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Photographies
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SNAPSHOTS
Geoffrey Batchen
Online Publication Date: 01 September 2008
To cite this Article Batchen, Geoffrey(2008)'SNAPSHOTS',Photographies,1:2,121 142
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/17540760802284398
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Geoffrey Batchen
SNAPSHOTS
Art history and the ethnographic turn
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Photographies Vol. 1, No. 2, September 2008, pp. 121142
ISSN 1754-0763 print/ISSN 1754-0771 online 2008 Taylor & Francis
http://www.informaworld.com DOI: 10.1080/17540760802284398
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Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Software Company,2005-2007
For Evaluation Only.
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FIGURE 1 Unknown, untitled (Little girl on porch), ca. 194344, Gelatin silver print, 4L63 in. Gift
of Frank Maresca, 2002. Collection of the Newark Museum. 2002.59.119.
1 2 2 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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FIGURE 2 Unknown, untitled (Standing couple), ca. 194049, Gelatin silver print hand-colored with
Marshalls paints, 567 in. Gift of Frank Maresca, 2002. Collection of the Newark Museum. 2002.59.113.
SNAPSHOTS 1 2 3
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FIGURE 3 Unknown, untitled (Woman and Statue of Liberty), ca. 192025, Gelatin silver print,
4J62 9/16 in. Gift of Frank Maresca, 2002. Collection of the Newark Museum. 2002.59.17.
1 2 4 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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SNAPSHOTS 1 2 5
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:oui:c:t
o
lctc:ogc:cous |, i:cli:tio:, t|csc sc|ol:s |vc cou|i:cc clcuc:ts oi
:t |isto:, :c cultu:l stucics wit| |iloso|,, wouc:s stucics, :t|:oolog,,
1 2 6 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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Auc:ic: stucics, litc:tu:c, :c sociolog,, uo:g ot|c: i:tc::ctivc uoccls I|c,
cc:css t|cusclvcs to couuc:cil :c o:ci::, |otog:|s :t|c: t|: |ust to :t
o||ccts, :c tc:c to iocus o: issucs li|c :cc, scxulit,, owc: :c cvc:,c,
cxc:ic:cc t|c, iocus, i: ot|c: wo:cs, o: |otog:|,s :cltio:s|i to liic
\:, i: t|is g:ou cuc oi i:tcllcctul gc cu:i:g t|c 1-0s, w|c: ostuocc::
s|cticisu |out t|c :tu:c oi |:owlccgc :c t:ut| ws t its |cig|t lut t|c, |vc
cqull, cuc:gcc i:ou t|c o:goi:g cissc:sio: t|t i: :o:t| Auc:ic |s couc to |c
cllcc Visul ultu:c As A|igil olouo:Goccu |s oi:tcc out, t|is cou|i:tio:
oi wo:cs sccus to siuult:cousl, :cic: to : o||cct oi stuc,, uocc oi :l,sis :c
:cw cccuic ciscili:c

lowcvc: its t|c vc:, ict t|t Visul ultu:c c:s to |c

|c:ouc:o: c:coussi:g uct|ocologicl, i:stitutio:l, :c :c|cologicl u|itio:s
t|t u|cs it suc| c|llc:gi:g :oositio:, t|c vc:, ict t|t it csccs ccii:itio: s
cit|c: o:c t|i:g o: :ot|c: is t|c sou:cc oi its otc:til oliticl iuo:t
lowcvc: o:c c|ooscs to u:cc:st:c it, t|is tc:u Visul ultu:c t t|c lcst
iulics t|c ossi|ilit, oi i:vc:ti:g ciiic:c:t |i:cs oi |isto:icl voiccs i: o:cc: to s|
ciiic:c:t |i:cs oi |isto:icl qucstio:s \:, sc|ol:s |vc |cc: c:w:, io: cxulc,
to t|c t,c oi c:iticl :l,sis :ooscc |, l:it kogoii, : :l,sis t|t, s|c suggcsts,
s|oulc sc| c, :t|c: t|: |out, givc: o||cct oi stuc,

I|is uig|t |c t|c: to

uc: t|t o:cs uocc oi :l,sis |c c:ivc: |, t|c scciiic qulitics oi t|c o||cct |ci:g
ciscusscc ;:c t|t t|c:cio:c Visul ultu:c will c:til u:, ciiic:c:t t,cs oi
ciscou:sc, :ot |ust o:c,
l: u, ow: csc, it |s, io: cxulc, c:cou:gcc s|iit oi :l,ticl cu|sis
i:ou t|c :ocucc:s oi |otog:|s to t|ci: ow:c:s, oiic:i:g t|c ossi|ilit, oi
|isto:, oi t|c :ccctio: oi |otog:|s l|otog:|, t|c:c|, |ccoucs c,:uic
uocc oi :c|c:sio: :t|c: t|: sc:ics oi sttic ictu:cs iuil:l,, it |s
c:cou:gcc t|c stuc, oi |otog:|ic :cticcs o: gc::cs :t|c: t|: i:civicul
|otog:|c:s I|is |isto:, :cccss:il, ictu:cs :cticcs i:volvi:g collcctivc |:cs
:co: :owu:|:ow: u|c:s ;u:, oi t|cu wouc:,, t|c:c|, cislci:g t|c
|iog:|icl :c |llocc:t:ic |is oi uost cu::c:t |otog:|ic |isto:ics
-
kogoiis
:oosl lso iulics t|c cclo,uc:t oi sclico:sciousl, su||cctivc o: cvc:
uto|iog:|icl voicc, uovc t|t coucs wit| its ow: i:ciic:t c:gc:s ;lt|oug|
w:itc:s i:ou ucs Agcc :c kol:c l:t|cs to kc|ccc ol:it :c lclc: l::is |vc
ll u:gcc to :ocucc owc:iul tcxts |out |otog:|, |, t|is uc:s,
10
lut :i:cil uo:g Visul ultu:cs c:gc:s, :c:tl,, is its iii:it, wit|
:t|:oologicl ciscou:sc :c t|c:cio:c wit| : :l,ticl :cltivisu t|t c:scs
cultu:l :c tcuo:l scciiicitics : so :ooscs ll lostc:, i: sc:ics oi css,s
u|lis|cc i: t|c :t |ou::l o.c/.. i: t|c 1--0s ou:i:g :t |isto:, to visul
cultu:c i: 1--o, lostc: :gucc t|t t|c s|iit i:ou |isto:, to cultu:c i:tiutcs
s|iit, i:cvc:tc:t o: ot|c:wisc, to :t|:oolog, s gu:ci: ciscou:sc
11
uggcsti:g t|t visul cultu:c is t|c ciscu:sivc cquivlc:t oi t|c i:tc::ct i: t|c
w, it :ccuccs t|c utc:il scciiicit, oi ictu:cs to ciscu|ocicc :c gc:c:ic ::,
oi iugcs, |c ccsc:i|cs its :ctitio:c:s s c:ggcc i: t|ultio:s oi iugcs
cccucc uo:c o: lcss cqul i: vluc I|c iulictio: is t|t t|c |i:c oi cst|ctic o:
i:tcllcctul |ucguc:ts t|t woulc :c s|oulc cisti:guis| s:s|ot i:ou, s,, : :t
|otog:| |, G::, Wi:og::c will |c sct sicc |, t|osc cvocti:g Visul ultu:c
lo: lostc:, t|is is |sic :t|:oologicl uovc, io: :c:tl, i: t|c ct|:og:|ic
SNAPSHOTS 1 2 7
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uoccl o:c uovcs |o:izo:tll, i:ou sitc to sitc, c:oss socil scc, uovcuc:t
t|t, |c suggcsts, u, :ouotc souct|i:g |c clls ost|isto:icl :ccuctio:
1!
lostc: w:otc t|is css, t |out t|c suc tiuc s |c ws u|lis|i:g :ot|c:, I|c
A:tist s lt|:og:|c:, w|c:c |c siuil:l, wo::icc |out |ot| t|c :o:itio: oi
t|c ot|c: :c t|c ot|c:i:g oi t|c scli i: co:tcuo::, :t :c c:iticisu
1!
l:
t|csc cscs, |c suggcstcc, t|c ct|:og:|ic :oc| c: |ccouc gu|it, :
i:sicc: guc t|t :c:cc:s t|c i:stitutio: :ot uo:c oc: :c u|lic |ut uo:c |c:uctic
:c ::cissistic, lcc io: i:ititcs o:l, w|c:c co:tcutuous c:iticlit, is
:c|c:scc
1+
Alt|oug| |c i:cluccs c:itics :c |isto:i:s uo:g t|osc c:ggcc i: t|is
ct|:og:|ic tu::, ll t|c cxulcs |c ciscusscs |c:c :c :tists, suc| s t|c
i:stlltio: :tist l:cc Wilso: I|is cu|sis itscli |ct:,s t|c ct|:og:|ic |sis oi
lostc:s ow: :t |isto:,, w|ic| sccilizcs i: sc|i:g |out :c io: :tists s
st::gc, lost t:i|c oi c:ctivc uvc:ic|s oc:ti:g o: t|c u:gi:s oi cvc:,c, cultu:c
lowcvc:, s \tt|cw kulc, |s oi:tcc out, t|c ct|:og:|ic tu:: icc:tiiicc
|, lostc: s :ccc:t, t:ou|li:g ccvclouc:t |s i: ict |cc: : scct oi :t |isto:,
si:cc its |cgi::i:gs, wit| t|c ccii:i:g oi cultu:l ltc:it, c:ivi:g logic |c|i:c t|c
wo:| o: cst|ctics oi l:t, lcgcl, cuc:, kicgl, :c uost oi t|c ot|c: iou:ci:g
iigu:cs oi t|c ciscili:c
1.
:cvc:t|clcss its cc:ti:l, t:uc t|t t|c :ccc:t cuc:gc:cc i:to visi|ilit, oi vst
:cw iiclc oi |otog:|ic :cticcs i:ou Ai:ic, Asi, :c lti: Auc:ic |s |:oug|t
wit| it :c:cwcc i:tc:cst i: t|c :t|:oologicl c:scctivc o: cultu:l ctivit,
A:t|:oolog, |s t:citio:ll, loo|cc t suc| ctivit, s souct|i:g t|t |s utilit:i:
vluc lugcs :c c:ctcc io: souc u:osc lugcs co t|i:gs I|c, :c socil o||ccts,
:ot siul, cst|ctic o:cs I|c, :c uc:i:giul o:l, w|c: scc: i: :cltio:s|i to wicc:
socil :ctwo:| oi |clicis :c :cticcs, cco:ouics :c cxc|:gcs As co:scquc:cc, l
woulc :guc t|t t|is vicw |s so i: c:|:ccc, :t|c: t|: :ccuccc, : cu|sis o: t|c
scciiicit, oi socil co:tcxt, :c sc:sitivit, to t|c coulictio:s, ct|icl :c ot|c:wisc,
oi w:iti:g i: t|c icc oi ciiic:c:cc l: s|o:t, t|c :cw gc:c:tio: oi |otog:|ic
sc|ol:s t|cs io: g::tcc t|t t|c:c :c u:, |otog:|ics, :ot |ust o:c
Alt|oug| lostc: wo::ics |out t|c :cvlc:cc oi t|c ciscu|ocicc iugc
wit|i: Visul ultu:c, sc|ol:s t:i:cc s :t|:oologists w|o co:sistc:tl, w:itc
|out |otog:|,, suc| s lliz|ct| lcw:cs :c |:isto|c: li::c,, |vc i: ict
i:sistcc o: closc ttc:tio: to t|c utc:ilit, oi t|ci: o||ccts oi stuc, lcw:cs, io:
cxulc, |s w:ittc: |out t|c ccg:cc to w|ic| |otog:|s :c souctiucs |clc,
c:csscc, st:o|cc, su:g to wit|i: Aust:li: A|o:igi:l couuu:itics, |:i:gi:g sou:c
:c touc| s wcll s sig|t i:to |c: :l,sis oi t|ci: |otog:|ic cxc:ic:cc
1o
li::c, cots t|c c:scctivc oi t|c :tici:t o|sc:vc: i: |is wo:| |out
|otog:|, i: cc:t:l l:ci, i:sisti:g o: w|t |c clls t|c :olc oi |otog:|, i:
socil :cltio:s, |otog:|s :olc s ucuo:il, :c t|c utc:ilit, oi iugcs
\iuic|i:g ii:stc:so: cocuuc:t:, voiccovc:, |c :gucs i: uo:c :ccc:t css,
t|t i: cu::c:t :t|:oologicl sc|ol:s|i su||cctivit, cquls t|c :cw o||cctivit,,
t|us oc:i:g t|is so:t oi sc|ol:s|i to t|c scli:cilcxivc :|cto:icl ccviccs oi t|c
|isto:icl :ovcl
1
Alt|oug| |c ,s li sc:vicc to ciiic:c:cc i: |is w:iti:g, lostc:s uost
:ccc:t |oo|, +. ... :v, ws :ot|lc io: its :ciusl to cou:tc::cc, io: cxulc,
ciiic:c:t :cgio:l :cso:scs to uocc::it, I|c:c ws :o scc i: t|is |isto:, oi
1 2 8 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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twc:tict|cc:tu:, :t io: : :l,sis oi t|c scciiicit, oi Aust:li:, I|i,
:ci:, :igc:i:, o: lc:uvi: uocc::isu, to :uc o:l, icw :cglcctcc
:tio:l cultu:cs, t|c:c|, cliui:ti:g t|c c:|li:g co:iusio: oi t|is so:t oi cultu:l
civc:sit, i:ou t|c |oo|s ustc: :::tivc
1
l: t|is csc, lostc: ws co:tc:t to
ui:ti: :cciscl, t|c coz, lu:oAuc:ic: |cgcuo:, t|t Visul ultu:c ius to
co:tcst
lut c:|s |is ic: oi Visul ultu:c :cltcs to ciiic:c:cc t : cvc: uo:c
:oiou:c lcvcl, io: :cltivisu c: lso |c w, to cst :cicl cou|t o: w|t lostc:
t|cs io: g::tcc i: |is ow: :t c:iticisu w|t |c clls t|c i:t::sigc:cc oi
scxulit,, : u:co:scious, o: :, su|st:cc t|t uig|t cxcccc t|c |isto:icll,
scciiic
1-
lt is |:c to cc:, t|t t|c ct|:og:|ic tu:: i: Visul ultu:c
c:cou:gcs s|cticl ttitucc to t|c :otio: t|t t|c:c is o scxulit, o: o
u:co:scious t|t souc|ow t::scc:cs t|c scciiicit, oi its |isto:icl ci:cuust:ccs
li t|c:c :c u:, |otog:|ics, t|c:, it iollows, t|c:c c: lso otc:till, |c u:,
scxulitics :c cvc:, c:|s, uo:c t|: o:c u:co:scious
o i:, lostc:s co:cc::s sccu to |c uislccc, sclii:tc:cstcc, o: siul,
uisc|icvous, |ut t|c, co t lcst :isc t|is w|olc qucstio: oi t|c olitics oi :,
ciscou:sc |out visul iugcs lt io:ccs us to co:sicc: cxctl, w|t is t st|c i: t|csc
:c:c cc|tcs |out ccii:itio:s :c scciiicit,, voicc :c su||cct uttc: I|c ccito:s
oi o.c/.. :ig|tl, iccl t|t :t |isto:, itscli is t :is| |c:c :c io: souc :cso: w:t to
ccic:c it, t|us :ci:io:ci:g t|ci: ow: co:ti:ui:g lli:cc wit| :uli:gclss vlucs :c
i:tc:csts
!0
lut its :cciscl, |ccusc l iccl t|t |isto:, cocs i:cccc uttc:, :c t|t : :t
|isto:, oi |otog:|, is :ow so i:ccqutc to t|c ts| t |:c, t|t l g:vittc to t|c
stilloc: ::gc oi ossi|ilitics sig:iiicc |, Visul ultu:c I|c wo:cs u, |c
i:ccqutc, |ut t|c ccsi:c io: ciiic:c:cc t|c, :c:csc:t is couclli:g lo: uc, t|c:,
Visul ultu:c :ouiscs, :ot : ltc::tivc to ou: cu::c:t w,s oi u:cc:st:ci:g t|c
|isto:, oi |otog:|,, |ut : c:utio: wit|i: t|t |isto:, w|ic| t|:ctc:s to totll,
t::sio:u its cxisti:g :uctc:s l: t|t sc:sc, l |clicvc t|t, s w, oi tl|i:g
|out |otog:|,, :c csccill, |out vc::cul:, cvc:,c, gc::cs oi |otog:|,
li|c s:s|ots, t|c cuc:gi:g iiclc oi Visul ultu:c :cui:s :ic wit| ll so:ts oi
i:tc:csti:g ossi|ilitics
I|is :ctu::s uc to t|c :o|lcu wit| w|ic| l |cg: u, ciscussio:, t|c
:o|lcu oi ccvisi:g w, oi i:co:o:ti:g t|c s:s|ot gc::c i:to |isto:, oi
|otog:|, \, ii:st t|:cc cxulcs couc i:ou collcctio: oi |out .00
s:s|ots :ccc:tl, co:tcc to :cw c:sc,s :cw:| \uscuu |, l::| \:csc,
cclc: i: co:tcuo::, iol| :t wit| gllc:, i: t|c |clsc cist:ict oi :cw
Yo:|
!1
I|c u: o|viousl, |s : ccuctcc, qui:|, c,c, io: u:, oi t|c ictu:cs
i: |is collcctio: ictu:c u:cxcctcc o: uultilc oi:ts oi vicw ;li|c t|c :cilcctio:s
i: t|c coo: o: t|c ccicc:tl |uxtositio: oi ii:gc:s, wou:, :c uo:uuc:t, s
wcll s oig::tl, u:|:ow|lc :::tivcs, :c, scxul situtio:s, o: ot|c: clcuc:ts
oi u:usul icto:il i:tc:cst lo: ll t|csc :cso:s, t|c,:c :ot vc:, :c:csc:ttivc
oi iuil, s:s|ots
: u,|c t|c, :c W|t woulc :c:csc:ttivc sulc oi s:s|ots loo| li|c,
:,w,, :c |ow woulc wc go |out c|oosi:g it I|ts cxctl, t|c |isto:icl
cilcuu wc:c t:,i:g to solvc |c:c
SNAPSHOTS 1 2 9
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A:c wc:c cc:ti:l, :ot t|c ii:st to t:, Aitc: cccccs oi :cglcct, t|c:c |vc |cc:
su::isi:g :uu|c: oi su|st:til u|lictio:s :c cx|i|itio:s cccictcc to t|c
s:s|ot i: :ccc:t ,c:s A:c s ,ouvc l:cc, |c:c, wc :ow cvc: |vc :t cclc:s
co:ti:g t|ci: collcctio:s oi s:s|ots to :t uuscuus :t cclc:s collccti:g
s:s|ots uuscuus cccti:g co:tio:s oi s:s|ots |oo|s |out s:s|ots W|ts
goi:g o: |c:c Iwc:t, ,c:s go ,ou coulc:t givc s:s|ots w, o w|, t|c
succc: i:tc:cst
oulc t|is |u:st oi ctivit, |c i:si:cc |, t|c ossi|ilit, t|t t|is is io:u oi
|otog:|, t|t is l:cc, sicl, t|i:g oi t|c st l: ciicct, t|csc v:ious
u|lictio:s, scvc:l oi t|cu cx|i|itio: ctlogucs i:ou u|o: :t uuscuus, cclc|:tc
t|c s:s|ot cvc: s t|c, cccl:c it ccc ;:cvc: |s t|c ct,uologicl co::cctio:
|ctwcc: uuscuu :c uusolcuu sccucc so ci:cct,
!!
Ioc,, loo|i:g |c| i:ou ou:
cigitl gc, it |s to |c co:ccccc t|t s:s|ots :c t|cusclvcs |isto:icl o||ccts,
:cu::ts oi : c:lic:, i:cust:il |sc i: uocc::it,s ccvclouc:t I|c, sc| oi
tiuc, :ot so lo:g go, w|c: cuc:s still c::icc iilu :c loc| still coui:tcc t|c
|otog:|, u:|ct I|c, sc| oi u, ,out|, u,|c cvc: oi t|c ,out| oi ou:
uocc:: gc As l |vc suggcstcc :cviousl,, t|c cvc:t oi cigitl tcc|:ologics uc:s
t|t t|is |i:c oi |otog:|, |s :ow t|c: o: : cxt: ucuo:il :olc, :ot oi t|c
su||ccts it ccicts, |ut oi its ow: oc:tio: s s,stcu oi :c:csc:ttio:
!!
I|is
suiiuscs s:s|ots wit| t|c cst|ctic cl oi sccuctivc ucl:c|ol,, w|tcvc: t|ci:
ctul gc o: t|c :ticul:itics oi t|ci: su||cct uttc: c:ti:l, its |:c :ow to scc
t|csc :cct:glcs oi gclti: silvc: o: vivic colo:, wit| t|ci: w|itc ccgcs :c gloss,
s|cc:, cxcct t|:oug| cisto:ti:g |zc oi uocc::ist :ostlgi
I|t sic, s:s|ots :c oitc: iull oi usciul i:io:utio: |out t|c st, o:c c:
wcll iugi:c socil |isto:ics illust:tcc |, s:s|ots, o: cvc: socil |isto:, oi t|c
s:s|ot itscli, t:ci:g t|c iou:ci:g oi t|c lstu: loc| cou:, i: 1, :c
t|c ccvclouc:t oi its cuc:s :c u:|cti:g tcc|:iqucs D:gi:g wouc: to |ccouc
t|c iuil,s |isto:i:, loc| gg:cssivcl, ssocitcc t|c s:s|ot wit| ucuo:, :c
loss, :c wit| scciiicll, uicclcclss vlucs :c sc:tiuc:ts, :c i:sistcc t|t
|otog:|, |c :cg:ccc s : cssc:til :t oi cvc:,c, liic
!+
I|is is cc:ti:l, :
iuo:t:t sto:, to tcll lut su:cl, its :ot t|c o:l, o:c lts :ot t|c o:c, io: cxulc,
t|t uost oi t|csc :ccc:t u|lictio:s |vc c|osc: to :ccou:t
Iwo oi t|c uost :oui:c:t oi t|csc u|lictio:s :c :o|c 1|. t|cc.o|, c
i..,1o, t.., : c |. t..., issucc |, t|c : l::cisco \uscuu oi \occ:: A:t
i: 1--, :c o|.. t..o.., u|lis|cc i: !000 i: co:|u:ctio: wit| : cx|i|itio: oi
s:s|ots i:ou t|c collcctio: oi I|ous Wlt|c: t t|c \ct:oolit: \uscuu oi A:t
i: :cw Yo:|
!.
l: |ot| cscs, t|ci: c|osc: ictu:cs :c :csc:tcc wit| ui:iuuu oi
tcxtul ccou:iuc:t, o:c iugc to gc, i: :o :ticul: c|:o:ologicl o:cc:,
li|c so u:, :ccious :t o||ccts A:c w|, :ot lsoltcc li|c t|is, :cuovcc i:ou :,
sc:sc oi : o:igi:l co:tcxt, t|csc ictu:cs co |ccouc :ccious, cvc: cxt:o:ci::,
You ili i:ou gc to gc, ictu:c to ictu:c, uzcc t t|c luscious to:cs :c
io:ul i:vc:tio: oi t|csc ot|c:wisc o:ci::, |otog:|s
:c loo|s s t|oug| it ws t|c: |, \: k,, :ot|c: |, kocc|c:|o I|c,
:ovc, so Wlt|c: clius i: |is w:ittc: co:t:i|utio: to o|.. t..o.., t|t t|c
cuc: c: |c : cxtc:sio: oi gc:ius i: t|c |:cs oi :, o:c oi us
!o
:,
cqull,, t|c, :ovc t|t : c,c ccuctcc |, :t |isto:, c:, ii it w:ts to, ii:c t:ccs
1 3 0 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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oi v:tg:cc sc:si|ilit, w|c:cvc: it loo|s W|ic| is it A:c t|csc u|lictio:s
t:i|utc to t|c s:s|ot, o: to t|c s|: c,c oi t|ci: collccto:cu:to: A:c t|c,
cxc:ciscs i: |oto|isto:,, o: |ust i: :t :ccitio: :c scucouo:|isu W|t co
t|csc u|lictio:s ctull, tcll us |out t|c s:s|ot s cultu:l o: socil
|c:ouc:o: o: cvc: s c:so:l cxc:ic:cc A:swc: vc:, littlc
W|t t|c, co tcll us quitc lot |out is t|c co:ti:ui:g i:iluc:cc oi cc:ti: |i:c
oi :t |isto:, o: t|c stuc, oi |otog:|, \o:c :ticul:l,, t|c, iul, t|t t|c
u|i:g oi vluc |ucguc:ts i: lostc:s vicw : ctivit, t|t sc:tcs :t |isto:,
i:ou Visul ultu:c is : :o:itc w, to go |out u|i:g sc:sc oi s:s|ots l:
:t, t|is ssuutio: i:cictcs t|c ccg:cc to w|ic|, t|:|s i: :t to t|c coui::cc oi
t|c o.c/.. g:ou ovc: t|c st twc:t, ,c:s, t|c t:ocs oi :t c:iticisu |vc couc to
|c icc:tiiicc wit| t|c :cticc oi :t |isto:,
!
lccc wit| vst iiclc oi ossi|lc
c|oiccs, |ot| Wlt|c: :c :ic|cl |vc ccciccc t|t t|c |cst t|i:g to co is ic| out
:cltivcl, icw i:tc:csti:g ictu:cs i:ou t|c uultitucc vil|lc, s ii to u|c t|c csc
io: :llcl v:tg:cc oultio: st:ivi:g io: icto:il i::ovtio: uo:gst us
ot|c:wisc o:ci::, iol| s:s|ots s utsicc: A:t
I|is :oc|, i: w|ic| |:ciul oi cxcctio:l cxulcs is s|cc to :c:csc:t
gc::c ot|c:wisc i:ii:itc i: :uu|c:, is :cctcc i: t|cc 1.co. ., : :t|olog, oi iou:c
ictu:cs u|lis|cc i: l::cc i: !00o
!
lc:c wc :c :csc:tcc wit| s:s|ot vicwi:g
s |i:c oi su::clist cxc:cisc, s ii t|c su||cctivc :tu:c oi t|c sclcctio: is itscli
:cilcctio: o: t|c iuossi|ilit, oi t|c cu:to:il ts| l: t|c icc oi i::uuc:|lc
c|oiccs, c|:cc is :c:tl, t|c o:l, |isto:icl uct|oc t|t c: :oc:l, :c:csc:t
t|is t,c oi |otog:| :cc gi:, u:, oi t|csc ictu:cs couc to us :clctc wit|
ciiccts :o||l, u:i:tc:ccc |, t|ci: |otog:|c: couccic ccicc:ts, cou|lc
cxosu:cs, occ :cilcctio:s, u:cxli:cc oscs :c gcstu:cs, :c |lu::cc situtio:s
I|c,vc ll |cc: ucc |, :ow u:|:ow: |otog:|c:s i: ci:cuust:ccs t|t c: o:l,
|c gucsscc t lvi:g |cc: clcvtcc to t|c sttus oi iol| :t, t|c, |vc lso |cc:
t::sio:ucc |c:c i:to souct|i:g ot|c: t|: t|cusclvcs i:to ucuo:ics wit|out
ucuo:,, sto:ics wit|out sto:,tcllc:s, i: s|o:t, i:to c:igus
I|t cocs:t u|c t|cu :, lcss i:tc:csti:g s ictu:cs : c:|s its o:l, t|ci:
isoltio:, cut oii i:ou t|c visul cco|o:, oi ll t|c wo:lcs ot|c: s:s|ots, t|t |s
ucc t|csc ictu:cs sccu i:tc:csti:g o:sicc: :ot|c: oi t|csc ciio:ts to :csc:t t|c
s:s|ot to us, i: t|is csc : cx|i|itio: ctloguc u|lis|cc i: !00 |, t|c :tio:l
Gllc:, i: Ws|i:gto:
!-
l: u:, w,s, its t|c |cst u|lictio: o: t|c s:s|ot t|t
|s |cc: :ocuccc to ctc, |ci:g wcll o:g:izcc, w:ittc:, :c ccsig:cc lt :oviccs
iou:css, socil |isto:, oi t|c s:s|ot, |cutiiull, illust:tcc wit| |ot|
cvc:tiscuc:ts :c c:ioc s:s|ots lts ::c to ii:c : :oc| t|t t:ics to ut
s:s|ots i:to scciiic co:tcxt, ccsig:ti:g t|c ciiic:c:ccs |ctwcc: t|osc :ocuccc
i: 1-!0 :c 1-.0 I|is |oo| cocs so A:c t|c ictu:cs :c isci:ti:g :c oitc:
cxt:o:ci::,
A:c t|c:cs w|c:c t|c usul :o|lcu :iscs I|is cx|i|itio: :c |oo| :c |scc
o: o:c :ivtc collcctio: oi 000 s:s|ots ;1! oi w|ic| |vc |cc: givc: to t|c
:tio:l Gllc:, i: t|c usul quic :o quo :::gcuc:t, I|csc s:s|ots |vc |cc:
cullcc i:ou, s ,oull :cucu|c:, t|c ..0 s:s|ots t|t :c t|c: cvc:, scco:c ;t|c
|oo| vc:tu:cs totl :uu|c: io: 1- - |illio: i: t|c D lo:c, I|c, wc:c i: ict
collcctcc |, souco:c t:i:cc s : :t |isto:i: :c |c |s loo|cc, :tu:ll, c:oug|,
SNAPSHOTS 1 3 1
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io: c:ctivc, u:usul, :c ::c cxulcs oi t|c s:s|ot :t lowcvc:, s lvc
l:cc, suggcstcc, t|c vst u|o:it, oi s:s|ots :c :ot ::c o: :ticul:l, c:ctivc,
t|c,:c uostl, |:l, :cctitivc i: icto:il io:u, :c co:io:uist i: socil si:tio:
I|osc s:s|ots ;:c t|c:cio:c -- oi t|c gc::c, :c :ot :c:csc:tcc |c:c
l: sc:sc, t|is |oo| cxculiiics t|c :o|lcu oi :csc:ti:g |isto:, oi
|otog:|, wit|i: t|c co:ii:cs oi : :t |isto:icl :::tivc o: : :t uuscuu A
:c:csc:ttivc |isto:, oi t|c visul cultu:c oi |otog:|, |s to c|:owlccgc :c
ccou:t io: |o:ccou :c u|iquit,, t|c ucciuus uost |ici:g visul qulitics lut
t|c :tio:l Gllc:, oi A:t is :ot goi:g to uou:t : cx|i|itio: ccvotcc to |o:i:g
ictu:cs :c is t|c:cio:c co:stitutio:ll, u:|lc to :csc:t :c:csc:ttivc |isto:, oi
t|c s:s|ot
o i: t|is |oo| ,ou |vc t|c occ |uxtositio: oi tcxtul socil |isto:, ;cxcct
io: t|c lst c|tc:, w|ic| c:t sto itscli i:ou tclli:g us ll |out t|c s:s|ots
i:iluc:cc o: |ig| :t, :c illust:tio:s t|t cisl, u:t,icl, cxcctio:l cxulcs, i:
uost cscs :cuovcc i:ou :, sc:sc oi : o:igi:l co:tcxt :c cislccc i:ou t|c
c:so:l i:tiuc, t|t o:cc :iutcc t|cu s |ccs|cs At lcst t|c |oo| is cllcc
1|. +. c |. +....o :o|c, : |o:cst c:oug| titlc :ow ll wc :ccc is : ctul
|isto:, oi t|c Auc:ic: s:s|ot, |isto:, o|scsscc wit| liic :t|c: t|: :t lut w|t
i:stitutio: is goi:g to t|c t|t ts| o:, o: |s t|c :csou:ccs oi t|c :tio:l Gllc:, to
co s :icc |o| s t|is
I|c Gctt, \uscuu i: los A:gclcs c:|s I|c,vc i: ict l:cc, co:c it,
|vi:g co:t:i|utcc t|ci: ow: u|lictio: o: t|c s:s|ot i: !00+ Iitlcc c!c. c
uc. + +....o +!/o, t|is ctloguc s|ows us ,ct uo:c s:s|ots luc|cc i:ou
o|scu:it,, :c:ocuccc i: |ot| colo: :c |lc| :c w|itc, :i:tcc t ll so:ts oi
ciiic:c:t sclcs, wit| :o :cg:c io: t|c o:igi:l o||cct o: its co:tcxt
!0
ou:cc
wit| t|c ot|c: u|lictio:s, l ii:c u:, oi t|c Gctt, iugcs to |c :ot vc:, couclli:g
to loo| t, cxcct s socil cocuuc:ts oi |,go:c c:s ;s :cco:cs oi clot|i:g, c:s,
iu::itu:c, lcisu:c ctivitics, |ouc liic, lc:|s u, :cltivc cisi:tc:cst i: t|cu s
ictu:cs is cuc to co:tcut |o:: oi iuili:it, lo: t|csc :ticul: s:s|ots co
loo| vc:, uuc| li|c t|c o:cs i: u, ow: s|oc|ox, t|t is, t|c, loo| li|c ictu:cs oi
:ot|i:g uuc| lut t|c, couc to uc wit|out :, oi t|c twi:gcs oi :ccog:itio: :c
ucuo:, t|t givc u, ow: iuil, ictu:cs t|ci: co:ti:ucc vitlit, I|c,:c uo:c o:
lcss :c:csc:ttivc oi t|c io:u oi t|c s:s|ot, |ut t|c, lc| t|osc ot|c: qulitics t|t
u|c t|c s:s|ot uttc: s socil :tiict All l scc |c:c :c souc ::cou visul
:csicucs oi souco:c clscs liic, s ii lu |ci:g ucc :iv, to o:l, o:c sicc oi
co:vc:stio: :ow illc: silc:t
I|is iuoscc silc:cc oi:ts to t|c :cl ciiiicult, oi w:iti:g |out t|c s:s|ot
As soo: s ,ou ic| o:c out i:ou t|c |c:c io: sccil ttc:tio:, ,ou |ill t|c vc:,
qulit, t|t u|cs it w|t it is I|c Gctt, u|lictio:, sc|i:g io: ll oi t|cu,
cu|:ccs, cvc: cclc|:tcs, t|is ct oi cislccuc:t cisc:ggcc i:ou t|ci: iu:ctio:
s c:so:l ucuc:tos, s:s|ots isci:tc |ccusc t|c, |ccouc oc: to :cw :c
v:icc i:tc::cttio:s
!1
lc:so:l i:tiuc, is :clccc |, vo,cu:istic sccultio:,
t|us u|i:g cvc: t|c uost io:uulic iugc t|i:g oi isci:tio: I|is i:vittio: to
sccultc, it is :gucc, :csto:cs t|c c:ctivc cxc|:gc |ctwcc: vicwc: :c
|otog:| t|t |s |cc: ot|c:wisc lost i: t|c t::sic: i:ou iuil, :c|ivc to :t
|oo|
1 3 2 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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c:ti:l, t|c sc:tio: oi :, s:s|ot i:ou its o:igi:l co:tcxtul :::tivc
u|cs ,ou co:cc:t:tc o: i:cicc:tl cctils :c o: t|c co:ti:gc:t icto:il ciiccts oi
i:ui:g :c c:oi:g ;,ou :c t|c:c|, io:ccc to ttc:c to t|c i:tc::l, io:ul
clcuc:ts oi |otog:|ic ictu:cu|i:g, io:gctti:g t|t t|is is o:l, o:c scct oi
|ow t|c uc:i:g oi |otog:| is cctc:ui:cc,
!!
All t|is llows t|csc |oo|s
to succcssiull, tu:: :ivtc ct i:to u|lic :t lut t|is :occss lso |c:s to |c
co:vc:ic:t w, io: cc| oi t|csc u|lictio:s to voic |vi:g to cc:css itscli to t|c
scciiic c|:ctc: oi t|c s:s|ot s gc::c oi |otog:|,
l woulc suggcst t|t t|is c|:ctc: co:sists oi t lcst two i:tc:loc|i:g :ts :
t|c o:c |:c, wc |vc t,c oi |otog:|ic iugc t|t, co:t::, to t|c iu:cssio:
lcit |, uost oi t|csc u|lictio:s, tc:cs to |c :ccict|lc i: co:tc:t :c co:sc:vtivc
i: st,lc : t|c ot|c:, t|csc suc, u:cxciti:g iugcs :c c|lc oi i:cuci:g
|otog:|ic cxc:ic:cc t|t c: |c i:tc:scl, i:civicul, oitc: cuotio:l, souctiucs
cvc: i:iul lc:cs :ot|c: oi t|osc co:u:c:uus s:s|ots :c cull ictu:cs t|t wc
c:t livc wit|out ;:cu:||l,, s:s|ots :c |i:c oi ictu:c o:c coulc |ot| lug|
:c c:, ovc:,
A:, stuc, oi t|c s:s|ot wo:t|, oi t|c :uc uust su:cl, cc:css itscli to t|c
c,:uics oi t|is co:t:cictio: ;|o:i:g ictu:c io: uc, uovi:g ictu:c io: ,ou, |, w,
oi t|co:, oi |otog:|ic :ccctio: I|is uc:s loo|i:g uo:c closcl, t t|c
:cltio:s|i oi t|c s:s|ot to :ctwo:| oi cxccttio:s :c o|ligtio:s cxtc:ci:g i:
outsicc t|c ictu:c itscli l: s|o:t, it will uc: |vi:g to co:sicc: t|c s:s|ot
|otog:| s |ot| coulcx socil ccvicc :c c:so:l tlisu:, :t|c: t|:
siul, s sttic :t o||cct
lcts :ctu:: to ou: o:igi:l t|:cc cxulcs i:ou t|c \:csc ollcctio: I|c,
coulc |c sic to cx|i|it u:, oi t|c s:s|ots uost couuo: tt:i|utcs I|c,vc
|cc: t|c: oi i:ic:cs :c iuil, ucu|c:s |, utcu: |otog:|c:s wit| c|c |:c
|clc cuc:s io: t|c cx:css u:osc oi :ocuci:g c:so:l ucuc:to As ictu:cs,
t|c, cou|i:c |uuo: :c u::c|c:scc i:tiuc, wit| io:ulit, |o::owcc i:ou
:oicssio:l stucio t:citio: I|c su||cct ;luost lw,s c:so:, is usull, lccc
ii:ul, i: t|c cc:tc: oi t|c ictu:c l:c, loo|i:g ci:cctl, t t|c cuc:, wcll w:c
t|t t|c, :c osi:g io: ostc:it,s s|c
Wc co:t |:ow t|csc colc, :c :o||l, :cvc: will lut wc c: still iugi:c
t|c scc::io t|t |s lcc to t|csc uouc:ts, io: t|is is : cxc:ic:cc wc |vc ll
s|:cc I|c littlc gi:l |s :o cou|t |cc: coc|cc |, |c: :c:t|otog:|c: ;w|o
|s i: tu:: |cc: coc|cc |, loc| cvc:tiscuc:ts :c c:|s cvc: |, |is|c: ow:
:c:ts, to uiuic sct oi gcstu:cs :c oscs t|oug|t :oc: to suc| ictu:cs
I|:oug| t|t uiuic:, t|c, |ot| cx:css ccsi:c ;w|ct|c: co:sciousl, o: :ot, to
co:io:u to t|c loo|s :c cxccttio:s oi uicclcclss liic As collcctivc ctivit, oi
ictu:cu|i:g, s:s|ots s|ow t|c st:ugglcs oi :ticul: i:civiculs to co:io:u to
t|c socil cxccttio:s, :c visul t:ocs, oi t|ci: scx :c clss, s lvc l:cc,
suggcstcc, cvc:,o:c siuult:cousl, w:ts to loo| li|c t|cusclvcs :c li|c cvc:,o:c
clsc to |c t|c suc |ut ;cvc: so slig|tl,, ciiic:c:t lcio:c ll clsc, s:s|ots :c
occs to co:io:uist i:civiculisu
I|is visul co:io:uit, u|cs t|csc so:ts oi |otog:|s couio:ti:gl, iuili:
I|c, stitc| |ot| |otog:|c: :c su||cct i:to l:gc: couuu:it, oi s|:cc vlucs
:c si:tio:s :s|ots t|c:c|, wo:| to :cco:cilc c:so:l :c uss icc:tit, lut
SNAPSHOTS 1 3 3
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t|is socil iuc:tivc still cocs:t c:ti:cl, cxli: w|, wc ii:c ou: ow: s:s|ots to
|c so uovi:g, givc: t|ci: ot|c:wisc low|:ow cst|ctic qulitics
\,|c wc |vc to s| w|ct|c: t|c :cltivc lc| oi iugi:tio: s|ow: i: t|csc
so:ts oi |otog:|s i: ict s|iits t|c |u:cc: oi iugi:tivc t|oug|t i:ou t|c :tist
:c su||cct, w|c:c |isto:i:s usull, scc| it, to t|c vicwc:, w|o is i:vitcc |, suc|
ictu:cs to scc uuc| uo:c t|: uccts t|c c,c
!!
c:ti:l,, w|c: l cxui:c
s:s|ot oi lovcc o:c, l scc |ow t|c, o:cc loo|cc, |ut l lso :o|cct |ow l iccl
|out t|t c:so: o:to t|c ictu:c I|c s:s|ot co:|u:cs |ow |., ... |. :c |ow
i o c, i: t|c suc llc:coussi:g loo|
li wc wc:c to cst ou: c,cs ovc: ll t|c .00 s:s|ots i:ou t|c \:csc
ollcctio:, wc uig|t :oticc t|t souc oi t|cu couc to us soucw|t cugcc, ovc:
FIGURE 4 Unknown, untitled (Myself Lyle Egan best friend), ca. 1930s, Gelatin silver print,
+
!
=

|!
!
=
+
in. Collection of the author.
1 3 4 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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t|c ,c:s t|c,vc |cc: sti:cc, wct|c:cc, :c sc::cc :c oi t|cu cvc: |s c:csc
ll t|c w, c:oss it ;:c ,ct souco:c still t:csu:cc t|is |otog:| c:oug| to |cc
it, lts :cui:cc: t|t s:s|ots coulc otc:till, |c :c:ocuccc i: l:gc :uu|c:s
|ut i: :clit, t|c, :c oitc: u:iquc iugcs uc| ccio:uitics :c lso :cui:cc: t|t
t|csc ictu:cs wc:c o:cc :cgul:l, touc|cc |, t|ci: o:igi:l ow:c:s I|c, wc:c
touc|cc, ii:gc:cc, io:clcc, tu::cc ovc:, c:|s w:ittc: o: o: :cc ;iigu:c +,, :c
t|c:, i: u:, cscs, lccc i: l|uus ccsig:cc cx:cssl, io: t|c u:osc I|csc
l|uus wc:c vc|iclc io: sto:,tclli:g, oitc: co:vc,i:g |iocic st::i:g t|c u|c:
oi t|c l|uu ;w|o wc |:ow, i:ou i:| ctio:s, o:l, s uc,
!+
koug|l,
c|:o:ologicl, t|is :::tivc usull, loctcc its :i:cil cto: wit|i: wc| oi iuilil
:c socil cvc:ts :c sctti:gs, llowi:g t|c ccictio: oi : icclizcc liic i: icto:il
io:u ;s:s|ots ::cl, ctu:c uouc:ts oi tc:sio: o: u:|i:css,
lc| cou|lc gc uig|t :csc:t ciiic:c:t vc:sio: oi t|c suc |sic ::cissistic
sto:, ;uc t t|c |cc| wit| u, i:ic:cs, uc t u, |i:t|c, :t,, uc o: |olic, i:
l:is, u, i:ic:cs loo|i:g t uc s l t|c t|ci: |otog:|, l: suc| :::tivcs, t|c
:cltio:s|i oi o:c |otog:| to t|c :cxt is c:ucil clcuc:t, llowi:g io: :cl,
ciicct t|t |i:cs givc: c:scu|lc togct|c: i: co|c:c:t cicgcsis ;u:, oi t|csc
ictu:cs t|t wc :ow scc i: isoltio: i: :t |oo|s uig|t |vc loo|cc lot lcss st::gc
w|c: scc: i: t|ci: o:igi:l cou:,,
!.
I|c cu::c:t :o:,uit, oi t|is i:tc:locuto: is
iu:t|c: :cui:cc: t|t t|c ucic:cc io: t|is icto:il :::tivc ws i:tc:ccc to |c
closc ci:clc oi iuil, :c i:ic:cs, :o||l, t|c suc g:ou ictu:cc i: t|c
|otog:|s l: ot|c: wo:cs, t|c colc loo|i:g t t|csc s:s|ots |:cw t|ci:
su||ccts |, :uc ;:c u,|c t|c, cvc: too| souc o: ll oi t|c s:s|ots t|cusclvcs,
:s|ots :c touc||lc o||ccts |ut t|c, :c lso oitc: :outs io: sccc| I|c
su||ccts oi t|csc s:s|ots wc:c o:cc :ucc louc, tl|cc ovc:, |o|cc |out, li|clcc
:c :iciculcc, :ci:tc::ctcc :c co:tcstcc i: o:l cxc|:gc
!o
:s|ots wc:c ::cl,
co:tcultcc i: :cscctiul silc:cc :c :o: s|oulc t|c, |c :ow lut w|t is s:s|ot
w|c: it |s |cc: :c:cc:cc uutc W|t co t|c, |vc to s, to us :ow, w|c: ll t|is
:iuti:g c|ttc: |s cicc cow: :c wc :c lcit wit| o:l, its |us|, wit| |ust t|c
:out itscli W|t clsc co iou:c s:s|ots |vc to tcll us, |c,o:c t|c sc ict oi
t|ci: ow: cct| s uc:i:giul c:so:l :tiicts
Wcll, t|c, uig|t lso |c :cg:ccc s collcctivc cccl:tio: oi iit| i: t|c uicst
oi : i:c:csi:gl, s|cticl, sccul: wo:lc li|c cvc:, |otog:|, t|c s:s|ot is :
i:ccxicl t:cc oi t|c :csc:cc oi its su||cct, t:cc t|t |ot| co:ii:us t|c :clit, oi
cxistc:cc :c :cucu|c:s it, otc:till, su:vivi:g s i:gilc tlisu: oi t|t cxistc:cc
cvc: itc: its su||cct |s sscc o: lt is t|c :ccc to :ovicc wit:css to t|is cxistc:cc
to cccl:c l ws |c:c: i: visul tc:us t|t su:cl, c:ivcs us to |cc o:
|otog:|i:g, :t|c: t|: t|c i:t:i:sic qulitics oi t|c ictu:c t|t :csults
lic::c lou:cicus 1-o. sociologicl stuc, oi w|t |c cllcc uicclc|:ow :t
ccsc:i|cc t|c u|i:g oi iuil, s:s|ot l|uus s :itul oi i:tcg:tio: t|t c:cts
:o:ulizi:g iu:ctio: wit| ll t|c cl:it, oi iit|iull, visitcc g:vcsto:c
!
Auo:g ot|c: t|i:gs, |c oi:ts out t|t iuil, s:s|ots c: |c t|c: wit| :, so:t oi
cuc:, :c t|t, cqull,, s:s|ot cuc: c: t|c v:ict, oi |i:cs oi ictu:c,
w|t u|cs s:s|ot s:s|ot is its iu:ctio:, :ot its icto:il qulitics, :c t|is
iu:ctio: is cctc:ui:cc |, t|c :ctwo:| oi socil :cltio:s|is oi w|ic| it is :t lc
u:cc:li:cs t|c ct|:og:|ic c:scctivc |c |:i:gs to |is :l,sis |, cxlicitl,
SNAPSHOTS 1 3 5
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cou:i:g iuil, s:s|ots to .|o..o, t|osc o||ccts oi ccco:tcc wooc o: sto:c
t|t :c:csc:t t|c |,sicl |oc, oi :ticul: :ccsto:, w|ic|, uo:gst t|c A::c,
cc| gc:c:tio: solcu:l, :csc:ts to t|c livi:g c:so: |clc to |c t|c :ci:c::tio: oi
t|t :ccsto:, :c w|ic| :c c:iocicll, |:oug|t out io: i:scctio: :c :cvc:c:cc
!
lou:cicu u:cc:li:cs t|c :iul qulit, oi ou: :cltio:s|i to s:s|ots |,
:cic::i:g us to w|t, io: |iu, uust |vc sccucc t|c uost :iuitivc oi ictis| o||ccts,
t|osc uscc |, Aust:lis A|o:igi:cs I|c cou:iso: uig|t sccu i::o:itc
toc,, |ut w|o coulc cc:, t|c owc: oi t|c :cltio:s|i |cs t:,i:g to ccsc:i|c
itc: sic to |c t|c ii:st t|i:g wc woulc :cscuc i:ou |u::i:g |uilci:g, t|c s:s|ot
is t,c oi |otog:| t|t is o:l, ::cl, loo|cc t :c t|c: usull, i: t|c uost
:ivtc :c coucstic oi ci:cuust:ccs, luost lw,s i:ucc |, i:vc:tivc
:cui:iscc:cc :c uixcc cuotio:s Wc |vc to |vc t|cu ;to |:ow wc |vc t|cu,,
|ut wc co:t :cccss:il, |vc to scc t|cu I|c i:o:, is t|t wc t|c |otog:|s i:
o:cc: to cc:, t|c ossi|ilit, oi cct|, to sto tiuc i: its t:c|s :c us wit| it lut t|t
vc:, suc |otog:|, |, lci:g us i:cisut|l, i: t|c st, is itscli |i:c oi ui:i
cct| sc:tc:cc, :ccictio: oi ou: ultiutc ccuisc t souc iutu:c tiuc lt cc:tiiics
tiucs st :c tiucs i:cvit|lc ssi:g lvc:, s:s|ot, :o uttc: w|t its su||cct
uttc:, cu|ocics t|is :coxicl ucssgc, sc|i:g siuult:cousl, oi liic :c cct|
I|is is t|cuc cc:csscc t lc:gt| i: kol:c l:t|css lst |oo|, co..o to..1o,
i: u:, w,s t|c cxcul:, tcxt io: t|osc i:tc:cstcc i: t|c |i:c oi w:iti:g t|t is
:ow cllcc Visul ultu:c I|is i:iluc:til css, :t uto|iog:|icl :ovcl, :t
|iloso|icl :uui:tio: is lso : ccou:t oi |otog:|, i: w|ic| t|c s:s|ot
cxc:ic:cc is, io: o:cc, givc: cc:t:l :olc lut its |c l:t|cs c|ooscs to tl| |out
t|is cxc:ic:cc t|t is wo:t| :oti:g
l |vc :gucc clscw|c:c t|t co..o to..1o, wit| its c:ciull, cli|:tcc c|oicc oi
illust:tio:s, its cculi: tcuo:l co:volutio:s, its sulcuc:t:, logic, |i::,
tc:us, :c i:vc:tcc l,out ; l,out i: ict |o::owcc i:ou Wltc: lc:|ui:s 1-!1
littlc listo:, oi l|otog:|,,, oiic:s : |isto:icl vicw oi |otog:|, t|t is
ccli|c:tcl, st:uctu:cc !.|. o |cc.o|
!-
l: s|o:t, t|c |oo| scc|s to tcll us cc:ti:
t|i:gs |out |otog:|, |, itscli |ccoui:g |otog:|ic, |, givi:g us scciiicll,
|otog:|ic cxc:ic:cc
li|c lc:|ui: |cio:c |iu, l:t|cs |u::ows i:to t|c vc:, ilcs| oi |otog:|, |,
llowi:g |is tcxt to t|c o: u:, oi its uost slic:t tt:i|utcs, suc| s t|c l,
|ctwcc: :cgtivc :c ositivc t|t is t t|c |c:t oi uost |otog:|ic :cticcs lut
i:to uotio:, t|csc tt:i|utcs t|c: |ccouc t|c st:uctu:i:g :i:cilcs oi |is w:iti:g l,
t|is uc:s |is littlc |oo| is |lc to ci:cctl, c:ggc |otog:|,s cisscui:tio: :c
:ccctio: s wcll s its :ocuctio:, c:coussi:g ll oi its u:, sccts, w|ct|c:
visi|lc ;iugcs :c :cticcs, o: i:visi|lc ;ciiccts :c cxc:ic:ccs, A|:co:i:g
c|:o:olog, s : o:g:izi:g :i:cilc, |c loo|s :iu:il, t o:ci::, |otog:|s, :t|c:
t|: ustc:wo:|s, oc:i:g u t|c c:ti:c iiclc oi |otog:|, io: cxui:tio: :c
csc|cwi:g :, :cli:cc o: :t |isto:icl :c|uciccs Aiui:g o:l, to |c :c:csc:ttivc,
:t|c: t|: cou:c|c:sivc, l:t|cs cvc: :oiic:s t|c ossi|ilit, oi |isto:, |scc o: |ust
o:c ;u:scc:, |otog:| l: s|o:t, t|c :l,ticl :oc| ccuo:st:tcc |, co..o to..1o
:ocuccs |isto:, t|t is ctull, o/co |otog:|,, :ot |ust oi |otog:|s
l:t|cs tl|s, io: cxulc, i: vc:, c:so:l, cuotivc to:cs |out t|c ucuo:ics
oi |is ccccscc uot|c: co:|u:cc |, |is c:cou:tc: wit| si:glc, wo:: |otog:| oi
1 3 6 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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|c: Alt|oug| |c ccsc:i|cs t|is iuil, |otog:| i: cctil, its co::c:s |lu:tcc i:ou
|vi:g |cc: stcc i:to : l|uu, t|c sci :i:t iccc, |c :cvc:t|clcss :ciuscs
to :c:ocucc it io: us
+0
lts clcvc: uovc, |ccusc t|c |sc:t :csc:cc oi t|c so
cllcc Wi:tc: G:cc: |otog:| oi |is uot|c: is voic i:to w|ic| cvc:, :ccc: t|c:
:o|ccts t|ci: ow: s:s|ot oi lovcc o:c
l:t|cs t|us cocs souct|i:g t|t :o:c oi t|csc ot|c: |isto:ics oi t|c s:s|ot
|s c:cc to co |c ccsc:i|cs t|c cssc:til s:s|ot, |ut cocs :ot u|c it visi|lc,
ccu:ci:g t|t wc co t|t wo:| io: |iu i: ou: ui:cs c,c As co:scquc:cc,
i:ii:it, :c zc:o cvc:, s:s|ot cvc: t|c: :c t|is cvo|cc, |ut io:cvc: |sc:tcc
o:c :c ucc to tu:: i: o: cc| ot|c: wit|out usc l: t|is u::c:, l:t|cs
:oviccs tcxtul scc, : iugi::, vo:tcx, i:to w|ic| t|c c:ti:c |isto:, oi t|c
s:s|ot c: |c iu::clcc wit|out si:glc ictu:c i:ou t|t |isto:, |vi:g to |c
cislccc i:to t|c u|lic :clu :c t|c:c|, c|:gcc i:to souct|i:g ot|c: t|:
itscli
lvc: ! ,c:s itc: |is cct|, l:t|css g|ost co:ti:ucs to |u:t ou:
u:cc:st:ci:g oi |otog:|,, cvc: s t|c u::ul,, cculi: qulitics oi t|c
|otog:|ic cxc:ic:cc siuil:l, to:uc:t t|c :cticc oi :t |isto:, \, |:ici
ct|:og:|, oi t|c s:s|ot |s s|ow: t|t t:citio:l, co:sc:vtivc :t |isto:,, oi,
s,, t|c so:t :cticcc |, ll lostc:, is tc:tl, i:ccqutc to t|c coulcxitics oi t|is
gc::c oi |otog:|,, o: cvc: to |otog:|, i: gc:c:l Dsi:g co..o to..1o s
ossi|lc uoccl io: :ot|c: uocc oi |isto:icl ccou:ti:g, l |vc :ooscc wc cot
siuil: so:t oi :l,ticl oscilltio: to t|c o:c iou:c t|c:c, |c| :c io:t| |ctwcc:
w|tcvc: o:|:cc cxulcs oi s:s|ot cultu:c wc c:cou:tc: i: t|c wo:lc :c ou:
ow: :izcc |otog:|ic :cliqu:ics, |ctwcc: clic|c :c su|liuit,, suc:css :c
ciiic:c:cc, t:ut| :c iictio:, u|lic :c :ivtc, i:ii:it, :c zc:o, wit|out lctti:g
cit|c: tc:u cvc: :cst o: its lu:cls lo: it is su:cl, o:l, |c:c, |c:c wit|i: t|c u:st|lc
sci:g oi t|is |i:c oi oscilltio:, t|t t:ul, |otog:|ic |isto:, io: t|c s:s|ot
c: lusi|l, |c stgcc
Notes
Vc:sio:s oi t|is css, :c lso |ci:g u|lis|cc i: :csc i: t|cc.o|.. co!!.., t..
;!00, :c i: l:c:c| i: io1. t|cc.o|.o. ;!00, ouc :g:|s wc:c ii:st
u|lis|cc i: Divici:g listo:,, :co... .! ;ctcu|c: !00, !!!.
1 I|c ii:st ccitio: oi :cw|lls |isto:, ws issucc s : cx|i|itio: ctloguc |, t|c
\uscuu oi \occ:: A:t i: :cw Yo:| i: 1-!, u:cc: t|c titlc t|cc.o|, :+v
:v+ A scco:c ccitio:, luost icc:ticl to t|c ii:st, ws t|c: u|lis|cc s
t|cc.o|, + :|c. c....o! u.c., lt is wo:t| :oti:g t|t t|c \uscuu oi \occ::
A:t :csc:tcc : cx|i|itio: o: t|c s:s|ot i: 1-++, u|lis|i:g ctloguc titlcc
1|. +....o :o|c + i|./..c c |. tc!| +. c |. co..o, wit| : css, o:
I|c Auc:ic: :s|ot |, Will:c D \o:g: I|:|s go to l,:: lc:gc: io:
|:i:gi:g u, ttc:tio: to t|is u|lictio:
! I|c t|i:c ccitio: oi :cw|lls |isto:, ws u|lis|cc s 1|. u.c., c t|cc.o|,
.c :+v c |. t... o, lo: iullc: ccou:ts oi |oto|isto:,s ow: |isto:,, scc
Gssc:, \culc,, \:ic:, lc:t::c
! loucult o!
SNAPSHOTS 1 3 7
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+ l:t|cs k|cto:ic oi t|c lugc ++
. l:t|cs co..o to..1o
o cc, io: cxulc, W::c:, Iuc|c:, l:ow:, li::c,, Willius, l:gio:c,
o|:sto:, lclsc,, uit|, \vo:, \i:zocii, lcw:cs cc lso li::c,, lctc:so:
olouo:Goccu ku|:ics u|cc
kogoii cc lso \oxc,
- cc, io: cxulc, ltc|c: tc.. M. :c
10 l:t|cs co..o to..1o, Agcc :c lv:s, ol:it, l::is
11 lostc: A:c|ivcs wit|out \uscuus 10+
1! l|ic 10.
1! lostc: I|c A:tist s lt|:og:|c: 1, 10
1+ l|ic 1-o
1. kulc,
1o lcw:cs
1 li::c,
1 ltc|c: +. ... :v :cvicw
1- lostc: A:c|ivcs wit|out \uscuus10! lt is o: t|is |sis, c:|s, t|t lostc: is
|lc to oiic: s,c|o:l,tic :cci:g oi t|c :cso:sc oi scvc:tcc:t|cc:tu:, Dutc|
vicwc:s to still liic i:ti:gs cc lostc: I|c A:t oi lctis|isu
!0 cc l:uss :c lostc:
!1 I|c :g:|s t|t iollow :c |scc o: u, ctloguc css,, l:ou l:ii:it, to
Zc:o, w:ittc: io: : cx|i|itio: cu:tcc |, \:vi: lciic:u:, :ow ls I|c:
:s|ots i:ou t|c \:csc ollcctio: I|:|s :c cuc to \cttc :c|, io: |c:
|cliul couuc:ts o: c:it oi t|is css,
!! I|c succc: |u:st oi i:tc:cst s|ow: |, :t uuscuus i: s:s|ots is utc|cc, :c is
c:|s cvc: i:ititcc |,, :llcl i:tc:cst o: t|c :t oi co:tcuo::, :tists
A:tists s v:ious s Icit Dc:, oc|iu c|uic, :c A|i|o l|cc |vc ucc
wo:| out oi iou:c s:s|ots, i: cc| csc :csc:ti:g ciiic:c:t |i:c oi c:ctivc
:c|colog, oi t|c gc::c cc, io: cxulc, Icit Dc:s t!c| ;!000, :c
Goci:c,, \cDo:lc :c Wc|c:, A|i|o l|cc, 1|... :..1co. :.| ;!000,
scc |c: wc|sitc
<
|ttwww1.llo:|:ou|o!
>
A: c:lic: :tistic
i:tc:cst i: t|c s:s|ot ws co:ii:cc to t|c |o::owi:g oi its cst|ctic co:vc:tio:s
|, suc| |otog:|c:s s luuct Gowi:, G::, Wi:og::c, ::c, kcx:ot|, Ioc
lgco:gc, :c lcc l:iccl:cc: cc G:cc:
!! ltc|c: lost|otog:|, 111
!+ cc tc|c:, Wcst
!. :ic|cl, Wlt|c: cc lso uit|
!o Wlt|c: Ac|:owlccguc:ts i: o|.. t..o..
! cc |c: couuc:ts o: t|c icc:tiiictio: oi :t |isto:, wit| :t c:iticisu i:
Gol: Gol: :cic:s i: :ticul: to ll lostc:s uzi:g |:c|, vi ccious
:csc:voi: oi |ig|l, |,osttizcc s,c|o:l,tic tc:us, io: c|gi:g cvc:,t|i:g
i:to slc:cic i:s I|is is gi: ccuo:st:tcc i: lostc:s ciio:t to :csc:t :t
|isto:, :c visul cultu:c s |i::, oositio:
! l:izot :c cc Vcig, A :ccc:t :cvicw oi t|is |oo| clius to :oticc uo:c octic
:c ovc:tl, c:so:l ttitucc to |otog:|,s clcuc:tl :oc:tics t|: o:c
ii:cs i: Auc:ic: u|lictio:s, i: ciicct cliui:g t|t l:izot :c cc Vicg, cx|i|it
l:c:c| sc:si|ilit, i: t|c sclcctio: oi t|ci: s:s|ots cc \oo:c lost :c
lou:c -+ l:izot |iuscli |s couli:cc oi t|c cislccuc:t oi ut|o:s|i i:ou
1 3 8 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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t|c s:s|ot |otog:|c: to t|c ut|o:it, oi t|c uuscuu cu:to: l:csuu|l, |is
:ciusl to i:tcg:tc |is sclcctio: oi s:s|ots i:to co|c:c:t o:cc: is : ciio:t to
cou:tc: t|is tc:cc:c, cc l:izot
!- G:cc:oug| :c Wggo:c:
!0 Wlcic
!1 :ci :c \:ti:cu
!! l: t|is co:tcxt, :otc t|c ccicc:tll, sclico:scious icto:il qulitics oi t|c o:c
twc:tict|cc:tu:, s:s|ot :c:ocuccc i: z:|ows|i 1.- lt is : cxulc, i:
z:|ows|is vicw, oi t|c |otog:|ic ucciuu sc|i:g oi :c io: itscli lo:
c:iticl couuc:ts o: t|c |isto:icl :oc| t|c: |, z:|ows|i, scc olouo:
Goccu, \:c:i: \occ::isu, 1+0+-, 1! lt is lso wo:t| :oti:g t|c
ccliu givc: to t|c wo:| oi cqucs lc::i l:tiguc wit|i: :t uuscuus, llowi:g
t|cu to si:glc out ustc: :tist uo:g ll ot|c: s:s|ot u|c:s cc \oo:c
jo.o. u... to..o.
!! lo: uo:c lo:g t|csc li:cs, scc ltc|c: D:cus oi :ci::, liic o!+, !oo
o
!+ cc W|lc:
!. l:t|cs k|cto:ic oi t|c lugc !+1
!o cc l:gio:c
! lou:cicu ct l !0!1
! l|ic !1
!- ltc|c: co..o to..1o, lc:|ui:
+0 l:t|cs co..o to..1o o
Works cited
Agcc, ucs, :c Wl|c: lv:s t. u :c t.o.. toco M. losto: loug|to: \iiili:,
1-o0
l:t|cs, kol:c co..o to..1o r.!...c c t|cc.o|, :cw Yo:| lill s W:g, 1-1
k|cto:ic oi t|c lugc io.Mo..1. :cw Yo:| lill s W:g, 1-
j1-o+ !!.1
ltc|c:, Gcoii:c, +. ... :v :cvicw +. io!!.. ! ;!00o, !o
co..o to..1o A:ot|c: littlc listo:, oi l|otog:|, 1|. M.o. c
t|cc.o|, lc ko|i: lclsc, :c ll|c tiuso: Williustow:, \A l:| A:t
l:stitutc, !00
D:cus oi :ci::, liic :tcsccvisitc :c t|c lou:gcois lugi:tio:
io. o1 io.o.c lc \:t| l:gio:c \o:t:cl \cGillQucc:s D:ivc:sit,
l:csslc \ois cc l l|oto, !00.
tc.. M. :c t|cc.o|, o1 r../.o.. Austc:cu V: Gog| \uscuu
l:i:ccto: A:c|itcctu:l l:css, !00+
l:ou l:ii:it, to Zc:o :c i 1|. :o|c .c |. Mo...o cc!!...c lc
\:vi: lciic:u: :cw:| :cw:| \uscuu, !00 1!01!0
lost|otog:|, io.| P.!1 i1.o P..., t|cc.o|,, u.c., u|:icgc,
\A \lI l:css, !001
lc:|ui:, Wltc: A ull listo:, oi l|otog:|, c!o.. io, c t|cc.o|, lc
Al: I:c|tc:|c:g :cw lvc: lcctcs lsl:c loo|s, 1-0 j1-!1
1--!1o
SNAPSHOTS 1 3 9
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lc:t::c, Alliso: lcuuo:t :cw|lls l|otog:|, 1!-1-! \|i:g listo:,
u.c., c t|cc.o|, !1! ;1--, 1!+o
lou:cicu, lic::c, ct l t|cc.o|, + M.11!.i.c +. t:io:c, A t:io:c D:ivc:sit,
l:css, 1--0
l:ow:, llsct| l 1|. cc.c.o. i,. t|cc.o|, o1 |. ro.co!..o.c c +....o
cc....o! co!o.. lltiuo:c o|:s lo|i:s D:ivc:sit, l:css, !00.
lcw:cs, lliz|ct| l|otog:|s :c t|c ou:c oi listo:, .oo! +|.cc!c, r...
!11! ;!00., !+o
ro u.c... t|cc.o|, +|.cc!c, o1 Mo.o xio:c lc:g, !001
l::is, lclc: Mo.o.. M..|o.!. tc., tc o1 t|cc.o|, :|c:: :tio:l Gllc:, oi
Aust:li, !00.
lostc:, ll A:c|ivcs wit|out \uscuus o.c/.. uuuc: 1--o
I|c A:tist s lt|:og:|c: 1|. r.o. c |. r.o! 1|. +oco.1. o |. i1
c |. c.o., \lI l:css, 1--o
I|c A:t oi lctis|isu :otcs o: Dutc| till liic t..|. o co!o.o! ..co..
lc luil, Atc: :c Williu lictz lt|c, :Ylo:co: o::cll D:ivc:sit, l:css,
1--! !.1o.
loucult, \ic|cl lolitics :c t|c tuc, oi Discou:sc 1|. tco.oo! i.. :o1.. .
cc...o!., lc G:|u lu:c|cll, oli: Go:co: :c lctc: \illc: |icgo
D:ivc:sit, oi |icgo l:css, 1--1 j1-o
l:izot, \ic|cl Autcu:s ct :o:,ucs cc luto:t ct luto:itc c: |otog:|ic
t...... to ..o. 1. !i:u+ ! ;!00o, +o+0
, :c cc:ic cc Vcig, t|cc 1.co. . l:is l|ico:, !00o
Gssc:, \:ti: listo:ics oi l|otog:|,, 1!-1-!- u.c., c t|cc.o|, 1o!
;1--!, .0o0
Goci:c,, \:| l|otog:|, lou:c :c lost : Icit Dc:s t!c| o.c/.. lll
!00. -011-
Gol:, kou, +. ... :v kcvicw +. io!!.. ! ;!00o, !1!
G:cc:, o:t|:, cc 1|. :o|c :cw Yo:| Ac:tu:c, 1-+
G:cc:oug|, :|, Di:c Wggo:c:, wit| :| lc::cl :c \tt|cw Wit|ovs|, 1|.
+. c |. +....o :o|c ::v t.c |. cc!!...c c rc/.. i jo.|c
Ws|i:gto: :tio:l Gllc:, oi A:tl:i:ccto: A:c|itcctu:l l:css, !00
o|:sto:, lt:ici r.o! too.. i1o.1 :...|. +1.... t|cc.o|, lc:|clc,
D:ivc:sit, oi liio::i l:css, 1--
lclsc,, ko|i: l Vicwi:g t|c A:c|ivc Iiuot|, ulliv:s l|otog:|s io: t|c
W|cclc: u:vc,, 11+ +. io!!.. .+ ;!00!, 0!!!
l:ussu kosli:c, :c ll lostc: l:t:ocuctio: :c Visul ultu:c Qucstio:::c
o.c/.. uuuc: 1--o !+
l:gio:c, \:t| l:t:ocuctio: |ow :c Icll :o.1.1 cc..o.c 1|. +..!.. c
M.c., . t|cc.o|.. +!/o \o:t:cl \cGillQucc:s D:ivc:sit, l:css, !001 !!1
:o.1.1 cc..o.c 1|. +..!.. c M.c., . t|cc.o|.. +!/o \o:t:cl
\cGillQucc:s D:ivc:sit, l:css, !001
\cDo:lc, Go:co: :c o|: Wc|c:, ccs jco.|. :.|.1 t|ccc.| :v22
Gotti:gc: tciccl, !00
\:ic:, \:, W::c: W|t |ll Wc Icll t|c |ilc:c: l|otog:|, :c lts Icxt
;loo|s, +...o. 1!- ;1-o, +
\vo:, :ol t!.oo.. 1o|. t..c.o.. c :.oo!., o1 tc . ..c..o t|cc.o|
Du:|u, : Du|c D:ivc:sit, l:css, 1--.
1 4 0 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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\culc,, A::c W:iti:g l|otog:|,s listo:, |cio:c :cw|ll u.c., c
t|cc.o|, !1! ;1--, 101
\i:zocii, :ic|ols I|c |cow :c t|c u|st:cc kcc, l|otog:|,, :c t|c l:ccx
o!, :|. .. c|o. ..c c |. +....o :.! lc oco lusco :c l:i:
Wllis :cw Yo:| l:tc::tio:l c:tc: oi l|otog:|,l::, : A|:us, !00!
110!o
\oo:c, lcvi: jo.o. u... to..o. 1|. i..c c o +.. l:i:ccto:, : l:i:ccto:
D:ivc:sit, l:css, !00+
lost :c lou:c u.c., c t|cc.o|, !!1 ;!00,
\oxc,, lcit| :ostlgi io: t|c kcl I|c I:ou|lcc kcltio: oi A:t listo:, to Visul
tucics :c Aitc: t|c Dct| oi t|c Dct| oi t|c Aut|o: 1|. t.o.... c
t..oo.c to.o1c o1 tc.. . +. u.c., lt|c, :Y o::cll D:ivc:sit, l:css,
!001 10!+!
:ci, Wcsto:, :c lul \:ti:cu c!c. c uc. los A:gclcs lul Gctt, \uscuu,
!00+
:cw|ll, lcuuo:t 1|. u.c., c t|cc.o|, .c :+v c |. t... o, :cw Yo:|
\uscuu oi \occ:: A:t, 1-+-
t|cc.o|, + :|c. c....o! u.c., :cw Yo:| \uscuu oi \occ:: A:t, 1-!
:ic|cl, Dougls k :o|c 1|. t|cc.o|, c i..,1o, t.., : c |. t... :
l::cisco : l::cisco \uscuu oi \occ:: A:t, 1--
li::c,, |:isto|c: co..o i1..o 1|. :c..o! t.. c i1.o t|cc.o| lo:co: kc|tio:
loo|s, 1--
lt|:og:|ic Ilcs u||cctivit,5t|c :cw ||cctivit, i.1co :i:g
uuuc: !00o 1.1.!
, :c :icols lctc:so:, ccs t|cc.o|, o|.. u.c... Du:|u, : Du|c
D:ivc:sit, l:css, !00!
kulc,, \tt|cw A:t|:oolog, t t|c :igi:s oi A:t listo:, :..:......, 1|.
i|c.o|.. 1o. lc Alcx olcs lo:co: llc| Dog, !000 1!o!
kogoii, l:it tuc,i:g Visul ultu:c 1|. .oo! co!o.. r.o1.. lc :ic|ols \i:zocii
lo:co::cw Yo:| koutlccgc, 1-- 1+!o
uit|, ocl koll vc: I|c :s|ots \uscuu Aitc:liic +...o. ctcu|c:
cto|c: !001 11
uit|, |w: \ic|cllc +....o +..|.. c.1.., ro.., o1 c!o . .oo! co!o..
l:i:ccto:, : l:i:ccto: D:ivc:sit, l:css, 1---
ol:it, kc|ccc r... c :|o1c io1.o.1 Mo,/..1. o1 |. 1..|c!c..o! P.!1 P. :cw
Yo:| lc:gui:, !00!
olouo:Goccu, A|igil \:c:i: \occ::isu l|otog:|, u:til :ow +. .
+....o Dcccu|c: 1--0
ku|:ics u|cc icc|c.o lll 1-- !!, !-+0
tc|c:, A:: \ss l:ocuccc l|otog:|, i: Aust:li cu:i:g t|c l:tc:w: Yc:s +.
:.c.| Autuu: 1-! +0+.
z:|ows|i, o|: t|cc.o|, o.! :c :cw Yo:| \uscuu oi \occ:: A:t, 1--
Iuc|c:, c::iic: :oo.. ic.1 t|cc.o|, o i,... . ..c..o :..... lltiuo:c
o|:s lo|i:s D:ivc:sit, l:css, !00.
Wlcic, D c!c. c uc. + +....o +!/o los A:gclcs lul Gctt, \uscuu, !00+
Wlt|c:, I|ous o|.. t..o.. :t lc Iwi: llus, !000
W::c:, \:i: t|oooc..o :... ..c, M.o|c., o1 M.1.o :cw Yo:| xio:c
D:ivc:sit, l:css, !00o
SNAPSHOTS 1 4 1
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Wcst, ::c, \:t| xc1o| o1 |. t. c :co!.o |:lottcsvillclo:co: D:ivc:sit,
l:css oi Vi:gi:i, !000
W|lc:, t|c:i:c li:ci:g \c +...o. !-o ;!00!, 1o1
Willius, :ol t.o. |. P. ro.., c.1.., o1 |. t|cc.o|.. t.c... . |. to....
:c.|. :cw Yo:| xio:c D:ivc:sit, l:css, !00!
Geoffrey Batchen is a professor of art history at the Graduate Center of the City
University of New York, where he specializes in the history of photography. He is
currently working on an exhibition about the careers of Richard Beard and Antoine
Claudet, due to open at the Yale Center for British Art in October 2011. His books
include Burning with Desire: The Conception of Photography (MIT Press, 1997); Each Wild
Idea: Writing, Photography, History (MIT Press, 2001); Forget Me Not: Photography and
Remembrance (Van Gogh Museum/Princeton Architectural Press, 2004); and William
Henry Fox Talbot (Phaidon, 2008).
1 4 2 PHOTOGRAPHI ES
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