CHAPTER 19.

GRAPHS OF FUNCTIONS II
Important Notes: For Paper 1 (Objective Questions), the questions asked are usually related to the shapes and positions of basic graphs of LINEAR, QUADRATIC, CUBIC and RECIPROCAL FUNCTIONS. Students are expected to be able to identify: a) the shape of graph given a type of function b) the type of function given a graph c) the graph given a function and vice versa. The different types of functions for Paper 1, SPM Mathematics: Linear y = mx + c m = gradient c = y-intercept Quadratic y = ax2 + bx + c Note : Paper 1 limits to y = ax2 + c
y

Cubic y = ax3 +bx2 +cx + d Note : Paper 1 limits to y = ax3 + c

Reciprocal y=

a x

y x

Note : This module concentrates on graph sketching, the skills needed for Paper 1. For details on how to plot graphs please refer to the other related modules (eg. Chapter 12 The Straight Line on how to draw / plot straight lines) 19.0 Back to Basic I. Linear Graphs : can be represented by the equation y = mx + c. m is the gradient c the y-intercept, ie, the place where the straight line cuts the y-axis. II. The general form of a Quadratic Function is f(x) = ax2 + bx + c; a, b, c are constants and a 0. Characteristics of a quadratic function: Involves one variable only, The highest power of the variable is 2. III. The general form of a Cubic Function is f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d ; a, b, c and d are constants and a 0. Characteristics of a cubic function: Involves one variable only, The highest power of the variable is 3. IV. The simple Reciprocal Function is of the form y =

a , where a is a constant. x

Graphs of Functions II

19.1 To Identify The Type Of Function Given Its Equation Example 1 No. Linear y = mx + c

Quadratic y = ax + bx + c
2 3

Cubic y = ax + bx + cx + d
2

Reciprocal y=

a x

1.

y =x y = 2x + 3 y = 3x 4 y = 5 x+ y = 4

y = x2 + 2x -3 y = x2 + 2 y = 4 3x2 y = 3x2 y = 3 4x + 5x2

y = x3 + 2x2 + 3x 4 y = x3 3 y = 4 3x3 y = 2x3 y = 1 2x + 5x3

y=

3 x
1 x

2. 3. 4. 5.

y=

xy = 4

1 2x 6 y= x
y=

Exercise 1 Below is a list of various functions. Try to identify the type of function and state whether it is a linear, quafratic , cubic or reciprocal function. Hence complete the table given by writing the correct functions in the respective columns. 1. 5. y =x+1 y = 2x2 + 3 y= 2. y = x3 2 3. y = x2 + 2x 4 4. y = -x3

6.

y= x

7. y = x3 3 11. y =

8. y = 1 + x2 12. y = 20 16. y =

9.

2 x

10. y = 6 3x2 y=

1 x

13. y = 2 x + 5x2 14. 17. x 3 y = 4 18.

3 x

15. y = 2x3 19. y = 4 + x3

1 2x

xy = 3

20. y = 3x1

Linear

Quadratic

Cubic

Reciprocal

Graphs of Functions II

Exercise 2 : State whether the following are linear, quadratic, cubic or reciprocal functions.

No. 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Functions
y = 2x 3 y =

Type Linear Reciprocal Cubic Quadratic

No. 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Functions
y = x2 5 y =

Type

3 x

10 x

y = x3 y = x2 + x y=

y = 10 x y = x2 + 5 y = 2 + 2x y=

1 x

y = (x 1)2 y = x ( x 2) y = 3 + x3 y = x2 + 2 y = 5 4 x2

6 x

x + 2y = 1 y= 3 y = 4 x2 y = 36x

y= 2

1 x

1 3 x 2

y = (x+2) (x 3)

xy = 3

19.2. To sketch graphs of linear functions : y = mx + c

-3

O -2

x
O

Graphs of Functions II

Example 1. y= x y = x+3 y= x2

For You To Try... (a) y = x + 2 (b) y = x 1 (c) y = x + 4 y

-2

O -2

x
y= x+ 3 y = x y=x2
O

1.

Example y= x+2
y

For You To Try... (a) y = x + 3

For You To Try... (b) y = x 1

2 -2 O

2. y = x + 1
y

(a) y = x + 3
y

(b) y = x
y

1 O 1

(c) y = x 2
y

(d) y = x + 5
y

(e) x + y = 4
y

Graphs of Functions II

19.3 To sketch graphs of quadratic functions of the form y = ax2 + c

(b) y = x2 3

1.

y = x2
O

x
O

(a) y = x2 + 4
y y

(b) y = x2 1

2.

y = x2 + 3

3
O

x
O

(a) y = 2x2 1
y y

(b) y = 2x2 + 3

y = 2x2
O

x
O

(a) y = 2 + 2x2
y y

(b) y = 3+2x2

y = 1 + 2x2
O

1 x
O

Graphs of Functions II

More challenges for you . Sketch the given quadratic functions :

Quadratic Function y = x2 2
y

Quadratic Function y = x2 + 2
y

1.

x -4

y = 3 + x2
y

y = 3 + x2
y

y = 1 + x2
y

2.
O

y = x2 + 1
y

y = 2x2 + 1
y

y = 3 x2 + 1

3.
1
O

y = x2 3
y

y = 2x2 3
y

y = 3 x2 3
y

4.

x -3

Graphs of Functions II

Case 2 : y = ax2 + c , a < 0 No. Function (Sketched) Graph Your turn to try ! (a) y = x2 + 2
y
O

(b) y = x2 3
y

1.

y = x

(a) y = x2 + 4
y

(b) y = x2
y

2.

y = x2 + 2

2
O

(a) y =
y

1 2 x 1 2 y

(b) y =

1 2 x + 2

3 3 y = 1 x2 2
O

(a) y = 2 2x2
y y

(b) y = 3 2x2

y = 1 2x

1
O

Graphs of Functions II

More challenges for you . Sketch the given quadratic functions :

Quadratic Function y = x2 2
y

Quadratic Function y = x2 + 2
y

1.
O

y = 3 x2
y

y = 3 x2
y
O

y = 1 x2
y x

2.
O

y = x2 + 1
y

y = 2x2 + 1
y

y = 3 x2 + 1

y 1 x

3.
O

y = x2 3
y
O

y = 2x2 3
y x
O

y = 3 x2 3
y
O

x -3

4.

Graphs of Functions II

19.4 To sketch graphs of cubic functions of the form y = ax3 + c

No.

Function

(Sketched) Graph

Your turn to try ! (a) y = x3 + 2 (b) y = x3 3

1.

y = x3
O

(a) y = x3 + 4
y y

(b) y = x3 2

2.

y = x3 + 3

3
O

x
O

(a) y = x3 + 2
y y

(b) y = x3 3

y = x3
O

(a) y = 2 x3
y y

(b) y = 3 x3

y = 1 x3

1
O

Graphs of Functions II

19.5 To sketch graphs of reciprocal functions of the form y

a . x

Your turn to try ! y =

1 x

2 x

1.
O

y =

1 x

y =

4 x

2.
O

xy = 2

( can be written as y =

2 ) x

xy = 3

3
O

xy + 2 = 0 ( can be written as y =

2 ) x

xy + 5 = 0

4
O

x
O

Graphs of Functions II

10

More challenges for you . EXERCISE A : Match each graph with the correct equation of function :

1.

y = x2 1

y = x3 1

y = 2x 1

2 x

y x
O

2.

y = x 2

x+y = 2

y = x2 2

y = 2 x2

3.

3 x

y = x3 +2

y = 2 + x3

xy = 4

y x

y x

Graphs of Functions II

11

Exercise B : Sketch the given functions :

y = 2x + 1
y

y = x3 + 1
y

1.

y = x + 3
y

y = 3+ x
y

x+ y = 4
y

2.
O

y =

3 x
y

xy = 2
y

xy = 1
y

3.
O

y = x3 3
y

y = 3 + x3
y

y = x2 + 2
y

4.

x
O O

Graphs of Functions II

12

Questions Based On Examination Format

y
A. O 2 x 2 B.

y
C. 2 O D. x 2 O x

2. Which of the following equations represents the graph of a quadratic function? A. y = 2 + x2 B. xy = 2 C. x y = 2 D. y = 2x 2

3. The diagram below shows a sketch of a function. y

O 5

What is the equation of the function? A. y = x2 5 B. y = x2 5 C. y = x3 5 D. y = x3 5

Graphs of Functions II

13

4. Which of the following graphs represents A.

y
B.

4 ? x

x O

C.

D.

x O

5. Which of the following graphs represents A

y 5 x3 ?
B y

5 O 5 x O x

5 O

-5

Graphs of Functions II

14

6 (1, k)

.
y x n 16
0 x
Diagram 1

Diagram 1 shows the graph of y x n 16 . State the value of n and k. A. n = 1, k =16 B. n = 3, k =17 C. n = 3, k =16 D. n = 3, k =15

Diagram 2

( h, 0)

Diagram 2 shows the graph of y = x3 + k. Find the value of h. A. 2 B. 3 C. 2 D. 3

8.

Which of the following equations represents a linear graph ? A. y = 1 + x2 B. xy = 4 C. x y = 2 D. y = 3x 1

9.

Which of the following equations represents the graph of a reciprocal function? A. y = 1 + 2x B. y x = 4 C. x y + 2 = 0 y = x3 1 ? C

D. y = 3x3

10.

Which of the following represents the graph of A

y x
O

Graphs of Functions II

15

11.

Which of the following represents the graph of A

y
C

10 ? x
D

B
y

y x
O

12.

y = 2x2

x G

The graph labelled G most likely represents A. y = 2x2 B. y = 2x2 2 C. x y + 2 = 0 D. y = 2x3

13.
G

y=x+2

The graph labelled G most likely represents A. y = x 2 B. y = x 2 C. y = x + 2 D. y = - 2x

Graphs of Functions II

16

14.

y=x

G
O

The graph labelled G most likely represents A. y =

1 x 2

B. y = x

C. y = x + 2

D. y = 2x

15.

Which of the following represents the graph of y 1 x3 ? A

y x

16.

Which of the following represents the graph of A

y 2 x2 ?
C
y

B
y

17.

y
Diagram 3
O

Diagram 3 shows the graph of y = - 4xn. Find the value of n A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 2

Graphs of Functions II

17

18.
y

x O

The above graph represents A. B. y=-x+2

C. D.

y=2x2
y 6 x

19.
y

16

-4

x 4

The above graph represents A. B. y = x2 + 16 y= x2 + 16 C. D. y = (x + 4)2 y = 16 (x+4)2

20.

Which of the following does NOT represent a linear graph ? A. y = x B. x = 2y C. xy = 2 D. y = 2

Graphs of Functions II

18

Past-Year Questions on Graphs of Functions II 1 Nov 2003, Q12 Which of the following graphs represents y = x2 3 ? A. B.

D.

2 Nov 2004, Q29 Which of the following graphs represents A.

y
B.

2 ? x

x O x

C.

D.

x O

Graphs of Functions II

19

3 July 2005, Q28 Diagram 12 shows a sketch of a function. y

O 3

What is the equation of the function? A. y = x2 3 B. y = x2 3 C. y = x3 3 D. y = x3 3

4 Nov 2005, Q28 Which of the following graphs represents y = x2 4 ?

A.

y
O 4 x

B.

C.

y
O 4 x

D.

y
O x

Graphs of Functions II

20

5 July 2006, Q27 Which of the following graphs represents y = A.

1 4
B.

C.

D.

6 Nov 2006, Q28 Which of the following graphs represents y = 10 2x3? A. B.

C.

D.

Graphs of Functions II

21

7 Jun 2007, Q 30 Which of the following graphs represents y = 5x3 ? A. y B y

C y

x 0 0 x

Nov 2007, Q 28 Which of the following graphs represents

y x2 5 ?

y 0 5 x

y 5

5 0 x

Graphs of Functions II

22

Jun 2008, Q 29 Which graph represents

1 x 3? 2
B

y 6

0 3 0 x 3

C 3

y 0 x

D 6

y 0 x

10 Nov 2008, Q 27 Which graph represents A y

y x2 x 2 ?
B y

1 0

1 0

Graphs of Functions II

23

ANSWERS Questions Base On Examination Format 1. A 11. C 2. A 12. B 3. B 13. C 4. D 14. A 5. C 15. B 6. D 16. D 7. C 17. C 8. C 18. B 9. C 19. A 10. D 20. C

Past-Year Questions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B D D A C B B B B C

Graphs of Functions II

24