Operating Room Ventilation With Laminar Airflow Shows

FEATURE
Operating Room Ventilation With Laminar Airflow Shows

No Protective Effect on the Surgical Site Infection Rate in
Orthopedic and Abdominal Surgery
Christian Brandt, MD,* Uwe Hott, MD,* Dorit Sohr, PhD,* Franz Daschner, MD, PhD,
Petra Gastmeier, MD, PhD,* and Henning Ruden, MD, PhD*
Objective: To evaluate whether operating room (OR) ventilation with
(vertical) laminar airow impacts on surgical site infection (SSI) rates.
Design: Retrospective cohort-study based on routine surveillance
data.
Patients and Methods: Sixty-three surgical departments participating
voluntarily in the German national nosocomial infections surveillance
system KISS were included (a total of 99,230 operations). Active SSI
surveillance was performed according to the methods and denitions
given by the US National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system.
Surgical departments were stratied according to type of ORventilation
used: (1) turbulent ventilation with high-efciency particulate air-
ltered air, and (2) HEPA-ltered (vertical) laminar airow ventilation.
Multivariate analyses were performed by the generalized estimating
equations method to control for the following variables as possible
confounders: (a) Patient-based: wound contamination class, ASA score,
operation duration, patients age and gender, endoscopic operation; (b)
Hospital-based: the number of beds in the hospital, its academic status,
operation frequency, and long-term participation in KISS.
Results: The risk for severe SSI after hip prosthesis implantation
was signicantly higher using laminar airow OR ventilation (1.63
1.06; 2.52), as compared with turbulent ventilation. The adjusted odds
ratios for the other operative procedures analyzed were: knee prosthesis
1.76 0.80, 3.85; appendectomy 1.52 0.91, 2.53; cholecystec-
tomy 1.37 0.63, 2.97; colon surgery 0.85 0.49, 1.49; and
herniorrhaphy 1.48 0.67; 3.25.
Conclusions: Unexpectedly, in this analysis, which controlled for
many patient and hospital-based confounders, OR ventilation with
laminar airow showed no benet and was even associated with a
signicantly higher risk for severe SSI after hip prosthesis.
(Ann Surg 2008;248: 695700)
V
entilation systems are widely used in operating rooms
(ORs) in many countries around the world. Their use is
based on the assumption that they contribute to the prevention
of surgical site infections (SSI) that represent a signicant
and serious public health problem and also have a major
impact on the cost of healthcare.
13
On the other hand, OR
ventilation systems themselves entail high investment costs
and operating expenses. A recent study from Italy
4
showed a
24% increase in building costs, and a 34% increase in annual
operating costs using the ultraclean versus the conventional
system. There is sparse evidence to support this costly inter-
vention, because, to date, few controlled clinical studies have
been published with the end point SSI. Only 1 study on joint
replacement surgery
5
was classied as a randomized con-
trolled study; however, this study was subject to confounding
by administration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis
(PAP), which is another important preventive measure.
For all other types of surgery, there is no evidence from
controlled clinical trials that clean air conditions are of benet
in the prevention of infections. The Healthcare Infection
Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) guideline
for the prevention of SSI
6
published in 1999 recommended to
consider performing orthopedic implant operations in ORs
supplied with ultraclean air and classied this recommenda-
tion as category II (ie, suggested for implementation and
supported by suggestive clinical or epidemiological studies or
theoretical rationale.). In the following years, no further
evidence from controlled trials supporting the need for clean
air conditions became available. Consequently, the HICPAC
Guideline for Environmental Infection Control
7
published in
2003 offers no recommendation on performing orthopedic
implant surgery in rooms supplied with laminar airow, ie, it
is an unresolved issue.
The well established German National Nosocomial
Infections Surveillance System Krankenhaus (hospital) Infec-
tions Surveillance System (KISS)
8,9
offers the opportunity to
study the inuence of open, vertical laminar airow OR
ventilation on the outcome SSI in a large number of hospitals,
in particular, with regard to high-frequency operative proce-
dures. A number of hospital- and patient-based variables are
available in the data set, thus permitting to control for many
possible confounders.
10
Most importantly, the basic preven-
tive measures such as PAP,
11
hand and skin antisepsis with
From the *ChariteUniverstitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin; and Institute of
Hygiene, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
The KISS Project is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Health. The
study received no additional support and there are no conicts of interest.
Reprints: Dr. Christian Brandt, MD, Head of Infection Control, University
Hospital of the Goethe-University, Institute of Medical Microbiology and
Infection Control, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 20, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Ger-
many. E-mail: christian.brandt@kgu.de.
Copyright 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ISSN: 0003-4932/08/24805-0695
DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31818b757d
Annals of Surgery Volume 248, Number 5, November 2008 695
alcohol-based disinfectants, use of liquid-resistant surgical
gowns and drapes have been well established in Germany for
many years.
12
Horizontal laminar airow systems, laminar
airow systems enclosed by walls, or semi-enclosed systems
with partial walls have never been recommended by German
national guidelines,
12,13
neither do they conform to national
industrial standards.
14,15
They have not been used routinely
for many years. Body exhaust systems are not recommended
either and are not routinely used in Germany.
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of
HEPA-ltered air conditions, either turbulent or directed by
(vertical) laminar airow on SSI rates in a number of high-
frequency orthopedic and abdominal procedures.
METHODS
The German National Nosocomial Infections Surveil-
lance System KISS applies, with minor modications, the
denitions and methods given by the US National Nosoco-
mial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) system (especially Cen-
ters for Disease Control (CDC) denitions for SSI and risk
stratication).
10,16
According to the CDC denition, deep and
organ/space SSI are referred to as Severe SSI, whereas the
total SSI number also includes supercial SSIs. Six operative
procedure categories, including hip and knee prosthesis, ap-
pendectomy, cholecystectomy, colon surgery, and hernior-
rhaphy, on which more than 20 hospitals participating in the
surveillance system continuously report data were included in
this study.
The data analyzed were provided by surgical depart-
ments, each of which performed at least 100 operations (from
2000 through 2004) in the respective operative procedure
category in question. Each hospital provided separate infor-
mation on the ventilation technology installed in ORs used
routinely for abdominal surgery and those used for hip/knee
implantations. The data were obtained by a questionnaire
(August 2004) from the infection controls teams performing
active SSI surveillance in the participating hospitals. The
response rate was 63% and there was no signicant difference
in the SSI rate among respondents and nonrespondents (exact
Kruskal-Wallis-test and exact Jonckheere-Terpstra-test).
Surgical departments were assigned to 3 groups accord-
ing to the OR ventilation technique in place: (i) OR without
articial ventilation, ie, natural ventilation by windows; (ii)
conventional turbulent ventilation with HEPA-ltered air;
(iii) HEPA-ltered laminar airow ventilation by (vertical)
laminar airow supply air diffusers. Because the number of
departments in the group without articial ventilation was too
low for analysis (in the case of hip prosthesis, only 3 of 47
departments had natural OR ventilation), only the depart-
ments using articial OR ventilation with either turbulent or
laminar airow were included in this study.
The questionnaire data on the OR ventilation technique
and the SSI surveillance data from the KISS database were
merged. All the analyses were performed individually for
each operative procedure category using SAS for Windows
(release 9.1; SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
A univariate analysis was performed. The analyzed
data were stratied by OR ventilation technique. The number
of operations, the number of SSI, and the pooled mean SSI
rate are given for each of the strata, and the range of SSI rates
in the departments assigned to each stratum. These strata
were compared by Fisher exact test (Table 1). Multivariate
analyses were performed to control for potentially confound-
ing variables: gender and age of the individual patients; the
NNIS risk index variables (ASA score, wound class, duration
of operation); full endoscopic operations; turbulent or laminar
airow OR ventilation; frequency of the operative procedure
in question (obtained from the KISS database); number of
hospital beds; academic status of the hospital; and long-term
(2 years) participation by the surgical department in KISS.
For each operative procedure, separate multiple logistic
regression analyses based on the level of single operations/
patients were performed by the generalized estimating
equations method
17,18
to predict the patients SSI outcome
(yes/no). This method considers the data structure with the
departments as clusters. Developed logistic regression mod-
els represented the adjusted odds of acquiring SSI depending
on patients risk factors. These analyzes were performed rst
for all SSI and then for the severe SSI only.
RESULTS
The inclusion criteria were met by 63 surgical depart-
ments in 55 hospitals (some hospitals have different surgical
departments using distinct OR, which may differ in ventila-
tion technology). The pool of data analyzed consisted of
99,230 operations with 1901 SSIs. The results of the univar-
iate analyses (shown in Table 1) revealed higher SSI rates in
departments with laminar airow OR ventilation (as com-
pared with turbulent OR ventilation) for all of the examined
operative procedures, with the exception of colon surgery.
The results of the multivariate analyses conrmed the ten-
dency toward a higher SSI risk in laminar airow ventilated
ORs (detailed results for all SSI shown in Table 2 and for
severe SSI in Table 3).
For some operative procedures, variables describing the
structure of the surgical department other than OR ventilation
constituted signicant factors inuencing the risk of SSI. As
far as the patient-based variables were concerned, various
results were obtained for different operative procedures, with
the NNIS risk index variables and age and gender represent-
ing signicant risk factors for most of the procedures. Fully
endoscopically performed operations had a signicant lower
risk of SSI in the case of appendectomy, cholecystectomy,
and herniorrhaphy, but not in colon surgery. These ndings
are mostly in accordance with published studies.
10,19,20
DISCUSSION
This retrospective study based on recent surveillance
data showed higher SSI rates using laminar airow in the OR
(as compared with turbulent clean air) for hip prosthesis and
no signicant differences for knee prosthesis and abdominal
surgery (appendectomy, cholecystectomy, colon surgery, and
herniorrhaphy).
This detrimental effect was an unexpected nding, and
whether these results can be generalized requires further
discussion. The most important result (greater number of
Brandt et al Annals of Surgery Volume 248, Number 5, November 2008
2008 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 696
severe SSI after hip prosthesis under laminar airow) was
conrmed by multivariate analyses controlling for some pos-
sible confounders, such as patient- and hospital-based indi-
cators for case severity. The data pool analyzed here repro-
duced some known risk factors for SSI (ie, the NNIS risk
index factors: ASA score, wound class, duration of the
operation, and endoscopic surgery) and demonstrates that
patient factors such as age and gender are important con-
founding factors, which should be considered for some op-
erative procedures. The department-based factors analyzed,
such as the academic status of the hospital and bed number,
have been shown to be signicant factors for some operative
procedures. This may be because case severity is not yet
exhaustively considered by the (patient-based) NNIS risk
index variables. Finally, due to surveillance-induced infection
control activities, lower infection rates have been described in
TABLE 1. Analyzed Data Stratified by Operating Room Ventilation Technique and P Value for the
Comparison of These Strata (Regarding All SSI and Regarding Only Severe SSI)
Operative Procedure All Departments
Turbulent
Ventilated
Laminar Air-Flow
Ventilated P*
Hip prosthesis
No. departments 44 14 30
No. operations 28,623 10,966 17,657
No. SSI (total SSI rate in %) 470 (1.64) 144 (1.31) 326 (1.85) 0.001
Range of departments SSI rates 0.07.14 0.05.93 0.07.14
No. severe SSI (rate in %) 341 (1.19) 99 (0.903) 242 (1.37) 0.001
Range of department severe SSI rates 0.07.14 0.02.77 0.07.14
Knee prosthesis
No. operations 9396 3403 5993
Appendectomy
No. operations 10,969 3,776 7,193
Cholecystectomy
No. operations 20,676 8,257 12,419
Range of departments severe SSI rates 0.04.51 0.01.04 0.04.51
Colon surgery
No. operations 8,696 2,495 6,201
Herniorrhaphy
No. operations 20,870 8,203 12,667
Severe SSI are deep and organ/space SSI, the total SSI rate includes also the supercial SSIs.
*P value according to Fisher exact test.
Annals of Surgery Volume 248, Number 5, November 2008 Effects of Operating Room Ventilation on the SSI Rate
departments with long-term participation in the surveillance
system.
19,21
Therefore, this fact was considered as a variable
for analysis. However, in the data set analyzed in the study,
the benet of surveillance for SSI rates was only reproduced
in the case of colon surgery.
Another important confounding factor is PAP. The
major methodologic decit of Lidwell et als study
5
was that
it was impossible to clearly distinguish the effects of PAP and
clean air conditions. The protective inuence of PAP has
been demonstrated for the operative procedures investigated
here, and it is highly recommended by established national
German guidelines.
12,22
Whether prophylaxis was adminis-
tered was not documented individually for each patient in the
surveillance data analyzed in this study. However, it is known
from a national quality assessment system
11
that these guide-
lines are widely followed. In the year 2004, PAP was given
TABLE 2. Adjusted Odds Ratios (With 95% Confidence Intervals) for the Outcome (All) Surgical Site Infections Depending
on the Presence of the Analyzed Hospital- and Patient-Based Variables
Hip Prosthesis Knee Prosthesis Appendectomy Cholecystectomy Colon Surgery Herniorrhaphy
Hospital-based factors
Operating room ventilation by
laminar air ow (versus
conventional ventilation)
1.44 (0.93, 2.23) 2.38 (0.89, 6.33) 2.09 (1.08, 4.02) 1.53 (0.95, 2.45) 1.17 (0.65, 2.11) 1.67 (0.95, 2.91)
Hospitals no. beds 600 1.11 (0.75, 1.67) 1.10 (0.41, 2.99) 0.83 (0.17, 3.96) 2.24 (1.27, 3.95) 2.09 (1.32, 3.31) 1.72 (1.15, 2.57)
Hospitals frequency of the operations
in this procedure category 75th
percentile of KISS participants
0.94 (0.65, 1.35) 0.96 (0.43, 2.14) 0.42 (0.22, 0.80) 1.01 (0.56, 1.84) 0.42 (0.26, 0.65) 0.87 (0.53, 1.42)
Hospitals academic status: University
Hospital
0.57 (0.37, 0.87) 1.36 (0.62, 2.96) 2.87 (0.60, 13.8) 1.91 (1.10, 3.31) 3.88 (1.94, 7.76) 1.27 (0.73, 2.22)
Surgical departments participation in
KISS 2 yr
1.12 (0.66, 1.92) 1.65 (0.68, 3.98) 1.11 (0.56, 2.20) 1.29 (0.73, 2.28) 0.41 (0.22, 0.77) 1.47 (0.75, 2.88)
Patient-based factors
American Society of Anesthesiologists
Score 3
1.73 (1.54, 1.96) 1.78 (1.21, 2.62) 1.37 (1.04, 1.81) 1.45 (1.13, 1.86) 1.40 (1.12, 1.74) 1.73 (1.25, 2.38)
Contaminated or dirty-infected wound
class
2.53 (1.19, 5.40) 6.62 (1.90, 23.1) 1.39 (0.99, 1.94) 1.21 (0.92, 1.59) 1.43 (0.97, 2.11) 1.67 (0.91, 3.09)
Operation duration 75th percentile 1.24 (1.02, 1.52) 2.23 (1.41, 3.51) 1.69 (1.15, 2.50) 1.41 (1.12, 1.79) 1.34 (1.10, 1.62) 1.85 (1.46, 2.36)
Full endoscopic operation 0.41 (0.23, 0.71) 0.35 (0.24, 0.51) 1.40 (0.94, 2.10) 0.31 (0.10, 0.99)
Age 75th percentile 1.42 (1.19, 1.68) 0.61 (0.43, 0.86) 2.06 (1.47, 2.89) 1.30 (0.98, 1.72) 0.89 (0.71, 1.11) 0.82 (0.57, 1.17)
Male gender 1.27 (1.04, 1.55) 1.00 (0.63, 1.58) 1.38 (0.89, 1.93) 1.11 (0.86, 1.42) 1.17 (0.96, 1.43) 0.44 (0.29, 0.67)
TABLE 3. Adjusted Odds Ratios (With 95% Confidence Intervals) for the Outcome Severe Surgical Site Infections
Depending on the Presence of the Analyzed Hospital- and Patient-Based Variables
Hip Prosthesis Knee Prosthesis Appendectomy Cholecystectomy Colon Surgery Herniorrhaphy
Hospital-based factors
Operating room ventilation by
laminar air ow (versus
conventional ventilation)
1.63 (1.06, 2.52) 1.76 (0.80, 3.85) 1.52 (0.91, 2.53) 1.37 (0.63, 2.97) 0.85 (0.49, 1.49) 1.48 (0.67, 3.25)
Hospitals no. beds 600 1.09 (0.72, 1.67) 1.12 (0.43, 2.95) 1.48 (0.64, 3.45) 2.31 (0.76, 7.07) 2.52 (1.43, 4.46) 0.99 (0.24, 4.10)
Hospitals frequency of the operations
in this procedure category 75th
percentile of KISS participants
1.01 (0.69, 1.49) 1.03 (0.54, 1.95) 0.40 (0.20, 0.81) 1.18 (0.60, 2.34) 0.24 (0.14, 0.41) 1.21 (0.60, 2.44)
Hospitals academic status: University
Hospital
0.42 (0.18, 1.01) 1.35 (0.64, 2.87) 0.21 (0.09, 0.51) 0.54 (0.16, 1.86) 1.74 (0.84, 3.59) 1.72 (0.35, 8.38)
Surgical departments participation in
KISS 2 yr
0.79 (0.44, 1.39) 1.01 (0.46, 2.22) 2.43 (0.85, 6.97) 3.05 (0.84, 11.1) 0.62 (0.33, 1.18) 4.81 (1.13, 20.4)
Patient-based factors
American Society of Anesthesiologists
Score 3
1.85 (1.57, 2.17) 2.12 (1.27, 3.54) 1.64 (0.90, 2.99) 1.38 (0.95, 1.99) 1.86 (1.28, 2.71) 1.87 (1.07, 3.24)
Contaminated or dirty-infected wound
class
3.37 (1.44, 7.88) 6.79 (1.79, 25.7) 1.08 (0.60, 1.92) 1.10 (0.78, 1.55) 1.24 (0.78, 1.96) 0.97 (0.25, 3.78)
Operation duration 75th percentile 1.22 (0.92, 1.64) 1.51 (0.89, 2.56) 1.75 (1.13, 2.71) 1.77 (1.16, 2.70) 1.61 (1.25, 2.07) 2.14 (1.45, 3.15)
Full endoscopic operation 0.43 (0.27, 0.68) 0.33 (0.27, 0.40) 1.39 (0.92, 2.09) 0.48 (0.09, 2.48)
Age 75th percentile 1.35 (1.09, 1.67) 0.56 (0.36, 0.85) 1.96 (1.34, 2.87) 1.29 (0.88, 1.89) 0.95 (0.71, 1.26) 0.67 (0.44, 1.30)
Male gender 1.26 (0.98, 1.60) 1.20 (0.75, 1.93) 1.22 (0.94, 1.59) 1.56 (1.20, 2.03) 1.59 (1.39, 1.83) 0.42 (0.22, 0.78)
to 98.3% of the hip prosthesis patients (n 114,065) and to
98.2% of the knee prosthesis patients (n 118,922). For
operative procedures classied as clean-contaminated or con-
taminated, PAP is also well established in Germany.
22
We,
therefore, believe that our results are not affected by con-
founding because of the factor PAP.
Because this is a study based on an established surveil-
lance database, some limitations inherent to this design
should be discussed. The available variables cannot cover all
of the critical confounders that may inuence the central
question of the study. Patient-based factors such as smoking
and obesity are missing in the KISS database. Also, the
details of perioperative management that may inuence SSI
risk, such as intraoperative temperature, glycemia, and sur-
gical technique (eg, use of cautery) were not considered and
may have inuenced the results.
The data quality (ie, differences between the hospitals
in the intensity of reporting infections) should be discussed.
However, in our opinion, use of routine surveillance data
rather than a controlled clinical study design is outweighed by
the large number of participating centers and procedures in-
cluded. The quality of the surveillance is assured by regular
training of the data collectors. Only hospitals with experience of
at least 100 operations under surveillance have been included
here; most have participated voluntarily for many years.
Postdischarge surveillance is encouraged but is not
performed systematically. It has been shown recently that
most severe cases of SSI are diagnosed on readmission,
23
and
we, therefore, believe that the sensitivity of our surveillance
system is satisfactory for these most important infections.
When multivariate analyses were made taking into account
only these severe infections, the results were similar to those
of the analyses based on all infections, ie, no protective effect
of OR laminar airow.
Some studies show that laminar airow systems reduce
the bacterial burden in OR air,
24
especially when old and new
ORs are compared.
25
However, a correlation has not been
established between airborne bacteria counts and SSI rates. A
recent study failed to demonstrate an effect of OR laminar
airow on postoperative wound contamination.
26
Our work
concentrated on patient outcome and did not consider any
data on OR air quality. It can be assumed that the installed
OR ventilation technique is functional in the enrolled hospi-
tals, because, in Germany, this is subject to regular controls
by the health authorities.
An analysis of 22,170 hip arthroplasties from the Nor-
wegian Arthroplasty Register revealed no signicant differ-
ences in the patients long-term outcome (deep SSI or aseptic
loosing) depending on the OR ventilation.
27
This nding is
concordant with our results.
The unexpected nding that the presence of laminar
airow ventilation in the OR is associated with a greater
number of SSIs requires investigation. It has been discussed
in the literature that improper positioning of OR personnel in
a horizontal laminar ow room may increase infection,
28
and
it may be that improper positioning of surgical personnel also
increases the risk of infection in association with vertical
laminar airow. The heads of the surgical team members may
be positioned above the surgical site,
29
ie, directly in the
laminar airstream from the ceiling down to the wound. This
may facilitate pathogen-containing particles, such as droplets
and skin-particles, falling directly into the wound with the
downstream airow.
Another hypothesis that may explain this phenomenon
is that articial OR ventilation could result in lower intraop-
erative tissue temperatures in the surgical wound. OR venti-
lation often leads to the fresh air being cooler than the room
temperature, because cooling is an important factor for the
comfort of OR personnel, especially because the operating team
is exposed to the heat of the OR lights while wearing sterile
gowns. In the case of laminar airow, the cooling effect of the
fresh air on the surgical wound may have greater relevance,
because the source of the ltered (cold) air is above the
operation eld and the air falls directly (laminar) down onto
the wound tissue. To our knowledge, local wound tempera-
ture has not yet been monitored, whereas systemic hypother-
mia is a known risk factor for SSI.
30,31
In conclusion, our data did not demonstrate an infec-
tion-prevention benet of laminar airow OR ventilation.
The tendency toward a greater number of SSI after most
operative procedures (which is signicant in the case of hip
prosthesis and appendectomy) requires further investigation.
Consequently, these data support the HICPAC categorization
of this question as an unresolved issue,
7
and do not support
current demands by German national guidelines
12,13
and
industrial standards (DIN 1946-4 and VDI 2167)
15,32
for
articial ventilation with clean air, and especially laminar
airow conditions for the majority of OR. Further random-
ized clinical trials using dened case nding methods, con-
trolling for operative procedure, patients disease severity,
and additional risk factors (such as obesity and smoking) are
needed. Relevant differences in medical treatment (such as
antibiotic prophylaxis, intraoperative temperaturesystemic
and in the woundand glycemia management) and surgical
technique (such as use of cautery) should also be included.
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