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Maximum: Efficiency For A Perfectly Reversible Engine Conditions For Perfectly Reversible Engine Efficiency For Cycle

The document discusses the maximum efficiency for a perfectly reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs at temperatures TH and TC. It explains that a perfectly reversible engine can operate between reservoirs with the same energy transfers but in the opposite direction, and that its efficiency sets an upper limit according to the second law of thermodynamics. The document then describes the conditions required for a reversible engine and calculates the efficiency of the Carnot cycle, which serves as the standard for maximum efficiency.

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saadahmedkalidaas
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47 views

Maximum: Efficiency For A Perfectly Reversible Engine Conditions For Perfectly Reversible Engine Efficiency For Cycle

The document discusses the maximum efficiency for a perfectly reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs at temperatures TH and TC. It explains that a perfectly reversible engine can operate between reservoirs with the same energy transfers but in the opposite direction, and that its efficiency sets an upper limit according to the second law of thermodynamics. The document then describes the conditions required for a reversible engine and calculates the efficiency of the Carnot cycle, which serves as the standard for maximum efficiency.

Uploaded by

saadahmedkalidaas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 16

Maximum efciency for a perfectly


reversible engine

conditions for perfectly reversible engine efciency for Carnot cycle

Whats most efcient heat engine/refrigerator operating between hot and cold reservoirs at temperatures TC and TH? i.e., = 0.99 allowed or is there an max (for given TH,C ) ? related: refrigerator is heat engine running backwards perfectly reversible engine: device can be operated between same two reservoirs, with same energy transfers (only direction reversed): cannot be Brayton-cycle engine (need to change temperatures of reservoirs) use heat engine to drive refrigerator: no net heat transfer

Reversible Engine

Proof by Contradiction (II): suppose heat engine with more efciency than perfectly reversible for same Wout , new heat engine exhausts/needs less heat to/from cold/hot reservoir:
=
Wout QH

Limits of efciency I

and Wout = QH QC

use it to operate perfectly reversible refrigerator: engine extracts less heat from hot reservoir than refrigerator exhausts... heat transferred from cold to hot without outside assistance (forbidden by 2nd law)

2nd law, informal statements # 5, 6: no heat engine more efcient than perfectly reversible engine operating between two reservoirs...no refrigerator has larger coefcient of performance

Limits of efciency II

Conditions for reversible engine: Carnot


so far, exists; next, design it and calculate efciency ( max) exchange of energy in mechanical interactions (pushes on piston) reversible if (i) Wout = Win and (ii) system returns to initial T...only if motion is frictionless heat transfer thru an nite temperature difference is irreversible reversible if heat transferred innitely slowly (innitesimal temperature difference) in isothermal process must use (i) frictionless, no heat transfer (Q = 0) and (ii) heat transfer in isothermal processes (Eth = 0): Carnot engine (maximum and K )

enough to determine efciency of Carnot engine using ideal gas

Carnot cycle

ideal-gas cycle: 2 isothermal (Eth = 0) and 2 adiabatic processes (Q = 0) slow isothermal compression (1 2): |Q12 | removed; adiabatic compression (2 3) till TH ; isothermal expansion (3 4): Q34 transferred; adiabatic expansion (4 1) to TC work during 4 processes; heat transferred during 2 isothermal... Find 2 Qs for thermal efciency: = 1
Q12 = nRTC ln V4 Q34 = nRTH ln V3 Carnot = 1
V1 V2 ; QC QH

QC = |Q12 |

TC ln(V1 /V2 ) TH ln(V4 /V3 )

Maximum (Carnot) efciency


Using T V
1

= constant for adiabatic,

V1 V2

V4 V3

Similarly, for refrigerator Earlier: = 1 not allowed by 2nd law, but 0.99 is... Next, cant be more efcient than perfectly reversible Now, result for Carnot thermal efciency 2nd law informal statements #7, 8: no heat engine/refrigerator TC TC can exceed Carnot = 1 TH and KCarnot = TH TC
H C

high efciency requires T T , difcult in practice... >1 expected from energy conservation vs. limits from 2nd law

Example
at temperatures 300 K and 500 K produces a power output of 1000 W. What are (a) the thermal efciency of this engine, (b) the rate of heat input, in W, and (c) the rate of heat output, in W?

A Carnot engine operating between energy reservoirs

going beyond Newtons laws

Electricity (chapters 26-32)

charges at rest and in motion (currents): less experience, e.g., dont see movement of charges electricity and magnetism connected (PHY 270) new concept of eld to describe interactions (macroscopic description) microscopic level: relation of charges to atoms/molecules; atoms (neutral) made of charged particles (electrons and protons): can be separated and moved; atoms held by electric force...; macroscopic mechanical forces due to electric at atomic level this week: chapter 26 (Electric Charges and Forces) charge model to describe basic electric phenomena; how charges behave in insulators and conductors; calculate forces using Coulombs law; eld model (review properties of vectors)

Charge Model I

Rubbing objects causes forces, e.g. plastic comb picks up paper; shock on touching metal doorknob after walking across carpet.. understand electric phenomena in terms of charges and forces between them (without reference to atoms/electrons) experiments with rubbing of plastic/glass rods on wool/silk: no forces originally (neutral); both attractive and repulsive (cf. gravity), long range forces (like gravity) after rubbing (charging) attractive force between charged and neutral object test for object being charged: picks up paper

Postulates of Charge Model

Rubbing adds/removes charge (larger for more vigorous) Two kinds of charges: plastic and glass (others can be charged too: positive and negative) Two like charges repel, two opposite charges attract Force between charges is long-range; increases with quantity of charge, decreases with distance Neutral objects equal mixture of 2 charges: rubbing separates...

...more experiments with metal spheres...


Charge can be transferred by contact (removing charge: discharging) Conductors (charges move easily, e.g., metal) vs, Insulators (charges remain xed, e.g., plastic): both can be charged

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