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    Reverse Engineering

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    ibrahim
    Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing an object or system to understand its design through deconstruction. It often involves taking apart a device or component and studying its inner workings to recreate or improve upon the original without copying. Reverse engineering was originally used for commercial or military advantage but is now also applied to software systems to replace missing documentation. It allows one to understand interoperability, learn from others' mistakes, and examine products for patent infringement or cost analysis.

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    Reverse Engineering

    Uploaded by

    ibrahim
    454 views3 pages
    Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing an object or system to understand its design through deconstruction. It often involves taking apart a device or component and studying its inner workings to recreate or improve upon the original without copying. Reverse engineering was originally used for commercial or military advantage but is now also applied to software systems to replace missing documentation. It allows one to understand interoperability, learn from others' mistakes, and examine products for patent infringement or cost analysis.

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    Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing an object or system to understand its design through deconstruction. It often involves taking apart a device or component and studying its inner workings to recreate or improve upon the original without copying. Reverse engineering was originally used for commercial or military advantage but is now also applied to software systems to replace missing documentation. It allows one to understand interoperability, learn from others' mistakes, and examine products for patent infringement or cost analysis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    454 views3 pages

    Reverse Engineering

    Uploaded by

    ibrahim
    Reverse engineering is the process of analyzing an object or system to understand its design through deconstruction. It often involves taking apart a device or component and studying its inner workings to recreate or improve upon the original without copying. Reverse engineering was originally used for commercial or military advantage but is now also applied to software systems to replace missing documentation. It allows one to understand interoperability, learn from others' mistakes, and examine products for patent infringement or cost analysis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    At a glance
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    The key takeaways are that reverse engineering is the process of analyzing how a device, object or system works in order to understand its design without having prior knowledge of the original design process. It is commonly used for interoperability, replacing lost documentation, product analysis, and updating digital models to match physical objects.

    Some reasons for reverse engineering include interoperability, replacing lost or unavailable documentation, product analysis, updating digital models, security auditing, military or commercial espionage, removing copy protection, creating unlicensed duplicates, academic/learning purposes, curiosity, competitive technical intelligence, and learning from others' mistakes.

    The different types of 3D models that can be created through reverse engineering are polygon mesh models, surface models using techniques like NURBS, and editable parametric CAD solid models.

    Reverse engineering

    From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    Reverse engineering (RE) is the process of discovering the technological


    principles of a device, object or system through analysis of its structure, function
    and operation. It often involves taking something (e.g., a mechanical device,
    electronic component, or software program) apart and analyzing its workings in
    detail to be used in maintenance, or to try to make a new device or program that
    does the same thing without copying anything from the original.

    Reverse engineering has its origins in the analysis of hardware for commercial or
    military advantage [1]. The purpose is to deduce design decisions from end
    products with little or no additional knowledge about the procedures involved in
    the original production. The same techniques are currently being researched for
    application to legacy software systems, not for industrial or defense ends, but
    rather to replace incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unavailable documentation[2].

    Motivation
    Reasons for reverse engineering:

    1. Interoperability.
    2. Lost documentation: Reverse engineering often is done because the
    documentation of a particular device has been lost (or was never written),
    and the person who built it is no longer available. Integrated circuits often
    seem to have been designed on obsolete, proprietary systems, which
    means that the only way to incorporate the functionality into new
    technology is to reverse-engineer the existing chip and then re-design it.
    3. Product analysis. To examine how a product works, what components it
    consists of, estimate costs, and identify potential patent infringement.
    4. Digital update/correction. To update the digital version (e.g. CAD model)
    of an object to match an "as-built" condition.
    5. Security auditing.
    6. Military or commercial espionage. Learning about an enemy's or
    competitor's latest research by stealing or capturing a prototype and
    dismantling it.
    7. Removal of copy protection, circumvention of access restrictions.
    8. Creation of unlicensed/unapproved duplicates.
    9. Academic/learning purposes.
    10. Curiosity
    11. Competitive technical intelligence (understand what your competitor is
    actually doing versus what they say they are doing)
    12. Learning: learn from others' mistakes. Do not make the same mistakes
    that others have already made and subsequently corrected
    Reverse engineering of mechanical devices
    As computer-aided design (CAD) has become more popular, reverse engineering
    has become a viable method to create a 3D virtual model of an existing physical
    part for use in 3D CAD, CAM, CAE and other software[3]. The reverse-
    engineering process involves measuring an object and then reconstructing it as a
    3D model. The physical object can be measured using 3D scanning technologies
    like CMMs, laser scanners, structured light digitizers or computed tomography.
    The measured data alone, usually represented as a point cloud, lacks topological
    information and is therefore often processed and modeled into a more usable
    format such as a triangular-faced mesh, a set of NURBS surfaces or a CAD
    model.

    The point clouds produced by 3D scanners are usually not used directly since
    they are very large unwieldy data sets, although for simple visualization and
    measurement in the architecture and construction world, points may suffice. Most
    applications instead use polygonal 3D models, NURBS surface models, or
    editable feature-based CAD models (aka solid modeling). The process of
    converting a point cloud into a usable 3D model in any of the forms described
    above is called "modeling"'.

    • POLYGON MESH MODELS: In a polygonal representation of a shape, a


    curved surface is modeled as many small faceted flat surfaces (think of a
    sphere modeled as a disco ball). Polygon models -- also called Mesh
    models, are useful for visualization, for some CAM (i.e., machining), but
    are generally "heavy" ( i.e., very large data sets), and are relatively un-
    editable in this form. Reconstruction to polygonal model involves finding
    and connecting adjacent points with straight lines in order to create a
    continuous surface. Many applications are available for this purpose (eg.
    kubit PointCloud for AutoCAD, photomodeler, imagemodel)

    • SURFACE MODELS: The next level of sophistication in modeling involves


    using a quilt of curved surface patches to model our shape. These might
    be NURBS, TSplines or other representations of curved topology using
    higher ordered polynomials (i.e, curved, not straight). Using NURBS, our
    sphere is a true mathematical sphere. Some applications offer patch
    layout by hand but the best in class offer both automated patch layout and
    manual layout. These patches have the advantage of being lighter and
    more manipulable when exported to CAD. Surface models are somewhat
    editable, but only in a sculptural sense of pushing and pulling to deform
    the surface. This representation lends itself well to modeling organic and
    artistic shapes. Providers of surface modelers include NX, Imageware,
    Rapidform, Geomagic, Rhino, Maya, T Splines etc.
    • SOLID CAD MODELS: From an engineering/manufacturing perspective,
    the ultimate representation of a digitized shape is the editable, parametric
    CAD model. After all, CAD is the common "language" of industry to
    describe, edit and maintain the shape of the enterprise's assets. In CAD,
    our sphere is described by parametric features which are easily edited by
    changing a value(e.g., centerpoint and radius).

    These CAD models describe not simply the envelope or shape of the object, but
    CAD models also embody the "design intent" (i.e., critical features and their
    relationship to other features). An example of design intent not evident in the
    shape alone might be a brake drum's lug bolts, which must be concentric with the
    hole in the center of the drum. This knowledge would drive the sequence and
    method of creating the CAD model; a designer with an awareness of this
    relationship would not design the lug bolts referenced to the outside diameter,
    but instead, to the center. A modeler creating a CAD model will want to include
    both Shape and design intent in the complete CAD model.

    Vendors offer different approaches to getting to the parametric CAD model.


    Some export the NURBS surfaces and leave it to the CAD designer to complete
    the model in CAD(e.g., Geomagic, Imageware, Rhino). Others use the scan data
    to create an editable and verifiable feature based model that is imported into
    CAD with full feature tree intact, yielding a complete, native CAD model,
    capturing both shape and design intent (e.g. Rapidform). Still other CAD
    applications are robust enough to manipulate limited points or polygon models
    within the CAD environment(e.g., Catia).

    Reverse engineering is also used by businesses to bring existing physical


    geometry into digital product development environments, to make a digital 3D
    record of their own products or to assess competitors' products. It is used to
    analyze, for instance, how a product works, what it does, and what components it
    consists of, estimate costs, and identify potential patent infringement, etc.

    Value engineering is a related activity also used by businesses. It involves


    deconstructing and analysing products, but the objective is to find opportunities
    for cost cutting.

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