BHARATHIYAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

KARAIKAL

B.Tech ODD SEM Question Bank

T 105 THERMODYNAMICS
(Common to all branches)
TWO MARKS QUESTION AND ANSWER

UNIT- IV GAS POWER CYCLES

1. Define: Thermodynamic cycles.

Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on the system, so that the
system attains to its original state.

2. Classification of thermodynamics cycles
Thermodynamics cycles can be classified into different categories depending on fluid used or the
different processes:
Gas and vapor cycles
1- Gas cycle: the working fluid remains in gaseous phase throughout the entire cycle.
2- Vapor cycle: the working fluid exists in the vapor phase during one part of the cycle
and in the liquid phase during another part.

Open and closed cycles
1- Open cycle: the working fluid is returned to the initial state at the end of the cycle and
is re circulated.
2- Closed cycle: the working fluid is renewed at the end of each cycle instead of re
circulated.
3. How to increase the efficiency of a cycle?
a) By increasing the net work.
b) By decreasing the amount of heat rejection.
c) By increasing the mean temperature of heat addition or by decreasing the mean
temperature of heat rejection.

4. Define the term compression ratio.
Compression ratio is the ratio between total cylinder volumes to clearance volume. It is denoted
by the letter r

5. Write the expression for efficiency of the Otto cycle?
1
Efficiency
otto
= 1 - ---------
(r)
-1
6. What is meant by cut-off ratio?

Cut-off ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to before the heat addition. It
is denoted by the letter

7. What are the assumptions made for an air standard Cycle?

Air is the working substance.
Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws.
No chemical reaction takes place in the cylinder
Both expansion and compression are strictly isentropic
The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle.

8. What is the difference between Otto and Diesel Cycle.

Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
1. Otto cycle consist of two adiabatic and
two constant volume process.
1. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant
volume and one constant pressure
processes.
2. Compression ratio is equal to expansion
ratio
2. Compression ratio is greater than
expansion ratio.
3. Heat addition takes place at constant
volume.
3. Heat addition takes place at constant
pressure
4. Compression ratio is less. It is varies
from 6 to 8.
4. Compression ratio is more. It varies
from 12 to 18.

9. What is meant by air standard efficiency of the cycle?

It is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle.

Work done
Efficiency = --------------
Heat supplied

10. Define: Mean effective pressure of an I.C. engine.

Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during the
working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston
displacement volume. It is denoted by P
m.


11. Define: Specific fuel consumption.

SFC is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per brake power hour of work.

12. What is meant by calorific value of a fuel?
Calorific value of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat liberated by the compete combustion of
unit quantity of a fuel.

13. Give the expression for efficiency of the Dual cycle.

1 k

- 1
Efficiency = 1 - ------- X -----------------
(r)
-1
(k-1) + k (-1)
where,

r Compression ratio
k Pressure or Expansion ratio
Cut off ratio and
Adiabatic index




14. What are the factors influencing of the Dual cycle?

1. Compression ratio 2.cut off ratio 3. Pressure ratio and 4. Heat supplied at constant volume
and constant pressure.

15. Give the expression for efficiency of the Brayton cycle.

1
Efficiency = 1 - ---------- where K Pressure ratio.
(K)
-
/


16. What is the fuel injector?

Fuel injector is used in diesel engine to inject and atomize the diesel at the end of the
compression stroke.

17. What is meant by SI engine? Why it is called so?

SI engine means spark ignition engine. In SI engine air fuel mixture is ignited by spark plug hence
it is called spark ignition engine. It is also called as petrol engine.

18. What is meant by CI Engine? Why it is called so?

CI engine means compression ignition engine. In CI engine the fuel is injected by a fuel injector in
atomized form because of high compressed air it gets ignited automatically. Hence it is called as
compression ignition engine.

19. What is a two stroke engine?

A two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the
piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.

20. What is a four stroke engine?

A four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in four stroke of
the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.

21. Name the four strokes of an IC engine?

Suction, Compression, Power and Exhaust stroke.

22. Differentiate petrol and Diesel engines.

Petrol or SI engines Diesel or CI engine
1. Combustion of air fuel mixture takes
place by spark produced by sparkplug.
1. Combustion takes place by high
compressed air.
2. Carburetor is used to mix the air fuel
mixture.
2. Fuel injector is used to inject the fuel in
atomized form.
3. Compression ratio varies from 6 to 8. 3. Compression ratio varies from 12 to 18.
4.It works on Otto cycle. 4. It works on Diesel or Dual cycle.


23. What is compression ratio?
Compression ratio is defined as the ratio between total cylinder volume and clearance volume.

Total volume V
c
+V
s
Compression ratio = ------------------- -----------
Clearance Volume V
c

24. What are the processes involved in Otto cycle?

Otto cycle consists of four processes, namely, adiabatic compression, constant volume heat
addition, adiabatic expansion and constant volume heat rejection.

25. What are the processes involved in Diesel cycle?

Diesel cycle consists of four operations, namely, adiabatic compression, constant pressure heat
addition, adiabatic expansion and constant volume heat rejection.

26. What are the processes involved in Duel cycle?

Duel cycle consists of five operations, namely, adiabatic compression, constant volume heat
addition, constant pressure heat addition, adiabatic expansion and constant volume heat rejection.

27. Compare Otto, Diesel and Duel cycles with respect to their performance?

Otto cycle has the highest work output and efficiency. Diesel cycle has the lowest and Duel cycle
has the efficiency between two

28. Define Top Dead Center and Bottom Dead Center?

The top most position of the piston inside the cylinder. i.e. when it is at the maximum distance
from the crankshaft axle is known as Top Dead Center (TDC).
The bottom most position of the piston inside the cylinder is called Bottom Dead Center (BDC)

29. Define Bore and Stroke of an Engine?

The diameter of the cylinder is called Bore. The distance between TDC and BDC is known as
stroke or piston travel.

30. Define Clearance volume, Swept or Stroke volume, and Cylinder volume?

The space above the piston, when the piston is at TDC is called Clearance volume
The volume swept through by the piston, as it moves from one dead center to the other is
called swept volume or stroke volume.
The volume above the piston, when the piston is at BDC is called cylinder volume. The
cylinder volume is the sum of the clearance volume and stroke volume

31. What is meant by the Cubic Capacity of an engine?

The cubic capacity of engine or engine displacement or engine size is the product of the stroke
volume in one cylinder and the number of the cylinders in the engine.




32. Sketch P-V and T-S diagram for Otto cycle?

Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic compression of air.
Process 2-3: Heat addition at constant volume.
Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion of air.
Process 4-1: Heat rejection at constant volume.








33. Sketch P-V and T-S diagram for Diesel cycle?






34. Sketch P-V and T-S diagram for Brayton or Joule cycle?







Additional Questions

1. State Clausius inequality?
Clausius inequality states that when the system undergoes a cyclic process, the summation of
dQ/T around a closed cycles is less than or equal to ZERO

(dQ/T)
rev
0 This equation is called inequality
If (dQ/T)
rev
= 0 cycle is reversible,
(dQ/T)
rev
< 0 cycle is irreversible,

(dQ/T)
rev
> 0 cycle is impossible

2. State the types of irreversible process?

An irreversible process is one in which heat is transferred through a finite temperature.
Irreversibilitys are of two types

External irreversibilitys: these are associated with dissipating effects outside the
working fluid
Internal irreversibilitys: These are associated with dissipating effects within the working
fluid
3. Mention the various processes of the Brayton cycle?
Isentropic compression
Constant pressure heat supplied
Isentropic expansion
Constant pressure heat rejection
4. Conversion factors

Pressure 1 Bar = 10
5
N/m
2
1 pa = 1 N/m
2
1 atm = 760 mm of Hg ,
1.01325 bar
1 joule = 1 n-m , 1 watt-sec
1 watt = 1 joule/sec
1 KW = 1000 watts



Ratio of specific heats = 1.4 ( for air)
Sp.Heat at constant pressure C
p
= 1.005 KJ/Kg K
Sp.Heat at constant volume C
v
= 0.718 KJ/Kg K
Gas constant R = 0.287 KJ/Kg K
Universal gas constant M= 8.314 KJ/Kg.mol K
= C
p
/C
v

R = C
p
-C
v

C
v
/C
p
= 1/
C
v
= R/-1
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