Microwave transmission in mobile networks

Aldo Bolle and Andrea Nascimbene

The inherent reliability and cost-
effectiveness of microwave technology have
been given a dominant role in connecting
mobile radio base stations (RBS). The roll-
out of packet-data and third-generation mo-
bile networks fundamentally changes the
traffic demands on transmission systems.
Consequently, new microwave transmission
techniques and solutions are required.
With the continuous growth of mobile
subscribers and mobile data communica-
tion, operators need enhanced microwave
transmission systems. In particular, en-
hanced features are needed to handle chang-
ing traffic patterns efficiently, to offer in-
creased capacity, and to make optimum use
of radio spectrum.
To achieve profitability, operators must
have flexibility and be able to respond
quickly to dynamic market conditions.
These requirements make microwave, with
its ease of implementation, ideal for access
transmission.
Today, 60% of all second-generation
RBSs are connected via microwave technol-
ogy. As voice and data traffic increases in
mobile networks, PDH-based point-to-
point microwave solutions can be comple-
mented with ATM-based point-to-
multipoint solutions and SDH equipment
to create a unified, fully integrated and cost-
effective transmission solution that gives
operators the best network control and most
profitable operation.
MINI-LINK portfolio
The MINI-LINK portfolio includes solu-
tions for point-to-point as well as for point-
to-multipoint operation. Terminals and
smart nodes (Figure 1) are used for imple-
menting the building blocks in a network.
124 Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002
M ic ro wa ve lin k s b e c a m e a n e n o rm o u s su c c e ss with th e ro ll-o u t o f
se c o n d -g e n e ra tio n m o b ile n e two rk s. With c lo se to 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 u n its d e live re d
to d a te , th e E ric sso n fa m ily o f M I N I -L I N K m ic ro wa ve p ro d u c ts h a s a n
im p o rta n t ro le in m o b ile o p e ra to r n e two rk s. N o w, th e a d ve n t o f th ird -
g e n e ra tio n m o b ile n e two rk s is sta rtin g a n e w wa ve o f d e p lo ym e n t c h a ra c -
te rize d b y c o st-e ffe c tive a n d fle x ib le ro ll-o u t, a n d sh o rt site -to -site d is-
ta n c e . M o re o ve r, we a re se e in g a sh ift in fo c u s fro m p la in p o in t-to -p o in t
b it tra n sp o rt to a n e two rk vie w with o p tim ize d site so lu tio n s.
T h e a u th o rs a d d re ss th e la u n c h o f E ric sso n s m ic ro wa ve so lu tio n fo r
tra n sm issio n in c u rre n t se c o n d -g e n e ra tio n a n d im m in e n t th ird -g e n e ra tio n
m o b ile n e two rk s, sh o win g h o w c o m b in e d u se o f th e p o in t-to -m u ltip o in t
a n d p o in t-to -p o in t te c h n o lo g ie s p ro vid e s th e m o st c o st-e ffe c tive a n d
sp e c tru m -e ffic ie n t so lu tio n .
High Capacity
Medium Capacity
C-QPSK
Medium Capacity
QAM
Point-to-point Point-to-multipoint
Traffic Node Radio shelf
Concentration
shelf
(optional)
F ig u re 1
T h e M I N I -L I N K p o rtfo lio .
Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002 125
M I N I -L I N K p o in t-to -p o in t
Ericssons microwave point-to-point port-
folio consists of MINI-LINK Medium
Capacity and High Capacity terminals, and
the MINI-LINK Traffic Node (Fig-
ures 2-3). Depending on the range and ca-
pacity to be implemented, the MINI-LINK
portfolio offers frequencies ranging from 7
to 38 GHz, for hop lengths of several tens
of kilometers to just a few kilometers, and
transmission capacities of up to 155 Mbit/s.
Constant envelop offset quadrature phase-
shift keying (C-QPSK) and quadrature am-
plitude modulation (QAM) schemes are
available for the terminal configurations.
The MINI-LINK Traffic Node, which is a
smart node for point-to-point operation, has
been optimized for the aggregation nodes in
the network, thus providing the ideal ca-
pacity and functionality to solve transmis-
sion needs. It complements the terminals
with the additional features needed to pro-
vide a complete and efficient site and net-
work solution.
F ig u re 3
M I N I -L I N K M e d iu m C a p a c ity te rm in a l le ft)
a n d M I N I -L I N K H ig h C a p a c ity te rm in a l
rig h t) .
F ig u re 2
M I N I -L I N K T ra ffic N o d e .
AAL2 ATM adaptation layer type 2
ATM Asynchronous transfer mode
CPP Connectivity packet platform
C-QPSK Constant envelop offset
quadrature phase-shift keying
E1/E2/E3 ETSI digital multiplexing stage
IP Internet protocol
LAN Local area network
MIB Management information base
OC-3 ANSI digital multiplexing stage
PDH Plesiochronous digital hierarchy
QAM Quadrature amplitude modulation
RAN Radio access network
RBS Radio base station
SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy
SNMP Simple network management
protocol
STM-1 Synchronous transport module
level 1
T1/T2 ANSI digital multiplexing stages
VC Virtual container
xDSL Digital subscriber line
BOX A, TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
M I N I -L I N K p o in t-to -m u ltip o in t
The MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint sys-
tem (Figure 5) provides 37.5 Mbit/s data
transfer per sector. Each sector can be 90 in
the standard solution or 180/360 in the
launch solution, in accordance with the re-
quired capacity and RBS density ratio. The
capacity within a sector can be fixed or dy-
namically allocated to each terminal, allow-
ing, in the latter case, reallocation of capac-
ity within a few milliseconds. The system is
thus very suitable for data traffic, both for
business access and backhaul in mobile sys-
tems. It uses ATM to guarantee different
classes of service. E1, ATM (over E1/T1,
E3/T3 or STM-1/OC-3) and Ethernet in-
terfaces are available. The system operates
on frequencies from 24 to 31 GHz and uses
the C-QPSK modulation scheme.
M a n a g e m e n t syste m
The third building block in the portfolio is
the MINI-LINK Manager (Figure 6), which
enables operators to manage a complete
MINI-LINK microwave transmission net-
work from a single screen. Network element
management provides functionality for
managing faults, performance, configura-
tions and security. Together with local
craft terminals (LCT) and the element-
management functionality embedded in
the network elements, the MINI-LINK
Manager gives operators the tools they need
for efficient and cost-effective operation of a
MINI-LINK network.
MINI-LINK Manager has several export
interfaces for easy integration into other
network-management systems. It can be in-
corporated into a total management solu-
126 Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002
F ig u re 4
M I N I -L I N K o u td o o r ra d io s.
F ig u re 5
M I N I -L I N K B A S ra d io sh e lf.
Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002 127
tion for mobile systems, either as part of a
complete solution provided by Ericsson or
as an integration with an existing manage-
ment system.
M I N I -L I N K fe a tu re s
Bandwidth aggregation
The point-to-point and point-to-multi-
point smart nodes are hub solutions devel-
oped to support a large number of sites and
future increases in capacity. Being scalable,
the smart node enables the aggregation of
traffic bandwidth that originates from a
large number of end-nodes. At Medium Ca-
pacity aggregation nodes, the bandwidth is
aggregated into a medium-capacity inter-
face (maximum 34 Mbit/s) Similarly, at
High Capacity aggregation nodes, the
bandwidth is aggregated into a high-ca-
pacity interface (STM-1 or greater). Traffic
from the aggregation nodes can be further
transmitted either on microwave or optical
links.
In a point-to-multipoint system, the air
interface is shared among multiple access
terminals. The shared media enables multi-
plexing gains over the air, provided a
packet-based infrastructure is employed.
MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint is based
on ATM end-to-end, which enables multi-
plexing gains and efficient usage of the
bandwidth when second- and third-
generation traffic is handled in the aggre-
gation nodes.
Use of spectrum
Spectrum is a sparse resource. Besides the
continuous development of radios in newly
allocated frequency bands, some important
new features have been introduced in the
MINI-LINK portfolio to deal with future
shortages of spectrum. To allow the opera-
tor to increase transmission capacity within
an existing frequency spectrum, higher-
order modulation methods (based on 16 and
128 QAM) have been introduced in the
MINI-LINK point-to-point portfolio.
These new features give the operator addi-
tional flexibility in balancing spectrum and
power efficiency in the network.
Point-to-multipoint systems (Figure 7)
make efficient use of spectrum by
allocating capacity per ATM cell (ATM
granularity gain) instead of on a 2 Mbit/s-
basis;
ATM multiplexing in conjunction with
fast dynamic capacity allocation. The net-
work can be oversubscribed in terms of
number of registered users while still
maintaining QoS; and
delivering unused access capacity to other
services, such as wireless LAN access
points or business access users, based on
the diversity gain of the daily traffic pro-
file (daily profile gain), since the busy
hours for residential users generally differ
from those of business users.
E1
E1
E1
VP
VP
VP
VP
Call admission controlled
VC
AAL2 or
0
90
50
0
5 10 15
Link capacity needed [Mbit/s]
Base station aggregation
2 Mbit/s average
4.2 Mbit/s peak
Number of base stations
F ig u re 7
A g g re g a tio n g a in . T h e d ia g ra m sh o ws th e a g g re g a te d lin k c a p a c ity re q u ire d b y m u ltip le
b a se sta tio n s p e r b a se sta tio n . T h e re d lin e in d ic a te s a g g re g a tin g lin k c a p a c itie s. T h e
ye llo w lin e re p re se n ts p e a k lo a d c a p a c itie s, a n d th e b lu e lin e , a ve ra g e tra ffic lo a d s. T h e
a g g re g a tio n g a in in c re a se s a s th e n u m b e r o f b a se sta tio n s c o n n e c te d in th e sa m e se c to r
in c re a se s.
Connection management
Fault management
Fault management
Fault
management
Performance management
Performance
management
Performance
management
Configuration management
Configuration
management
Billing mediation
Network-wide, cross-domain
Network element
management
Network
management
Network elements
Embeded element
manager/
Local craft terminal
Microwave-specific
Network-element-
specific
MINI-LINK Manager
MSM
EEM
MINI-LINK
point-to-point
MINI-LINK
point-to multipoint
EEM
F ig u re 6
M I N I -L I N K M a n a g e rits ro le in n e two rk m a n a g e m e n t.
Protection
The operators most important asset is end-
user traffic. If service delivery is not reliable,
end-users will change service providers.
High-quality equipment that is comple-
mented with additional protection mecha-
nisms gives operators a means of delivering
high-quality services.
The MINI-LINK products are protected
against equipment failure and radio propa-
gation anomalies. All hardware is duplicat-
ed to support the configurations on one or
both sides of the radio connection. The
transmitting equipment can be configured
to operate in hot standby or working stand-
by transmission mode.
The MINI-LINK Traffic Node adds yet an-
other level of protectionnetwork or ring
protection. This functionality enables the op-
erator to build reliable ring structures based
on any microwave capacity up to 155 Mbit/s.
These protection mechanisms work at the
E1/T1 level, protecting every or pin-pointed
E1/T1s within the total payload.
The Traffic Node solution also includes
line-protection mechanisms without the
duplication of hardware. Instead, the
E1/T1s to be protected are routed into two
separate ports on the same interface board.
Ease of installation and visual impact
Speed of installation is always a business con-
sideration, especially during the roll-out of
third-generation networks in Europe.
Microwave is less costly and time-
consuming to deploy than copper leased
lines. The MINI-LINK portfolio has been
optimized for simple installation with a com-
pact, easy-to-carry outdoor unit (Figure 8).
The single-cable interface between the in-
door and outdoor unit, and the single-bolt
alignment fixture are well known. The
point-to-multipoint system is even less com-
plex and therefore faster to install, since only
one end of the link has to be installed. In ad-
dition, new base stations or interfaces can be
added to the backhaul network configura-
tion, literally in a matter of minutes, mini-
mizing maintenance and upgrade costs.
The point-to-multipoint hub needs only
one antenna (and a single cable between out-
door and indoor equipment) per sector, re-
gardless of the number of connected RBSs.
This strongly minimizes the visual impact,
especially in cities and towns where anten-
na pollution is an important issue. More-
over, fewer antennas means fewer sites (sim-
pler site acquisition) and reduced installa-
tion time and cost.
Data communication networks
The Ericsson network solution for trans-
porting operation and maintenance (O&M)
information from equipment to the man-
agement center is based on IP communica-
tion over Ethernet, with a distributed man-
agement information base (MIB) architec-
ture.
MINI-LINK provides efficient in-band
data communication between end-nodes
and aggregation nodes. The MIB is physi-
cally located in each network element.
Using the simple network management
protocol (SNMP), operators can access O&M
information in the MIB remotely from a net-
work management system. They can also ac-
cess the information locally, on site, by
means of the local craft terminal. The ter-
minal software can be upgraded remotely
from a central location, or locally using a
laptop connected to the terminal.
Each MINI-LINK Traffic Node and High
Capacity terminal holds its own IP router for
extending the data communication network
throughout the transmission network, and
transporting O&M information on other
equipment via external service channels.
Combined solutions for
the mobile transport RAN
In dense areas, point-to-multipoint has clear
advantages over point-to-point transmis-
sion. As a simple rule of thumb, point-to-
multipoint becomes an interesting option
when four or five RBSs can be seen from one
location. However, the two technologies are,
and will be, used in combination. Point-to-
point microwave, which is typically de-
ployed in areas with fewer RBSs, can be
combined with point-to-multipoint to
overcome distances or interference.
The combination of Ericssons point-to-
point and point-to-multipoint product fam-
ilies results in the most cost-optimized and
spectrum-efficient solution for second- and
third-generation networks (Figure 9).
E1/T1 aggregation via point-to-point
links is typically suitable in small hubs where
the number of directions (or connected RBSs)
is limited and spectrum is not an issue (the
required bandwidth is very likely to be a por-
tion of that required to deploy the large hub).
ATM aggregation, typically via point-to-
multipoint, is more suitable in large hubs
where the number of directions (or con-
nected RBSs) is great and spectrum effi-
ciency is a must (since it determines the size
of the frequency blocks required).
128 Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002
Traditionally, operators have deployed
mobile backhaul networks using a combina-
tion of point-to-point microwave and leased
lines. A determinant when choosing between
microwave and leased lines is the individual
operators needs in terms of network control
and transmission quality.
Typical leased-line contracts have often
guaranteed availability figures around 98.7%,
which corresponds to a potential of four or
five days downtime per year. Microwave net-
works (which are often used to relink the
entire connection between the end-RBSs
and the switch site) are dimensioned for
99.95% availability or better, which corre-
sponds to four hours or less of downtime per
year.
In conclusion, the availability of a
microwave network is very much a planning
issue. By selecting high-quality products in
combination with proper network planning,
availability is normally the same as or better
than that of fiber or copper networks.
BOX B, PLANNING MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION, AVAILABILITY AND
QUALITY
F ig u re 8
I n sta llin g M I N I -L I N K .
Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002 129
The hubs are connected to each other, to
the switch site, or both, via point-to-point
systems in accordance with the required
range, capacity and available spectrum.
E 1 /T 1 m u ltip le x in g n o d e s
The E1/T1 multiplexing node is the current
solution for present-day second-generation
networks. In all likelihood, it will also be the
most efficient solution for operators who plan
to add third-generation services in environ-
ments where second-generation traffic will
continue to dominate. This is also the typical
solution for operators who want to reuse
as much of the existing network as possi-
ble (by exploiting spare capacity on the
microwave links or on STM-1/OC-3 rings).
This aggregation strategy might also be jus-
tified by the price structure for leased lines.
The benefits of a network based on E1/T1
multiplexing nodes are low initial invest-
ments and secure upgrade with minimum dis-
turbance to existing traffic.
Figure 9 exemplifies how a combination
of point-to-multipoint and point-to-point
links can efficiently serve the Medium Ca-
pacity and High Capacity aggregation
nodes.
The Low Capacity and Medium Capacity
aggregation nodes typically handle from
two to four radio base stationsthat is, from
two to four directions. These nodes are gen-
erally deployed where RBS density is low
and the RBS-to-RBS distance is great.
In the southbound direction (Figure 9),
the Medium Capacity aggregation nodes in-
terconnect the end RBSs through
MINI-LINK point-to-point; in the north-
bound direction, the connection can be
made via MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint
(Low Capacity ATM aggregation nodes) or
point-to-point terminals (Medium Capaci-
ty E1/T1 aggregation nodes), depending on
capacity, protection and range require-
ments.
Ordinarily, the High Capacity aggrega-
tion nodes are located in suburban or urban
areas where RBS density is high. During op-
eration, error-free transport over microwave
links is guaranteed by large fading margins
and forward error correction mechanisms,
which make microwave links highly suit-
able for ATM and IP transport. In these sites
point-to-multipoint is likely to connect the
end RBSs. Those RBSs that are outside the
point-to-multipoint coverage range are con-
nected through point-to-point links.
When E1/T1 traffic is aggregated, the
MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint system
for second-generation traffic connects to the
MINI-LINK Traffic Node through nxE1,
which, in turn, provides a single STM-1
VC12 interface to the switch site.
The main drawbacks of the E1/T1 multi-
plexing solution can be limited expansion
and greater long-term cost of operating the
network.
A T M a g g re g a tin g n o d e s
When third-generation traffic dominates
over second-generation traffic, ATM aggre-
gating nodes can be used to provide the most
cost-effective network solution. Networks
based on ATM aggregating nodes are like-
ly to be typical for greenfield operators and
for incumbent operators who want to over-
lay the existing network or to replace exist-
ing leased-line connections.
The MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint
hub provides port aggregation, aggregating
traffic from point-to-multipoint and point-
to-point terminals. It also provides a very ef-
ficient and cost-effective solution for cellu-
lar backhaul applications. It can also aggre-
gate traffic from leased lines and xDSL lines.
In the northbound direction, a single ATM-
over-STM-1 VC4 interface provides a very
clean and cost-effective solution that opti-
mizes backbone capacity, switch site com-
plexity and cost.
This solution can also be used in combi-
nation with Ericssons RBS and RXI prod-
ucts, providing a complete Ericsson mo-
bile and transport network (Figure 10). In
Low Capacity or Medium Capacity
E1 aggregation node
Low Capacity ATM
aggregation node
2G/3G RBS sites
Point-to-point links
PMP radio shelf
Point-to-multipoint
coverage
Traffic Node
NxE1 or STM-1 VC12 to BSC/RNC
High Capacity E1
aggregation node
F ig u re 9
E x a m p le o f site so lu tio n s b a se d o n E 1 m u ltip le x in g a n d th e c o m b in in g o f p o in t-to -
m u ltip o in t a n d p o in t-to -p o in t.
PMP radio shelf
Traffic Node
ATM over E3 or STM-1 to BSC/RNC High Capacity ATM
aggregation node
RBS/RXI
PMP radio shelf
Traffic Node
ATM over E3 or STM-1 to BSC/RNC
High Capacity ATM
aggregation node
F ig u re 1 0
T o p : E x a m p le o f H ig h C a p a c ity a g g re g a -
tio n n o d e h a n d lin g A T M .
B o tto m : E x a m p le o f c o m b in e d C P P a n d
M I N I -L I N K p o in t-to -m u ltip o in t P M P ) ra d io
sh e lf.
addition to the benefits of ATM aggrega-
tion, the solution brings optimized statis-
tical multiplexing gain, thanks to the
AAL2 switching functionality of the con-
nectivity packet platform (CPP, formerly
called Cello packet platform). Because
ATM virtual-path multiplexing and port
aggregation are performed in the
MINI-LINK point-to-multipoint radio
shelf, the AAL2 functionality is achieved
while optimizing costs (no increase in
number of boards).
130 Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002
The use of short-haul microwave radio has
evolved from scattered cable replacements to
the forming of complete microwave-based
transmission networks. The requirements put
on the products have shifted from optimization
of the terminal or hop level to optimization of
the network level. In a microwave network, one
can define logical nodes (or physical sites) with
distinct characteristics. The logical building
blocks are the end-node and aggregation
node. Any microwave network can be imple-
mented as a combination of end-nodes and
aggregation nodes (Figure 11).
To address the network aspects, Ericssons
products are optimized for the different types
of network node. Therefore, the MINI-LINK
portfolio comprises compact, cost-effective
access terminals and smart nodes that feature
advanced traffic routing and multiplexing. The
MINI-LINK portfolio includes access terminals
and smart nodes for point-to-point and point-
to-multipoint operation.
Typical building blocks of a microwave network
End-node
The end-node is the smallest building block. By
definition, it supports transmission in only one
direction. In most cases, the capacity of the
end-node ranges from 2x2 up to 34 Mbit/s.
Ordinarily no redundancy is required at end-node
sites and therefore the normal microwave con-
figuration is 1+0. Point-to-point and point-to-
multipoint end-nodes are foreseen. The end-
node should support traffic interfaces ranging
from multiple E1/T1s to Ethernet. Ideally, in a
point-to-multipoint system, the end-node will
provide an ATM interface for third-generation
backhaul, to take better advantage of the shared
air interface.
Low Capacity and Medium Capacity
aggregation nodes
The Low Capacity and Medium Capacity aggre-
gation nodes have a northbound microwave link
that carries traffic up to 34 Mbit/s. In the south-
bound direction these nodes have a limited
number of subtended end-nodes.
Ericssons solution to the Medium Capacity
aggregation node has been to design smart,
cost-effective Traffic Nodes that can aggre-
gate all traffic from the southbound links into
another microwave link in the northbound
direction. The solution supports protected and
non-protected configurations of the Medium
Capacity aggregation node. The solution also
supports dropping and insertion of local traffic.
High Capacity aggregation node
The High Capacity aggregation node has a
northbound transmission link with a traffic
capacity of 155 Mbit/s or greater. The north-
bound media can be either optical or
microwave. The topology in the northbound
direction can be ring or point-to-point. Since
the High Capacity aggregation node supports
a considerable amount of traffic, it is assumed
that most of the sites will aggregate a substan-
tial number of southbound links. Some end-
nodes are directly connected to the High
Capacity aggregation node and some are con-
nected through a Medium Capacity aggrega-
tion node. Point-to-point, point-to-multipoint
and E1/T1 and ATM aggregating sites are sup-
ported. The Ericsson solution to the High
Capacity aggregation node can be designed to
be very compact and cost-effective, as part of
an all-microwave solution that supports
155 Mbit/s traffic capacity.
BOX C, NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
High-capacity links
Medium-capacity links
Switch site
Low Capacity or Medium Capacity
aggregation node
High Capacity
aggregation node
F ig u re 1 1
N e two rk a rc h ite c tu re .
Ericsson Review No. 3, 2002 131
Conclusion
The key issues for efficient support of the
mobile network infrastructure are:
A complete portfolio of point-to-point
solutions (any frequency, any capacity,
PDH/SDH), explicitly designed for a
smart network-oriented approach.
An ATM-based point-to-multipoint solu-
tion that provides a suitable combination
of high coverage and high capacity.
A combination of these technologies to
provide the most cost-effective and
spectrum-efficient microwave solu-
tion.
An integrated management system for the
entire portfolio.
Proven reliability and large production
capability for secure roll-out.
Uniquely, the Ericsson MINI-LINK port-
folio can meet all of these requirements.
One fundamental issue in microwave network
planning is the efficient use of the frequency
spectrum. National authorities and internation-
al committees regulate the availability of spec-
trum. Point-to-point links typically require a
license per link, whereas licenses for point-to-
multipoint systems are issued as regional or
national block allowances. In many cases,
operators prefer block licenses since they
allow faster planning and deployment of the
links.
In point-to-multipoint cellular deployments,
a few locations inside the multipoint sector
can experience interference from neighboring
hubs. However, this effect can be minimized
by avoiding reuse of frequencies in neighbor-
ing sectors or by combining point-to-
multipoint with point-to-point technologies.
In Figure 12, the RBS-1 location is assumed
to be affected by co-channel interference
from a remote point-to-multipoint hub if con-
nected to the local hub through a point-to-
multipoint terminal. If the RBS-1 is instead
connected to the RBS-2 location by means
of a point-to-point link, the antenna angular
discrimination improves the carrier-to-
interference ratio and guarantees error-free
operation. It is worth noting that the point-to-
point link can reuse part of the same point-to-
multipoint spectrum, allowing for a very
spectrum-efficient solution. Thanks to the
combined MINI-LINK point-to-point and
point-to-multipoint solution, only a single
28 MHz link is required for the complete net-
work deployment (excluding the spectrum for
the northbound connections).
BOX D, IMPROVING SPECTRUM EFFICIENCY BY COMBINING POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT
AND POINT-TO-POINT SYSTEMS
Point-to-multipoint hub
Radio shelf
RBS-1
RBS-2
Point-to-point
Point-to-
point
Point-to-multipoint
Remote hub co-channel
interference
F ig u re 1 2
O p e ra to rs c a n re u se fre q u e n c ie s b y c o m -
b in in g p o in t-to -m u ltip o in t a n d p o in t-to -
p o in t syste m s.