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Chapter NineIndustrialization & Imperialism

Section Onethe Industrial Revolution
Lets think about machines for a second. How many times, just
today, have you used a machine, or used something that was
created by a machine? Probably about a bajillion, right?
Machines seem completely commonplace and normal to us, but it
hasnt always been that way.

Historically, goods were made
using mostly human or animal
labor, which could be used to
power simple machines.
There was some knowledge
about using water or wind
power to mechanize certain
processes (which the Ancient
Greeks had figured out), but
these methods were mostly
only used to grind grains to
make flour. But around 1750,
a huge change took place.
Machines powered by steam
(and eventually electricity)
began to be used to produce
things. This change is referred
to as the Industrial
Revolution.

Another Revolution? Oh yes, honey-boo-boo-child. Historians
love to call things revolutions, even movements that didnt involve
the overthrow of political systems. Any kind of widespread change
in the way people think or live is often characterized as a
revolution. In fact, youre living through a revolution right now,
called the Information Revolution. But weve gotten ahead of
ourselves just a bit. Back to the Industrial Revolution & its causes.

What Turnips Have to do with Technology One of the most
important economic causes of the Industrial Revolution was the
Second Agricultural Revolution. (The Neolithic Revolution, which
you learned about way back in September, was the first.) In the
1600s in Europe, farmers began to figure out more efficient ways to
grow food. And historically, whenever there is more food, the
population will grow. So soon there was a population explosion.
And more people need more stuff, right? Gotta find a way to
make more stuff, cheaper and faster. Necessity is the mother of
invention and voila! We have inventions!
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9.1 169
A simple machine is
something that can
be operated by
hand that makes a
task a little easier.
(ex: shovels or
levers)
Sixteenth-century waterwheel
being used to crush rocks
To mechanize a
process is to find a
way to use
machines to make
the process easier.
When you think of
technology, you
probably think
about computer-y
digital things. But
technology refers to
any kind of
invention that is
new in a time
period.
Economic issues
include the
methods people
use to get food and
meet their other
needs, so
agriculture is
considered to be
economic.
When there is more
food, women are
healthier and more
likely to get
pregnant. Then the
babies who are
born are less likely
to starve to death.
So more food
population growth.
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The economic changes
caused by the Second
Agricultural Revolution
led to social changes.
Fewer people were
needed to work as
farmers (which was
what the majority of
people did for a living),
so out-of-work
agriculturalists started
moving to cities,
looking for work. This urbanization provided a source of cheap
labor for the newly created factories.

Why England? All of these changes happened first in England, then
slowly spread to the rest of Europe. In the 1700s, England was kinda
like that impossibly smart, pretty, rich girl in your Geometry class, the
one you kind of hate, but cant admit it: it got all the good stuff,
and it WASNT FAIR!! (The other countries were definitely jealous of
England. They were like historical frenemies.)

First of all, England had access to tons of natural resources. In
addition to coal and iron which were right there in England, English
colonies provided another source of cheap natural resources,
which could be used to make products. Additionally, England was
just filthy rich, so business owners could afford to buy all kinds of
expensive fancy new machines, and the people could afford to
purchase expensive fancy new products created by the expensive
fancy new machines.
Jethro Tulls seed drill was one of the machines
that increased food production during
the Second Agricultural Revolution.
England had lots of natural resources, like coal,
which helped to encourage industrialization.
Urbanization is the
movement of
people to cities.
When studying
history, most
people use the
words England
and Britain as
synonyms.
Technically at this
point in History, it
was called Great
Britain, but lets
not get all
technical, mkay?
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Having a kick-butt navy didnt
hurt things, either. The British
could easily ship products
wherever they needed to go.
England was geographically in a
good spot, toobeing an island,
it was less likely to get involved in
the wars that happened on the
Continent, and in a great
location for trade. And
politically, England was the most
stable and democratic country
in the world at the time, with the
most educated people. This,
combined with the new mechanistic outlook created by the
Scientific Revolution, created the perfect environment for new
inventions and manufacturing.

Benefits and Drawbacks of the Industrial Revolution It
might sound like the Industrial Revolution was all about flashy
gadgets and quick money, but like most things in life, there were
also some disadvantages to go along with the advantages.

Keen Machines The Industrial
Revolution included
approximately 3.4 bajillion new
inventions. Probably the single
most important invention of
the Industrial Revolution was
the steam engine. Technically
a dude named Thomas
Newcomen invented the
steam engine, but his engine
was kind of lame and didnt
work very well. The person you
should remember to associate
with the steam engine was
James Watt, who perfected it.
The steam engine was used to
power all kinds of fantastic
machines.

Other important inventions included steam-driven trains and boats,
which could be used to ship goods more quickly and cheaply than
shipping goods by wagon or sailboat. Thomas Edison perfected
the light bulb, which allowed factories to be lit electrically at night.
This meant that factory owners could keep workers on task even
after dark and make even more profits.
9.1
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A mechanistic
outlook refers to
the view of nature
as being like a
machine, with
unchanging laws
that govern its
behavior.
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the British navy, kicking butt
in the 18th century
The steam engine
WATT a great invention!
Memory Trick:
WATT goes in your
steam engine to
make steam?
WATT-er!
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9.1 172
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Additionally, Eli Whitney came up with a really great idea for
interchangeable parts. Before interchangeable parts, all the
pieces of machines were different sizes and shapes. If part of the
machine broke, then a craftsman would have to make a new part
from scratch specifically to fit that machine. Eli Whitney (who was
manufacturing guns) got the idea to make all the gun parts exactly
the same, so it would be much easier to replace broken parts.
Nearly all machine-made objects today use interchangeable parts,
so this was definitely a significant idea!

Another innovation which made manufacturing much faster and
easier was Henry Fords assembly line. Instead of having workers in
a factory do many different tasks, Ford divided tasks down into
different steps. Each worker performed one step over and over.
This allowed automobile workers to put cars together more quickly
and cheaply.

Unpleasant Urban Undertakings The Industrial Revolution wasnt all
unicorns and rainbows for everyone. Sure, factory owners
benefited greatly. But the proletariat got the short end of the stick.
Because there was not as much need for farmers any more, lots of
former agriculturalists moved to the city to find work in factories.
(This is called urbanization.) The factory jobs they got were usually
pretty awful. There were no limits on working hours, so many people
worked fifteen or sixteen- hour days.

Factory jobs were pretty low paying, so entire families (including
women and very young children) would go to work. Since they
didnt make very much money, they were forced to live in
crowded, unsafe apartment buildings called tenements. Factory
owners were not required
to provide safety
equipment or health care
for injured workers. Since
factory work was repetitive
and boring, workers would
often zone out and get
tangled up in the
machines, and if a factory
worker became injured
and was unable to work,
he or she would simply be
fired. Common people
essentially lost any kind of
autonomy they had in their
workfactory owners
made all the choices for them and reaped all the rewards.
Essentially, for the urban workers, life during the Industrial Revolution
stank.
inspector checking out a 19th-century tenement
The proletariat are
poor urban
workers.
To reap all the
rewards is to get
all of the benefits.
Autonomy is
control over your
own life.
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Section TwoEighteenth and Nineteenth-Century
Reform Movements
As you read in Section One, the birth of the Industrial Revolution in
Great Britain created an abysmal situation for the working class. In
the nineteenth century, other countries, such as Belgium, Germany,
Austria, France, and America became industrialized as well.
Conditions in these other countries were similarly appalling. This led
to the birth of many reform movements, which sought to correct
some of the problems created by rapid industrialization and
urbanization.

Labor Unions Members of
the proletariat who were fed
up with long working hours and
dangerous factory conditions
began to form labor unions.
Labor unions were similar to
Medieval guilds in some ways
mainly in that they were groups
of workers who formed an
association to protect their
commercial interests.
However, Medieval guilds were
made up of craftsmen who
owned their own shops and
had direct control over the
work they did.

In contrast, Industrial-era labor unions represented factory workers
who worked for others and had little control over workplace
conditions. They attempted to use the principles of collective
bargaining to make things better for themselves. This often
included the use of strikes to coerce factory owners into improving
working hours, salaries, or safety precautions.

William Wilberforce The state of Texas would like for you to
know about William Wilberforce, a member of Parliament who
worked to end slavery.

Public Health Prepare yourself, because this is going to be pretty
grody: life in early industrial cities was SUPER unsanitary. This is kind
of weird for us to contemplate, but before the 1860s, people did
not know that germs caused disease. (This is understandable if you
realize that, without powerful microscopes, no one could see germs
back then.) As a result, historical standards of cleanliness were,
shall we say, somewhat less stringent than ours are. People did not
bathe every day or wash their hands or clothes very often. Human
and industrial waste was often disposed of in rivers (which were also
a source of drinking water). To top it all off, tenement-dwellers
9.2
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Abysmal is a
synonym for
terrible or awful.
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nineteenth-century workers on strike
Nineteenth
century = 1800s.
If something is
appalling, then it is
surprising in a bad
way.
Collective
bargaining is the
use of the power
of a group to
make demands of
an employer. For
example, if all of
the workers in an
industry refuse to
work until their
demands are met
(a strike), their boss
will not be able to
make any money.
That might
motivate him to
make changes to
benefit the
workers.
To coerce
(pronounced ko-
URSS) is to force.
Stringent means
strict or precise.
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9.2 174
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usually lived in extremely crowded conditions, which caused germs
to breed even more quickly. In summary: nineteenth-century cities
= EW.

As a result of all these gyrating, germinating germs, epidemic
diseases spread rapidly. The worst offender was a disease called
cholera, which was a gastro-intestinal disease that could cause
victims to die of dehydration within a couple of hours of contracting
it. Trying to figure out why this disease was spreading so quickly led
to the development of germ theory, which is associated with
Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. These guys did experiments which
proved that microorganisms caused diseases, and which led to
efforts to clean up the yucky conditions in industrial cities.

New Economic Ideas By the 1800s, capitalism was the
predominant economic system being used in Europe. As you no
doubt remember from Unit Seven, one of the main ideas of
capitalism was that of laissez-fairethe idea that governments did
not need to interfere in the economy because the economy could
control itself. The laws mentioned in the previous section were
exceptions, but for the most part governments just allowed
industrialists to do whatever worked for them, with no attempts to
make laws to regulate their finances.

Of course, there have always been poor people, in every civilization
and historical era. But suddenly, the lives of poor people had
become significantly worse. The gap between rich and poor was
widening. Economic thinkers, such as Robert Owen and Karl Marx,
began to consider more egalitarian ways of structuring societies.
The caption from this 1858 political cartoon reads, Father Thames introduces
his children, Cholera, Scrofula, and Diptheria, to the city of London.
The Thames
(pronounced
TEMZ) River runs
through London
and was one of
the dirtiest rivers in
the world in the
19th century.
(Notice the
corpses and
unidentified brown
floating masses
shown in the
cartoon!)
Cholera
(pronounced
COLL-ur-uh),
Scrofula, and
Diptheria were
diseases spread
by polluted water.
Gastro-intestinal
diseases involve
the stomach and
intestines.
Germ theory is the
idea that
microorganisms
cause disease.
Egalitarian refers
to the treatment
of people as
equals.
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The main difference among the three systems we are about to
discusscapitalism, socialism, and communismis the role of
private property. Private property is property that is owned by
individuals and is not shared with anyone else. The opposite of
private property is communal property. That is property that is
owned by the community as a whole, and is shared among all the
community members equally.
Capitalism In Capitalism, all property is privately owned. The goal
is individual profit, and there is not much concern for social
equality. We already know to associate Capitalism with Adam
Smith and his book the Wealth of Nations.

Socialism In Socialism, some property is privately owned, but the
means of production are owned by the community. The means of
production refers to anything that can be used to make, sell, or
ship goods. (So it would include raw materials, factory equipment,
and railroads.) This allows wealth to be distributed more equitably.

There are lots of different kinds of Socialism, and there isnt really
one thinker with which it is associated. In the late 1700s, Utopian
9.2
175
When you read
about owning
property, you
probably think of
owning land.
Property really
refers to anything
someone can
ownclothes,
books, phones,
houses, land, or
whatever.
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Capitalism Socialism Communism
Associated
Individuals
Smith Owen, Mill Marx, Engels
Book Wealth of Nations ______
Communist
Manifesto
Ownership
all private
property
means of
production
collectively
ownedsome
private property
all property
collectively
ownedno
private property
Goal
profit for
individuals
equality,
social justice
equality,
social justice
Etc.
laissez-faire
govt. should not
interfere in
economy
Utopian
Socialists
creation of
perfect societies
Utilitarians belief
that policy should
reflect the
greatest good for
the greatest
number of people
history viewed
history as a class
struggle between
bourgeoisie
(business owners)
& proletariat
(working people)
What a helpful chart! Youre welcome.
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Socialists tried to set up
perfect societies where
workers could prosper. One
Utopian Socialist was Robert
Owen, who set up a model
industrial town in New Lanark,
Scotland. Another type of
Socialism, called Utilitarianism,
was associated with John
Stuart Mill. Utilitarians
believed that social policies
should provide the greatest
good for the greatest number of people. This meant that
governments should not pass laws that did not benefit the majority
of the people. (I bet youre thinking, Golly, that sounds like
Rousseaus idea of the general will! Me too!)

Communism In communism, there is no private property. All
property is owned by the community. This is supposed to create a
classless society, or a society with no social classes, in which
everyone is equal.

Two German dudes, Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels, came
up with the theory of
communism. They wrote
about it in their books the
Communist Manifesto and
Das Kapital. According to
Marx and Engels, history was
all about economics. Every
historical event could be
interpreted in the same way:
as a class struggle. These
class struggles involved
clashes between the
bourgeoisie (the haves) and
the proletariat (the have-nots). You can probably figure
out who usually won these struggles, right?

Karl and Friedrich wrote that the way to end the unfairness of
capitalism was to have a revolution, in which the proletariat would
overthrow the bourgeoisie. They would then create a perfectly
equal society in which everyone shared everything. But it was not
smart for a capitalist society to simply wake up one day and
convert to pure communism. Marx and Engels said that it would be
much smarter to gradually convert to communism instead. So they
advocated a period of socialism that would help the society ease
into communism.
the idyllic industrial utopia of New Lanark
Thats Marx there with the lampshade on
his head, and his pals Lenin, Stalin, Castro,
and Mao. I guess Engels wasnt invited?
Poor Engels. No one ever remembers him.
An idyllic
community is
extremely happy,
peaceful, or
picturesque.
A utopia is a
perfect society. In
Greek, it means
both happy
place and no
place. Guess
that tells us a lot
about the
optimism levels of
the Greeks!
The use of
bourgeoisie in the
context of
communism is
different from the
way it was used to
refer to French
society. Here,
bourgeoisie refers
to factory owners.
Marx called them
the haves
because they had
all the money. The
proletariat were
the have-nots
because they did
not have much of
anything.
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Section ThreeImperialism in Africa & India
Ponder this word for a sec: imperialism. As Im sure you do when
you encounter any unfamiliar word, you are probably thinking to
yourself, Hmm the root word is imper? Whats an imper?

Well, imperium is the Latin word for empire. Officially, the
definition goes something like: the domination by one country of
political, economic, or cultural aspects of another country. Thats
nice if youre writing a dictionary or are the President of the Formal
Speaking Society of America, but a much more functional
definition of imperialism for us is: European countries bossing other
countries around and taking their stuff. Basically, Europe was a big
ol bully and as you know from commercials (and hopefully from
just general good morality), BULLYING IS YUCKY. DONT DO IT.

You already know that empires are gotten by conquering other
countries. Of course, weve been talking about empires since the
beginning of this year, like the Persian Empire, and Alexanders
Empire, and the Mongol Empire, and Napoleons Empire, and so on
and so forth. So imperialism was nothing new.

But in the nineteenth century, a new kind of imperialism emerged.
Before, when countries built empires, they mostly concentrated on
adding land that was contiguous to the land they already
controlled. But after the Industrial Revolution, for a variety of
economic, political, and social reasons, European countries began
to focus on gaining control of colonies on other continents.
9.3
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Contiguous lands
share a common
border or touch.
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Economic and Political Motives for Imperialism The main
motives for imperialism were economic. After industrialization,
European countries had a greater need for raw materials, which
could be turned into manufactured goods. Colonies could provide
these. The political motives were tied to competition among the
countries. If England got a colony, then
France and Germany would get a colony
too, so they wouldnt be behind.
Everyone was trying to sort of snatch up all
the colonies before some other country
got to them.

Social Motive for Imperialism
Social Darwinism Socially, Europeans
felt that their culture was superior to those
of other civilizations. This was supported
by the theory of Social Darwinism. In 1859,
a book came out called the Origin of
Species, by Charles Darwin. It explained
how evolution worked through natural
selection. The book caused a big stink
since it went against Biblical teachings,
but some imperialists twisted the ideas the
book presented to further their own goals.

Lets imagine that, at some point long ago, there was a tower of
giraffes that included both short- and long-necked giraffes. Giraffes
eat leaves from trees, so the short-necked giraffes would not be
able to reach the leaves on the trees, and
would then starve to death. They would not
live long enough to meet Lady Short-Necked
Giraffes and pass on their genes to Baby
Short-Necked Giraffes. Only Long-Necked
Giraffes would live to reproduce. So
eventually, all the genes for short-necked-ism
would be extinct.

That phenomenon is called natural selection.
(You may have also heard it called survival
of the fittest, though Darwin never called it
that.) This means the members of the species
who are most adapted to the environment in
which they live will reproduce, and pass on
their genes. Members of the species who
dont have the right stuff will die off before
they can reproduce, and eventually the
species wont have those traits anymore.
A lot of people were
personally affronted by
Darwins implication that
people were related to
monkeys hence this
very flattering portrait of
Darwin.
Poor little Short-
Necked Giraffe will
never grow up to
meet a Lady Giraffe
and have a Giraffe
Calf. Natural
selection is mean.
To be affronted is
to be offended.
A big herd of
giraffes is called a
tower. This is good
to know in case
you ever need to
scientifically
describe a
plethora, myriad,
or copious
amount of giraffes!
Another kind of
giraffe tower...
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PACKET OR TAKE IT FROM THE CLASSROOM!!
all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

So what does this have to do with imperialism? Well, Europeans
applied this idea of natural selection to themselves. They decided
that, since they had the money and military power to dominate
other countries, that was a sign that they were the best adapted
humans. (The fittest, or the Long-Necked Giraffes.) According to
Darwinism, in nature, it was normal for some members of species to
win out over other members. Social Darwinists used this idea to
justify the fact that Europeans were forcing Africans and Asians to
be under their political control.
Some thinkers also began to argue that it was the duty of
Europeans to teach non-Europeans about Western culture and
society, since it was ostensibly superior. A British author named
Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem called the White Mans Burden in
response to this. The poem satirically mocked the idea that it was
the duty of Westerners to educate people from other cultures.

In the 1800s, European countries began to control large portions of
Africa and Asia. The US was also a sort of latecomer imperialist (at
least it wanted to be!), but wasnt very powerful yet so wasnt as
successful as Great Britain, France, and Germany.

Imperialism in Africa Until the 1800s, Africa was often referred to
as the Dark Continent, because Europeans didnt know much
9.3
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A synonym for
ostensibly is
supposedly.
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A lot of the cartoons from the period of imperialism have very racist
depictions of non-Europeans. Be aware that we are not promoting racism!
These are primary documents that show us the racial attitudes of the
time period, which is why were are examining them.
If a poem is written
satirically, is
making fun of
something.
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all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

9.3
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about it. The Portuguese had set up some trading posts along the
coasts, but very few Europeans had visited the interior part of the
continent. It was hard for Europeans to travel to Africa because of
diseases like malaria that they had no resistance to. Medical
advances in the nineteenth century allowed Europeans to explore
the continent, and they kind of decided it was theirs for the taking.
This led to what historians refer to as the Scramble for Africa.

In 1884, European countries held a
conference in Berlin, Germany
(conveniently called the Berlin
Conference) at which they divided
Africa amongst themselves. (Big
surprise: they didnt invite any Africans!)
The Europeans paid absolutely no
attention to where different tribes lived;
they just put in divisions wherever it was
convenient for them. In 100 or so years,
when Africa became independent, this
would cause all kinds of problems
among rival tribes who lived in the same
country.

Imperialism in India In the 1700s, a
group of investors started the British East
India Company. This was a privately-
owned company set up to trade in
India. Eventually, the Company
became so powerful that it essentially governed much of India. But
in 1858, after a rebellion of Indian soldiers called sepoys, Parliament
took over and ruled India officially until 1947. India was a very, very
lucrative spot for trade, and it earned so much money for the British
that it was often called the Brightest
Jewel in the Crown of the British
Empire. And the British Empire itself was
so big that it inspired this quote: The
sun never sets on the British Empire.

India was so important to the British that
it even led them to invade Egypt in
1882. This occurred because Egypt
controlled the Suez Canal, which linked
the Mediterranean and Red Seas. This
created a shortcut for sailing to India.
Since India was so valuable to the
British, they wanted to take charge of
the canal to shorten the journey
between the two countries.
This cartoon shows Belgium,
France, Spain, Portugal, Italy,
Germany, Holland, and
Great Britain all trying to get
a piece of Africa.
The Suez Canal made the trip
from Great Britain to India
much shorter.
Lucrative means
profitable.
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PACKET OR TAKE IT FROM THE CLASSROOM!!
all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

Section FourImperialism in East Asia & Latin
America

We learned way back in Chapter Four that both China and Japan
began periods of isolationism in the mid-sixteenth centuries. But as
European countries industrialized and enjoyed the profits of their
imperialism elsewhere, they became more and more interested in
bullying China and Japan, too. And while America hadnt been in
on some of the earlier imperialistic schemes, it decided it wanted in
on the whole bossing-other-countries-around-and-taking-their-stuff
deal, too.

Imperialism in China Europeans were crazy for Chinese luxury
products like silk and tea. But the Chinese thought the Europeans
were lame barbarians. So, until the 1830s, China would only trade
with Europe at one port (Canton) through specially-designated
traders, and would only except pure silver in payment for their
goods.

the Opium War This became a problem for the British in the early
19
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century due to their increasing status as Tea Freaks. They were
losing way too much silver to the Chinese when paying for their tea.
In order to compensate for some of the lost silver, they started
selling opium (grown in India, a British colony) to the Chinese.
Opium is a drug that is made from the same basic ingredients as
are heroin and morphine, so it was highly addictive. The Chinese
got ticked off about what the British were doing. In 1838, China
tried to ban the opium trade, and the British declared war in 1839.
9.4
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Opium is a depressant, so opium addicts tended to be rather
unproductive, like these guys. (Hey, at least the guy on the left is sitting up!)
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PACKET OR TAKE IT FROM THE CLASSROOM!!
all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

9.4
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Considering that Great
Britain was all industrialized,
and had the kick-butt navy
that it did, and that China
was not industrialized, and
only had some sad old
wooden ships, you can
probably figure out who
won. (Yes, Great Britain.)
The Treaty of Nanjing, which
ended the war, awarded
all sorts of favorable trade
conditions to Europeans. It
allowed European nations
to trade with China without restrictions, and European people in
China gained extraterritoriality. China was also made to pay
reparations to make up for having been so obnoxious as to request
that the British not turn all its people into druggies.

Qing Refusal to Modernize Things During all this (actually from 1644-
1912), the Qing dynasty ruled China. A lot of people said, Hey,
Qings, lets modernize things! That way we can fight back and get
rid of the foreigners. This led to several rebellions, like the Taipeng
Rebellion and the Boxer Rebellion.

But there was always a backlash to this kind of thinking. Many
conservative Chinese believed that any forms of westernization
were insults to their ancient culture.
They wanted to emphasize
traditional Confucian virtues. The
Qing Dowager Empress, Ci Xi, was
particularly against modernization in
the 1890s. Her nephew, the Emperor
Guangxu, tried to implement what
he called the Hundred Days of
Reform in 1898. But Auntie Ci Xi
didnt like it, so she shut it down.

In 1901, however, Ci Xi had to face
facts: the disorder and calls for
reform werent going to stop. So she
issued an imperial edict calling for
reforms such as the abolition of civil
service exams and the creation of a
national education system. But
when both Ci Xi and Emperor
Guangxu died in 1908, there wasnt
really a strong leader who could take
Cixis nails are really long
because it was considered a sign
of wealth. (A person with such
long nails couldnt possibly
perform manual labor.)
If foreigners in a
country have
extraterritoriality,
they do not have
to follow the laws
of the country
they are visiting.
Instead, they
follow their own
countrys laws and
are tried in their
own countrys
courts.
the Treaty of Nanjing
Qing is
pronounced
ching.
Ci Xi is
pronounced SOO
-shee. Guangxu
is pronounced
GWONG-zhoo.
A dowager
empress was the
widow of a former
emperor. Usually
the new emperor
would be her son
or nephew. Some
dowager
empresses liked to
boss around the
new emperor (like
Ci Xi).
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PACKET OR TAKE IT FROM THE CLASSROOM!!
all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

over the Qing. So in 1911, the Wuchang Rebellion occurred, which
led to the creation of the Republic of China in 1912.

Imperialism in Japan From 1600-1868, Japan was ruled by the
Tokugawa Shogunate. But in the early 1800s, various forces
combined to threaten the shogunates power, including economic
problems and the threat of British imperialism in nearby China.
Then, in 1853, an American naval commander named
Commodore Perry arrived in Japan, with a letter from the President.
The letter hinted that if Japan did not begin trading with the US,
then the US would force it to do so. Japan capitulated and
opened itself to trade in the Treaty of Kangawa. Soon afterwards,
the Tokugawa Shogunate fell.

the Meiji Restoration In order to
replace the shogunate, an
emperor was restored to power.
He was called the Emperor Meiji,
which means enlightened rule.
But really, during the Meiji
Restoration, the emperor was still
a figurehead. Really, a group of
reformers were running the
country. Their motto was, A rich
country, a strong military. Their
main goals were to create a
strong national government, robust economy, and modern
infrastructure.

Japanese Imperialism Once Japan had modernized and
industrialized, it was powerful enough to become an imperialist
nation too. In the Sino-Japanese War (fought from 1894-1895),
Japan fought with China over control of Korea and Taiwan. (It
shouldnt be surprising that Japan won, considering that China was
not modernized yet.)
Then, in 1905, the
Japanese defeated
the Russians in the
Russo- Japanese
war. This gave
Japan control of
Manchuria and the
waters around
Korea. Again, the
Japanese won
because they had a
much more modern
navy than did the
Russians.
9.4
183
A shogunate was
a type of feudal
government in
Japan. The
shogun ruled the
country, and
daimyo (lords)
and samurai
(warriors) owed
him loyalty.
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Western portrait (left) and Japanese portrait
(right) of Commodore Perry... you can see
that the Japanese werent too fond of him!
During the Meiji Restoration, the Japanese
military was modernized, and so was able
to defeat both China and Russia in war.
To capitulate is to
give in.
The emperor was
restored in name
only. He didnt
really have any
power.
The Meiji
Restoration refers
to the time period
of industrialization
and
modernization in
Japan in the late
19th century.
When used as
prefixes, Sino and
Sini refer to
China.
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all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

9.4
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American Imperialism in Latin America & the Philippines
Throughout the nineteenth century, the US had coveted the
Caribbean island of Cuba because it had a very profitable sugar
trade. But Cuba was a Spanish colony, and Spain didnt want to
sell Cuba to the US.

Then, in 1898, the Cubans began a rebellion against the Spanish.
The US decided to intervene, and this started the Spanish-American
War. The war lasted only four months. By its end, the US had won
control of Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Similarly, in 1903,
the US got
involved in
another Latin
American revolt
in order to
protect
American
economic
interests. This
time, the revolt
was in
Colombia,
where the
Panama Canal
was located.
The US wanted
to control access the Panama Canal because it greatly shortened
the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

The American President, Theodore Roosevelt, had negotiated a
treaty with Colombia that would allow the US to lease the canal,
but the Colombian Senate would not
sign it. So when Roosevelt heard that
the Panamanians were considering a
revolt against Colombia, he decided
to support the rebels. Once Panama
was independent, the US bought the
rights to the canal from the
Panamanians.

Both the Spanish-American War and
the acquisition of the Panama Canal
showed that America had become
a dominant imperialist country, at
least in the Western Hemisphere.
The Panama Canal
shortened ships routes from
the Pacific to the Atlantic.
Acquisition is the
act of acquiring
something, or
getting it for
oneself.
Spanish-American War cartoon
To covet is to want
something that
someone else has.
To intervene is to
interfere.
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PACKET OR TAKE IT FROM THE CLASSROOM!!
all text 2013 by Carrie Floyd Cagle

http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/waterwheels/
http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/XB188334/English-Coal-Mine-from-
Cyclopaedia-of-Useful-Arts-Manufactures
http://gmicksmithsocialstudies.blogspot.com/2009_11_23_archive.html
http://www.bookdrum.com/books/mansfield-park/9780141439808/bookmarks-26
-50.html
http://www.art.com/products/p14387175-sa-i3032080/schematic-drawing-of-
james-watt-s-steam-engine.htm
http://jweeks.org/10%20Stick%20to%20union.html
http://www.history.co.uk/explore-history/history-of-london/how-londoners-
stopped-drinking-sewage/gallery.html
http://executor32.deviantart.com/art/Communist-Party-60446774
http://www.newlanark.org/trust-press.shtml
http://media.maps101.com/SUB/wciv/WC_28_WorldImp.gif
http://www.freakingnews.com/Short-Neck-Pics-36326.asp
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
http://forquignon.com/history/american/imperialism/index.htm
http://www.alexkorting.de/?galleries=hungry-giraffe
http://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&rct=j&q=scramble+africa&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=7xSf0zMK4
a6jYM&tbnid=cYPgSVqTaumgsM:&ved=0CAMQjhw&url=http%3A%2F%
2Fwww.docstoc.com%2Fdocs%2F48406461%2FScramble-for-Africa-1884-
1914&ei=nOYGUZbbE-
Te2QXmxYDgAQ&psig=AFQjCNEqsyh4xE0ZnbI_VNnNltAUf9u0fQ&ust=1359492801
638347
http://www.personal.psu.edu/mep229/opium.jpg
http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History6501.html
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/
The_Portrait_of_the_Qing_Dynasty_Cixi_Imperial_Dowager_Empress_of_China_in_
the_1900s.PNG/
http://freakyfauna.tumblr.com/post/1679244500/commodore-perry-found-here
http://www.reformation.org/e-commodore-perry.jpg
http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/panama-canal.htm
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/america8/full/ch/23/research.aspx
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