soldiers being wounded.
Then Captain Sarmiento gave orders to Captain Iniguez march inland and find them. He came upon 220 natives, who came and spoke to the Spaniards in their own
to
language, so that they were not understood.
Their bosoms
were searched to see
if
they carried any arms.
The
Captain of them took Captain Iniguez by the hand and led him to the other natives, as if in friendship. The Spaniards thought that this was so, until Captain Iniguez cried out The soldiers then that the natives were carrying him off.
attacked them, killed several natives with their arquebuses,
and recovered
their captain.
When
if
they
fired,
the natives
who were
hit,
shook the place as
what had struck them
1 [Pedro Sarmiento called this first settlement " Nombre de Jesus". Perhaps it was founded on the cape to which he had given the same name. S/>. Ed.]
3S8

The women
cried out,
would drop out
and made signs
that the Spaniards should depart, which they did, and re-
turned to the camp.
Leaving 300 men
at the first settlement
where what
have just related took place, Pedro Sarmiento set out by

land with 80 soldiers, in search of the
little vessel.
Having
ship,
gone about 10 leagues, they came
to the
wreck of a
and they found that the anchors were buried

the wreck was, they
in the earth
with only the flukes showing, and half a league from where
came upon a
ship's
mast thrust into

it,
the ground with a great pile of stone round
and they
could not stop to find out what
it
could be.
Marching
along the coast to the

like the others
first
narrow, eleven gigantic natives
met them.
Pedro Sarmiento stopped and
joined them, treating them in a friendly way, and asking
them
it
if
they had seen a vessel pass that
way
a few days
before.
They
replied
by signs
in the affirmative,
and that
was eight days since they had seen

Pedro
Sarmiento
her.
After they had
been half an hour with the Indians a Franciscan Friar,
whom
them
had
brought with
him,
gave
this
to understand that
Sarmiento was Captain of the
Spaniards
who had come.
The
native,
hearing
statement answered that he himself was captain, striking

his breast,
and he showed anger that the Friar should hav^

was captain.
said that Sarmiento
Going a
little
apart, he
it,
took an arrow out of his mouth, cut himself with
spit
some blood out, and coolly anointed his bosom with it. The Friar then told Pedro Sarmiento that they must depart
from thence, because these natives were sorcerers and were
deceived by the devil, and that
it
was better
to
go away.
So they went on
in
search of the ship, and after a time
they perceived that the natives, who had remained behind,
were now following them, and coming near. The Spaniards went on without taking any notice, and the natives, seeing that twelve or fourteen Spaniards were marching behind
SETTLEMENT OF SAN
as a rear guard, shot arrows at them.
FELIPE.
359
The
soldiers defended
themselves with the arms they carried, although they could

not use their arquebuses because the matches were packed
up, that they
officer
might not be wasted.

Loperraez^
The
natives killed an
named
and wounded
afterwards.
eight
It
soldiers
with their arrows,
who
died
was looked
upon
as certain that the arrows
must have been anointed

and the
with poisonous herbs, for not one of the wounded ever

recovered.
rest
The Spaniards
killed the native Chief

flight as
were badly wounded, taking to
Pedro Sar-
miento returned to the rescue with his vanguard.

attended to the wounded, and interred the
Having
they
officer,
passed the night there without being disturbed, and pro-
ceeded on their
days.
way next morning and

little
for several following

first
At
the end of fifteen days since leaving the
settlement they found their

port, with' sufficient
vessel anchored in a small
depth of water, but no inhabitants.
On
that day, which
was
St.
Mark's day, when they found

it
the ship at anchor in that port,
began to snow, and a
site
was sought out which seemed

"
suitable, near the sea,
where
they formed a settlement, to which they gave the
name of
San
Felipe",^ fortifying
it
and surrounding
were mounted.
it
with very
strong timbers, but leaving an opening towards the sea,
where two pieces of

gates were
artillery.
left
artillery
Two
other
towards the
hills,
each with two pieces of
The
settlement having been formed, posts were estab-
lished in convenient positions.
After twenty or thirty days

out with hard work
the people were getting worn
and
hunger, and from want of proper clothing, and were be-
coming disgusted.
visiting the
One
night,
when
this
witness
{''
was
posts as officer of the guard
cabo de es-
Lope Baer.
Don
Felipe.
See page 322. See page 328.
360
quadra!'), he found a
CONSPIRACY.
clergyman named Alonso Sanchez,
at a late hour of the night, conversing with a soldier
named
at so
Juan de Arroyo, who was on sentry. surprised that he should be occupied
This witness was

in
such a
way
late an hour, and Juan de Arroyo admitted he was there without giving his name. This witness was angry, and
reprehended them.
The clergyman
this witness
replied that for himself
he did not need a name, and he walked off without another

word.
Seeing that
had gone away very angry,

this witness
he sought him out, and when
asked what
it
was that he wanted, he answered that if he could keep a secret he would give him notice of a serious business, very
profitable
to
all
the soldiers.
This witness
told
gave
the
promise, and
the clergyman
him
in
it
it
was discussed
Captain Pedro
among
all
the soldiers to mutiny, and
kill
Sarmiento, seize the ship, and return

their lives
to Brazil, because
had become
insufferable.
This witness reported

he had not knowledge,
then sent
the affair to Pedro Sarmiento as soon as he landed from

the ship, for he slept on board every night, for
if
taken this precaution and had slept on shore, he would
have been killed some days before.

for a soldier
Having
this
he dissembled and went on board again.
He
named Juan Rodriguez, a
native of
La Mancha,
who was
names
arrest.
the ringleader of the mutiny, and, having him on
board, he sent for three other soldiers, his comrades, whose

this witness
does not remember, and put them under
confessions.
Then he sent for the clergyman, and took their They declared that it was true about the mutiny. So he took them on shore with scrolls on their backs declaring their treason, and caused them to be
beheaded
board.
in the
plaza from behind, and their heads to be
stuck on poles.i
The clergyman remained

in this
a prisoner on
Having been two months
second settlement
Only one was executed, the ringleader Rodriguez.
See page 331.
THE SETTLERS ABANDONED.

called "
36
San
Felipe",
Pedro Sarmiento embarked on board
the ship with the sailors and ten or twelve soldiers, and
made
sail,
taking the clergyman as a prisoner.
He
left
the
settlement quiet and peaceful in charge of his

Suarez,
who remained
as captain.
nephew Juan He said that he was
going for the rest of the
settlers at the first settlement, to
bring them to the other, and afterwards to proceed to Chile

for provisions.
He
never more returned.^
Two months
people
after
Pedro Sarmiento had sailed from the

in the first settlement
second settlement with the object above mentioned, the
who had remained
arrived,
and
in
all
were collected at the second settlement.
This was
August, which was winter, and they came by land.

settlement, which
Their news was that Pedro Sarmiento had arrived with

the ship at the anchorage of the
first
is
an open bay without any
shelter.
Then
there was a great
storm and, the ship being at anchor, they slipped the cables
and made
in all the
It
sail.
No
further
news was heard of the ship

in the Strait.
time that the Spaniards were
was seen by Andres de Viedma, a native of Jaen, who

in the
had become captain of the people
second settlement,
and head of
support so
soldiers,
all
the soldiers in both settlements in place of

sufficient
Pedro Sarmiento, that there was not
food
to
many
people.
So he decided upon sending 200

of Juan Iniguez, to the
first
under the
command
could.
settlement, with orders to pick

in the best
up
shell-fish,
and get food
way they
Their orders were to look out

Strait, that
for
any ship entering the
they might get help

in the
and give notice of the condition of the people
second
and once more sailed for the was so disabled in a violent storm that he had to return to Rio where the Governor was unable to give him any more help. He consequently sailed for Spain, and was captured by an English vessel belonging to Sir Walter Raleigh, near the Azores. See page 340.
^
He
Straits.
went But
to
Brazil for supplies,
his vessel
;
362
settlement.
SUFFERINGS bF THE SETTLERS.
The
rest of the people

all
remained there with

all
Andres de Viedma
the winter, and
the next summer,
waiting for the return of Pedro Sarmiento.
Seeing that so
long a time had passed and that he never came, and that
a second winter was coming on, and that the people were
dying of hunger, they agreed to build two boats.

having been done,
fifty
This
men embarked
in
them who had
survived in the second settlement, together with Captain
Viedma, Captain Juan Suarez, and the Franciscan who was named Friar Antonio, but whose surname this witness does not remember,^ and five Spanish women. Having navigated
for six leagues
down the
Strait,
they struck upon some rocks

lost.
near point Santa Brigida, where one boat was

board, and not by reason of any bad weather.
The
cause of this accident was that there were no sailors on
The people
room
were saved, and

landed.
all
who embarked
one boat.
in
both boats were
The
captain considered that there was not

in
for all the
people
The
winter was coming on
with great severity, and
they had no provisions.

live
;
The
shell-
people were told to scatter and try to

fish
on the
they could pick up along the beach
while Captains
Viedma and
returned
witness,
to
Suarez, with the Friar and twenty soldiers,
the second
settlement in the
boat
five
This
and thirty men with him, and the

left
all
women,
remained on the beach where Viedma
them, and
wandered about
the winter, picking up shell-fish, at
night taking refuge in huts they made, four in each.
They
life,
kept apart along the coast so as to be able to support
'when summer returned. Captain Viedma sent for them to return to the settlement, and altogether fifteen men and
^ [Perhaps this Friar was Antonio Guadramiro, Chaplain of the Nuestra Sefiora de la Espera?tza^ who is so often mentioned by Sarmiento in his journal. Sp. Ed.'\ This is a mistake. The Friar's name was Antonio Rodriguez.
ARRIVAL OF CAVENDISH IN THE STRAIT.

three
363
women
assembled, including those

those
who remained
with this
with
Viedma and
who had been landed

sterility
witness.
All the rest had died of hunger and sickness
which supervened through the

ter of the land.
and rugged characto
These survivors agreed
go
to the first
settlement,
until
and were journeying with
this intention
by land
they had passed the first narrow of the Strait at point San Geronimo.^ Along the coast they found many dead bodies, being those of the soldiers sent by Viedma to the Having passed point San Geronimo about first settlement.
four leagues, the survivors
came
in sight
of four ships which

It
were coming
into the Strait in latitude 52 30' S.
was
perceived that they had suffered from the weather, because
them was injured by the gale encountered outside the mouth of the Strait, owing to which two ships anchored in the bay, taking the southern That night the people side where there are soundings. who were on shore showed lights that the ships might see
the despatch boat^ they brought with
them, for
was supposed that they were Spanish ships, showed lanterns as a signal that they saw the and they lights. In the morning they made sail, and it was seen
it
was manned which pulled along near the shore. This witness, seeing that they were going away, and that
that a boat
the boat did not
come
to the place
where Captain Viedma
and the survivors stood, asked permission to follow that

boat, see
who
the people were, and
tell
them how
it
it,
was
and
with the survivors.

this witness started
The
captain thought well of
with two other soldiers,
named Juan
they put
Martin Chiquillo of Estremadura, and Juan Fernandez of

Puentevedra.
Having run
for
half a league,
themselves in front of where the boat would pass, and

signs with a white flag.
made
This having been seen by the
He must mean San The Hugh Gallant,
Gregorio.
3^4
HERNANDEZ TAKEN ON BOARD
came to the beach, and this witness asked them what people they were. They answered in Spanish that they were English, and that they were going to Peru. Without asking any questions of those on shore, they said that if they liked to embark they could have a passage to Peru. Those on shore replied that they did not wish to do
boat's crew, they
so,
because they feared that they would be thrown into the
sea.
One
of those in the boat,
who seemed
to
have come
as an interpreter, answered that they
might well embark
because those on board were better Christians than

were.
we
to-
Saying
this
they went on a-head without more
words.
gether,
This witness and his companions consulted
embark than to all the rest perish as had done. Having come to this conclusion they again called to the boat which was near, and
and agreed that
it
was better
to
which returned to the beach.
This witness then got into
the boat with his arquebus, and, having embarked, they
shoved off without caring to take the other two soldiers on

board.
This witness then knew that the General
Tomas
Candi^ was in the boat, to
other two soldiers on board.
whom On
he prayed to take the

this occasion
he asked
this
whether there were

three
tell
more Spaniards on shore? and
witness answered that there remained twelve
men and
women.
The General then
desired this witness to
the other two soldiers to go to the rest of their people,

for his part
nd that
he would come to embark them
all,
and that they were to wait for him. On this the two soldiers went to where the survivors were waiting.
The General went back
to the ships,
and embarked on
Thomas Cavendish sailed from Plymouth on July 21st, 1586, with three vessels, the Desire (120 tons), Co?tte?it (60 tons), and the Hugh Gallant (40 tons). They anchored near the first narrow on January
1
and it was on the 7th that Cavendish went away and took the Spaniard on board.
6th, 1587,
in
a boat,
THE SHIP OF THOMAS CAVENDISH.

board the Capttana, and while
ing the ships had anchored.
board, seeing that
it
36$
this discourse
was proceed-
When Thomas
Candi went on
was good weather
for navigating, he/
made
sail
without waiting for the rest of the people to'

sent,^
whom
he had
and went on to anchor
off the island of
the Ducks,^ where they landed and, in the space of two hours,
got six casks of the flesh of young birds.
There are many
on that
island,
and the ground
is full
of holes where they
breed, and they are very large
and
fat.
Thence he
sailed
city of San Felipe, which was the second settlement founded by Pedro Sarmiento.^ They were there four days, taking in wood and water, and pulling down the houses for the wood. While they were on shore, they took
on to the
the six pieces of artillery in the settlement, four of bronze
and two of cast

from the
ship
iron,
in
which were those that were landed
which Pedro Sarmiento went away.

Strait,
Making
into the
sail,
they passed through the

left
and eight days
after they
had
the second settlement they
came out
South Sea,* where they encountered great storms.

until
In this weather the despatch boat^ was separated from the

ships,
and was not seen again
they came to the island
of Santa Maria, having seen no land up to that time.
They
had given up the despatch boat

from the houses of the Indians.
five
as lost.
On that island they
landed, and supplied themselves with plenty of provisions
After being there four or
days the despatch boat arrived, and came to anchor
where the two ships were.
Then
all
made
sail for
the port
Burney endeavours
little
to find excuses for this
inhuman conduct, but

His name
with
success.
II, p. 70.
One man
survived in 1590, and was
taken on board by the Delight of Bristol, Captain Merick. is not given, and he died on the passage home.
'^
Santa Magdalena.
They anchored here on
the Qth oT January 1587,

^
naming the place

Gallant.
" Port Famine".

*
On
the 24th of February.
The Hugh
366
ESCAPE OF HERNANDEZ.
of Valparaiso, but the land was so shut in by mist that
they could not
make
it
out,
and when and
it
cleared up they
found themselves
in the port of
Quintero.
fresh beef.
party went
on shore
seen
for
wood and
cattle,
water,
For they had

in this
much
but they could not catch one, because

cattle.
they were escaped
They were occupied
way
until four in the afternoon, at
which hour three Spaniards
on horseback appeared, with lances and daggers, who came

to reconnoitre.
this witness
When
the General saw this he called to

find
and told him to go where they were, and

This witness did
so,
out what they wanted.
two English-
man going
with him as a guard, and came near them,
asking them what people they were.
They answered they

question.
were Spaniards, and
asked the same
This
witness then said that they also were Spaniards, and
came
from the Strait of Magellan

offered
to
in
want of wood, on which they

provisions
as
supply as
much
was wanted. and
While talking
carelessly with them, this witness perceived
that twenty-five
men were approaching
stealthily
it
seemed that the General had sent them to capture one of Seeing them coming, this witness the three horsemen.
gave warning secretly so that the two Englishmen could
not understand, telling them to ride
away as those he came

this
with were English, and that this witness, being a Spaniard,
would return and see them.

parted,
On
the horsemen de-
and
this
witness returned where General
Tomas
Candi was, and told
him
that they said they were Spaniards.
He saw
that the General intended to send
him again where
the Spaniards were, saying that they would supply him
with provisions.
the Spaniards,
Having gone with
this order in search of
who were
waiting for him, one of them took

that night to a farm.
him up behind, and took him

arrival of
By
this
time the Corregidor of Santiago had received tidings of the
an enemy, and came to the same farm with his

this witness.
troops, where he found
Next day he made an
EXAMINATION OF HERNANDEZ.
367
ambuscade, and when the people of the ships landed to get

water,
and
to
wash
their clothes in a lagoon near the port
of Quintero, the Spaniards attacked them, killed twelve
The Spaniards saw was coming near the shore to fire her artillery, so they retired without one of them being wounded or hurt. They returned to Santiago, where this witness remained, and afterwards went to Peru, leaving
Englishmen, and took nine prisoners.^
that the despatch boat
seven of the nine English prisoners that were taken, hanged.
And
this
was the end of the voyage he made

asked.
its
to the Strait
and settlement of Magellan.
He was
Strait
In
what
latitude
is
?
the
mouth of the
but he did
and
opening at the other end
He
not
answered.
That the mouth was

said.
in 52 30',
know
the latitude of the other end, not being a sailor.
He knew
notice of
the latitude of the
mouth because he had taken

in
what was
Asked.
Whether
from the time he embarked

first
the
English ship, near the
settlement, until he left the Strait,

?
they had bad or good weather
They had very weather. Whether they navigated at night Answer. No. They anchored every night,
Answer.
Asked.
fine
?
and made
sail in
the morning.
in
?
What order was kept the navigation Answer. They went on, sounding as they went, and the
Asked.
boat a-head.
Asked.
What was
the time of year
when they passed

it ?
through the Strait until they came out of
Answer.
Strait
In the mouth of February, which summer. the Asked. Whether there are any sheltered ports
is
in
1 The English account was that only twelve men were killed and taken prisoners, while they killed twenty-four of the Spaniards.
368
Ansiver.
sheltered
There is anchorage everywhere, for it is all by high land on one side and the other, from the
the Strait in the narrowest part,
?
second settlement onwards.

Asked.
How narrow
in the
is
and how wide

Answer.
widest
The mouth of the
Strait, at the entrance,
has a
width of 7 leagues, and at the second settlement, which will be 50 leagues within the mouth, there is a bay, and the width
is
2 leagues.
Six leagues further on the Strait beit
comes narrower
widths of
is
until
opens into the South Sea, and
before arriving at the bay from the

I
or 2 leagues.
mouth there are different The narrowest part of the Strait

All the Strait on
is
an
affair
of an arquebus shot across.
the south side has soundings, and the north side
danger-
ous on account of the rocks.
In the
first
narrow, at the
at a
point of San Geronimo,^ there are

distance of
some sand banks,

winter
?
some 14 leagues from the mouth.

in the
all
Asked.
What winds prevail Anszver. Winds blow from

is
it
quarters.
is
The
incon-
venience of navigating the Strait in winter

excessive cold, which
only from the
very rigorous, with continual snow,

all
insomuch that
sun
is
never ceased to snow
the days, and the
never out, but always obscured.

it
In case of contrary
winds
Strait,
is
always possible to anchor in any part of the
from the second settlement of San Felipe onwards
to the
South Sea
for
it
is
sheltered
by very
lofty chains
of mountains.
But from the mouth to the said settlement,

is
unless a ship runs in at once with a fair wind, there

to drive her out again, because there
is
force
no shelter where
at the
she can anchor in safety, for the land
is
low.
Asked.
Whether there are any rocks to be avoided

Strait
?
mouth of the
Answer.
In the mouth
^
itself,
on the north
side, there is
San Gregorio.
a point called
369
Madre de
out.
Dios, and there are

sea,
some
reefs
which run some distance into the

keep a good look
Asked.
of the Strait
where
it is
needful to
Whether there
?
is
another entrance at the mouth
Answer.
He did not see one.

in the
if
Being established at the

Strait,
second settlement,
the south side, as
middle of the
they went
in
boats from one side to the other, and saw an opening on

there was an archipelago of islands.
Navigating with
Tomas
Candi, the General
made
a state-
was another entrance at the mouth. This him why he did not enter by it.? and he answered that it was in a higher latitude, and that as there were many islands he had not wished to run the risk of entering by another mouth. According to what this witness saw in the account of the navigation, he understood that, entering by the mouth mentioned by the Englishman, it would come out by an opening in the middle of the Strait. For he did not see any other.
that there
ment
witness asked
Asked.
What
It is
is
the distance along the whole Strait,
from the mouth to
its
termination at the South Sea
Answer.
land.
100 leagues, as well from what he saw
in
navigating, as from having walked half the distance on
Asked.
In
how long
fair
a time could the Strait be navi-
gated
Answer,
With a
is
wind blowing
fresh,
he thought
it
might be done
ment, which
Asked.
entrance
in eight or ten
days from the second
settle-
near the narrow.

it is
W^hether
?
dangerous at any part besides the

of
San Gregorio, which is between the second settlement and the South Sea, where Tomas Candi destroyed some canoes of the natives, there is difficulty, owing to the meeting of the two seas, but it A A
Answer.
the
river
Near
370
does not amount to being dangerous owing to the shelter
from land on both

Asked.
sides.
is
?
For what distance there no shelter Answer. He thought about 30 leagues from
mouth of
it is
entering
is
the
the Strait.
The next 20
leagues
more
sheltered as the land
50
shelter
becomes higher, and for the remaining smooth and navigable as a river, owing to the from the mountains and to its being so narrow.
as
Asked.
How
What
are the gigantic natives that are said to

?
have been seen clothed and armed
Answer.
Asked.
They are dressed

Some
in the skins of animals,
and
armed with bows and arrows.

colour are they, do they wear their hair
?
long or short, and have they beards
Answer.
are white and of a
good
colour,
and
others very brown.

their hair long,
They have no
beards,
and they wear
and gathered up on
their heads like
women.
What stature had they? formed. Answer. They were very corpulent and Asked. Whether during the time he was on shore
Asked.
ill
in the
saw other natives besides those referred to, and women and whether all the rest have the same stature, and whether he saw many people together, and how
Strait he
;
many?
Answer.
The
greatest
gether would be 250, being those
number of natives he saw towho first came peacefully.
They were of the stature and appearance already mentioned. They frequent the neighbourhood of the first settlement, which is plain country. From the second settlement to the
South Sea there are natives of ordinary
stature, with the
same
clothing,
and the hair
short.
They
carry darts for
weapons.
Asked.
What settlements have these

?
natives, of the first
and the second kind

Answer.
He saw none of any
sort.
Asked.
37
inter?
If while
he was there the Spaniards had
course with the natives, and whether they went inland
Answer.
They did not go further inland than

further
3 leagues,
and they had no

mentioned above.
Asked.
intercourse
than
has
been
How
much
plain country did he think there

?
was from the
first
settlement onwards
Answer. From
Asked.
thence to the mountains there are 30
leagues of plain country.
If there are any pastures
and
rivers in the plain
country?
Answer.
Asked.
There are
two small
rivers before
coming
to
the mountains and plenty of pasture.
Whether
there are cattle or other animals of
Castille, or peculiar to the country, or
any birds
Answer.
they
call
In the plain country he
saw
vicunas,^
which
sheep of the country, and there are wild birds, and

hills,
deer in the
but no sheep nor birds (domestic
?).
Asked.
Whether the
?
natives ride on horseback,
and
if
there are any horses
Ansiver.
He always saw them walk on

tillage,
foot,
and he saw
no
horses.
Asked.
selves, if
If he knew how these natives maintained themthey have any
and how they
live
Answer.-
As soon as
flesh
he landed he saw that the natives
had pieces of whale

of the
and
shell-fish for food.
Also one
women who were brought

live
out by Pedro Sarmiento
went to
other),
with the natives, having fallen into their power,
out of two they met walking on shore (having killed the
and
this
woman remained
alive
among them
for
three months, at the end of which time they set her free.
She
no settlement, and that they maintained themselves on some roots, shell-fish, and seal
said
1
that they had
Guanacos.
The vicuna
is
confined to Peru.
AA
'
372
flesh,
and whale
thing.
and that they did not cultivate anyhe
Asked.
wise
?
Whether
others.
saw
any
fruits,
wild
or
other-
Answer.
He only saw
fruit like jujubes,^
which they
ate.
He
saw no
Asked.
Whether Whether
?
in the plain or
mountainous country
he saw any animals.
Answer.
Asked.
He saw small lions^ and no others.

in the
woods he saw any
vipers or other
poisonous reptiles
Answer. He did not see any because they do not breed, owing to the country being cold.
Asked.
What
urchins,
shell-fish
it
was that
this witness
and the
other Spaniards lived upon

Ansiver.
There
?
were cockle-shells and barnacles, and

alive.
some sea
Asked.
on which they kept themselves
How
they roofed the houses they built
in the
settlement
Answer.
With grass, which also called Asked. What language the natives spoke, and how did
is
icho.
the Spaniards understand
them ? Answer. They only heard them say "Jesus!" "Santa Maria!" looking up at the sky and they gave us to under-
stand that there were other
men
inland, saying, " other
men
with beards, with boats
other boys"; and pointing out to
the Spaniards the boys they had with them, they said,
"that they were like those", and they showed their size
with their hands, and that they were in the land beyond,
by which we understood that the country towards where they pointed, which was to the north, was inhabited. Asked, Whether there are any people to the south,
1 2
" Azufaifd!\ fruit of the jujube tree.
Rhani7ius zizyphus
{L.).
Pumas.
coming through the
with those in front
?
373
Strait,
and whether they communicate
Answer.
in their
From the Tierra del Fuego some Indians came

it is
canoes and communicated from one side to the
other,
and
supposed they use the same language with
those in the plain country,
who
are giants, and
intercourse with those on the side to the south
who have who are like

Candi
them.
But those of the mountainous part do not complains.

this
municate with those of the
When Tomas
was
sailing in
his
ship,
and
witness was with him,
arriving at the river of
San Gregorio, the boats went on
many natives who received the English well, and gave them some dead game of what they had with them, and they were invited to return another day. The General was much
shore in the afternoon for water, and found
in the river,
pleased at
this,
and resolved
for
to
do as they were
invited.
This witness said that these natives intended deceit, and to
form an ambuscade,
they were treacherous, and had

his
done the same with the Spaniards,

this
companions.
in
With
warning the English landed next day
a different
part to that where the natives watched, and
they could not carry out their intention

beach, near the
when they saw they came on the

in the boats,
mouth of
it,
the river, menacing the English
who had
nearer.
to pass
and had no other way out

kill
and intending
natives being
to
them
all
there.
Then they came

all
This witness said to the General that
the
fire
now
collected together, he
had better
This was done, and upon them and put them to rout. many were killed and wounded, on which they abandoned
their post
and
fled into the
woods.
The English
it,
then got
into the boats
and crossed the
river,
where they found a

darts and
great barricade aud
many weapons behind

left
arrows, pointed with swords and daggers
by Spaniards,
whom
they had killed on the road, being people brought by

Presently the English
Pedro Sarmiento to the settlements.
374
river,
took the shallops and, having ascended the
they found
more than twenty canoes without any natives. They towed them out in sight of the ships and set them on fire. Asked. What weather is met with in that land 1 Answer. From October summer begins, and lasts for
six months,
and winter begins

it is
in April.
Whether Answer. Yes and

Asked.
;
very hot in
summer
the winter, beginning in April,

that the ship, which
is
severe.
There
is
so
much snow
it
was
anchored there, had to push

with shovels.
off the
deck into the sea

were landed from
Asked.
How many pieces of

first
artillery
the ship at the

left?
settlement,
and where were they

well,
Answer.
He
did not
remember
but he thought
there were over thirty,
all
of bronze, and that they were
buried a stone's throw from the sea, in front of the settle-
ment, and he thought they must be covered with sand, the

coast being so wild, though they were
left
with proper earth
over them
as
it is
it is
half a league from the
mouth of the Strait,
entered, on the north side.
Asked.
Whether
the Indians
who came brought any-
thing of silver or gold, as ornaments in their noses or ears,

as others are
accustomed to do.
Answer.
nor, while gold.
That they did not bring anything of the kind,

he was there, did he see anything of
this witness
silver or
When
in
and
his
companions were seeking

alive,
for shell-fish
on the beach to keep themselves

parts of
it
they
found
many
shells,
with pearls inside, but as

left
they were of no use to them as food, they
them and
and
at
sought for others with
more meat.
They had much know;
ledge of the pearl shells, as they were numerous

first,
when they had no thought of perishing, and had hopes
of escaping, they kept them.
Men and women

;
collected
them
for
Captain Pedro Sarmiento
but, afterwards,
when
375
they found themselves in such hopeless case, they took no
more care of them.
What kind of pearls were the kinds. Answer. They were very white and of Asked. What timber there was the
Asked.
in
shells'?
all
in
forests,
and
whether
it
was large enough
for ship building
Answer.
There
is
were white
alder,
some
cypresses,
and
other kinds, forming large timber, which he did not
by
their
names, and ships could be built with the
know wood
by
And
who
that
what
here said and declared
is all
the truth
the oath which has been recorded.

is
Signed by
this witness,
now
it.
of the age of 62 years.
His Excellency also

^
signed
ToM^ Hernandez
before me,
Garcia de Tamayo.
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Abreu, Simon de, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list left at the river San Juan also in the list at the end of the voyage,
;
with him at C. Virgin, 302 ; disembarks soldiers and stores there,
303 ; accused of stealing stores, 308 n.

Alas, Pedro Estevan de las, captain of the
but could not sign, 132, 203 Acosta, a Jesuit historian, who accompanied Francisco de Toledo on
his visitation of Peru, xviii
N. S.
de Esperanza,
220, 226 .
Alava,
de,
Don
Francisco
de,
of
Aguilera,
Juan
Rodriquez
Lisbon, plans of the forts submitted

to him, 213,
master of the S.
M.
de Begona,
220
Albarca,
de, a captain
S.
Aguinaga, Domingo
230 Hector, captain Miguel, 220

{see
of
the
appointed by the King, 214 Aguirre, Juan de, captain of the Francesca, 220
Albor, Diego Perez de
Perez,
Diego)
Aguirre,
Don Ordoiio
Report
of
at
de. General
Alcazaba {see Alcazava, Simon de) Alcazava, Simon de, a Portuguese,

sailed to the Strait in 1534-35, xxv,
made
Lima
to
the
Viceroy of Peru, which led to the

deposition
217, 289
;/.
Tome Hernandez
Alcega, Diego de
de)
{see
Arce, Diego
pilot
being taken, 352
Agustin, Maesa, carpenter of the
Alonso, Hernando, second

22
on
18,
N.
left
list
S. de Esperanza.
at
In the
list
board the N. S. de Esperanza,

;
at the
San Juan, 132; also in the end of the voyage, but
always took sights at noon
with Sarmiento, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37,

157,
163, 165, 171,
172,
could not sign, 203
175;
Alabari,
Diego
de,
captain
and
sounded ahead to
Port Rosario, 40
;
pilot ships into
master of the Corza, 221
tried in vain to
Alas, Alonso de las, a Portuguese,

captain of
the
recover the anchor at Pt. Primero,
Almiranta,
half-
57
intended to go in search of
brother of Diego de la Ribera, 219,
256
n.
also
an accountant, 256,
89 ; his opinion as to the course for the

Strait,
Sarmiento in the boat,
294
Alas, Estevan de las, captain of the
S.
escape,
96 ; in the brigantine, narrow 100 ; urged Sarmiento to

list left
Estevan de Soroa, and General

captain of
;
turn back after entering the Strait,
Purveyor, 211, 221
112; in the
las,
at
San Juan,
vessel,
Alas, Gregorio de
132
sent in a small
the
ConcepcioUy 219, 256 .
remained
Conception,
from Santiago (Cape
with Sarmiento, 296
goes ashore
Verde) to take the news to the
378
Viceroy of
Peru,
31, 89,
INDEX OF PERSONS.
189,
190 n.
tion of Sarmiento,
and
plots to kill
mentioned,
96, 98,
108,
him, 343
no.
III, 113, 119,
125, 137, 141,
Antonio,
Fray, a
Franciscan
in
149, 152, 158, 166, 184
Sarmiento's settlement,
222
de-
Alva, Fernando Alvarez de Toledo,
nounced the natives as

358;
in
sorcerers,
Duke
of, 212,
230
sailor in the JV. S.
Alvarez Pedro, a
de Esperanza.
In the
list
left at
at San and returned there with Viedma, where he perished, 363.
the
boat
built
Felipe
the river San Juan,

list
133 ; also in at the end of the voyage, but
could not sign, 203
The Spanish Editor suggests his Fray Antonio de Guadramiro (whom see)^ but
being the same as
see
Amador,
twelve
Friar,
a Franciscan ap-
Editor's note, p. 362
pointed as Commissary to collect

friars
to
go
out,
222
he
Antonio, Caspar, master-at-arms of the N. S. de Esperanza. In the

list left
mutinied, 257, 296, 298
at the river
Andrada, Bartolome
(Cape Verde), 240
de,
deputy-
in the list
made
at the
San Juan, 132 end of the

;
governor and lawyer at Santiago
voyage, and he signed the Journal,

203, 204
;
afterwards master of the
Andrada, Francisco de,
serjeant-
S. Catalina, 221
major at Santiago (Cape Verde).
Aquilera, Caspar de, raised a com-
went on board Sarmiento's ship with some troops, when an unsuccessful attempt was made to catch the French pirate, 184, 186
He
pany
for the
Expedition, but did not
go, 221
Aquino, Andres de, accountant, left at S. Catalina by de Valdes, 258

at S. Catalina,
Andrada, Caspar
179.
de,
Portuguese
sold booty from the store-ship lost
governor of Santiago (Cape Verde),
270
constructed a
He
wrote a
186
letter
to
Sar-
bastion at
S.
Vicente,
272
an
miento entreating his aid against
accomplice of de Valdes, 273
French
pirates,
Sarmiento's
in 1582,
second meeting with him
Aquino, Pedro de, captain of the S. M. de Begona, 220 and of the

;
239 Andres, Mateo, a

the
S. Nicholas, 221
sailor
on board
In the
Arancibia, Juan de, master of the

Capitana, 219
N.
S. de Esperanza.
at the river
list left
in the
list
made
at
San Juan, and the end of the

{see
Aranda,
the
list
Pedro
left
;
de,
a soldier on
In
of San
board the N. S. de Esperanza.

at
voyage, but could not sign, 133, 203
the
river
Angeles, Friar Antonio de los Antonio, Fray)

Antonelli,
Juan, 132
hit in
the eye by an
at in
arrow from a Patagonian

Gregorio Bay,
146
;
San
list
Juan Baptista, engineer
he
is
of the forts in Sarmiento's settle-
made
at the
end of the voyage,
ment, 212, 223 Antonio, Don, Prior of Crato, the

Portuguese Pretender.
Proclaimed
at Terceira in spite of the efforts of
and he signed the Journal, 203, 204 Arbelaez, Juan de, postman at Irun, France, whose Spanish servant
interpreted
for
Sarmiento to prevent
intercept
vessels
it,
and
to
Sarmiento
out supfleet
taking news to
199, 200, 201,
Lisbon, 197,
198,
when in prison, 345 Arce, Diego de, brought

plies
212 w.
jealous of Raleigh's recep-
to Janeiro,
for
the
of
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Diego Flores de Valdes
latter
;
379
list left
;
and the
arrival,
called Dispenser in the
at
resolved,
on
their
the river San Juan,
132
so he
to abandon the service on which he was employed, and return to
probably succeeded to the duties

of the disrated purser
{see
Sagasti).
Spain, 240, 273, 278, 291, 356
In the
list
Arce, or Arcea, Pedro de, a man of Bahia, of whom Sarmiento bought powdei-, food, &c., 295, 336
Arrieta,
voyage his
203
;
made at the end of the name is written Bartolo,

sign,
he could not
92 n.
Barbudo, Captain, a Spanish captain taken prisoner
Juan
de,
master
of
the
at Puerto Rico,
by the English and put to death
Maria de S, VicentCy 220 Arroyo, Geronimo, a soldier on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list left at the river San
Juan, 132
the
;
because he had killed some English

at Margarita, 182
Barreto,
Manuel
Tellez, Governor
of Brazil, correspondence with Sar-
also in the
list
made
;
at
and he signed the Journal, 203, 204 he is

mentioned as a witness of the act
of taking possession, at the port of
Candelaria, in the Strait,
end of the voyage,
miento, 292, 336 Barrios, Christoval de, the King's
purveyor at Bahia, 292, 294
no
at
Arroyo, Juan de, a sentry

Felipe,
Don
Sarmiento's
settlement,
Baxaneta, Domingo, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list left at the river San Juan. His name is Vazaneta in the list made at the end of the voyage, but
he could not sign, 132, 203
who was caught by

going
the
the
officer
rounds,
Tom^ Her-
Bazan,
nandez, listening to mutinous proposals from an insubordinate clergy-
Don Alvaro de {see Cruz, Marquis de Santa) Benalcazar, Friar Bartolome de,
went to the
Diego de
la
man, 360
Strait with the fleet,

;
Avendano, Domingo Martinez de, captain of the Maria Magdalena,

220
Baer,
.,
222, 298, 299,
but returned with
Ribera, 316
221, 267, 296 n.
Betancor, Juan de, a

killed
at
gentleman
with
at Terceira in Sarmiento's interest,
Lope, a Spaniard
who came on board
in a boat
Sarmiento's settlement, 322, 359 Bahamonde, Pedro de, a soldier on
muffled oars, to warn
him of what
was going on, 199, 200

Bonilla, Christoval de, a soldier on
board the N. S. de Esperanza.

the
list that was left at the San Juan, 132 ; his name is
In
river
board the N. S.
guilty
de
Esperanza^
spelt
of mutinous
at
Bamonde
his
is
in the
list
made
at
the
punished
the
and Bay of Mercy,

conduct
at the liver of
end of the voyage, and he signed
104; in the
list left
;
name Baamonde,
of taking
203, 204
at
he
the
San Juan, 132

list.
but not in the final
mentioned as a witness of the

possession,
Probably one of the crew of
act
the Conception, 189 n.
port of Candelaria, in the Strait,
Borja,
Don Francisco
de, 353 {see
no
Balboa,
Esquilache, Prince
of)
Miguel
Cavello,
the
historian, mentioned, xiii n.
Bravo, Garcia, pilot of the Maria de S. Vicente^ 220

Burleigh,
Baltolo, Angel, a sailor on board

the
Lord Treasurer,
inter-
N.
S,
de Esperanza.
He
is
view with Sarmiento, 343
38o
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Chaves, Alonso de, examiner of pilots, and author, 216 Chiquillo, Juan Martin, one of the
two men who were with Tome Hernandez when Cavendish took him into the boat. Chiquillo was
told to
Busto, Alvaro de, captain of the Guadalupe^ 221, 237 ; later of the MariUy 267. Son-in-law of Diego Flores de la Valdes, his
name
is
also spelt Bastos
go back
to his
companions,
Candi,
Peru
Tomas
[see
Cavendish)
de,
;
and
of
tell
Canete, Marquis
XXV
n.
Viceroy
life
come
for
them Cavendish would them he came from

;
1557-1561, xi
of him,
Estremadiira, 363
Conquero, Caspar,
del, sailed with de
pilot left at
Rio
at
Cano, Sebastian
by de
la
Ribera, 333
Loaysa, 289 n. Carrasco, Pedro Alonso, one of the
Corballo, Martin, royal purveyor
conquerors of Peru, granted a house

at Cuzco, 1557,
Pernambuco, 333, 334 Correa, Salvador, Governor of Rio,

242, 243
XX
Carvajal, Juan de, a friar who stole some of the church ornaments
taken out by Sarmiento, 298
Cortados, Estevan, master of the

Conception,
acts
promptly
in
storm, 278
Castel-Rodrigo, Joan de,
in
fleet
comfor
mand
India.
of a Portuguese
Sarmiento found his name

cross,
recorded on a
sion, 166
at
Ascen-
Corzo [see Pablos) Corzo, Juan Antonio, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list that was left at the river San Juan but he is not in the list
;
Castelnau,
Joinville,
Michel de. Baron de

ambassador to England,
made
at the
end of the voyage, so

the crew of the Con-
he must have been one of those
d. 1592, 344 . Castelnau, M. de, commandant of
who formed
189 n.
ception with the Pilot Alonso, 132,
the garrison of
Mont de Marsan,
Landes, France, where Sarmiento
Coutinho,
Portuguese Governor
was imprisoned, 344, 346 Castro, Lope Garcia de,

tiate
of Espiritu Santo (Santos), 336
Liceniii
governor of Peru, 1564,
.,
Cruz, Alvaro de Bazan, Marquis de Santa, naval commander, 212,

230
Cuellar, Francisco de, captain of
S. Catalina, 221
xi, xiii, xvi, xvii
Castillo,
Antonio del, a soldier on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list left at the river of San Juan, and also in the list made at the end
of the voyage, and he signed the
Delgado, Juan, a member of the

Junta, to
whom
Sarmiento applied
Journal, 132, 203, 204
for settlers to take out at his
own
Cavendish, Thomas, took Tome Hernandez on board, but abandoned

the
rest
expense, 230
Diaz, Manuel, a Portuguese

at Santiago
officer
of
the
starving
(Cape Verde) who was

of the
settlers to their fate, xxvii, xxviii,
sent out in chase

pirate,
French
269, 341 ; at San Felipe pulling down houses for fire-wood, 365,
under the orders of Sara
miento, 184
366
fired
on
natives, at Quintero,
Diaz,
Pero,
Portuguese,
chief
I22., 352, 364, 369, 373
pilot of the
River Plate, 219
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Drake,
Pacific
381
Sir
Francis
his
(Draquez,
into
Felipe, a Patagonian, 223
Francisco),
pedition
raid
the
Fenton,
to
Edward, commander
1582,
of
was the cause of the exof Sarmiento,

collect
the English ship Leicester, sailed

Brazil
n.,
;
who
also
192 .,
ship,
252
.,
had orders to
4, 19, 109,
information
xxiv, 3,
269
fought in the
of
{See
Armada
his
in
of his proceedings,
181,
xxiii,
;
command
253 n.
sine)
death,
195
a native of
Gonson, Thoma-
Plymouth, 209;
288, 289
mentioned, 281,
Fernandez, Diego, elected magistrate of Felipe,
Drake, John, captain of the Francis,

sailed to
;
330 n.
master
of
Brazil
1582,
254 268
n.
a native of
252 ., Plymouth,
Fernandez,
Domingo,
the Guadalupe, 221
Fernandez, Juan, the famous

is
pilot,
Duarte, Francisco, appointed contractor to the fleet, 212, 223
mentioned as the discoverer of
the islands of
San Ambrosio and
San
Enriquez, Juan,
tana, xiv
pilot of the
Felix, 28, 29 n.
Capi-
Enriquez,
Don
Martin, Viceroy of
New
Spain, takes action against
Sir F. Drake, 209
Escobor,
Juan
de,
pilot
of
the
Guadalupe, 221
Fernandez, Juan, one of the two men left on shore by Cavendish when he took Hernandez into the boat he was a native of Puentevedra {see Cavendish, Chiquillo, and Hernandez), 363 Figueroa, Captain Desidero, deputy commander of one of the two
;
Espinosa, Francisco Garces de, a soldier on board the N. S. de

Esperanza,
river of
in the list left at the
forts,
222
Francisco, a Fuegian in Sarmiento's

settlement, 223
San Juan, and
in the
list
;
Freite, Francisco de, an auditor of

the
made
at the
end of the voyage
Court of San
Jorge in
the
he signed the Journal, 132, 203, 204'; paymaster and storekeeper,

222
Azores.
He
took depositions about
the earthquake there, and as to a
mysterious appearance on the sun,

of,
Esquilache, Prince
Peru,
Viceroy of
of
190, 191, 196
ordered
the
deposition
Fuentidueiia,
pilot
of
the
Tome Hernandez
1620,
xxviii,
to be taken in
formalities,
Maria Magdalena, 220
with
all
legal
352
{see
also Agûirre,
HerGallego, Hernando, chief Mendana's expedition, xiv

pilot
nandez, Tamayo)
Esquivel,
of the
testified
of
Juan de, royal notary N. S. de Esperanza. He

to
Gamboa,
Garcia
family
name
of Sarmiento's
acts
of
and wrote out formal taking possession, and

22, 44, 94,
mother, x
(or
Garces),
also
Francisco,
similar documents, 9,
treasurer of the fleet, instigated a
97,
no,
132,
134,
182, 203, 204,
mutiny, 296
{^see
205 ; appointed master of the S. Estevan de Soroa, 221

Esquivel,
Garnica, Francis de
Francis)
{see
Gavres) Guernica,
Pedro
de,
substituted
treasurer of the fleet, 211
Garribay, Juan de, captain of the Capitana, 219
382
Garri,
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Tomas,
of
appointed
deputy
forts,
Grenville, Sir Richard, Sarmiento
commander
222
;
one of the
taken prisoner by, 340
afterwards promoted,
223
Gronow, Abraham,
1785, xxi
possessor
of
and left in charge, 297 Garro, Domingo de, royal

appointed to
the
assist
Sarmiento's History of the Incas in

officer
in fitting out
Guadramiro,
Friar
Antonio,
expedition
of
Sarmiento
at
Franciscan, Vicar of the Fleet.
He
Callao, oaths taken in his presence,
also served in one of the ships sent

after Drake to Panama.
18
He preached
performed
Gavres, Francisco, treasurer, 257 {see Garcia, Francisco)
comfortable
sermons,
the services at the acts of taking

possession,
Geronimo, Fray {see Montoya) Godoy, Francisco de, conspirator

punished
at Felipe, 331 n.
and
in
occasionally
ac-
companied Sarmiento on
expeditions
;
his boat
lists
all
the
{see
and
126,
Gomez,
Luis, second pilot of the

a sailor on board
signed the Journal
Antonio,
Almiranta^ 219
Friar), 22, 34, 43, 94,

128, 131, 161, 198,
no,
Gomez, Gaspar,
the
list
203,204
330
N.
;
S.
de Esperanza.
In the
Guernica, Francis de, captain of

artillery, 313, 325,
left at
the river of
San Juan,
132
the
he
is
not in the
list
made
at
end of the voyage, so
was
probably one of the crew of the

Conception with the Pilot Alonso,
189 n.
Gonson, Thomasine, sister of Lady Hawkins, married Edward Fenton,

253
Guevara, Juan Gutierrez de, " Alferez" or Ensign of the N. S. de Esperanza. He accompanied Sarmiento in some of his boat expeditions and ascents of mountains, and was employed to open intercourse with natives,
in,
119, 136;
but something went very wrong on
Gonzalez,
Antonio,
pilot
of
the
the passage home, for after leaving
Maria, 314, 326 n. Gonzalez, Luis, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list
left at
Santiago
(Cape Verde) on
June
dis-
19th, 1580, he
was put
to death as
traitor,
a seditious
man who
flag,
the river of
list
San Juan,
at the
132,
honoured the royal
but not in the

of the voyage.
made
end
He was probably one
of the crew of the Conception with

the Pilot Alonso, 189 n.
and because he sought to impede ihe discovery, 188 he was on shore and apparently in favour at Ascen;
sion,
7,
22,
94,
108,
no,
the
131,
Gonzalez, Luis, a soldier, ensign of a company who went to the Strait,

221
136, 146, 167
Guillermo,
miranta,
boatswain
of
^
Al-
Gonzalez, Pedro, a sailor on board the N, S. de Esperanza. In the list left at the river of San Juan, and in the list made at the end of the voyage, but he could not sign,
132, 203
San Francisco 23 Guirieta, Martin de, a Biscayan,

master of the Almiranta, 219
Gutierrez, Diego, a draughtsman,
father of
Sancho Gutierrez, 217
Gutierrez, Doctor Pero, Judge of

the Council of the Indies, 241
Gordan, M. de, Governor of Calais, visited by Sarmiento, 344 Gorvea {see Urbea)
Gutierrez, Sancho, a draughtsman

of Seville,
216, 217
;
his
death,
218
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Guzman, Francisco
Order of
St. Francis,
383
de,
Commis-
Hurtado, Garcia de. Governor of

Chile,
sary General of the Indies, of the
sent
out
Ladrilleros
to
222
examine the
Strait 1557,
217
;/.
Haro, Friar Diegô de, a Franciscan who went out to the Strait, 222 Hawkins, Sir John, sails from Eng-
Idiaquez, Juan de. Royal Secretary, letter from Sarmiento to, xxix,
347, 348
Illescas,
Hawkins,
252
.,
land for the Strait, 340, 341 William, Lieutenant-
Antonio de, a member of
General under Fenton,
whom
see,
the Junta with
whom
Nunez
Sarmiento
de,
trea-
269
11.
he kept a Journal
conferred about the settlers, 230

Illescas,
Heraso, Antonio de, a member of

the Junta, with
Juan
whom
Sarmiento
surer of the fleet, but did not go, 21
conferred about the settlers, 230 Heredia, Geronimo, or Hieronimo, de, accountant and overseer, 222,
Incas, Sarmiento's history of the, x,

xii,
xix,
XX,
;
XXX
last
now
at Got-
tingen,
xxv
;
early history of the,
296
xxi n.
xviii
;
the
Inca murdered,
of the
{see
Hernandez, Francisco, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. He is in the list left at the river of San
Juan,
the affection
Peru-
vians for them, xix n.
Tupac,
Amaru,
Iriiquez,
settlers
etc.)
132
he was employed to
explore at Puerto Angosto, and set
Juan, a captain with the who went out with Sar-
up a
115
;
cross
on the top of a mountain,

is
he
in the list
made
at the
miento, 223, 313, 315, 332; sent by Sarmiento in search of the
end of the voyage, and signed the

Journal, 203, 204
Patagonians and had an encounter

with them, 357 ; sent back in comnând of soldiers from Don Felipe to
Jesus, 361
Hernandez, Tome,
dish,
xxvii,
soldier of Sar-
miento's settlement saved by Cavenxxviii

;
he made
Inquisition,
the,
xi, xxii
Sarmiento perse-
deposition before a Notary at
Lima
;
cuted by,
1620, telling the whole story, 352
Isasiga,
the
Pedro de, a soldier on board

S.
then aged 62, native of Badajos,

353, 375
N.
de
list
Esperanza.
left at
He
is
not in the
officer killed
the river of
Herreaz, Lope, an
by
the Patagonians during Sarmiento's
made
San Juan, but appears in the list at the end of the voyage, 203.
march from Jesus {see Baer, Lope)

Herrera,
tinied,
,
to
Don
Felipe
He
did not sign.
Perhaps he was
a hand borrowed from the Spanish
accountant
who mu-
fleet at
the Azores.
257
Hojeda, Pedro de, boatswain of the N. S. de Esperanza. He is in all the

lists,
is
and signed the Journal, but

132,
Jimenes, Francisco, Maria, 220
pilot of
the
not otherwise mentioned,
203, 204
Hormachea,
Gallega, 220
master
of
the
Jorge, Pedro, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. He was one of the crew of the brigantine that
was put together

interview
to get
at Puerto Bernejo, at sea in trying
Howard, Admiral Lord,

with Sarmiento, 343
^nd was drowned
on board the ship when the
384
brigantine was
INDEX OF PERSONS.
swamped,
in
lOO, 133;
93> 95. 96, 105, 131, I49 158, 177,
second pilot of the Capitana, 219
190, 201
Juan,
Fuegian
Sarmiento's
Lopez, Pedro, caulker on board the
settlement, 223
N.
S, de Esperanza
shipped at
at the river
list
Pisco.
In the
list left
of San Juan, and in the
made
Ladrilleros,
Strait, XXV,
Juan
217 n.
de,
sent
from
Chile to examine approach to the
end of the voyage, 132, 203 Lorano, a soldier who was lost,
at the
323
Lara,
Francisco Manrique de, Royal Agent, and a Knight of

Santiago,
fitting
Don
Lorca, Caspar de, a clergyman near Lima, who observed an eclipse with
Sarmiento, 215
who
assisted at Callao in
out the expedition of Sar6, 18,
Luis, Bernaldo, a Portuguese merchant

in
miento,
19 de, a
sailor
London, who
warned
Larrea,
the
list
Sancho
left at
on
In
Sarmiento of a plot of
to kill him, 342, 343
Don Antonio
board the N. S. Esperanza.

the river
last
but not in
the
the
San Juan, list. So he
must have been one of the crew of

Conception,
Maddox, Mr.,
Leicester,
chaplain
of
the
with
the
pilot
kept a Journal of the

582, 252 n.
pilot,
Alonso, 132, 189 n.
voyage,
Lecoya, Martin de, master of the

S. Miguel,
Madera, Caspar,
master
of
the
afterwards
de
220
de, one
Maria
Buen
Leguisamo, Mancio Serra
of the conquerors of Peru, xx Leyton, Bartolom6, name of the
Pas age, 220 Magellan, Ferdinand, a chart by, 217 suppresses mutiny at S. Julian,
;
bishop at Santiago (Cape Verde),
289 n.
when Sarmiento was

239
there,
188,
Maldonado, Diego, Surveyor

Fleet, 213
of the
Leyton, Martin, chief justice of Pernambuco, 334 rises Serjeant - Major, Loaisa,
against Sarmiento, 267
Marchena, Alonso
de, a friend of
Juan de Pancorvo, xx n. Markham, William, master of the

Francis,
sailed to
Brazil,
1582,
Loaysa, Garcia Jofre de,

XXV, 289 n.
his ex-
252
n.
escaped in a canoe, 268
pedition to the Strait, 1525-6, xxiv,
Marquez, Pedro, a sailor on board In the the N. S. de Esperanza.

list
Lomero, Hernando Gallego, chief pilot and pilot of the San Francisco. Sarmiento reprimanded him for not
taking sights regularly.
to
left at
the river of San Juan,
and
203
in the list
made
at the
end of
the voyage, but could not sign, 132,

;
He wanted
pilot
of the S.
Estevan de
go south against Sarmiento's views, 33 ; he accompanied Sarmiento in the three boat voyages
Soroa, 221
Martin, Friar, one of the mutinous

friars, 298 Martin, Pedro, a soldier on board the N. S. de Esperanza In the
list
up the Gulf of Trinidad, 46, 61, 73 but he appears at least to have

;
concurred in the desertion of the
left
at the river of
San Juan,
Admiral Villalabos,
18, 20, 22, 27,
31, 32,47, 55, 69, 76,
798i, 85,
132; but not in the last list. Probably one of the crew of the Con-
INDEX OF PERSONS.
cepgion
385
;
with
the
Pilot
Alonso,
San
Francisco, 22
he revealed the
those
189 n.
treacherous designs of
on
Martinez, Diego, commandant of one of the forts, 222 ; drowned in

a storm off S. Lucar, 223
board to the vicar of the N. S. de

Esperanza, 34
Mesa, Alonso
Peru, XX
de, a
conqueror of
of the
Matienzo, Judgfe, accompanies the Viceroy Toledo in a visitation of

Peru, xviii
Mesa, Gonzalo
Trinidad, 221
de,
pilot
Mazuelas, Francisco de, a soldier on board the N. S. de Esperanza. in the list left at the river of San
Juan, 132.
list,
Miranda, Hernando de, a captain left by Diego Flores de Valdes in command of a garrison at San
Vicente in Brazil, 354
He
is
not in the
of"
last
and was probably one
the
Montalvo, Gabriel de, of the Holy

Inquisition, appointed auditor,
crew of the Conception with the

Pilot Alonso, 189 n.
222
Montoya, Fray Geronimo, Franof,
Medina Sidonia, Duke

233, 236
232,
ciscan
friar,
298, 316
pilot
Melendez, Gonzalo, captain of a

frigate in the fleet of
Mora, Rodrigo de, S. M. de Begofia, 220

living at
of
the
Diego Flores
lost
Morales, Christoval de, a Spaniard
de Valdes, which was

river Plate.
in
the
Mont Marsan,
France, 347
The men landed and

came by
the
mutinied, and Melendez
Morejon, Fernando, captain of the Maria de S. Vicente, 220

Morejon, Captain
Francisco, of
land to Sta. Catalina, where the

rest
of the
fleet
was
men
followed, 355
Mendaiia, Alvaro de, nephew of

Garcia de Castro,
commands
the
xiii
Pernambuco, 279, 334 Moreno, Salvador, master of the Maria Magdalena, 220 Mori, Juan de, an officer under
Alcazava, xxv n.
expedition to the South Seas,
Sarmiento under him has the better
judgment,
xiv,
xv
ascends
Mota, M. de la, Sarmiento visits him at Dunkirk on his way to Spain,

344
mountain in Guadalcanal I, one of the Solomon Islands, xvi ; disagree-
ment with Sarmiento,

report, xvii n.
xiv, xvi
his
Navamuel, Alvaro Ruiz

tary to
de. Secre-
Mendoza,
letter
Bernardino, Spanish Ambassador at Paris, 344 ; his

to Philip II, 281, 287, 288,
his chart,
the
Government of Peru
at
and
notary
Lima, who read

officers,
the Viceroy's Instructions to Sar-
289
S.
290
captain of the
miento and his

their oaths,
received
Menendez, Gonzola,
Marta, 221
and attested documents,

at S.
XX,
y,
7,
17, 18, 19
Meneses, Don Antonio Padilla

President
Indies, 231 n.
Navarro, Simon, magistrate

Felipe, 330 n.
of the Council of the
Merick, Captain Andrew, commander of the Delight of Bristol,

365 n. Merida, Friar Christoval de, vicar
xxviii,
Nevares, Francisco de, captain of the Maria, 220
Neyva, Fray Juan de Riba

commissary of the
river Plate,
de,
252
and
chaplain
of
the
Almiranta
Nieva, Conde de, Viceroy of Peru, 1 561 -1564, murdered, xi, xvii
B B
386
Noue,
INDEX OF PERSONS.
175-
Francois de la, an officer and author, 1580, for whom Sarmiento was to be exchanged as
prisoner, 345
Received great praise from

C.
Sta. Lucia,
Sarmiento for his conduct in the

storm
tried
^ff"
10 1
he
to
to
persuade
Sarmiento
Nuno, Andres, commandant

of the forts, 222
of one
return after entering the Strait of
Magellan,
112; accompanied him

121
in ascents of mountains, 56, 79, 85,
Ocana, Friar Juan de, went to the Strait in the fleet, 222 drowned
;
115,
118,
a most
33, loi
efficient
;
and zealous
the
lists,
pilot,
in all
in the
storm
off"
S.
Lucar, 223
132,
and signed the Journal,

204
;
Ojeda, Pedro de, master N. S. de Esperanzi, 220

Peru,
xviii,
of
203,
in
signing
his
the
opinion at P. Bernejo the signature

is
Ondegardo, Polo de, a lawyer of

and Corregidor XX
211
of
Cuzco,
de Seixas y Lovera speaks of
Anton Pablos Corzo {Francisco Anton

the coast
xii, fol.
Pdblos Corzo as having written a
Onino, Andres de, accountant

the
fleet,
work on the navigation of

to
of Peru and the Straits, Tit.
Ordufia,
board
In the
132
;
the
Andres de, a soldier on N. S. de Esperanza.

at the river
10
<5.),
mentioned, 18, 22, 27, 30,
3i 32, 35. 46, 76, 82, 93, 96, 103,

126, 127, 128, 131, 152, 158, 211,
list left
San Juan,
list
he
is
also in the
made
215
audience of the
King who
213;
pilot
at the
end of the voyage, and he

of,
grants
him 500
ducats,
signed the Journal, 203, 204
of the
Capitana,
Oropesa, Count
advice to
brother of
Don
259 ; his Sarmiento, 260 ; on the
219,
Francisco de Toledo, xvii
Ortega, Pedro de, camp-master of the Ahniranta, xiv, xv

Ortiz,
,
Maria, 301 ; on the Trinidad, 309 he obtains a certificate from

;
Sarmiento, 310
of Bilbao, master of the
Pacheco, Geronimo or Hieronimo,

a servant of the Viceroy of Toledo,
Conceptions 219
Osuna, Juan de, witness of the

of possession at Jesus, 302 n.
who
act
took Sarmiento's History of

enlisted a
the Incas to Spain, xix, 241
Ovalle,
Diego
Palomar, Sebastian de,

after-
de, captain of the
Maria
Magdalena, 220 ; wards of the Francesca, 221
company, but did not go himself,

221
Palomar, Juan Gutierrez de, captain

of the S. Esievan de Arriola, 219,
247, 248 n.
Pablo, Pedro, a
^V.
sailor
on board the
In the
list
;
S.
de Esperanza.
Pancorvo, Juan de, a conqueror of

Peru, living at Cuzco, xx
left at
the river of San Juan, 132

list
;
and
in the last
but he could
Paris, Melcior, pilot of the S. Cata-
not sign, 203 Pablos, Anton, senior
Una, 221
pilot of the
Payba, a female
roy
servant of the Vice-
N.
S.
de Esperanza.
He
all
always
whom
Sarmiento was suspected

of
took sights with Sarmiento,
and
sur-
by the
Inquisition
supplying
accompanied him
in
his
with charms, xi
veying and boat expeditions in the Gulf of Trinidad, 39, 46, 61, 73,
82,
Pazos, Juande, Sarmiento's nephew,
who
i
took his report to the King,
157,
159,
160,
163, 165, 172,
270, 279, 288, 292
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Pedroso, Friar Luis de, a Franciscan who went out with Sarmiento, drowned in the storm off 222 San Lucar, 223
;
387
Quiros, Martin de, captain of the

Gallega, 220
Rada, Pedro de,

de
la
royal notary.
He
Peiialosa,
Gonzalo Ronquillo
de,
joined the faction of Diego Flores
Governor of the Philippine Islands,

xxviii
Valdes against Sarmiento,

de. Captain of the
;
266, 267
Peralta,
preaches
Friar
to
Francisco
natives,
de,
Rada, Rodrigo
S.
the
222
pilot
M.
de Begona, 220 ., 221, 251
drowned at San Lucar, 223 Perez, Alfonso, a Portuguese,

of the Concepcion, 219
attempts to persuade Sarmiento to

return home, 255 ; his ship engaged with the English in S. Vicente,
Perez, Diego, a
sailor
on board the
In the
list
269
N.
S. de Esperanza.
Raleigh, Sir Walter,

to Virginia,
his expedition
left at
the river of San Juan, and in

list,
the last
name
of
where he has the surAlbon he signed the

;
of
340 n. ; his reception Sarmiento in England, 341,

interpreter travelling with
343
Journal, 132, 203
Ramos, an
sailor
Perez, Diego, a Portuguese
Sarmiento
when he
was
taken
on board the N.
In the
list
S. de
Esperanza.
prisoner, 345
left at
the river of
list,
Juan, and in the last
San where he
has the surname of Villamera.

could not sign, 132, 203, 204
He
Recalde, Licentiate, Auditor of the Royal Audience of Lima, superintended the equipment of the
expedition of Sarmiento, especially
as regards
7, 18,
Perez, Francisco
{see
Rocha)
wages and provisions,
6,
Perez, Manuel, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the

list left
20
Requena, Hernando de, witness of

the taking possession near City of
Jesus, 302 n.
at the river of
list,
and
in the last
San Juan but he could

;
not sign, 132, 203
Reyna, Gonzalo de, a witness of

the act of taking possession, 302 n. Ribadeneira, Fray Juan de, informs Sarmiento that he has seen English
ships near the river Plate, 261
Pinzon, Alonso Martin, a captain under Columbus, x
Portugues, Geronimo, one of the two faithful friars, 297 Poyarne, M. de, Catholic governor of towns on the Adour, France, near where Sarmiento was imprisoned, 344
Ribera, Diego de,
sent from
Rio
to
by Diego Flores
in
de
Valdes,
land the settlers under Sarmiento

the Strait.
re,
left
He
put them on
sh
only one small vessel,
Queipo, Suero, captain of the Santa

Isabel, 220,
and deserted them, 211, 219, 245,

259, 261, 263, 267, 271, 290, 301,
302, 311, 333, 349, 356, 357
224
pilot of the
Quintero, Juan,
Santa
Marta, 221
Ricalde, Jacome, a
relation
sailor
on board
In the
Quiroga, Juan Suarez de, a

of
the
list
N.
S.
de Esperanza.
left
Sarmiento, 308, 314 ; finds a harbour with difficulty, 325, 326 .;
which was
at
the river of
made a
chief magistrate
of
Don
Felipe, 330
San Juan, 133 ; he is in the last list, and signed the Journal as Jacome Ricaldo (spelt by mistake
B B 2
3BB
Ricardo in the
203, 204
INDEX OF PERSONS.
last list, for Ricalde),
of
list,
San Juan, 132 he is in the but he could not sign. 203

;
last
Rocha, Francisco Perez, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esper^nza.

In the
river of
list
Saa, Salvador Correa de, governor

of Rio, 312, 332, 337, 339
which was
;
left
at the
in the last San Juan, 132 list the surname Roche is omitted, and he signed the Journal as Francisco Perez, 203, 204 Rodriguez, Antonio, Franciscan friar who went out to Sarmiento's he remained faithsettlement, 222
;
Saavedra, Juan de, a captain named

by the king
for the expedition,
214
Sagasti, Juan de,
master of the
deserted
Maria
de
Buen Pasage, he
220
at S. Lucar,
Sagasti, Juan de, purser of the N. S. de Esperanza, 22, 132; he
ful
when
others mutinied, 297, 298,
was disrated
and
his
at Puerto Rosario for
362
insubordination and neglect of duty,

friar,
Rodriguez, Antonio, not the

a native of Villacastin,
nied,
pay stopped, 91
left at
he was
Santiago
'>^
who
muti-
put on shore and
was caught by Sarmiento,

at
and executed
331
Don
Felipe, 330,
Rodriguez, Antonio, the

Corza, 221
pilot of the
same offences, 91 w., 188. At the bay of " Gente Grande" our purser was wounded in the eye, but I think this must
(Cape Verde)
for the
have been the

tolo
artilleryman
Bal-
Rodriguez, Baltasar, gunner of the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list which was left at the river of San
Juan,
list,
Saldanha, a captain
which were
in
command
when
of
the Portuguese ships from

at Terceira
India,
132 he is not in the last and probably went as mate in

;
Sar-
miento was there, 200
the
Conception
under
the
pilot
Sampler,
Caspar
de,
assistant
Alonso, 189 n.
engineer of the forts at Sarmiento's

settlement, 223
Rodriguez, Juan, of La Mancha, a mutinous soldier, executed by Sarmiento at the settlement of

Felipe, 360
Don
and
Sar-
Sanchez, Alonso, an insubordinate clergyman, who was caught talking

mutiny
to a sentry at the settlement
..
Rodriguez, Sebastian, a
arithmetician,
pilot
of
Don
Felipe.
who
assisted
reported
Tome Hernandez him to Sarmiento, who

prisoner on board the
miento to observe an eclipse near
made him a
Lima
ship,
in 1578,
,
Roldan,
after
215 gunner on Magellan's

Roldan's
ship, 330, 331 .,
360
Sanchez, Pedro,
Isabel,
pilot of the
Santa
master
whom
n.
Bay
220
de,
was named, 120
Santa Maria, Toribio

of the Santa Isabel, 220
settlers to
Romo, Alvaro,
in the
of Badajos, a captain
army,
who found
Santiago, Friar
Amador de
Judge
of
;
{see
go out, 214, 223 Ronquillo, Juan,

xxviii
Amador,
nephew
of
the
Friar)
Dr.,
the
Santillan,
governor of the Philippine Islands,
Council of the Indies, 212
and
President of the Casa de Contratacion at Seville, 231
Rosa, Pedro de la, a soldier on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In the list which was left at the river
Sarasti,
Miguel
de, master of the
Maria. 220
; ; ;
INDEX OF PERSONS.
Sarmiento, Bartolome,
Pedro Sarmiento
father
389
of
ings of the danger of beds of sea-
de Gamboa,
weed, 67, 104

73
77i
;
third boat voyage,
native of Pontevedra, Galicia, x
description of the
79)
snowy range,
Sarmiento
de Gamb6a, Pedro, becomes a soldier and birth, X goes to Mexico and Peru, x
;
80
act
;
of possession at
Ano nuevo, 79 reached the " Ensenada sin salida", 80 n. ; climbed

up the
account
*'
studies
X, xii
;
the history of the
Incas,
Mount
the
of Prayer", 81
connection with the Vicexi

;
of
hard work
and
roy
of Peru,
persecuted
xxii
;
by
sufferings of his
men, 82
climbed
;
the Inquisition,
xi,
proposes
the high hill of
an enterprise to the South Seas, to the Capitana xii ; appointed
notes written,
San Jusepe, 85 and chart drawn in

;
presence of the Pilots, 86

the purser, 91
;
disrates
and
sails
19th
Nov.
1567,
;
xiv
reduces the rations,

opinions
of of
the
discovers S. Isabel, xv
disagree;
92
calls
for
;
ments with Mendana,
xiv, xvi
;
his
Pilots,
94
;
adjustment
comsailed
aids skill and science, xvii murder of the last Inca,
in the
xviii
passes, 93
formal possession taken
of
Port
Bermejo,
150
compiles a history of the Incas,

xix
;
for the Strait,
98
Bay of Mercy,
despondency
of
the
his character, xxiii

;
his Journal,
102
climbed a mountain near the

;
xxiv
1
voyage
xxviii,
to
the
;
Philippine
Bay of Mercy, 104

of his people, 105
tion,
;
Islands,
xxix
time of his
lite-
his firm resolu-
death uncertain, xxix; other

rary
106
his
reception
work
by,
xxix
a
xxvi
most
;
expostulation of the Pilots,
106
accomplished
cepted the
Expedition,
in audience
his
sailor,
ix,
ac-
formal possession taken of Candelaria, 1 09 ; obtained several names from natives, 114, 1 16; climbed a
command
5,
of the Strait
6, 8,
22
received
6, 7
;
by the Viceroy,
sails
high
hill
at Puerto Angosto, 115
Instructions to the
;
second in
landed on the island of the Cross,
command, 19
24
:
from Callao,
fitting
;
118; reference to names in

narratives,
river of
earlier
oath, 18
completed the
120;
exploring at the
;
of the ship at S. Lorenzo, 24 n.
San Juan, 125
mentions
;
caulking and refitting at Pisco, 25
the Volcan Nevado,
126
formal
purchase of wine, 25 ; reprimands Villalobos for not keeping station,
possession at the river of

127,
San Juan,
129
26
constant in taking sights at
the
Strait
;
to
changed the name of " Madre de Dios"

of the country
noon, 26, 27 ; discovered the Gulf of Trinidad, 37, 38 ; anchored

ships
in
127
description
134
left
encounter with natives, 136

;
the
port
of
Rosario,
;
the Strait, 153
sailing direc
40
a
first
boat voyage, 46
;
formal
tions,
154;
at
for
Ascension,
longitude,
;
166 168
chase
possession taken, 41, 47
ascended
observation
high
hill
at
took high
possession
hill at
S.W. Bay, 44 and climbed a

;
Santiago (Cape Verde), 177

of French pirates,
of Concep(îon to
183, 189
;
177
despatch
Dios,
Port Bermejo, 50
his
Nombre de
account of the country,

etc.,
trees, birds,
proceedings at Terceira
191
:
52, 53
piloted the ships to
(Azores),
purser landed at
Port
Bermejo,
61
;
voyage,
58 ; second boat climbed a height

65
;
Santiago,
Alferez,
188
188
;
execution of the
attestation
of the
trans-
named
Cruz,
frequent
warn-
Journal, 203
which
is
now
390
lated
for
INDEX OF PERSONS.
the
first
time,
xxiv
appointed Governor and General,

209, 229;
210, 227
;
269; report of the action sent to the King, 270 ; his men in distress
food and clothes, 271, 296 four ships with fresh stores arrive
for
left
Lima nth Oct. 1579, explored the Strait and

of
the
returned to Spain 19th Aug. 1580,
from Spain, 273, 279
he shapes
210
audience
210,
King
at
Badajos,
Governor of
210
Strait,
227 ; appointed 210 ; offers to
course for Rio, 275, 277 ; he navigates the Conception through much
danger, and arrives at Rio begin-
take out settlers at his

;
own expense,
;
;
ning of
May, 278
tresh
orders
;
prepares plans of forts, 212
received from the King, 281

letters to the
his
dis-
consults the pilots of Brazil, 213
King
lost,
282
;
audience of the King at Thomar,
putes with de Valdes, 284
deserted
;
213
214,
completes his preparations,
232;
;
i^repares
charts,
214,
by de Valdes, 265, 292, 311 sailed from Rio, 2nd Dec. 1583 arrived
;
218, 232
observes eclipse, 1578,

the
at Santos,
298
at the entrance to
215;
sails in
Capitana, 219;
place of those
en-
appoints
officials in
Feb, 1584, 299 dangers from the current in entering

the
Strait,
ist
drowned
Vincent
in
the storm,
223
the Strait,
301
landing at Cape
counters storm between Capes S.
Virgin he takes formal possession,
and
Cantin,
233,
234
302 ; ships obliged to put to

chooses
site for
sea, 304;
;
insubordination
of his men, 235,
236
la
trouble with Diego Flores de

;
City of Jesus, 305 begins to cultivate the land, 307

return of the ships, 13th Feb., 308
Valdes, 236, 248
robbery by a
pilot,
etc.,
238
in
purchases fresh tools,
loss of the Trinidad, but her stores
Cadiz,
238
spends
saved
confers
sets out
by
Sarmiento,
natives,
309, 315,
312
month at Cape Verde, 240 ; sickness among the men, 240 constructs wooden portable houses,
;
319; on 4th March inland, 215

;
with
description
of
the
country, Indians,
317,
242
embezzlement of the
stores,
319;
fight
with
321;
245 ; ships unseaworthy and two sunk, 247 the ship Arriola lost with 350 souls, 251 ; reaches port
;
hardships on the march, Sarmiento

tells his
men
324
of
of former heroic ex;
plorers,
S.
of
Rodrigo, 252
seeks
to
per;
he arrives near Ana, 20th March, 327 ; founds

city
suade de Valdes to continue, 253

reaches S.
Catalina, 254
; ;
the
Don
Felipe,
builds
;
warned
church,
covers
houses,
etc.,
329
dis-
of treachery, 255
friars,
mutiny of the
mutiny, and
punishes
257, 296, 297 ; store-ship sunk on a rock, and much wine

lost,
.5".
258
discovers a leak in the
re-embarks on the ; Maria, which had sailed round to meet him, 332 ; encounters storm
offenders, 331
Cristoval,
;
on which he was now
aboard, 259
259
arrives
summons a Council, in the mouth of the

five
and puts back to S. Vicente, 332 ; proceeds to Pernambuco for tar,

provisions, etc., 333; in September goes to Bahia, where his ship, some
Strait
with
ships,
265
other officers desire to follow, 267

arrives at S. Vicente
men, and
335
;
all his stores

fits
were
lost,
and
finds the
he
out
another
ship,
three ships
left at S.
Catalina, 268
victuals her,
encounter
3. Vicente,
with
the
English at
for Rio, but a
who
sink the Begofia,
her,
and
his
and leaves 13th Jan. storm nearly wrecks men become disaffected,
INDEX OF PERSONS.
338 ;
to Spain,
391
built
he decides to return 339; on the nth Aug., off Terceira island, Azores, he is captured by the EngHsh, and taken
in despair
he embarked with the boats
by the settlers, and returned when one was lost he probably perished
;
prisoner
to
Plymouth,
he
340,
361
ensuing winter, 361, 362 Suerte, Juan de la, master of the

in the
throws secret papers and charts into

the sea, 349
;
Francesca, 220
is
presented to Sir
;
Walter Raleigh, 341

Elizabeth, 342
;
and
to
Queen
is
given a passport,
Tamayo, Garcia
nandez
Tarsis,
at
de,
notary
who
and leave to go to Spain, 343 ; proceeds by Calais and Dunkirk to

Paris,
took the deposition of
Tome Her-
Lima, by order of the

de, Sarmiento
344; taken prisoner near Bayonne, 344 ; re2 1 St
Nov.,
Viceroy, 353, 375
Don Pedro
leased
on payment
;
of
heavy
ransom, 347 succour the
entreats the
King
to
meets him at San Lucar, 233 Teatinos, an order of clergy formed

at
settlers
in the Strait,
San Cayetano, 245

,
n.
xxviii, 349, 350,
351
Teligny,
345
a prisoner for
whom
Scarza, Pedro de, Master of the S. Marta, 221

Silva,
Sarmiento was to be exchanged,

;
probably a relation of the
Nuno
de, sailed to the Strait

n.
son-in-law of Admiral Coligny.
under Drake, 1578, 109

the
list
Tellez, Francisco, a sailor on board

the
list,
Solis, Gabriel de, a soldier on board
N.
S. de Esperanza.
list
In the
left at
last
N.
S. de Esperanza.
In the
but not in the

;
the
left at
the river
and
also in
San Juan, 132 ; he the final list, 203

;
signed
the
Journal
;
as
Augustin
San Juan he signed the Journal, 203, 204 Tello, Francisco de, Treasurer of
river of
Gabriel de Solis, 204

written
Grabiel,
it
the
name
of
is
the
Contratacion of Seville, 235,
a way
the
jaro-
237, 238
nouncing
people.
among
common
Toder,
de
Captain of the Maria
Buen
Pasage, 220
Solis, Gutierrez de, captain of the
Toledo, Francisco de, Viceroy of

Peru,
19,
Maria de Jesus, 220 Sotomayor, Alonso de, CaptainGeneral of Chile.

troops in the
fleet
183,
205
he ordered
the equipment of an expedition to
Went
out with
explore the Strait of Magellan, and
of Diego Flores a
to
gave the
command
to
Sarmiento,
de
was landed Buenos Ayres and proceeded

Valdes
;
he
soon after Sir Francis Drake appeared in the Pacific, 3 ; his plan was to form a settlement, and to
fortify
Chile overland, 211, 221, 255, 260,

296, 353. 355
a narrow part of the Strait,
Suarez, Pascual, serjeant -major of He the Almiranta San Francisca.
to prevent further predatory incur-
sions into the Pacific, xxvi, 209

his instructions
full
was
continually
plotting
with
;
to
Sarmiento are
Villalobos to return to Chile
he
and
precise, 7-17,
206-8; he
climbed a
hill
with Sarmiento at
personally attended to the equip-
Port Rosario, 23, 57, 94, 97, 105,

131
Suarez, Juan, nephew of Sarmiento. Left in command at San Felipe;
ment of the expedition, 5, 6 ; Sarmiento named the numerous islands up the Gulf of Trinidad after the
Viceroy,
"The Archipelago
of
Don
392
Francisco
INDEX OF PERSONS.
de
Toledo,"
56
;
he
employs Sarmiento
to write a his-
Vaca, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de, commanded an expedition to la

Plata in 1540, 193
tory of the Incas, xix
Tomayo, Friar Alonso, Franciscan who went out with Sarmiento, 222 Tomas, Alvaro de, a soldier on
board the N. S. Esperanza.
the
list
Valdes,
Diego
Flores
xxvi
to
de,
;
an
incompetent
officer,
comform a
manded
the fleet sent

in
In
settlement
the
Strait,
under
left
;
at
the river of
San
Sarmiento, 211, 228; his conduct

all
Juan,
132
as
he
is
not in the
the
time
cowardly
and
finally
dis-
final list,
he probably went as one
graceful, xxvii, 213,
23a
;
231, 235,
of the crew of the Conception with

the Pilot Alonso, 189 n.
236,
sailed
237,
258,
301
he
home with
293
;
the best
after
men and
Torreblanca, Martin de, Franciscan friar who went out as a settler,

222
257
;
ships, 292,
to
one attempt
reach the Strait he abandoned
he deserted to the woods,

but returned, 296
{,see
the service at Rio, sending Diego
Toribio de Santa Maria Maria, Toribio de)

Trejo,
expedition
Isabel,
,
Santa
de Ribera in his place, 352, 353, 354 355- 356 ; account of him,
293
n.
he commanded a squadron
n.
a boy in Mendana's
first
in the
Armada, 294
who
sighted Santa
XV
de, Royal Notary
Valdes, Pedro de, a cousin of Diego Flores de Valdes, who also com-
Trexo, Francisco
of
the
manded
294
.
a ship
in
the
Armada,
second ship
{Almiranta)
San
Francisco, 9> 23
Tupac Amaru,
the last Inca,
xviii,
captured by Sarmiento, and

cuted at Cuzco by Toledo,
xix,
exexviii,
Varaona, Balthasar de, master of the Maria de Jesus, 220 captain of the S. NiVargas,
,
colas,
who died on the voyage out, 221

pilot of the
n.
Vasquez, Bartolome,
Tupac
xi
Sayri, Inca,
who
Inca,
died 1560,
S. Estevan, 219,
248
n.
Vaz, Lopez,
his history published

ix,
Tupac Yupanqui,
the
fortress
who
xii,
built
xiii,
by Ilakluyt,
104 w., 253 n.
of
Cuzco,
xxi n.
Vega, Antonio de, a Portuguese favourite of Don Antonio, 342 Vega, Garcilasso de la, his house
at
Unzueta, Villaviciosa, master of

Estevan, 219 ; afterwards captain of the S. Spiritus, 220,
the
S.
Cuzco mentioned, xx
n.
Vega, Pedro de, a royal officer at Callao, who was engaged in

superintending the despatch of the
expedition of Sarmiento, 18
248 n.
Urbea, Francisco de, a sailor on board the N. S. de Esperanza. In

the
list left
;
Vehedor,
Alonso, a
notary
who
n.
at the river of San Juan,
sailed with Alcazava,
xxv
n.,
289
he is also in the list made at the end of the voyage, and he

132
signed his
Vendome, Captain
de, Viconte
de
Bearne, takes Sarmiento prisoner

near Vendome, 344, 345, 346 Vidal, Antonio, boatswain of
the
name
as
Francisco de
Gorvea, 203, 204
Urdaneta, Andres de, captain of a

ship in Loaysa's expedition, 1525,
Maria, 326
n.
Viedma, Andres
de,
a native of
XXV
.,
289
n.
Jaen. and captain of artillery trained
INDEX OF PERSONS.
in Flanders, 309,
393
conscientious man, 313

in
310 ; a diligent and ; he was left

Felipe,
99
if
Sarmiento denounced his con-
duct,
command
of the soldiers at the
and left Instructions for him he should ever reach the Strait,
settlement of
Don
by Sar-
129, 131,
He
never did.
miento, 315, 332 . ; as there was not sufficient food for all he sent the
soldiers
Villalustre,
board the
the
Pedro de, a sailor on N. S. de Esperanza. In
under liiiquez back to Jesus,
Next summer the settlers built two boats, and Viedma and Suarez embarked with fifty men, 362, but one was lost, and the attempt was abandoned. Another winter was passed and
to look out for a ship.
fifteen
list that was left at the river of San Juan, 133 ; he is also in the list made at the end of the voyage,
but he could not sign, 203
Villavicencio,
Bartolome commander of the fleet

which
put
into
de, the
of
New
Sarfor
Spain,
Terceira
people survived.
He
and
led
their
when Sarmiento was

not stopping
the
there.
them
of
towards
Jesus,
miento thought him very remiss
hopes were raised when the ships

Cavendish hove in
sight, [but
despatch boats
to
which were taking news

Antonio,
the
Don
the
Cavendish abandoned the wretched

people to their
fate,
Pretender
to
and Viedma
must have perished with them, 361,

362, 363 Villalobos,
crown of Portugal 202
at Lisbon, 201,
Vittoria, Francisco de, Dominican
second in
with the
Juan de, appointed as command of the expedititle
professor of theology at Salamanca,
241
tion to the Strait, under Sarmiento,
Voyaneta,
neta), 203
Domingo
{see
Baxa-
of " Admiral", 6, 8,
18, 20,' 22; from the first he showed a disposition not to keep station, and to part company if possible, 26, 34 ; at last it became
Ward, Luke, commander

1582, 252 n.
of
the
Bonaventura, sailed to Brazil in
necessary to use threats with him,
33 ; at Port Rosario, in a gale of wind, he behaved with pusillanimity, and went on shore in a hut,
until
it
Zabalaga, Miguel de, master of the

S. Nicolas, 221
Zamorano, Rodrigo, cosmographer

and examiner of pilots, 214 ; observes an eclipse with Sarmiento at Lima, 216 Zarate, Juan Ortiz de, governor of Buenos Ayres, 1565-1581, 193
was
over,
57,
58
Sar-
miento leaves him

boat,
to to
to
build
the
brigandine while he goes in the
he continually plotted 60 abandon the work, and return and Chile, 89, 91, 97, 105
; ;
when they
of parting
sailed
from Port Berfirst
mejo, he took the
opportunity
deserting.
Domingo, master of the Trinidad, 221 Zubieta, Martin de, a Biscayan,

Zelain,
captain of the Trinidad, 221, 300
company and
394
INDEX OF PLACES.
INDEX OF PLACES.
Ninety-six names were given by Sarmiento in the Gulf of Trinidad,^ and eightyone in the Strait of Magellan. Of these names sixty-six are retained on the Admiralty Chart, and are marked with a * in the following index. The figures I, II, III, before the names, denote the first, second, and third boat voyages of Pedro Sarmiento in the Gulf of Trinidad.]
*Abra, great bay with an island at the entrance, three and threequarter leagues from Port Angusto,
Ancon Sin Salida

I.* Andres,
{see
Sin Salida)
opposite
side
San,
channel
Galeotilla
Point
on
E.
of
ii6
*Agua dulce, "Bay of Fresh

50 45'
Water",
Feb.,
channel, 50" 20' S., 56, 73, 74 *Anegada, low point on S. side, five
(Sarmiento),
sheltered
and
a-half
leagues
E.
of
Point
roadstead
on
S.
side,
nth
Baja, 150, 151, 152
122
Angla, town
Santa, Point three leagues
in Terceira I., Azores,
Agueda,
191, 195, 197
N.E. of San Fernando Bay, 123 *Alguilgua Bay, native name obtained by Sarmiento, 115
III.
*Angosto, Puerto
left
(4th anchorage),
8th Feb., 115, 116, 117
iii.*Ano
Nuevo
80
n.
Hill,
;
52
8'
S.
Altura, Caleta de, in 51

Peiias
15' S.
(chart) 79,
see
Hill of the
(Sarmiento), 76
III.
New Year.
de,
Altura,
sheltering
iii.*Antonio, Cape, 50 54' (chart),

74, 75
rocks near the "
Monte de Oracion",
82
Amaro,
Santo, island off Santos, 270

the Desven-
Ambrosio, San, one of

turadas Isles, 29
Antonio de Padua, Point, ten leagues N.N.E. from Point Santa Ana; with Cape San Silvestre forms a great
bay called Santa
141
I,
Catalina,
127,
*Ana, Santa, Point, next beyond Cape San Isidor, 53 30' S., Capes Valentin and San Antonio de Padua
in sight,
ii.*Anunciada,
S. (chart)
;
Point,
50
30'
only dotted lines in this
124,
125,
126, 127, 129,

;
part of the chart S. of the
West
134,
314,
324,
that the city
was here of Felipe was built,

357
it
Channel and of Port Bermejo, 51,

55, 61, 62, 71
III,
291
Archipelago, seen from Punta
Ana, Santa, Island, nearly opposite Santa Monica on the north shore,
114
Oeste (West Point), 76, ^,2^, 84 Arenas, Punta, apparently the same
as
Cape Antonio de Padua, 141
^.
The
August and September 1829
channels leading south from the Gulf of Trinidad were examined in in H.M. schooner Adelaide by Lieutenant Skyrings,
Assistant-Surveyor of the Beagle, and Lieutenant Graves of the Adelaide.
The
Alert was engaged in the survey of the Trinidad Channels in January 1879.
INDEX OF PLACES.
II.
395
Arrecifes Bay, three leagues from
III.
I.
Cape Anunciada,
II.
6i, 62, 71
Arrecifes, point of Island of San

Francisco, 71
Island,
Bias, San, Point, 87 iii.*Brazo Ancho, Point, 50 8 50" (chart), 49, 56, 59, 74
It
Brigida, Santa, Point, N. coast, one
Ascension
166
;
Sarmiento
at,
league beyond Santa Agueda.

is
nth April 1580, Atoglee, native name of Santa

left it
169
Isabel
a small island, 123, 124, 362

;
Brigida, Bay, 123
Sarmiento
or
re-
de Estrella island
{see
Isabel)
326 iii.*Buena
visits,
Bahia,
Buena
*Baja, Punta, entrance of Narrow on

S. side,
III.
Puerto, one and a-half league from
150
II.
Baltasar, San, Point, y6 Barranca de S. Simon, hill and

ravine, a league
Cape San Antonio, 75 Buenaventura, Islet, near Arrecifes
Bay, 62
E.N.E. of Cape
I.
San Vicente,
N. N.
II.
139, 1:42
Cache Diablo,
for
sailor's
nickname
Nov.,
Arrived
* Barranca, entrance
side,
of narrow on
Port
Peligroso,
17th
150
1579, 41
Bartolome
S.
Bay,
Gracia
between
capes
Sil-
Candelaria, N.
S. de, Port.
de
and
San
vestre, 141
2nd Feb. (second anchorage in the Strait), 107 ; communicated with

natives,
Bartolome, San, Point, 77

port near Pontevedra
in Spain, x
in;
left
5th Feb., 113;
Bayona> small
formal possession taken, 109

I.* Candelaria,
Cape,
five
and a-half
*Bell Bay, on the south side of the

Strait,
I.
leagues from Port Rosario, E. by N.
120 n.
la
between
Concep9ion
the
;
is
Lamero Sound,
46, 47
ist
Bermejo, Puerto de
de N.
S. of S.
Candelaria, rocks, sighted

1568, XV
Feb.
Selected for
ships ships
Hocico de Caiman, 50
left
Cape Verde
fleet
Islands, 177, 189, 224';
arrived 7th
voyage
24th
Dec, 59; second boat nth Dec, 61 returned

;
stayed a
month
at,
240
Capitloilgua, native name of a bay,

obtained by Sarmiento, 116
Dec,
71
third voyage left
29th Dec, 73 ; returned 12th Jan., 89 ; ships left 21st Jan., 1580, 98 ; formal possession taken, 50,93; mentioned, 52, 55, 59, 71, 73, 88, 94, 98
II.
Casa de Contratacion,
xxiv
;
at Seville,
*Catalina,
Bernabe,
Point,
next
Point
238 between capes San Antonio de Padua, and San Silvestre, 141
duties of, 231, 235,
Santa,
Bay
Gracias a Dios, 77
Catalina,
island,
off
the
coast
of
Bernabe,
III.
Point,
two leagues beyond
Brazil, 193 ., 258,

III.
Agua Dulce,
Bissagos
122, 123 Benito, San, Point, 77, 78

Isles, at the
295 Catalina, a long low point near
mouth of
the
Ano Nuevo Hill, 7S, 79 Caycayxixaisgua, native name of

part of the coast, 116
Rio Grande, West Africa, 173 Boqueron, N. point of a bay seen from San Juan river, E. N. E. eight
leagues, 125
II.*
Cayrayxayiisgua, native name of

an island, 117 Chiepe, an island not
192
far
from Bahia,
Bias, San, Channel.
Two leagues
Cape
65
;
before reaching Santa Lucia
Chilox,
an island near the Strait
Sarmiento took refuge in
it,
discovered by Ladrilleros, xxv
30
Chonos
XXV
II.
INDEX OF PLACES.
Archipelago, off the coast
II.
Dormida
Isles,
where Sarmiento
of Chili, discovered by Ladrilleros,
Clara, Santa, Point, extremity of

Isle of
I.
II.
San Francisco, 7 1 Clara, Santa, Channel unites with

a
district
when he first met with natives, 12th Dec, 63, 64 Dormida de Anton Pablos, S.W. Bay, where Sarmiento passed
passed the night
the night,
left it
26th Nov. 47
,
that of Conception, 71
Collao,
in
Southern
Peru, 137
Conception, Brazo de
dueste,
la
(see
Suof
i.*En medio, island in the middle of the main channel, 50 5' 30",
Braza
del), 59,
of,
88
front
Conception,
Gulf
in
Ensenada
Port Bermejo, 59, 61, 70, 71, 73
74,88
Consolation. Point, ten leagues from
Port Baja, three leagues from Poin^ Anegada, with the channel between
Sin Salida Ensenada) Esperanza, N. S. de, Narrow, 150 Espiritu Santo, Cape, 52 42' S.
50 20' (Sarmiento), 48, 59 sin Salida [see
The Cape
III.
Pillar
of
the
Charts.
52 43' S. (chart), 102, 153
them, 52 30'
S. (Sarmiento),
151
Corvo,
190
island,
one of the Azores,
III.
Estevan, San, Cape, 74 Estevan, San, Channel, 74 W., 50 50' to 51 25' S.,
76,87
20'
74,
Cristobal, San, one of the Solomon

Islands
;
Mendana and Sarmiento

at,
Estrella, Santa Isabel de. Island

Isabel, Santa)
{see
spend forty days
xvi
islands in
118, 119
Cross Island, the first of four mid channel of the Strait,

II.
Estrella, Bay, where Mendafia and
Cruz, Santa, high hill on shore of San Bias Channel, 65 Cuaviguilgua Bay, native name obtained by Sarmiento, 1 14 Cuentas, Rio de la, fight between
Sarmiento anchored, xv Exeaquil, native name of a bay, obtained by Sarmiento, 116
Famine,
Port, Cavendish's
name
for
Englishmen
191, 192
and
last
Portuguese
at,
Felipe, xxviii, 124 n., 125 ., 341
Farallon Point, near

Inca executed
Point, 71
Santa
Clara
Cuzco,
city, the
at, xviii,
xx
n., xxi
*Felipe,
San,
Bay,
beyond
Cape
San
Isidro,
149
San, city founded
1584,
*Delgado, on north
I.
side of
narrow
Felipe, Don, or
of N. S. de Esperanza, 150, 151
by Sarmiento 25th March

241,
Delgado
Point, opposite the island
291,
328, 329, 332, 359 n.,

at,
En Medio,
III.
48, 49 JDelgado, Point, half a league
361, 365, 368; Cavendish
241,
341
S.S.W. of Bahia Buena, 75 Deseada, Cape, now Port

289
Felix, San, an island discovered by

Desire,
Fernandez, 29
Desventuradas Islands, 28, 29 Domingo San, Island, 182 II. Donde se huyo el Indio Rock,
51 15' S. (Sarmiento), sheltering
Fernando, San, Bay, on S. Cape San Bernabe, 122
side near
Fountains, Valley of the Five, so named by Sarmiento, 304 ; near the
Cape
Virgin, chosen for site of City
rock near C. Santa Lucia, 66
of Jesus, 305
INDEX OF PLACES.
II.
397
island in the Gala-
Francisco,
San,
Isle,
Cape,
62
near
Hahua-champi,
pagos,
xiii
Buenaventura
II.
Francisco
Isle,
Dec. 23rd, 70, 71
Henares, Alcala de, Spain, place of Pedro Sarmiento, x

III.
birth-
Gabriel, San, Channel, running S. from near Cape Santa Brigida,

123
Galeotilla,
Point,
Hill of the
New
{see
Year, near
Santa Catalina
79, 80, 81
Alio Nuevo),
I.
four
leagues
I,
iii.*Hocico de
(chart), 49, 50, 80,
Caiman
89
next
beyond Brazo-Ancho, 49, 55 Gallego, River, explored, 332

III.
after Galeotilla Point,
50 25' S.
Gaspar
Gente,
119
* Gente
Point, 77 Isla de, beyond Cross Island,
Honda,
Rio, 53 40' S. (Sarmiento),
Grande Bay,
Isle,
six
leagues
Idolos,
from San Pablo

135, 137, 138
II.
N.N.E.. 129,
Ilhas des, islands off the

Point,
coast of Guinea, 172
Ildefonso,
miento
Gente, Punta de la, where Sarfirst met with natives, 63

{see
three
leagues
George, Saint San)
E.S.E. of Port Santa Monica, 114 *Ines, Santa, Island, on which is

C.
Espiritu
Jorge Island,
the north shore,
Santo (Cape
Pillar),
Geronimo Bay, on
loi, 102, 109

Isle, two leagues from Port Bermejo, 73, 88 iii.*Isabel Cape, 51 30' S. (chart),
opposite to Santa Monica, 314
iii.*Inocentes
Good Success,
for the
III.
Cape, Drake's name

near
Cape Virgins, 289 Gracias a Dios, point

la,
Point Gaspar, 77
85 Isabel
de Estrella, Santa,
island
Gracia, N. S. de
Cape
in narrow,
named by Mendana and Sarmiento,

XV
*Isidro S., low,
Point,
place for a fortress, a league E. of
San Vicente ; with San Silvestre Cape it forms large bay of San Bartolome, 138, 139, 141, 142,
144, 145
Cape
beyond C.
tides,
Santa Brigida.
Meeting of
149.
in 54 (Sarmiento), 53 47' (chart),
124, 142,
145,
147,
Also a
near
the
Graciosa, Island, one of the Azores,

Sarmiento taken prisoner near, 190,
*point
on
south
coast
entrance, thirty-four leagues S.E.
from Cape San Gregorio
348 Gregorio, San, Bay, 53

miento), 144
;
3' S.
(Sarin,
Sarmiento arrives
*Jesus,
145, 229, 301
*Gregorio, Point, a league from Cape San Vicente on N. coast, 52 40' S.

(chart),
Nombre de. Cape ; the bay between it and Point Anegade called Lomas, 152, 357 n. Nombre Nombre
de, island,
Jesus, Jesus,
first
named by
139,
142,
143,
145,
147,
Mendana, and Sarmiento, xv

de, City, Sarmiento's
319, 356 ., 363 w., 363, 368 Gregorio, River, 369, 373
settlement in the Strait, 305,
Guadalcanal, one of the Solomon Islands, named by Ortega after his

birthplace in Spain,
II.
307 n. ; church built there, 306 ; founding and incorporation of the

city,
xv
Bay, with
69, 70, 73
it,
Guadalupe, N.
S. de,
315
307 ; the Maria anchors off, Sarmiento's return to, 331,
channel leading from
332, 357
398
Jorge,
INDEX OF PLACES.
San,
island,
;
one
of
the
Azores, 190, 191

'
Sarmiento near,
river,
ii.*Lucia, Santa, Cape, six leagues S. W. by S. of the " Roca Partida",

51 30' S., 75 23'
on
his return
home, 1586, 339

Possession,
W.
(chart), 64,
Juan,
San,
of
65, 72, 84, 85, 90, 98, 102

III.
53 40' S. (Sarmiento), in the
Bay
Luis, San, Point, 87
of Natives,
left
125,
129
;
Sarmiento
14th Feb., 134
formal posses-
sion taken
and
testified to
by the
Royal Notary, 129; document left, list of officers and crew of N. S. de Esperanza, and Instrucwith
tions to Villalobos, if he should come, 129, 134, 140 III. Juan, San, Point, on east side,
*Madalena, Channel, runs S. from near Cape Santa Brigida, 123 *Madalena, small isle near Santa
Madre de
Marta, 141, 365 n. Dios, Strait of; entered

left
31st Jan.,
24th
Feb., 1580,
121, 128, 129, 133,
153, 154, 169,
204, 210
near San Andres Channel, 73 III. Judas, Hand of, a peak of the
Manilla, Philippine
1.*
Isles,
1
Sarmiento
608, xxix
perhaps living there in

1 1
Snowy
Julian,
Cordillera, 77, 84
Marcos, San,
-](>
Point, S.S.E. one
San,
Point,
beyond
San
league from " Point Delgado", 5i4'

(chart), 75,
Simon Bay, 120

Julian, San, Drake's wintering there,
288, 289, 327
III.
Maria, Santa,
island of, 365

de,
;
Marsan, Mont
Cape
prison
of,
department
of
Jusepe
Hill, Santa Lucia
Landes, France
* Marta, Santa,
Sarmiento
in the
in sight, 85
III.
Jusepe Bay, 86
river of the, in the Strait
xxx, 344, 347 n. and Santa Madalena, near Cape San Silvestre,
small
islets,
Lances,
141, 365 n.
II.
so called by Sarmiento because they
Martin de Pasage, San,

Silla,
island
bridged
forts
III.
Ti.
it
with lances
built,
near
it
the
near
70
in
were
290
iii.*Mas al Oeste,
(chart),
III.
51 35' S.
Larga, Punta, 83 Lobos, Isle, near Buenaventura

62
Isles,
83
Mateo, San, Cape, near " Cape

(31st
Isle,
ili.*Lobos,
from West Point,
San Vicente", 76 III. Melchior, San, Bay
Dec),
Bias,
51 34' to 51 27' (chart), chain of

islets ten miles long, S.
W. N. E. 84
,
n
III.
Mercedes, Cape, near San

of,
Lobos,
island at the
mouth of
the
37
Rio Plate, 268
*Mercy, Bay
de, S. side opposite
inside CapeEspiritu
Pillar),
*Lomas, Morro
Santo
(Cape
Sarmiento
until
Point San Isidro.
Land continuous
anchored 31st Jan, 1580,
2nd
it
with Cape St. Valentin, 124, 125
February, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107;
*Lomas, Bay, between capes Nombre

de Jesus and Anegada, 125, 152
he named
it,
289
Drake
in
called
Lorenzo, San, island off Callao, 24 Lucar, San, Sarmiento embarks from,
232, 264
;
Bay of Safety, 289 Miguel, San, island

near the Azores, 201
* Monica, Santa,
the Pacific
storm encountered near,
Port (third anchorleft,
223 III. Lucas, Point, three leagues
age), 6th Feb.

S. of
I.
114
Morro,
Port
of,
beyond
Cape
San Marcos Point, 76
Candelaria, 47
INDEX OF PLACES.
I.
399
Broad opening from " Agua
Morro Gordo,
the port, 47
hill
E.S.E. of
Pedro, San, Bay.

Dulce", 122
to south, half a league
Morro de Lomas {see Lomas, Morro de) Morro Solar, a hill above Chorillos,
24
Pelepelqua, native name of a port, obtained by Sarmiento, 116 First anchorage Peligroso, Port.
within the Gulf of Trinidad, 41
{see
II.
*Mucho-Nieve, a bay beyond Playa

Prada, on the opposite side, 116
Cache Diablo) Pena de Francia,
next point to
Anunciada, 61
Natives, Bay
of, between San Isidro and Santa Ana, the river called San Juan de Posesion, 125 Nina-champi, an island in the Gala-
Philippine Islands, Sarmiento appears to have gone to, xxviii
Pisco, a
reaches,
port
in
Peru,
the
fleet
pagos group,
xii, xiii n.
on 17th Oct. 1579, 25 Playa, La, a large beach beyond

Cross Island, 119
* Playa
Nombre de
nombre
de)
Jesus
{see
Jesus,
Prada, on north side, 116 Pontevedra, Bartolome Sarmiento's

birthplace in Galicia, x
iiLÔchavario, Port, 50^41'
(chart),
Possession, River
of,
134
{see
Juan, 84;
of
74 iiiÔeste Punta, West Point, 51 32'
San, River of) Mountain III. Prayer,

bay
of,
of,
81,
84 i.*Oeste, Brazo
(chart), 83,
82
del,
1
"West Chan{see
*Priniero,
Cape,
north
side
nel" of the chart, 5

III.
entrance to the Gulf of Trinidad,
Oracion, Monte de
of)
Prayer,
Mountain
37, 38
*Puchachailgua, native name of a

bay, obtained by Sarmiento, 14
III. Oracion Bay, 3rd Jan. 1580, 82 Osuna, Juan de, a witness of the taking possession at Cape Virgin, where the city of Jesus was after-
Purification
of our
first
Lady, name
site
given to the
touched in
the Strait, 304

Of)
{see
JesuS,
City
wards
built,
304
n.
iii.*Pablo, San, Cape, to south of
Cape
Pablo,
San
76
San,
Quipani-urco,
Vicente,
51
33'
S.
hill
near
Lima,
eclipse,
where Sarmiento observed

Island.
it
(chart),
Sarmiento
215
steered for
on leaving island of
San Juan,
II.
128, 134, 135

Isle of,
Remedio, N.
league
side
S. del, large
bay on N.
Pajaros,
half a
of Point
Delgada, near the
I.*
N.W. of the Silla, 64 Pan de Azucar, in
narrow, 151
50 4' 40" S.
feet high,
A
47
III.
peaked mountain 880

.
Rincones, Los, port near Santa Ana named by Sarmiento, 314
Rio de Janeiro,
near Cape San
Pan de Azucar,
Bartolom^, 77
sickness at, 224; Sarmiento arrives in March 1582, 242, 278
Paraiba, bay near Rio, 182, 194 Partida, Roca {see Roca Partida)
1.*
Roca Partida
two
and
in sight
from the
leagues
Silla,
a-half
400
S.W.
INDEX OF PLACES.
by S.S.W. from
Port,
Pajaros,
*Simon, San, a
Playa, 120
large
bay beyond
64, 67, 68. 98
Rodrigo,
Sarmiento reaches,
iii.*Sin Salida
sin Salida
Ensenada, Ancon
14' S.,
252, 253 n.
Roldan, Campana de, a great bay where there is a very high mountain, near San Simon Bay, 120
i.*Rosario, N.
voyage,
S. del, the first port,
;
73 20'
on the chart, 52 W., 80 n., 90 n.

mentioned
near
Snowy
120
Isles,
in the old
narratives,
San Simon Bay,
41, 42, 43. 55
left
on
first
;
boat
ships
Solar, Morro, a hill above Chorrillos,

not far from San Lorenzo, 24
Nov.
25th,
i8th,
46
arrived Nov.
39;
left
7th
Dec.
41
;
58
formal possession taken,

testified
;
and
by the Royal
Solomon Islands, visited and named by Mendana and Sarmiento, xvi i.*S.W. Bay, Ancon del Sudueste
on the chart
climbed a
;
Notary, 44
mentioned, 55, 56
Sarmiento landed and
Rota, ship
lost off,
235
hill,
47
Sangallan
Island, 26
Success Cape {see Good Success) Sudueste, Brazo del, or Brazo de la Conception, 59
III.
ii.*Santiago, Cape, next to Peiia de

Francia, 61, 62, 64, 99 *Santiago Bay, on N. coast near the
entrance, 149
Surgidero,
El,
an anchorage
near Point San Antonio, 75 Susana, Santa, Bay, on N. coast, in

the narrows, 142
Santiago de
miento
la
Ribera, town on
Santiago Island, Cape Verde, Sarreaches,

177,
;
179,
description of, 187
ships
184; went up
Terceira, island, one of the Azores,

191* I95>
it
201,
202
Sarmiento
;
the river to, 270
English ships go
there after the fight at
270
San Vicente, Sarmiento leaves some of the
home, 339 Sarmiento captured near, 348 Thomar, Portuguese town Sarhis return
;
near
on
276 Sarmiento, Mount, named by Admiral Fitz Roy, 126 n.

settlers there,
tniento visits, 212, 213; the

at,
King
229, 230
to conquer, xxviii
Tidore, proposition
Sarmiento, Cordillera
of,
mountains
near Santa Catalina, so named, 79 n.
*Tinguichisgua, native name of a point, obtained by Sarmiento, 118,

120
I.
Sebastian, San, Island
off the coast
between
277, 278
II.
San Vicente, and Rio,

high mountain,
to
after-
Toledo, Don Francisco

of Peru, Archipelago
of,
de. Viceroy
56
Silla, La,
wards found
tiago, 64,
II.
be an island, sighted
Isles
i.*Tres Cerros, Abra de, channel opposite the Brazo Ancho, 56
from Dormida
70
and Cape San-
*Tres Puntos, Cape

to
of, S.
entrance37,
the
Gulf
of
Trinidad,
Silla, island, 70
38
III. III.
Silvestre, San, Cape, end of a great
bay
called
Santa
Catalina,
San
Trigo, Monte d&{T'wo), 87 Trigo, Monte de, 76

Gulf
of,
Antonio
other end
de
;
between
another
Padua forming the it and N. S.

large
* Trinidad,
north
of
the
western entrance to Strait of Magellan

;
de Gracia
bay of
discovered by Sarmiento
37, 38,
7th
San Bartolome, 141
Nov. 1579,
48
INDEX OF PLACES.
III.
401
N.S.de, Cape, 51
N.
(chart),
Two
to
Channels,
Isle
of;
on
III.* Victoria,
27'
right
fc
runs to Cape San Estevan,
S., 74
52'
2,100 feet
Incas,
left
San Antonio,
74, 87
high, 84, 85
Vilcabamba, residence of the

xi, xviii
*Valentin, San, southern point of a bay seen from river San Juan,
Virgen Maria,
N. side
Point, low point on E.N.E. from Point Con-
E.N.E.
leagues
eight leagues.
Land
con-
solation, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156
tinuous with
Bay of Lomas, six E.N.E. from Cape Santa

S.
Ana,
125, 127, 134

del,
Virgenes, eleven thousand, bay between Cape San Gregorio and Cape N. S. del Valle, 145
Virgins, Cape, at the eastern end of
the
Strait,
Valle, N.
Cape, near Cape

coast,
San Gregorio on N.
145. 156
139,
named by Magellan,
at,
Sarmiento anchors
iii.*Virtudes,
302, 305
los,
Valle Grande, on N. coast, opposite Cape San Bernabe. 122 ; a river in

it,
N.
S.
de
Cape,
51 31' S.. 8s, 86
124
Valle
Hondo
{see
Hondo
Rio).
Vittoria Bay, named, 319 * Voces, Pleya de los, between S.

Isidro
Velas, town on the Island of San

Jorge, Azores, 190
and Santa Ana, 125

the rive
Volcan Nevada, seen from

of San Juan, 126
Verde, Cape,
iii.*Vicente,
a-half
islands, 188, 189
San,
Cape,
of
74
one and
leagues S.
S.,
Cape
San
Mateo, 51 31'
76
W.
*Xaultegua, native name of a bay, obtained by Sarmiento, 115, 117
(chart),
Yuedy,
hill
Peru, residence of the Incas
*Vicente, San,
and ravine; one end of bay of Gente Grande, 138,

139, 140, 145
III.
Zorra, Morro de
Luis, 87
la,
hill
near
Vicente, San, 272, 277, 296, 332
Cape San
LONDON
POINTED AT THE BEDFORD PRESS, 20 AND
21,
BEDFORDBURY,
W C.
C c
XLhc IbaMuiPt SocietiP.

REPORT FOR
The
Society's
1894.
volumes
for
the
present year are
THE
Letters of Amerigo Vespucci,

by the President
prising the
;
translated and edited
and Danish Arctic Voyages, com-
expeditions of
Munk and
Hall, edited
by
Mr. Miller Christy and Mr. C. A. Gosch.
Of
these, the
in the
former was issued

press.
in
July 1894; the latter
is still
The volumes
for
1895 will probably be
The Voyage
OF Pedro Sarmiento to the Strait of Magellan,

1579-80,* translated and edited
by the President; and
Azurara's Chronicle of the Conquest of Guinea,

translated
Prestage.
and edited by Mr. C. R. Beazley and Mr. E. These two volumes

will,
it
is
hoped, be
fol-
lowed by Dr. Robert Brown's edition of
Leo Africanus,
which
is in
a very forward state. of subscribers at present on the

roll is 312,
The number
an increase of twenty-three as compared with
last year.
It
has since been found necessary to issue
this
volume
in
advance
of that dealing with the Danish Arctic Voyages.
November 1894 which the accounts were made up) was zS^
The balance on
the
loth
(the date
I3-^-
on
^^'
At
a meeting held
elected
on the
to
19th June, Rear-Admiral

seat
in
Markham was
the
Council vacated
by Professor Tylor.
Admiral Brine, Sir Mountstuart
Grant-Duff, and Mr. Silver retire under Rule
VI
and
Lord Hawkesbury,
Sir
Anthony H. Hoskins, and Mr.
E. G. Ravenstein have been elected in their places.
21 st
November
1894.
=)
tÔ OOO O *t^'*-ON00 rofD
00
THE
HAKLUYT SOCIETY
1895.
President.
CLEMENTS
R.
MARKHAM,
Esq.,
C.B., F.R.S., Pres. R.G.S.
Vice-Ppesidents.
The Right Hon. The LORD STANLEY of ALDERLEY.

Sir a.
WOLLASTON FRANKS,
Council.
K.C.B.,
F.R.S.
ROBERT BROWN, Esq., M.A., Ph.D. MILLER CHRISTY, Esq. The Right Hon. GEORGE N.CUKZON,
M.P.
Rear-Admiral
A. P.
A. H.
MARKHAM.
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Admiral Sir E.
F.R.S.
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F.
OMMANNEY,
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Esq.
L.
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Admiral Sir
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C. P.
ANTHONY H. HOSKINS,
Esq.
Rear-Admiral W.
I
J.
WHARTON,
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WORKS ALREADY
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1 -The Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins, Knt., Voyage into the South Sea in 1593. Reprinted from the edition of 1622, and edited by Capt. C. R. Drinkwater Bethune, R.N., C.B.
(First Edition out of print.
See No. 57.^
Issuedfor 1848.
2 Select
Letters of Columbus,
With Orignial Documents relating
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New
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4 Sir
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together with the Spanish Account of Drake's attack on Puerto Rico. Edited by W. D. Cooley, Esq. (1849 ) Issued Jor 1850.
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7- Divers Voyages touching the Discovery of America

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9 -The Discovery and Conquest of Florida,
By Don Ferdinando de
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Hakluyt; and Edited by

10
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Translated out of Portuguese by Richard W. B. Rye, Esq. (185 1.) Issuedfor 1853. Notes upon Russia,
Being a Translation from the Earliest Account of that Country, entitled Rerum Muscoviticarum Commentarii, by the Baron Sigismund von Herberstein, Ambassador from the Court of Germany to the Grand Prince Vasiley Ivanovich, Two Volumes. Translated and Edited by in the years 1517 and 1526.
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i.
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11 -The Geography of Hudson's Bay. Being the Remarks of Captain W. Coats, in many Voyages to that locality, between the years 1727 and 1751. With Extracts from the Log of Captain Middleton on his Voyage for the Discovery of the North-west Passage, in H.M.S. "Furnace," in 1741-2. Edited by John Barrow, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. (1852.) Issuedfor \^^^.
12 Notes upon
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Russia.
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13 Three Voyages by the North-East, Towards Cathay and China, undertaken by the Dutch in the
and 1596, with
their
years 1594, 1595 Discovery of Spitzbergen, their residence often months in Novaya Zemlya, and their safe return in two open boats. By Gerrit de Veer. Edited by C. T. Beke, Esq., Ph.D., F.S.A. (1853.) (First Edition out of print. See No. 54. J Issuedfor 1855.
14-15 The History of the Great and Mighty Kingdom of China and
the Situation Thereof.
Compiled by the Padre Juan Gonzalez de Mendoza. Reprinted from the Early Translation of R. Parke, and Edited by Sir George T. Staunton, Bart. With an Introduction by R. H. Major, Esq. 2 vols. (1853-54.)
Issuedfor 1855.
Being his
16 The World Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake. Collated with an next Voyage to that to Nombre de Dios.
unpublished Manuscript of Francis Fletcher, Chaplain to the Expedition. Edited by W. S. W. Vaux, Esq., M. A. (1854.) issued for 1856.
17 The History of the Tartar Conquerors who subdued China. From the French of the Pere D'Orleans, 1688. Translated and Edited by the Earl OF Ellesmere. With an Introduction by R. H. Majof, Esq. (1854.)
Issuedfor 1856.
18A
Collection of Early
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Esq.
(1855.)
Edited by
Adam White,
Issuedfor 1857.
19 The Voyage of Sir Henry Middleton to Bantam and the Maluco From the rare Edition of 1606. Edited by Bolton Corney, Esq.
Islands.
(1855.)
Issuedfo? 1857.
20-Russia at the Close of the Sixteenth Century. Comprising "The Russe Commonwealth" by Dr. Giles Fletcher, and Sir Jerome Horsey's Travels. Edited by E. A. Bond, Esq. (1856.) Issued for 1858.
21 The
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Travels of Girolamo Benzoni in America, in 1542-56. Admiral W. H. Smyth, F.R.S., F.S.A, (1857.) Issued for 1858. 22 India in the Fifteenth Century.
Being a Collection of Narratives of Voyages to India in the century preceding the Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hoê ; from Latin, Persian, Edited by R. H. Major, Esq. (1857.) Russian, and Italian Sources. Issuedfor 1859.
23 Narrative
of a Voyage to the
West
Indies
and Mexico,
In the years 1599-1602, with Maps and Illustrations. By Samuel Champlain. Translated from the original and unpublished Manuscript, with a Biographical Notice and Notes by Alice Wilmere. (1859.) Issued for i%<,g.
);
24 Expeditions
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:
Amazons
During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries containing the Journey ot Gonzalo Pizarro, from the Royal Commentaries of Garcilasso Inca de la Vega ; the Voyage of Francisco de Orellana, from the General History of Herrera and the Voyage of Cristoval de Acuna. Translated and Edited by Clements
R.
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25 -Early Indications of Australia. Collection of Documents shewing the Early Discoveries of Australia to the time of Captain Cook. Edited by R. H. Major, Esq. (1859.) Issued for i860.
26 -The Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour, 1403-6.
Clemen
rs R.
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27 Henry Hudson the Navigator. Documents in which his career is recorded. AsHER, Esq., LL.D. (i860.)
28 The Expedition
Edited by
George
Issued for 1861.
of Ursua and Aguirre,
In search of El Dorado and Omagua, a.d. 1560-61. Translated from the *'Sexta Noticia Historiale" of Fray Pedro Simon, by W. Bollaert, Esq. ; (1861.) with an Introduction by Clements R. Markham, Esq. Issued for 1862.
29 The
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and Acts of Don Alonzo Enriquez de Guzman.
Clements
R.
Markham,
World
Esq. (1862.) Issued for 1862.
30 Discoveries
From
of the
By Antonio Galvano. their first original unto the year of our Lord 1555. Reprinted, with ihe original Portuguese text, and edited by Vice-Admiral
Bethunk, C.B.
(1862.)
Issued for 1863.
31 Marvels described by Friar Jordanus,

From
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32 The
In Syria,
Travels of Ludovico di Varthema

Esq.,
Ar9,>ia>..Persia, India, etc.,
by
J.
Winter
Jones,
Percy
during the Sixteenth Century. Translated F.S.A., and Edited by the Rev. George Issuedfor 1864. Badger. (1863.)
33 The From
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the Gulf of Darien to the City of La Plata, contained in the first part of his Chronicle of Peru (Antwerp, 1554). Translated and Edited by Clements Issuedfor \^6df, R. Markham, Esq. (1864.)
34 The Narrative
Containing the
R.
of Pascual de Andagoya.
earliest notice of Peru.
Markham,
Translated and Edited by Clements Issuedpr 1865. Esq. (1865.)
35 The
Coasts of East Africa and Malabar
In the beginning of the Sixteenth Century, by Duarte Barbosa. Translated from an early Spanish manuscript by the Hon. Henry Stanley. (1866. Issued for 1865.
36-37 Cathay and the
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Thither.
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Century.
of all minor notices of China, Translated and Edited by Colonel (1866.)
previous to the
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Sixteenth Vols. Issuedfor i%6^.
Two
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38 The Three Voyages of Sir Martin Frobisher. now in the State Paper Office. Rear-Admiral Cullinsun, C.B. (1867.)
Edited by
IssuedJof 1867.
39 -The Philippine Islands, Moluccas, Siam, Cambodia, Japan, and China, at the close of the i6th Century. Translated from the Spanish, with Notes, by By Antonia de Morga. the Lord Stanley of Alderley. (1868.) Issued for 1868.
To
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the
41 The Royal Commentaries

By
the
Ynca
Garcilasso de la Vega.
R.
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of the Yncas. Translated and Edited by Clements Esq. Vol. I. (1869.) Issued for\^(>%
of Vasco da Gama, from the Lendas da India of Caspar Correa; accompanied Translated and Edited by the Lord Stanley by original documents. Issued for i%6^. of Alderley. (1869.)
42 The Three Voyages
And
his Viceroyalty,
43 Select
With
Letters of Christopher Columbus,
other Original Documents relating to his Four Voyages to the New World. Translated and Edited by R. H. Major, Esq. 2nd Edition (see No. 2). (1870.) Issued for 1870.
44 History
By
of the
Imams and
Seyyids of 'Oman,
Salil-Ibn-Razik, from a.d. 661-1856. Translated from the original Arabic, and Edited, with a continuation of the History down to 1870, by the Rev. George Percy Badger. (187 i.) Issued for 1870.
45 The Royal Commentaries

Vol.
2.
(1 87 1.)
of the Yncas. Issued for 187 1.
46The
Or Book
Canarian,
of the Conquest and Conversion of the Canarians in the year 1402, by Messire Jean de Bethencourt, Kt. Composed by Pierre Bontier and Jean Translated and Edited by R. H. Major, Esq. le Verrier. (1872.) Issuedfor 187 1. 47 Reports on the Discovery of Peru.
Clements
R.
Markham,
Esq,, C.B. (1872.) Issued for 1872.

Esq., C.B,, F.R.S. Issued for 1872.
48 Narratives
of the Rites and
Laws of the Yncas.
Clements
R.
Markham,
(1873.)
By
49 Travels to Tana and Persia, Josafa Barbaro and Ambrogio Contarini ; Edited by Lord Stanley of Alderley, With Narratives of other Italian Travels iu Persia. Translated and Edited by Charles Grey, Esq. (1873.) Issued for 1873.
To
50 Voyages of the Zeni the Northern Seas in the Fourteenth Century. Translated and Edited by R. H. Major, Esq. (.1873.) Issued for 1873.
51 The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse in 1547-55, Amonsf the Wild Tribes of Eastern Brazil. Translated by Albert Tootal,
Esq., and annotated by Sir
Richard
F.
Burton.
(1874.)
Issued for 1874.
52 The First Voyage Round the World by Magellan. Translated from the Accounts of Pigafetta and other contemporary writers. Edited by Lord Stanley of Alderley. (1874.) Issuedfor 1874. 53 The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India. Translated from the Portuguese Edition of I774> and Edited by Walter de Grav" Birch, Esq., F.R.S.L. Vol. i. (1875.) Issuedfor 1875. 54 Three Voyages to the North-East. Second Edition of Gerrit de Veer's Three Voyages to the North-East by Barents. Edited by Lieut. Koolemans Beynen, of the Royal Dutch Navy. Issued for 1876. (1876.)
55 The Commentaries
of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque. Vol.2. (1877.) Issued for
xZ"]^.
56 The Voyages
of Sir
James Lancaster.
With Abstracts of Journals of Voyages preserved in the India Office, and the Voyage of Captain John Knight to seek the N.W. Passage. Edited by
Clements R. Markham,
Esq., C.B.,
F.R.S.
(1877.) Issued for 1877.
57 The Observations of Sir Richard Hawkins, Knt., In his Voyage into the South Sea in 1593, with the Voyages of his grandfather William, his father Sir John, and his cousin William Hawkins. Second Edition (see No. i). Edited by Clements R. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. Issued for \%']T. (1878.)
58 The Bondage and From
Travels of Johann Schiltberger,
his capture at the baitle of Nicopolis in 1396 to his escape and return to Europe in 1427. Translated by Commander J. Buchan Telfer, R.N.;
with Notes by Professor B.
Bruun.
(1879.)
Issued for 1878.
59 The Voyages and Works of John Davis the Navigator. Edited by Captain Albert H. Markham, R.N. (1880.) Issued for
1878.
The Map of the World, A.D. 1600. Called by Shakspere " rhe New Map, with the Augmentation of the Indies." To illustrate the Voyages of John Davis. (1880.) Issued for 1878.
60-61 The Natural and Moral History of the
Indies.
By Father Joseph de Acosta. Reprinted from ihe English Translated Edition of Edward Grimston, 1604; and Edited by Clements R. Markham, Esq.,
C.B., F.R.S.
Two
Vols.
(1880.)
Issued for i^^().
Map
of Peru.
(1880.)
To
Illustrate
Nos. 33, 41, 45, 60, and 61.
Issued for 1879.
62 The Commentaries
of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque. Vol. 3. Issued for ( 1 880.
880.
63 The Voyages of William Baffin, 1612-1622. Edited by Clements R. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S.
(1881.)
Issued for 1880.
64 Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia During the years 1520- 1527. By Father Francisco Alvarez. Translated and Edited by Lord Stanley of Alderley. (1881.) Issued for 1881. 65 The History of the Bermudas or Somer Islands. Attributed to Captain Nathaniel Butler. Edited by General Sir J. Henry Lefroy, R.A., K.C.M.G. (1882.) Issuedfor i88j,
8
66-67 The Diary of Richard Cocks,
Cape-Merchant
in
the English Factory in
Edward Maunde Thompson,

68 The Second Part
By Pedro de
Cieza de Leon.
Edited by Japan, 1615-1622. Two Vols. (1883.) Esq. Issuedfor 1882.
Markham,
of the Chronicle of Peru. Translated and Edited by Clements R. Esq., C.B., F.R.S. (1883.) fssued for iZ^î.
of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque.
(1884.)
69 The Commentaries
Vol. 4.
Jssuedfor\Z%i.
70-71 The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies. From the Old English Translation of 1598. The First Book, containing his Description of the East. Edited by Arthur Coke Burnell, Ph.D., CLE., and Mr. P. A. Tiele, of Utrecht. (1885.) Issuedfor 1884. 72-73 Early Voyages and Travels
to Russia
and
Persia,
By Anthony Jenkinson and
other Englishmen, with some account of the first Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by way of the Caspian Sea. Edited by E. Delmar Morgan, Esq., and C. H. Cote, Esq. Issjied forih^. (1886.)
74 -The Diary of William Hedges, Esq., Afterwards Sir William Hedges, during his Agency in Bengal as well as on his Voyage out and Return Overland (1681-1687). Transcribed for the Press, with Introductory Notes, etc., by R. Barlow, Esq., and Illustrated by copious Extracts from Unpublished Records, etc., by Col. Sir H. Yule, K.C.S L, R.E., C.B., LL.D. Vol. I, The Diary. {1887.) Issued for \%%().
;
75 The Diary
Vol.
2.
of William Hedges, Esq.

etc.
Sir
H. Yule's Extracts from Unpublished Records,
Issued for
(1888.) 1 886.
76 The Voyage The
of Francois Pyrard to the East Indies,
Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil. Translated into English from the Third French Edition of 1619, and Edited by Albert Gray, Esq., assisted by PL C. P. Bell, Esq. Vol. 1. (1887.) Issuedfor 1887.
77 The Voyage
of Francois Pyrard to the East Indies, etc.

Vol. 2, Part
I.
(1888.)
Issuedfor 1887.
Vol. 3.
Sir
78- The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. H. Yule's Extracts from Unpublished Records,
etc.
(1889.)
Issued for 1888.
79-Traetatus de
Globis, et
eorum
usu.
Treatise descriptive of the Globes constructed by Emeiy Molyneux, and Published in 1592. By Robert Hues. Edited by Clements R. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. To which is appended,
Sailing Directions for the Circumnavigation of England,
And MS.
for a
Voyage
to the Straits of Gibraltar,

;
Edited by
James Gairdner, Esq.
Morgan,
80 The Voyage
Esq.
i'rum a Jbifteenth Century with a Glossary by E. Delmar Issuedfor 1888. (1889.)
of Frangois Pyrard to the East Indies, etc.

Vol. 2, Part II.
(1890.)
Issued for 1889.
of La Plata, 1535-1555. Voyage of Ulrich Schmidt to the Rivers La Plata and Paraguai. II. I. The Commentaries of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. Edited by Don Luis IssuedforiZ^f). L. Dominguez. (1891.)
81 The Conquest
To
Rodriguez, Mauritius, Java, and the
82-83 The Voyage of Francois Leguat Cape of Good Hope. Captain Pasfi ELD Oliver. 1 wo Vols. (1891.)
Edited by
Issuedfor 1890.
84-85 The Travels of Pietro della Valle to India. From the Old English Translation of 1664, by G. Havers. Edited by Edward Grey, Esq. Two Vols. (1892.) Issuedfori^()i.
86The Journal of Christopher Columbus During his First Voyage (1492-93), and Documents relating to the Voyages of John Cabot and Caspar Corte Real. Translated and Edited by Clements Issuedfor 1892. K. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. (1893.)
87 Early Voyages and
I.
Travels in the Levant.
Extracts from the 1599- 1600. II. With some Account of the Levant Diaries of Dr. John Covel, 1670-1679. Company of Turkey Merchants. Edited by J. Theodore Bent, Esq., Issued for 1892. F.S.A., F.R.G.S. {1893.)
The Diary of Master Thomas Dallam,
88-89 Voyages of Captain Luke Foxe and Captain Thomas James In Search of a North-West Passage, in 1631-32 with Narratives of Earlier N.-W. Voyages. Edited by Miller Christy, Esq., F.L.S. Two Vols.
;
(1894.)
Issued for
Y^f)-}^.
90 The
Letters of Amerigo Vespucci
And
other
Documents
Clements
91 The Voyage
relating to his Career. Translated and Edited R. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. (1894.)
by
Issued for 1894.
of Pedro Sarmiento to the Strait of Magellan, 1579-80. Translated and Edited, with Illustrative Documents and Introduction, by Clements R. Markham, Esq., C.B., F.R.S. {1895.) Issuedfor 1894.
OTHER WOEKS UNDERTAKEN BY EDITORS.

The True History of the Conquest
of New Spain, by Bernal Diaz. Translated from the Spanish, and Edited by Vice-Admiral Lindesay Brine. The Voyages of ihe Earl of Cumberland, from the Records prepared by order of the Couniess of Pembroke. Edited by W. de Gray Birch, Esq., F.S.A. The Travels of Leo Africanus the Moor, from the English translation of John Pory (1600). Edited by Robert Brown, Esq., M.A., Ph.D. A Reprint of 17th Century Books on Seamanship and Sea Matters in General, including Captain John Smith's " Seaman's Grammar", from the edition of 1692, and Sir H. Manwayring's " Seaman's Dictionary", Edited, with Notes and 1644, with extracts from unpublished MSS. an Introduction, by H. Halliday Sparling, Esq. Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar, par le Sieur De Flacourt, 1661. Translated and Edited by Captain S. Pasfield Oliver. Second Edition (see No. 3). Edited, with Raleigh's Empire of Guiana. Notes, etc., by Evekard >. im Thurn, Esq. The Voyages of Cadamosto, the Venetian, along the West Coast of Africa, in Translated from the earliest Italian text 01 the years 1455 and 1456. 1507, and Edited by H. Yule Oldham, Esq., M.A., F.R.G.S. Jens Munk's Voyage to Hudson's Bay, translated from the Danish ; with the Voyages of James Hall to Greenland, 1605-6. Edited by Miller Christy, Esq., and C. A. Gosch, Esq.
10
Azurara's Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea.
Translated
and Edited by C. Raymond Beazley, Esq., M.A., Fellow of Merton, and Edgar Prestage, Esq. The Topographia Christiana of Cosmas Indicopleustes. Edited by J. W. McCrindle, Esq., M.A., M.R.A.S. The Voyage of Alvaro de Mendaiia to the Solomon Islands in 1568. Edited by Charles M. Woodford, Esq. De Laet's Commentarius de Imperio Magni Mogolis (1631). Translated and Edited by Sir Roper Lethbridge, K.C.I.E M.A., late Schaolr ot Exeter College, Oxford, and Fellow of the Calcutta University. The Voyages of Willoughby and Chancellor to the White Sea, with some account of the earliest intercourse between England and Russia. Reprinted from Hakluyt's Voyages, with Notes and Introduction by
,
E.
Delmar Morgan,
of Sir
Esq.
to
The Journal
Thomas Roe during his Embassy Edited by William Foster, Esq., B.A.
India,
161 5- 19.
WORKS SUGGESTED TO THE COUNCIL FOR

PUBLICATION.
J.
dos Santos. The History of Eastern Ethiopia. 1607. The History of Ethiopia, by Manoel de Almeida. Journal of the Jesuit Uesideri in Tibet. Travels of Friar Rubruquis. Travels of the brothers Sherley in Persia. The Travels of Ralph Fitch in India and Burma, 1583-91.
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object of this Society shall be to print, for distribution among its members, rare and valuable Voyages, Travels, Naval Expeditions, and other geographical records, from an early period to the beginning of the eighteenth century. II. The Annual Subscription shall be One Guinea, payable in advance on the
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LIST OF
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1895.
Abercromby, Hon. John,
62, Palmerston-place,
Edinburgh.
Admiralty, The (2 copies). Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. All Souls College, Oxford. American Geographical Society, 11, West 29th-street, New York City, U.S.A. Amherst, Lord, of Hackney, Didlington Hall, Brandon, Norfolk. Antiquaries, the Society of, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W. Ardilaun, Lady, St. Anne's, Clontarf, co. Dublin. Army and Navy Club, 36, Pall-mall. Astor Library, New York. Athenaeum Club, Pall Mall.
Baer, Joseph & Co., Messrs., Rossmarkt, 18, Frankfort-on-Maine. Bain, Mr., 1, Haymarket, S.W. Bank of England Library and Literary Association. Barclay, Hugh G., Esq., Colney Hall, Norwich. Barlow, K. Fred., Esq., 15, Ambrose-place, Worthing, Sussex. Barrow, J., Esq., F.R.S,, F.S.A., 17, Hanover-terrace, Regent's Park. Basano, Marquis de, per Messrs. Hatchard's, Piccadilly, W. Bateman, John, Esq., F.R.G.S., Brightlingsea, Essex. Baxter, James Phinuey, Esq., 61, Deering-street, Portland, Maine, U.S.A. Beazley, C. Raymond, Esq., Merton College, Oxford. Bell and Bradfute, Messrs., 12, Bank-street, Edinburgh. Bellamy, C. H., Esq., F.R.G.S., Belmont, Brook-road, Heaton Chapel, near Stockport. Berlin Geographical Society. Berlin, the Royal Library of. Berlin University, Geographical Institute of (Baron von Richthofen), 6, Schinkelplatz, Berlin, W. Bethell, William, Esq., Rise, Hull. Birch, W. de G., Esq., British Museum.
Birmingham Library (The). Birmingham Central Free Library.

Bodleian Library, Oxford (copies presented).
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Bonaparte, H. H. Prince Roland, 10, Avenue d'Jena, Paris. Boston Athengeum Library, U.S.A. Boston Public Library. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, U.S.A. Bower, Capt. H., 17th Bengal Cavalry, Stirling Castle, Simla, India. Brewster, Charles 0., Esq., University Club, New York City, U.S.A. Brighton Public Library. Brine, Vice- Admiral Lindesay, 13, Pembroke-gardens, Kensington. British Guiana Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown,
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Narratives of The Voyages of Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa To The Straits of Magellan. (1895)

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XLbc Ibaf^lu^t SocietiP.

NARRATIVES OF THE VOYAGES

PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA

Minotauro de espunias proceloso

golfo con triunfante entera

capitolio hara la Hesperia arena."

Lima Fundada, Canto

NARRATIVES OF THE VOYAGES

LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS, W.C.

Esq., M.A., Ph.D.

Miller Christy, Esq.

Rear-Admiral Albert H. Markham.

Captain Nathan, R.E.

CouTTS Trotter, Esq.

tions of the Viceroy

The Voyage from

Callao to the Gulf of Trinidad

Arrival in the Gulf of Trinidad

Anton Pablos and

the boat Nuestra Sefiora de

Guia, up the Gulf of the Most Holy Trinity.

Second Voyage of Discovery,

Voyage to the Almiranta

In the Strait of Magellan

Letter from the Viceroy of Peru,

Toledo, to the Governor of Rio de

Relation of what happened to the Royal Fleet for

the Strait of Magellan.

Written at Rio de Janeiro

by Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa

Report touching the Captains and

previously called of Magellan, and

a List of the Settlers in

and Villainy abortive Voyages

Desertion of Diego Flores

which, by Order of the Viceroy of Peru,

Francisco de Borja, Prince of Esquilache,

a Notary respecting what happened in

EDRO SARMIENTO DE GAM BOA was one of the most

His admirable work up the Gulf

to English naval surveyors

but his reports have never been translated.

present volume contains translations of his narrative

which was published

his important reports

account of the surveys of Sarmiento

his unfortunate attempt to establish a colony

But the Admiral's authorities were con-

fined to the published narratives, to Argensola,

In the Coleccion de Documentos Ineditos^

unacquainted with the reports of Sarmiento himself,

which have recently been brought to

discover the birth and parentage of the great

has been necessary to have recourse to

an ominous authority, namely, a deposition preserved

Sarmiento, a native of Pontevedra in Galicia,

married a Biscay an lady of Bilbao, named Gamboa.

Pedro himself was born