Two-phase Flow and Boiling Heat Transfer (ESS 6430)

Instructor : Prof. Chin Pan ( ) Office : ESS 507 Tel : 03-5715131-34320 Email : cpan@ess.nthu.edu.tw TA : (office : ESS 425W, ext : 34291) Email : d947103@oz.nthu.edu.tw
1 Engineering & System Science Boiling Heat Transfer and Multi-phase Flow Lab.

Course Outline for Fall Semester

Chapter 1 Introduction
1. Scope of the Course 2. Historical Review

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Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-phase Flow

1. Nucleation Theory 2. Bubble Dynamics 3. Interfacial Instability 4. Quality and Void Fraction 5. Two-phase Flow Patterns
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Chapter 3 Nucleate Pool Boiling Heat Transfer

1. Boiling Incipience and Hysteresis Effect 2. Mechanisms of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer 3. Correlation Development 4. Nucleation Site Interactions 5. Boiling Chaos

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Chapter 4 Nucleate Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Forced Convective Evaporation
1. Boiling Incipience and Hysteresis Effect 2. Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer 3. Saturated Boiling Heat Transfer 4. Forced Convective Evaporation 5. Correlation Development for Saturated Flow Boiling and Forced Convective Evaporation
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Chapter 5 Critical Heat Flux

1. Pool Boiling Critical Heat Flux 2. Departure from Nucleate Boiling 3. Dryout Heat Flux 4. Correlation Development

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Chapter 6 Post Critical Heat Flux Heat Transfer

1. Film Boiling under Pool Boiling Conditions 2. Forced Convective Film Boiling 3. Dispersed Flow Heat Transfer 4. Leidenforst Point Minimum Film Boiling 5. Transition Boiling
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Chapter 7 Conservation Equations for Two-phase Flow

1. Review of Conservation Equations for Single-phase Flow 2. Local Instant Equations for Two-phase Flow 3. Three-dimensional Two-fluid Model 4. One-dimensional Two-fluid Model 5. One-dimensional Homogeneous Flow Model 6. One-dimensional Drift Flux Model
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Chapter 8 Closure Issues of Two-phase Flow Models

1. Interfacial Area Density 2. Interfacial Mass Transfer Rate 3. Interfacial Momentum Transfer Rate 4. Interfacial Energy Transfer Rate 5. Interactions Between Each Phase and Wall 6. Turbulent Model for Two-phase Flow
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Chapter 9 Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop

1. Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop Based on Homogeneous Flow Model 2. Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop Based on Two-fluid Flow Model 3. Two-phase Flow Pressure Drop through Fittings

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Chapter 10 Steady-state Analysis of Two-phase Pipe Flow

1. 2. 3. 4. Boiling Channel Analysis Based on One-dimensional Drift Flux Model Boiling Channel Analysis Based on One-dimensional Two-fluid Model Boiling Channel Analysis Based on Three-dimensional Two-fluid Model Multi-dimensional Analysis of Bubbly Pipe Flow

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Chapter 11 Two-phase Flow Instability

1. 2. 3. 4.
10 8

Classification of Two-phase Flow Instability Analysis of Ledinegg Instability Linear Stability Analysis Nonlinear Stability Analysis
0.10 0.05 0.00
3-Channel System (Neutron Feedback and Interaction)
(No Nuclear Coupling ) C 2C 4C

u+ i
-0.05 -0.10 -0.15 0 10 20 30 40 50 + t 60 70 80 90 100
Chaos oscillations Nsub = 3.702 Npch = 5.219
Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3

Normal Operating State

Nsub
4

UNSTABLE

30.0 20.0

N+
2

10.0 0.0
Subcore 1

STABLE

-10.0

Subcore2

Subcore 3

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

Npch

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-0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 -0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 + + + T T T F F F

Chapter 12 Two-phase Flow in Microchannels

1. Definition of Microchannels 2. Two-phase Flow Patterns in Microchannels 3. Pressure Drop in Microchannels 4. Bubble Dynamics in Microchannels 5. Boiling Heat Transfer in Microchannels

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Grade :
35% 35% 20% 10% ---------------------------------------------Total : 100%

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REFERENCE BOOKS
Butterworth,D. and Hewitt, G.F., Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Oxford University Press,1980 2. Carey,V.P.,1992,Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena, Taylor & Francis, Bristol, PA, USA 3. Collier,J.G. and Thome, J.R., 1994,Convective Boiling and Condensation,3rd Ed., Clarendon Press,Oxford,UK 4. Hsu,Y.Y. and Graham , R.W.,1986, Transport Process in Boiling and Two-Phase Flow System , ANS,USA 5. Hewitt,G.F.,Delhaye,J.M. and Zuber, N., Multiphase Science and Technology, Hemisphere Pub. Corp., 1986 6. Lahey Jr.,R.t.(ED),1992,Boiling Heat Transfer ,Modern Development and Advances, Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, USA 7. Thome ,J.R., 1990, Enhanced Boiling Heat Transfer, Hemisphere Pub. Corp., New York, USA 8. Tong, L.S. and Tang, Y.S., 1997, Boiling Heat Transfer and Two-Phase Flow ,2nd Ed., Taylor and Francis, Bristol , PA, USA 9. Whalley, D.B., 1996, Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK 10. , 2001, , . 11. N.I. Kolev, 2007, Multiphase Flow Dynamics: 1.Fundamental, 3rd Ed., Springer. 12. N.I. Kolev, 2007, Multiphase Flow Dynamics: 2.Thermal and Mechanical Interactions, 3rd Ed., Springer. 15 1.

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Chapter.1 Introduction
1-1 Historical Review of Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer Ref.: A.E.Bergles ,Two-phase flow and heat transfer,1756-1980, Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer in the Power and Process Industries, ch24, Hemisphere Publishing Co.,Washington, 1981. First literature on boiling : A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water, By Johann Gottlob Leidenforst in 1756
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 Evaporation of a water droplet on hot surface.

TW=1800C

TW=2400C

TW=5400C
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The minimum film boiling point is now referred to as the Leidenforst Point q"
Nucleate boiling Transition boiling Vapor film boiling

qCHF

q Min
TCHF
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TLeidenfrost

ln(Tw-Tsat)

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1750-1850 Industrial Revolution The application of steam engine Steam boat and steam train Problem of explosion due to crud deposition

Burstall, 1965 Engineering & System Science

Pudney, 1974

Reed, 1965

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 1850-1930 The laws of thermodynamics 1861 Joule on the surface condensation of steam 1892 Critical flow of steam-water mixtures was noted by Sawage and Adam 1916 Nusselt published his classical paper on film condensation process 1917 Lord Rayleigh published his very important work on vapor bubble collapse 1930 suggests the point of significant literature generation on boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow 20
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Two-phase Flow and Heat Transfer during 1930-1970 Investigator Area of activity Jakob & Fritz ( 1931 ,1936 ) Pool boiling Nukiyama ( 1934 ) Pool boiling Fritz ( 1935 ) Ledinegg ( 1938 ) Bonilla ( 1941 ) Bromley ( 1950 ) McAdams ( 1949 ) Martinelli ( 1948 , 1949 ) Rohsenow ( 1952 ) Baker ( 1954 ) Gregorig ( 1954 )
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Pool boiling Static instability Pool nucleate boiling Film boiling Subcooled flow boiling Two-phase pressure drop Pool nucleate boiling Flow patterns Condensation augmentation

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Investigator

Area of activity

Westwater ( 1954-66 ) Photographic studies Katz et al ( 1955 ) Industrial heat exchangers Borishanskii ( 1956 ) Pool nucleate boiling Nishiklawa ( 1956 ) Pool nucleate boiling Isbin ( 1957 ) Critical flows Gambill et al ( 1958 ,1961) High Heat fluxes Zuber ( 1958 ) Pool boiling burnout Doroschchuk ( 1959 ) Pool boiling burnout Zenkevich ( 1959 ) Pool boiling burnout Hsu ( 1962 ) Boiling incipience Chen ( 1963 ) Saturated convective boiling Hewitt ( 1963 ) Two-phase film behavior MacBeth ( 1963, 1964 ) Correlations of flow boiling burnout
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Investigator

Area of activity

Merte and Clarke ( 1964 ) Acceleration effects on pool boiling Stevens and Kirby ( 1964 ) Fluid-to-fluid modeling Han and Griffith ( 1965 ) Nucleate boiling analysis Tong ( 1965 ) Textbook Gouse ( 1966 ) Literature reviews Levy ( 1966 ) Two-phase flow models Van Stralen ( 1966 ) Pool boiling of mixtures Grigull ( 1967-68 ) Boiling near the critical point Rose ( 1967 ) Drop condensation Bergles ( 1969 ) Augmentation Ornatskiy ( 1969 ) Correlations of flow boiling burnout Stenning and Veziroglu ( 1969 ) Dynamic instabilities
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Investigator Area of activity Wallis ( 1969 ) Textbook Ducker ( 1970 ) Two-phase film behavior Lienhard (1970 ) Pool boiling burnout

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Boiling Heat Transfer Two-phase flow in 1980s and early 1990s

After the Three Mile Island accident in 1979 and Chernobyl accident in 1986, boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow related to nuclear safety become very important issues . Boiling heat transfer and two-phase flow using alternative refrigerants becomes important due to concern of global warmup problem. Application of boiling heat transfer in microelectronic cooling. Nonlinear stability analysis of two-phase flow. Multidimensional two-phase flow analysis becomes feasible. Two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer in microchannels.
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Compendex Web

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Compendex Web

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1-2 Boiling Curve Obtained from Quench of Hot Metal Ball

100 200
Working Fluild : Water Matter : Steel

Boiling Curve Quenching Curve

160

80

Boiling Curve Quenching Curve

Quenching Time (Sec)

120 60 80

40 40

20 0 100 200 300 400

Superheating (K)

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Heat Flux ( kW/m2)

200

F E

160

D G
Heat Flux ( kW/m2)
120

C H
80

B I
40

A
0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Quenching Time (Sec)

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Water

Film boiling

Film boiling and transition boiling

Transition boiling and CHF

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CHF and nucleate boiling

R-141b Single

CHF

Nucleate
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Film

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1/1

Nukiyamas boiling curves for a platinum wire (Nukiyama, 1934)

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dP dP F ) l /( F ) v dz dz dP dP l2 = ( F ) /( F )l dz dz dP dP v2 = ( F ) /( F ) v dz dz X2 =(

Lockhart-Martinelli correlation (1949)

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2/2

l20 = (

dP dP F ) /( F ) l 0 dz dz

Value of l 0 as a function of pressure and mass quality (Martinelli-Nelson)

2

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Rohsenow, 1952
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Models for the peak flux in nucleate boiling. (Zuber, 1958)

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Flow pattern map for horizontal flow. (Baker, 1954)

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2/2

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Low subcooling L Low G High subcooling H High G

ln( q )

Tw-Tsat=(Tw-Tl)-(Tsat-Tl) 1/1

H
ln( T w T l )

ln( q )

L
ln( T w T sat ) Engineering & System Science
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McAdams, 1949

1/1

Journal of heat transfer, august 1962, pp207

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Chens correlation, 1963 A correlation for Boiling Heat Transfer to Saturated Fluids in Convective Flow

1/2

Reynolds number factor, F(Chen) Suppression factor, S(Chen) G (1 x) D 0.8 Cp 0.4 kl hc = 0.023[ ] [ ]l ( )( F ) k D l

hNcB

kl0.79Cpl0.45 l0.49 0.24 0.75 = 0.00122[ 0.5 0.29 0.24 0.24 ]Tsat Psat (S ) l ilv v

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Temperature profiles for pool boiling for convective boiling same supterheat. (Chen)
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Bergles, 1969
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