CHAPTER6 Arrays: Linear, Planar, and Circular

6.1INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................................................................................................2
6.2TWOELEMENTARRAY........................................................................................................................................................................................................4
6.3NELEMENTLINEARARRAY:UNIFORMAMPLITUDEANDSPACING.................................................................................................................................14
6.3.1BroadsideArray......................................................................................................................................................................................................23
6.3.2OrdinaryEndFireArray..........................................................................................................................................................................................31
6.3.3Phased(Scanning)Array.........................................................................................................................................................................................35
6.3.4HansenWoodyardEndFireArray.........................................................................................................................................................................43
6.4NELEMENTLINEARARRAY:DIRECTIVITY..........................................................................................................................................................................51
6.4.1BroadsideArray......................................................................................................................................................................................................51
6.4.2OrdinaryEndFireArray..........................................................................................................................................................................................55
6.4.3HansenWoodyardEndFireArray.........................................................................................................................................................................58
6.5DESIGNPROCEDURE..........................................................................................................................................................................................................61
6.8NELEMENTLINEARARRAY:UNIFORMSPACING,NONUNIFORMAMPLITUDE................................................................................................................66
6.8.1ArrayFactor............................................................................................................................................................................................................67
6.8.2BinomialArray........................................................................................................................................................................................................69
6.8.3DolphTschebyscheffArray....................................................................................................................................................................................78
6.10PLANARARRAY................................................................................................................................................................................................................98
6.10.1ArrayFactor..........................................................................................................................................................................................................99
6.10.2Beamwidth.........................................................................................................................................................................................................106
6.10.3Directivity...........................................................................................................................................................................................................110
6.12CIRCULARARRAY...........................................................................................................................................................................................................113
6.12.1ArrayFactor........................................................................................................................................................................................................114
PROBLEMS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................120

6.1INTRODUCTION
Usuallyasingleelementprovideswideradiationandlowdirectivity(gain).
In many applications it is necessary to design antennas with very directive
characteristicstomeetthedemandsoflongdistancecommunication.
Enlargingthedimensionsofsingleelements.
Enlargingthedimensionsoftheantenna,withoutincreasingthesizeof
theindividualelements,istoformanassemblyofradiatingelementsin
anelectricalandgeometricalconfiguration.
Thisnewantenna,formedbymultielements,isreferredtoasanarray.
Inmostcases,theelementsofanarrayareidentical.Thisisnotnecessary,
butitisoftenconvenient,simpler,andmorepractical.Theindividualelements
ofanarraymaybeofanyform(wires,apertures,etc).

During the summation, the current in each element is assumed to be

thesameasthatoftheisolatedelement(neglectingcoupling).
Thisisusuallynotthecaseanddependsontheseparationbetweenthe
elements.
In an array of identical elements, there are at least five controls that can
beusedtoshapetheoverallpatternoftheantenna.
1. The geometrical configuration of the overall array (linear, circular,
rectangular,spherical,etc.)
2. Therelativedisplacementbetweentheelements
3. Theexcitationamplitudeoftheindividualelements
4. Theexcitationphaseoftheindividualelements
5. Therelativepatternoftheindividualelements
Thetotalfieldofthearrayisdeterminedbythevectoradditionof
thefieldsradiatedbytheindividualelements

6
z
e
w
6.2TWO
Assu
zaxis. The
equaltot
E
`
t
where |
OELEMEN
umeanar
etotalfie
thesumo
t
= E
`
1
+
isthedif
NTARRA
rrayoftw
eld radiat
ofthetwo
E
`
2
= o
0
]
fferencein
AY
woinfinite
ed,assum
oandinth
]p
kI
0
I
4n
|
c
-]
nphasee

esimalhor
ming noc
heyzplan
F
0
=
]|kr
1
-

2
]

1
co
excitation
rizontald
couplingb
neitisgiv
jq
kI

|e
-j
4ar
os0
1
-
c
-]
between
ipolespo
betweent
venby
jkr
r
x|n0
]|kr
2
+

2
]

2
co
theelem
ositionalo
theeleme
(426a)
os0
2
]
ments.
ongthe
ents,is
(6-1)

o
E

The
observatio
r
1
= r
r
2
= r
r
1
= r
2
=
Equation
E
`
t
= o
magnitud
onsandr
0
1
=
-
d
2
sin 0
+
d
2
sin 0
_
r foi a
61reduc
o
0
]p
kI
0
Ic
4n
E
de excitat
eferringt
0
1
= 0
_ foi pha
mplituue
cesto
c
-]kr
n
cos0
E
`
t
= o
0
]p
tion of th
toFigure6

ase vaiiati
vaiiations
0|
c
](kdccs0
2

p
kI
0
Ic
-]kr
2n

he radiato
6.1(b)
(6-2
ons (6-2
s (6-2
+)
+
c
-](
r
cos0 ]2c
ors is iden
2a)
b)

2c)
(kdccs0+)

cos j
1
2
(kJ
ntical. Ass
2
]
Jcos0 +[
suming fa
[)[
arfield
(6-3)

Itisapparentfrom(63)thatthetotalfieldofthearrayisequaltothefield
of a single element multiplied by a factor, array factor. The array fact of the
twoelementarrayofconstantamplitudeis
AF = 2cos j
1
2
(kJcos0 + [)[ (6-4)
whichinnormalizedformcanbewrittenas
(AF)
n
= cos j
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)[ (6-4a)
The array factor is a function of the geometry of the array and the
excitation phase. By varying the separation J and/or the phase [ between
theelements,thearrayfactorandthetotalfieldofthearraycanbecontrolled.
Patternmultiplicationforarraysofidenticalelements

It is valid for arrays with any number of identical elements which do not
necessarily have identical magnitudes, phases, and/or spacings between
them.
Each array has its own array factor. The array factor is a function of the
number of elements, their geometrical arrangement, their relative
magnitudes,theirrelativephases,andtheirspacings.
Since the array factor does not depend on the directional characteristics of
theradiatingelements,itcanbeformulatedbyreplacingtheactualelements
withisotropicpointsources.

E(total)=[E(singleelementatreferencepoint)] [arrayfactor]

Example6.1
Given the array of Figures 6.1(a) and (b), find the nulls of the total field
when u = 4 and(a) = u; (b) = 2; (c) = -2
Solution:
a. = u
Thenormalizedfieldisgivenby
E
`
t
= o
0
]p
kI
0
Ic
-]kr
2n
cos0 ]2cos j
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)[ (6-3)
E
tn
= cos0 _cos _
1
2
(kJcos0 + [)__
Thenullsareobtainedbysettingthetotalfieldequaltozero,or
E
tn
= cos0 ]cos [
n
4
cos0
0=0
n
= u 0
n
= 9u
0
, 27u
0

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

b. = 2
E
tn
= cos0 _cos _
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)__
Thenullsareobtainedbysettingthetotalfieldequaltozero,or
E
tn
= cos0 _cos _
1
2
[kJcos0 +
n
2
___
0=0
n
= u
0
n
= u
0
, 9u
0
, 27u
0

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

c. = -2
E
tn
= cos0 _cos _
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)__
Thenullsareobtainedbysettingthetotalfieldequaltozero,or
E
tn
= cos0 _cos _
1
2
[kJcos0 -
n
2
___
0=0
n
= u

0
n
= 9u
0
, 18u
0
27u
0

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

E
i
a
Example6
Cons
in Figures
betwe
arrayoccu

6.2
siderana
s 6.1(a) a
eentheel
ur.Them
arrayoftw
nd (b). F
lements,f
agnitude
woidenti
or a sepa
findthea
excitatio

calinfinit
aration u
anglesofo
nofthee
tesimaldi
u and pha
observatio
elements
ipolesorie
ase excita
onwhere
isthesam
entedas
ation diff
ethenulls
me.

shown
erence
softhe

Solution:
Thenormalizedtotalfieldofthearrayisgivenby(63)as
E
tn
= cos0 ]cos j
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)[ (6-3)
Tofindthenulls,thefieldissetequaltozero,or
E
tn
= cos0 _cos _
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)___
0=0
n
= u cos0
n
= u 0
n
= 9u
0

cos _
1
2
(kJcos0
n
+[)_ = u
1
2
(kJcos0
n
+[) = __
2n + 1
2
] n
0
n
= cos
-1
_
z
2nJ
|-[ _ (2n + 1)n]] , n = u,1,2,S,

t
g
e
s
i
p
6.3NELE
Thema
The3d
Thema
Now g
to includ
geometry
elements
succeedin
An
identicalm
phaseisr
EMENTL
aximumv
dBpoint
aximumo
generalize
de N e
y of Figu
have id
ngelemen
array of
magnitud
eferredto
LINEARA
value
ofthefirst
e the met
elements.
ure 6.5(a
dentical a
nthasa [
f identica
deandeac
oasauni
ARRAY:U
tminorlo
thod discu
Referri
a), Assum
amplitude
[ progres
al eleme
chwitha
formarra

UNIFORM
The
The
obeofthe
ussed abo
ng to t
me all t
es but ea
ssivephas
ents all
progress
ay.
MAMPLIT
enullsof
ehalfpow
earrayfa
ove
the
the
ach
se.
of
sive
TUDEAN
fthearray
werbeam
actor
NDSPAC
y
mwidth
ING

If the actual elements are not isotropic sources, the total field can be
formedbymultiplyingthearrayfactoroftheisotropicsourcesbythefieldof
asingleelement.
Thearrayfactorisgivenby
AF = 1 +c
+](kdcos0+[)
+c
+]2(kdcos0+[)
++c
+](N-1)(kdcos0+[)

AF = c
](n-1)(kdcos0+[) N
n=1
(66)
whichcanbewrittenas
AF = c
](n-1) N
n=1
wbcrc = kJcos0 + [ (67,67a)
AF = _
c
]N
-1
c
]
-1
_ = c
]j
N-1
2
[
_
c
][
N
2

-c
-][
N
2

c
][
1
2

-c
-][
1
2

_
= c
]j
N-1
2
[
_
sn (
N
2
)
sn(
1
2
)
_ (610)

Ifthereferencepointisthephysicalcenterofthearray,thearrayfactorof
(610)reducesto
AF = _
sn (
N
2
)
sn(
1
2
)
_ (610a)
Forsmallvaluesof ,theaboveexpressioncanbeapproximatedby
AF = _
sn (
N
2
)
1
2

_ (610b)
Themaximumvalue
The maximum value of (610a) or (610b) is equal to N. To normalize the
array factorssothatthe maximumvalueof eachisequal tounity, (610a) and
(610b)arewritteninnormalizedformas
(AF)
n
=
1
N
_
sn (
N
2
)
sn(
1
2
)
_ (610c)

(AF)
n
= _
sn (
N
2
)
N
2

_ (610d)
Themaximumvaluesof(610c)occurwhen

2
=
1
2
(kJcos0 +[)|
0=0
n
= _mn

m
= cos
-1
j
\
2d
(- _2m)[ m = u,1,2, (612)
Thearrayfactorof(610d)hasonlyonemaximumandoccurswhenm=0
in(612).Thatis,
0
m
= cos
-1
[
x[
2nd
(61S)

Thenullsofthearray
Tofindthenullsofthearray,(610cord)issetequaltozero.Thatis,
sin [
N
2
= u
N
2
|
0=0
n
= _nn; = kJcos0 +[
0
n
= cos
-1
j
x
2nd
[-[ _
2n
N
n[ (611)
n = 1,2,S, , n = N, 2N, SN, with (6 -1uc)
For n = N, 2N, SN, . .. , (610c) attains its maximum values because it
reducestoa sin(u) u form.
The values of n determine the order of the nulls (first, second, etc.). The
number of nulls that can exist will be a function of the element separation d
andthephaseexcitationdifference .

The3dBpoint
Because 2ulog
10
|abs [
s n(_1.391)
_1.391
[ = u.SuB
The3dBpointforthearrayfactorof(610d)occurswhen
(AF)
n
= _
sn (
N
2
)
N
2

_ (610d)
N
2
=
N
2
(kJcos0 +[)|
0=0
n
= _1.S91
0
h
= cos
-1
j
x
2nd
[-[ _
2.782
N
[ (614)
0i 0
h
=
n
2
- sin
-1
j
x
2nd
[-[ _
2.782
N
[ (614a)
Forlargevaluesof u ,itreducesto
0
h
=
n
2
-
x
2nd
[-[ _
2.782
N
(614b)

Thehalfpowerbeamwidth
h

The halfpower beamwidth

h
can be found once the angles of the first
maximum (0
m
) and the halfpower point (0
h
) are determined. For a
symmetricalpattern
0
h
= 2|0
m
-0
h
| (614c)
For the array factor of (610d), there are secondary maxima (maxima of
minorlobes)whichoccurapproximatelywhenthenumeratorof(610d)attains
itsmaximumvalue.Thatis,
sin _
N
2
] = sin _
N
2
(kJcos0 +[)_|
0=0
s
= _1
N
2
(kJcos0 +[)|
0=0
s

= _[
2s+1
2
n cos
-1
]
x
2nd
j-[ _ [
2s+1
N
n[ (61S)
s = 1,2,S,

whichcanalsobewrittenas
0
s
=
n
2
-sin
-1
]
x
2nd
j-[ _[
2s+1
N
n[ , s = 1,2,S, (61Sa)
Foi laige values of u ,, it ieuuces to
0
s
=
n
2
-
x
2nd
j-[ _ [
2s+1
N
n[ , s = 1,2,S, (61Sb)
The maximum of the first minor lobe of (610c) occurs approximately
when
N
2
=
N
2
(kJcos0 +[)|
0=0
s
= _[
3n
2
(616)
0
s
= cos
-1
]
x
2nd
j-[ _
3n
N
[ (616a)

Themaximumofthefirstminorlobeofthearrayfactor
At that point, the magnituue of (61uu) ieuuces to
(AF)
n
_
sn[
N
2

N
2

_
0=0
s
,s=1
=
2
3n
= u.212 (617)
(AF)
n
= 2ulog
10
[
2
3
= -1S.46 uB (617a)
Thusthemaximumofthefirstminorlobeofthearrayfactorof(610d)is
13.46dBdownfromthemaximumatthemajorlobe.

6
d
s
b

6.3.1 Bro
In m
directedn
To op
single ele
bothbed
choosin
choosin
ofthei
oadside A
many app
normalto
ptimize th
ement an
irectedto
ngofthe
ngthepro
individual
Array
plications
otheaxiso
he design
nd of the
oward
0
radiators
opersepa
lradiators
it is de
ofthearr
n, the ma
array fa
0
= 9u
0
.

arationan
s.

esirable t
ray[broad
axima of t
actor sho
ndexcitat
o have t
dside;
0
the
uld
ion
the maxi
= 9u
0
o
imum rad
ofFigure6
diation
6.5(a)].

1. Broadsidearray
Referringto(610cd),thefirstmaximumofthearrayfactoroccurswhen
(AF)
n
=
1
N
_
sIn (
N
2
q)
sIn(
1
2
q)
_ (610c); (AF)
n
= _
sIn (
N
2
q)
N
2
q
_ (610d)
= kucos + = u (618)
Sinceitisdesiredtohavethefirstmaximumdirectedtoward
0
= 9u
0
,then
= kJcos0 +[|
0=90
0 = [ = u (618a)
it is necessary that all the elements have the same phase excitation(in
additiontothesameamplitudeexcitation).
Theseparationbetweentheelementscanbeofanyvalue.
Toensurethattherearenoprincipalmaximainotherdirections,which

are referred to as grating lobes, the separation between the elements should
notbeequaltomultiplesofawavelength(u = n, n = 1,2,S, ) when = u.
If u = n, (n = 1,2,S, )and = u,then
= kucos + |
d=n\
=0
n=1,2,3,
= 2ncos|
=0
0
,180
0 = _2n (619)
Substituting this value of in (610c) makes the array factor attain its
maximum value. Thus for a uniform array with u = n and = u, besides
the maxima directed broadside (
0
= 9u
0
), there are additional maxima
directedalongtheaxis(
0
= 18u
0
)ofthearray(endfireradiation).

2. Grattinglobes
One of the objectives in many designs is to avoid multiple maxima, in
additiontothemainmaximum,whicharereferredtoasgratinglobes.Oftenit
may be required to select the largest spacing between the elements but with
nogratinglobes.
(1) u
max
< z
To avoid any grating lobe, the largest spacing between the elements
shouldbelessthanonewavelength(u
max
< z).
Thethreedimensionalarrayfactorofa10element(N=10)uniformarray
with u = 4 and = u is shown plotted in Figure 6.6(a). The only
maximumoccursatbroadside(
0
= 9u
0
).

(
w

(2) u
max
As a
with u =

0
= 9u
0
(a
=
a compar
is also
,therear
) Broadsid
ison, the
o plotted
readditio
de(u = 4
threedi
in Figur
nalmaxim
4, = u)

mensiona
e 6.6(b).
madirecte
al pattern
In addit
edtoward
(b) B
n of the s
ion to th
d
0
= u
0
roadside(u
same arr
he maxim
0
, 18u
0
.
= , = u
ray but
mum at

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

(a) Broadside(u = 4, = u)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

(b) Broadside(u = , = u)
Figure6.6Threedimensionalamplitudepatternsforbroadside,and
broadside/endfirearrays(N=10).

(3) Ifthespacingbetweentheelementsischosenbetween < J < 2z,

ThenthemaximumofFigure6.6toward
0
= u
0
shiftstowardtheangular
region u
0
<
0
< 9u
0
.
Whilethemaximumtoward
0
= 18u
0
shiftstoward 9u
0
<
0
< 18u
0
.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330


Broadside(u = 1.S, = u)

(4) u = 2
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

When u = 2,therearemaximatoward0,60,90,120 and180.

6
n
1
6.3.2 Ord
It is
necessary
1. Todire
1
180
2
dinary En
desirable
ythatitra
ctthefirs
= k
120
50
210
240
J = z4
ndFire A
e to direct
adiatesto
stmaximu
kJcos0 +
60
90
270
300
4, [ = -k
Array
t it along
wardonly
umtowar
+[|
0=0
0
0
30
330

g the axis
yonedire
rd
0
= u
= kJ +[
of the ar
ection(
0
u
0

[ = u [
rray (end
0
= u
0
or
[ = -kJ
fire). It m
r 18u
0
).
(
may be
(620a)

2. Ifthefirstmaximumisdesiredtoward
0
= 18u
0
,then
= kJcos0 +[|
0=180
0 = -kJ +[ = u [ = kJ (620b)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

J = z4, [ = -kJ
Thusendfireradiationisaccomplishedwhen [ = -kJ (for
0
= u
0
)or
[ = kJ (for
0
= 18u
0
).

3. Iftheelementseparationis J = z2
endfire radiation exists simultaneously in both directions (
0
= u
0
and

0
= 18u
0
)aslongas [ = _kJ.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

[ = _kJ, J = z2 J = z2, [ = u.SkJ

4. Iftheelementspacingisamultipleofawavelength(u = n,n=1,2,3,...)
Theninadditiontohavingendfireradiationinbothdirections,therealso
existmaximainthebroadsidedirections.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

[ = _kJ, J = z [ = _u.SkJ, J = z
To have only one endfire maximum and to avoid any grating lobes, the
maximumspacingbetweentheelementsshouldbelessthan J
mux
= z2.

6.3.3 Phased (Scanning) Array

The previous two sections have shown how to direct the major radiation
from an array, by controlling the phase excitation between the elements, in
broadside and endfire directions. It is then logical to assume that the
maximumradiationcanbeorientedinanydirection.
Assumethemaximumradiationofthearrayisrequiredtobeorientedat
an angle
0
(u
0

0
18u
0
). To accomplish this, the phase excitation
betweentheelementsmustbeadjustedsothat
= kJcos0 + [|
0=0
0
= kJcos0
0
+[ = u [ = -kJcos0
0
(621)
Bycontrollingtheprogressivephasedifferencebetweentheelements,the
maximumradiationcanbesquintedinanydesireddirectiontoformascanning
array.Thisisthebasicprincipleofelectronicscanningphasedarrayoperation.

a
1

Vary
accomplis
1. Ferrite

ying the
shedelect
phasesh
,

progressi
tronically
hifters

,
ive phase
bytheus

e betwee
seofferri

en the e
teordiod
N

lements
dephases

continuo
shifters.
B

usly is

For ferrite phase shifters, the phase shift is controlled by the magnetic
field within the ferrite, which in turn is controlled by the amount of current
flowingthroughthewireswrappedaroundthephaseshifter.


2. Fordiodephaseshifter
Shown in Figure 6.10 is an incremental switchedline PINdiode phase
shifter.Thisdesignissimple,straightforward,lightweight,andhighspeed.
The lines of lengths l
1
and l
2
are switched on or off by controlling the
bias of the PIN diodes, using two singlepole doublethrow switches. The
differentialphaseshiftisgivenby

B
p
3
s
p
e
A
By proper
phaseshif
3. Binary
The
shiftsof
phase shi
elements.
A = k(l
rly choos
ftercanb
phasesh
switched
= 18u
ifters, inc
. The bas
l
2
- l
1
)
ing l
1
an
beassmal
ifts
dline pha
u
0
, 9u
0
, 4
cluding th
ic designs
(621a
nd l
2
and
llasdesir
ase shifte
4S
0
, 22.S
0
hose that
s of a pha

a)
Figur
d the ope
ed.
er are us
0
,etc.The
t utilize o
ase shifte
re6.10Incre
shifter
erating fre
sually des
ereareot
opencircu
er utilizing
ementalswi
rusingPINd
equency,
signed fo
therdesig
uited stub
g PIN diod
itchedlinep
diodes.
the diffe
or binary
gnsofPIN
bs and re
des are ty
phase
erential
phase
Ndiode
eactive
ypically

classified into three categories: switched line, loaded line, and reflection type.
The loadedline phase shifter can be used for phase shifts generally 4S
0
or
smaller.
Phase shifters that utilize PIN diodes are not ideal switches since the PIN
diodesusuallypossessfiniteseriesresistanceandreactancethatcancontribute
significantinsertionlossifseveralofthemareused.
4. Thesephaseshifterscanalsobeusedastimedelaydevices.

Todemonstratetheprincipleofscanning,thethreedimensionalradiation
patternofa10elementarray,withaseparationof z4 betweentheelements
andwiththemaximumsquintedinthe
0
= 6u
0
direction,isplottedinFigure
6.11(a).ThecorrespondingtwodimensionalpatternisshowninFigure6.11(b).
N=10, J = z4, 0
0
= 6u
0

[ = -kJcos0
0

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

5. Thehalfpowerbeamwidthofthescanningarray
The halfpower beamwidth of the scanning array is obtained using (614)
with [ = -kJcos0
0
.
0
h
= cos
-1
j
x
2nd
[-[ _
2.782
N
[ (614)
Using the minus sign in the argument of the inverse cosine function in
(614)torepresentoneangleofthehalfpowerbeamwidthandtheplussignto
representtheotherangle,thenthetotalbeamwidthisthedifferencebetween
thesetwoanglesandcanbewrittenas
0
h
= cos
-1
_
z
2nJ
_kJcos0
0
-
2.782
N
]_ -cos
-1
_
z
2nJ
_kJcos0
0
+
2.782
N
]_
= cos
-1
[cos0
0
-
2.782
Nkd
- cos
-1
[cos0
0
+
2.782
Nkd
(622)

Since N = (I +J)J,(622)reducesto
0
h
= cos
-1
_cos0
0
-u.44S
z
(I + J)
_ -cos
-1
_cos0
0
+ u.44S
z
(I +J)
_
(622a)
where I isthelengthofthearray.
Equation(622a)canalsobeusedtocomputethehalfpowerbeamwidth
ofabroadsidearray.However,itisnotvalidforanendfirearray.

6.3.4 HansenWoodyard EndFire Array

The conditions for an ordinary endfire array were discussed in Section
6.3.2.Itwasconcluded
[ = -kJ (for
0
= u
0
) (620a)
[ = kJ (for
0
= 18u
0
) (620b)
To enhance the directivity of an endfire array without destroying any of
theothercharacteristics,HansenandWoodyardin1938proposedtherequired
phaseshiftbetweencloselyspacedelementsofaverylongarrayshouldbe
[ = -[kJ +
2.92
N
= -[kJ +
n
N
foi maximum in
0
= u
o
(623a)
[ = +[kJ +
2.92
N
= +[kJ +
n
N
foi maximum in
0
= 18u
o
(623b)

These requirements lead to a larger directivity than the conditions given

by(620a)and(620b).However,itshouldbepointedout
These conditions do not necessarily yield the maximum possible
directivity
Themaximummaynotevenoccurat
0
= u
0
or 18u
0

Itsvaluefoundusing(610c)or(610d)maynotbeunity
(AF)
n
=
1
N
_
sn (
N
2
)
sn(
1
2
)
_, (AF)
n
= _
sn (
N
2
)
N
2

_ (610c,d)
Thesidelobelevelmaynotbe13.46dB.Maximaandsidelobelevels,
dependonthenumberofarrayelements,aswillbeillustrated.

To realize the increase in directivity as a result of the HansenWoodyard

conditions, it is necessary that, in addition to the conditions of (623a) and
(623b), || assumesvaluesof
Formaximumradiationalong
0
= u
0

|| = |kJcos0 +[|
0=0
c
=
n
N
onJ || = |kJcos0 +[|
0=180
c
= n (624a)
Formaximumradiationalong
0
= 18u
0

|| = |kJcos0 +[|
0=180
c
=
n
N
onJ || = |kJcos0 +[|
0=0
c
= n (624b)

The condition of || =
n
N
in (624a) or (624b) is realized by the use of
(623a)or(623b),respectively.
ForanarrayofNelements,theconditionof || = n issatisfiedbyusing
Note:(624a,b)areusedtolimitthespacebetweenadjacentelements

(623a) for
0
= u
0
and (623b) for
0
= 18u
0
, and choosing for each a
spacingof
J = (
N-1
N
)
x
4
(62S)
Ifthenumberofelementsislarge,(625)canbeapproximatedby
u = 4 (625a)

This is also illustrated in Figure 6.13 where the 3D field patterns of the
ordinaryandtheHansenWoodyardendfiredesigns,forN=10and J = z4.
Thus for a large uniform array, the HansenWoodyard condition can only
yieldanimproveddirectivityprovidedthespacingbetweentheelementsis
approximately 4.

Figure6
(a
6.13Pattern
a)Ordinary
2
270
3
sforordina


210
240
300
330
Han
Ordi
(c)2D
ryandHans

(b
0
180
nsen-Woodyard ar
inary array
Dcompariso
senWoodya

b)HansenW
30
60
90
120
150
rray
on
ardendfire

Woodyard

designs(N=10,d= /4).

Itisapparentthat
Themajorlobeoftheordinaryendfireiswider(HPBW=74
o
)thanthat
oftheHansenWoodyard(HPBW=37
o
).Thus,higherdirectivityforthe
HansenWoodyard.
The side lobe of the ordinary endfire is lower (about 13.5 dB)
comparedtothatoftheHansenWoodyard,whichisabout8.9dB.
The lower side lobe by the ordinary endfire is not sufficient to offset
the benefit from the narrower beamwidth of the HansenWoodyard
thatleadstothehigherdirectivity.
Numerical results reveal that directivities of ordinary and
HansenWoodyardendfirearrayare 11 and19,respectively.Thusthe
HansenWoodyardconditionsrealizea73%increaseindirectivity.
The directivity of a HansenWoodyard endfire array is always
approximately 1.805 times (or 2.56 dB) greater than the directivity of an
ordinaryendfirearray.

The increase in directivity of the pattern in Figure 6.13 for the

HansenWoodyarddesignisattheexpenseofanincreaseofabout4dBinside
lobelevel.

To show that (623a) and (623b) do not lead to improved directivities

over those of (620a) and (620b) if (624a) and (624b) are not satisfied, the
patternforthesamearray(N=10)with
J =
x
4
([ = -
3n
5
);
J =
x
2
([ = -
11n
10
)
are plotted in Figure 6.14. Even though the J =
x
2
pattern exhibits a very
narrow lobe in the
0
= u
0
direction, its back lobes are larger than its main
Therefore in the design of an array, there is a tradeoff between
directivity(orhalfpowerbeamwidth)andsidelobelevel.

lobe. The J =
x
2
pattern fails to realize a larger directivity because the
necessary ||
0=180
c
= n conditionof(624a)isnotsatisfied.Thatis,
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
d=/2 d=/4

6.4NELEMENTLINEARARRAY:DIRECTIVITY
6.4.1 Broadside Array
As a result of the criteria for broadside radiation given by (618a), the
arrayfactorforthisformofthearrayreducesto
(AF)
n
=
1
N
|
sn(
N
2
kd cos 0)
sn(
1
2
kd cos 0)
] (6S8)
Forasmallspacingbetweentheelements J z canbeapproximatedby
(AF)
n
= |
sn(
N
2
kd cos 0)
N
2
kd cos 0
] (6S8a)
Theradiationintensitycanbewrittenas
u(0) = |(AF)
n
]
2
= |
sn(
N
2
kd cos 0)
N
2
kd cos 0
]
2
z=
N
2
kd cos 0
==========|
sn(z)
z
]
2
(6S9)
Theaveragevalue u
0
oftheintensityreducesto

u
0
=
1
4n
P
ud
=
1
2
_ _
sin(Z)
Z
_
2
sin 0 J0
n
0

=
1
2
] _
sn(
N
2
kd cos 0)
N
2
kd cos 0
_
2
sin 0 J0
n
0
(64u)
(640)canbefurtherwrittenas
u
0
= -
1
Nkd
] j
sn(z)
z
[
2
-NKd2
+NKd2
JZ =
1
Nkd
] j
sn(z)
z
[
2
+NKd2
-NKd2
JZ (641)
Z =
N
2
kJ cos 0, JZ = -
N
2
kJ sin 0 J0 (64ua, b)
For a large array (NkJ2 laige), (641) can be approximated by extending
thelimitstoinfinity.Thatis,
u
0
= -
1
Nkd
] j
sn(z)
z
[
2
-NKd2
+NKd2
JZ =
1
Nkd
] j
sn(z)
z
[
2
+
-
JZ (641a)
(641a)canbereducedto
u
0
= -
n
Nkd
(641c)

With
]
j
sn(z)
z
[
2
+
-
JZ = n
The directivity can be obtained using (632) where u
mux
(639) is equal
to unity (u
mux
= 1) and it occurs at 0
0
= 9u
0
. The directivity of (632) can
nowbewrittenas

0
=
0
mcx
0
0
(6 - S2)
0
=
Nkd
n
= 2N(
d
x
) (642)

0
= 2N(
d
x
) = 2(1 +
L
x
)(
d
x
) (644)
Where I = (N -1)J istheoveralllengthofthearray
Foralargearray(I J)reducesto

0
= 2N[
d
x
= 2[1 +
L
x
[
d
x
= 2 [
L
x
(644a)

Example6.3
Givenalinear,broadside,uniformarrayof10isotropicelements(N=10)
with a separation of J =
x
4
between the elements, find the directivity of the
array.
Solution:
Using(644a)

0
= 2_
I
z
] = S or 1u log
10
S = 6.99JB

6.4.2 Ordinary EndFire Array

For an endfire array, with the maximum radiationin the 0
0
= u
0

direction,thearrayfactorisgivenby
(AF)
n
= _
sn (
N
2
)
N
2

_, [ = -kJ (for
0
= u
0
), = kJcos0 +[
(AF)
n
= |
snj
N
2
kd(cos 0-1)[
Nsnj
1
2
kd(cos 0-1)[
] (64S)
which,forasmallspacingbetweentheelements(J z),canbeapproximated
by
(AF)
n
= |
snj
N
2
kd(cos 0-1)[
j
N
2
kd(cos 0-1)[
] (64Sa)
Thecorrespondingradiationintensitycanbewrittenas
0(0) = |(AF)
n
]
2
= _
snj
N
2
kd(cos 0-1)[
j
N
2
kd(cos 0-1)[
_
2
= j
sn(z)
z
[
2
(646)

Theaveragevalueoftheradiationintensityisgivenby
u
0
= -
1
Nkd
]
j
sn(z)
z
[
2
-NKd
0
JZ =
1
Nkd
]
j
sn(z)
z
[
2
NKd
0
JZ (648)
Foralargearray(Nkd large),(648)canbeapproximatedbyextending
thelimitstoinfinity.Thatis,
u
0
= -
1
Nkd
]
j
sn(z)
z
[
2
NKd
0
JZ =
1
Nkd
]
j
sn(z)
z
[
2

0
JZ (648a)
Using(641b)reduces(648a)to
u
0
= -
n
2Nkd
(648b)
andthedirectivityto

0
=
0
mcx
0
0
=
2Nkd
n
= 4N(
d
x
) (649)
whichforalargearray(I J)reducesto

0
= 4N[
d
x
= 4[1 +
L
x
[
d
x
= 4(
L
x
) (649b)

Example6.4
Given a linear, endfire, uniform array of 10 elements (N = 10) with a
separationof J =
x
4
between the elements, find the directivity of the array
factor.
Solution:
Using(649)

0
= 4N_
J
z
] = 1u or 1u log
10
1u = 1uJB

It should be noted that the directivity of the endfire array, given by

(649)(649b), is twice that for the broadside array given by (642)
(644a).

6.4.3 HansenWoodyard EndFire Array

For an endfire HansenWoodyard array and maximum radiation in the
0
0
= u
0
, the radiation intensity (for small spacing between the elements,
J z) is given by (631)(631b). The maximum radiation intensity is unity
(Umax=1),andtheaverageradiationintensityisgivenby(634).Theradiation
intensityof(634)reducesto
u
0
=
1
Nkd
(
n
2
)
2
j
n
2
+
2
n
-1.8S1S[ =
0.871
Nkd
= u.SS4(
n
2Nkd
) (6Su)
u
0
|
Hanscn-Woodyard
= u.SS4u
0
|
ordInary cnd-IIrc array
(6S1)
The average value of the radiation intensity, as given by (650a), is 0.554
timesthatfortheordinaryendfirearrayof(648b).Thusthedirectivitycanbe
expressed,using(650a),as

0
=
u
mux
u
0
=
1
u.SS4
_
2NkJ
n
_ = 1.8uS _4N_
J
z
]_

0
|
Hanscn-Woodyard
= 1.8uS
0
|
ordInary cnd-IIrc array
(6S1)

whichis1.805timesthatoftheordinaryendfirearrayasgivenby(649).(651)
canalsobewrittenas

0
= 1.8uS j4N[
d
x
[ = 1.8uS j4 [1 +
d
x

d
x
[ (6S1a)
whichforalargearray(I J)reducesto
B
0
= 1.8uS j4N[
d
\
[ = 1.8uS j4[1 +
d
\

d
\
[ = 1.8uS j4N[
L
\
[ (6S1b)
Example6.5
Given a linear, endfire HansenWoodyard, uniform array of 10 elements
(N = 10) with a separationof J =
x
4
between the elements, find the directivity
ofthearrayfactor.
Solution:
Using(651b)
B
0
= 1.8uS _4N_
u

]_ = 18.S oi 12.S6uB

Thevalueofthisdirectivity(B
0
= 18.S)is1.805timesgreaterthanthatof
ordinaryendfireand3.61timesgreaterthanthatfoundinbroadside.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Ordinary endfire array Hansen_Woodyard array
Broadside array

6.5DESIGNPROCEDURE
In the design of any antenna system, the most important design
parametersareusually
Thenumberofelements
Spacingbetweentheelements
Excitation(amplitudeandphase),
Halfpowerbeamwidth
Directivity
andsidelobelevel
In a design procedure some of these parameters are specified and the
othersarethendetermined.
Forauniformarray,thesidelobeisalwaysapproximately13.5dB.
For the HansenWoodyard endfire array the side lobe level is somewhat
compromisedabovethe13.5dBinordertogainabout1.805(or2.56dB)in
directivity.
The order in which the other parameters are specified and determined

varies among designs. For each of the uniform linear arrays that have been
discussed,equationsandsomegraphshavebeenpresentedwhichcanbeused
todeterminethehalfpowerbeamwidthanddirectivity.
The other approach is to specify the halfpower beamwidth or directivity
andtodeterminemostoftheotherparameters.Thiscanbeviewedmoreasa
design approach, andcanbeaccomplishedto a largeextent withequations or
graphs that have been presented. More exact values can be obtained, if
necessary,usingiterativeornumericalmethods.
Example6.6
Designauniformlinearscanningarraywhose
Maximumofthearrayfactoris30
o
from
theaxisofthearray(0
0
= Su
0
)
The spacing between the
elementsis/4.
Thedesiredhalfpowerbeamwidthis2
o
Determine

? Theexcitationoftheelements(amplitudeandphase)
? Lengthofthearray(inwavelengths)
? Numberofelements
? Directivity(indB)
Solution:
1. Theexcitationoftheelements(amplitudeandphase)
Sincethedesireddesignisauniformlinearscanningarray,theamplitude
excitationisuniform.
Theprogressivephasebetweentheelementsis,using(621)
= kJcos0 + [|
0=0
0
= kJcos0
0
+[ = u [ = -kJcos0
0
(621)
[ = -
2n
x
x
4
cosSu
0
= 1.S6 iauians =77.94
o

2. Lengthofthearray(inwavelengths)
The length of the array is obtained using an iterative procedure of (622)

oritsgraphicalsolutionofFigure6.12.
0
h
= cos
-1
[cos0
0
-
2.782
Nkd
- cos
-1
[cos0
0
+
2.782
Nkd
(622)
Using the graph of Figure 6.12 for a scan angle of Su
0
and 2
0

halfpowerbeamwidth, theapproximatelengthplusonespacing(L+ d)ofthe

arrayis50.

3. Numberofelements
Since the length of the array is
49.75 and the spacing between the
elements is /4, the total number of
elementsis
N =
I
J
+1 =
Su
14
= 2uu
4. Directivity(indB)

0
= 2N[
d
x
= 1uu oi 1u log
10
1uu = 2uuB (644)

6.8 NELEMENT LINEAR ARRAY: UNIFORM SPACING, NONUNIFORM

AMPLITUDE
In this section, broadside arrays with uniform spacing but nonuniform
amplitude distribution will be considered ( Binomial and DolphTschebyscheff
broadsidearrays).
Of the three distributions (uniform, binomial, and Tschebyscheff), a
uniform amplitude array yields the smallest halfpower beamwidth. It is
followed,inorder,bytheDolphTschebyscheffandbinomialarrays.
Binomial arrays usually possess the smallest side lobes followed, in
order,bytheDolphTschebyscheffanduniformarrays.
As a matter of fact, binomial arrays with element spacing equal or less
than/2havenosidelobes.Itisapparentthatthedesignermustcompromise
betweensidelobelevelandbeamwidth.
It has been shown analytically that for a given side lobe level the
DolphTschebyscheffarrayproducesthesmallestbeamwidthbetweenthefirst

n
D
d
p
l
e
a
i
6
p
nulls. Co
DolphTsc
U
directivea
Al
practically
arge cu
elements.
array are
individual
Letu
6.8.1 Arr
An a
positioned
onversely,
chebysche
niform ar
antennas
lthough a
ypossible
rrents w
. Thus th
small co
lelement
usfirstde
ray Facto
array of a
d symme
for a
effdesign
rrays usua
possessd
a certain
e,superd
with opp
he net to
ompared t
.
rivethea
or
n even n
trically al
given be
nleadsto
ally posse
directiviti
n amoun
directivea
osite ph
tal curre
to the co
arrayfacto
umber of
long the

eamwidth
thesmall
ess the la
eshigher
t of sup
arraysusu
hases be
nt and e
orrespond
or.
f isotropic
zaxis, as
h betwee
estpossib
argest dir
thantho
per direc
ually requ
etween a
fficiency
ding value
c element
shown in
en the f
blesidelo
rectivity. H
seofaun
tivity is
uirevery
adjacent
of each
es of an
ts 2M is
n Figure
first null
obelevel.
However,
niformarr
s, the
, super
ray.

6
o
t
w
w
e
s
6.19(a).T
oneachs
Assu
thearray
whichinn
(AF)
2M
where o
elements.
If th
shownin
(AF
(
Thesepara
ideofthe
uming tha
factorfor
normalize
M
=
M
n=1
o
n
s are
.
e numbe
Figure6.1
F)
2M+1
=
(AF)
2M+1
ationbetw
eorigin.
at the am
ranonun
(A
edformre
o
n
cos |
(
1
the exc
r of elem
19(b),the
= 2 o
M
n=1
1
=
M+1
n=1
weenthe
mplitude e
iformam
AF)
2M
=
educesto
2n-1)
2
kJc
citation c
ments of t
earrayfac
o
n
cos |(n
o
n
cos |(n
1

element
excitation
plitudeb
2 o
M
n=1
cos0]
coefficien
the array
ctorcanb
n - 1)kJc
n -1)kJ
sisd,and
is symm
roadside
o
n
cos |
(2n-
2

nts of th
is odd 2M
bewritten
cos0]
Jcos0]
dMelem
metrical ab
arraycan
-1)
2
kJcos
(6-59a)
he array
M + 1, as
nas
(6-60)
(6-60a)
mentsare
bout the
nbewritte
s0]
)
y
s
)
)
placed
origin,
enas
(6-59)

Theamplitudeexcitationofthecenterelementis 2a
1
.
Equations(659a)and(660a)canbewritteninnormalizedformas
(AF)
2M
(c:cn) = o
n
cos |(2n -1)u]
M
n=1
(6-61a)
(AF)
2M+1
(oJJ) = o
n
cos |2(n -1)u]
M+1
n=1
(6-61b)
u =
nd
x
cos0 (6-61c)
Thenextstepwilldeterminethevaluesoftheexcitationcoefficients(o
n
s).

6.8.2 Binomial Array

The array factor for the binomial array is represented by (661a)(661c)
wherethe o
n
s aretheexcitationcoefficients.
A.ExcitationCoefficients
To determine the excitation coefficients of a binomial array, using the
binomialexpansion,as

(1 + x
The
Theabove
Theval
The co
elemen
x)
m-1
=
coefficien
ereprese
luesofm
efficients
nts.
1 +(m -
ntsofthe
ntsPasca
areused
s of the e
-1)x +
(
+
(m-
seriesex
lstriangl
torepres
expansion

(m -1)(m
2!
-1)(m-2)(m
3!
pansionf
le.
sentthen
n represe
m -2)
x
2
m-3)
x
3
+
fordiffere
numberof
nt the re
2

+
entvalues
felement
elative am

sofmare
tsofthea
mplitudes
(6-62)

array,
of the

Referringto(661a),(661b),and(663),theamplitudecoefficientsforthe
followingarraysare:
1. Two elements (2M = 2)
o
1
= 1
2. Three elements (2M + 1 = 3)
2o
1
= 2 o
1
= 1,
o
2
= 1
3. Four elements (2M = 4)
o
1
= S,
o
2
= 1
4. Five elements (2M + 1 = 5)
Since the coefficients are determined from a binomial
seriesexpansion,thearrayisknownasabinomialarray.

2o
1
= 6 o
1
= S,
o
2
= 4
o
1
= 1
Either(662)orthePascaltriangleof(663)orextensionsofitcanbeused
tocalculatetheamplitudeexcitationcoefficientsforagivenarray.
B.DesignProcedure
Otherfiguresarethedirectivity,halfpowerbeamwidthandsidelobelevel.
It already has been stated that binomial arrays do not exhibit any minor lobes
providedthespacingbetweentheelementsisequalorlessthan z2.
Unfortunately, closed form expressions for the directivity and halfpower
beamwidth for binomial arrays of any spacing between the elements are not
available.
However, because the design using a /2 spacing leads to a pattern with
no minor lobes, approximate closedform expressions for the halfpower

beamwidth and maximum directivity for the d = /2 spacing only have been
derived in terms of the numbers of elements or the length of the array, and
theyaregiven,respectively,by

Toillustratethemethod,thepatternsofa10elementbinomialarray(2M
=10)withspacingsbetweentheelementsof/4,/2,3/4,and,respectively,
havebeenplottedinFigure6.20.Thecoefficientsof
a1=126,a2=84,a3=36,a4=9,anda5=1.
EPBw[J =
x
2
=
1.06
N-1
=
1.06
2Lx
=
0.75
Lx
(6-64)
EPBw[J =
x
2
=
1.06
N-1
=
1.06
2Lx
=
0.75
Lx
(6-64)

0
=
2
] |cos(
n
2
cos0)]
2(N-1)
sn0d0
n
0
(6-65)

0
=
(2N-2)(2N-4)2
(2N-3)(2N-5)1
= 1.77N = 1.771 +2Iz (6-65a, b)

Itisobservedthattherearenominorlobesforthearrayswithspacingsof
/4 and /2 between the elements. While binomial arrays have very low level
minor lobes, they exhibit larger beamwidths (compared to uniform and
DolphTschebyscheffdesigns).
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

u = 4
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

u = 2

0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

u = S4
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

u =

b
a
t
Figure6.20
A m
between
array with
thefeedn
Arrayfacto
ajor prac
theampl
h a large
network,a
orpowerpat
ctical disa
itudesof
number
anditma
tternsfora
d=/4,
dvantage
thediffer
of eleme
akesthem

10element
/2,3/4,a
e of binom
rentelem
ents. This
methodno
tbroadside
nd.
mial array
mentsofa
leads to
otveryde

binomialar
ys is the
anarray,e
very low
esirablein
raywithN=
wide var
especially
w efficienc
npractice
=10and
riations
yforan
cies for
.

Example6.8
For a 10element binomial array with a spacing of /2 between the
elements, whose amplitude pattern is displayed in Figure 6.20, determine the
halfpower beamwidth (in degrees) and the maximum directivity (in dB).
Comparetheanswerswithotheravailabledata.
Solution:
Using(664),thehalfpowerbeamwidthisequalto
EPBw[J =
x
2
=
1.06
N-1
=
1.06
2Lx
=
0.75
Lx
(6-64)
EPBw_J =
z
2
] =
1.u6
1u - 1
= u.SSS roJions = 2u.2S
o

Using(665a),thevalueofthedirectivityisequalforN=10

0
=
(2N-2)(2N-4)2
(2N-3)(2N-5)1
= 1.77N = 1.771 +2Iz (6-65b)

0
= S.S972 or 7.48JB

6.8.3 DolphTschebyscheff Array

AnotherarrayistheDolphTschebyscheffarray.Themethodwasoriginally
introduced by Dolph and investigated afterward by others. It is a compromise
between uniform and binomial arrays. Its excitation coefficients are related to
Tschebyscheffpolynomials.ADolphTschebyscheffarraywithnosidelobes(or
sidelobesof -uB)reducestothebinomialdesign.
A.ArrayFactor
Referring to (661a) and (661b), the array factor of an array of even or
odd number of elements with symmetric amplitude excitation is a summation
ofMorM+1cosineterms.
(AF)
2M
(c:cn) = o
n
cos |(2n -1)u]
M
n=1
(6-61a)
(AF)
2M+1
(oJJ) = o
n
cos |2(n -1)u]
M+1
n=1
(6-61b)
Thelargestharmonicofthecosinetermsisonelessthanthetotalnumber
ofelementsofthearray.Eachcosineterm,whoseargumentisanintegertimes

afundamentalfrequency,canberewrittenasaseriesofcosinefunctions
m = u cos(mu) = 1
m = 1 cos(mu) = cosu
m = 2 cos(mu) = cos(2u) = 2cos
2
u -1
m = S cos(mu) = cos(Su) = 4cos
3
u -Scosu
m = 4 cos(mu) = cos(4u) = 8cos
4
u -8cos
2
u +1
m = S cos(mu) = cos(Su) = 16cos
5
u -2ucos
3
u +Scosu
m = 6 cos(mu) = cos(6u) = S2cos
6
u -48cos
4
u +18cos
2
u -1
m = 7 cos(mu) = cos(7u) = 64cos
7
u -112cos
5
u +S6cos
3
u -7cosu
m = 8 cos(mu) = cos(8u) = 128cos
8
u -2S6cos
6
u +16ucos
4
u -S2cos
2
u +1
m = 9 cos(mu) = cos(9u) = 2S6cos
9
u -S76cos
7
u +4S2cos
5
u -12ucos
3
u +9cosu
(666)
Ifwelet
z = cosu (6-68)
m = u, cos(mu) = 1 = T
0
(z)
m = 1, cos(mu) = z = T
1
(z)
m = 2, cos(mu) = 2z
2
-1 = T
2
(z)

m = S, cos(mu) = 4z
3
-Sz = T
3
(z)
m = 4, cos(mu) = 8z
4
-8z
2
+1 = T
4
(z)
m = S, cos(mu) = 16z
5
-2uz
3
+ Sz = T
5
(z)
m = 6, cos(mu) = S2z
6
-48z
4
+ 18z
2
-1 = T
6
(z)
m = 7, cos(mu) = 64z
7
-112z
5
+S6z
3
- 7z = T
7
(z)
m = 8, cos(mu) = 128z
8
-2S6z
6
+16uz
4
-S2z
2
+1 = T
8
(z)
m = 9, cos(mu) = 2S6z
9
-S76z
7
+4S2z
5
-12uz
3
+9z = T
9
(z) (6-69)
andeachisrelatedtoaTschebyscheff(Chebyshev)polynomialTm(z).

I
p
p
1
p
2
h
3
m
r
s
p
e
In Figure
polynomi
propertie
1. Allpoly
point(1,1
2. Withint
havevalu
3. All roo
maxima a
respective
Since
summatio
polynomi
equating
e 6.21
als have
softhep
ynomials,
1).
the range
eswithin
ots occur
and minim
ely.
e the ar
on of cos
als,theu
the serie
the firs
been p
polynomia
ofanyo
e -1 z
1to+1
r within
ma have
ray facto
sine term
nknownc
es represe
st six T
lotted. T
alsareofi
rder,pass
z 1, the
1.
-1 z
values o
or of an
ms whose
coefficien
enting th

Tschebysc
The follow
interest:
sthrough
e polynom
1, and
of +1 an
even or
e form is
tsofthea
e cosine
cheff
wing
hthe
mials
d all
d1,
r odd nu
the sam
arrayfact
terms of
mber of
me as the
torcanbe
f the arra
element
e Tscheby
edetermi
ay factor
ts is a
yscheff
nedby
to the

appropriate Tschebyscheff polynomial. The order of the polynomial should be

onelessthanthetotalnumberofelementsofthearray.
B.ArrayDesign
Statement
Designa broadside DolphTschebyscheff array of 2M or 2M + 1 elements with
spacing J betweenthe elements. The side lobes are R
0
dB below the
maximumofthemajorlobe.Findtheexcitationcoefficientsandformthearray
factor.
Procedure
(a) Selecttheappropriatearrayfactorasgivenby(661a)or(661b).
(b) Expand the array factor. Replace each cos(mu) function (m = 0, 1, 2,
3,...)byitsappropriateseriesexpansionfoundin(666).
(c) Determine the point z = z
0
such that T
m
(z
0
) = R
0
(voltage ratio). The
order m of the Tschebyscheff polynomial is always one less than the total

number of elements. The design procedure requires that the Tschebyscheff

polynomialinthe -1 z z
1
,where z
1
isthenullnearesttoz=+1,beused
to represent the minor lobes of the array. The major lobe of the pattern is
formed from the remaining part of the polynomial up to point z
0
(z
1
< z
z
0
).
(d) Substitute
cos(u) =
z
z
0
(6-72)
In the array factor. The cos(u) is replaced by zz
0
, and not by z, so that
(672) would be valid for |z| |z
0
|. At |z| = |z
0
|, (672) attains its maximum
valueofunity.
(e) Equate the array factor from step b, after substitutionof (672), to a
T
m
(z) from(669).The T
m
(z) chosenshouldbeofordermwheremisanin
tegerequaltoonelessthanthetotalnumberofelementsofthedesignedarray.
Thiswillallowthedeterminationoftheexcitationcoefficients o
n
s.

(f) Write the array factor of (661a) or (661b) using the coefficients found in
stepe.
Example6.9
Design a broadside DolphTschebyscheff array of 10 elements with spacing d
betweentheelementsandwithamajortominorloberatioof26dB.Findthe
excitationcoefficientsandformthearrayfactor.
Solution:
1. Thearrayfactorisgivenby(661a)and(661c).Thatis,
(AF)
2M
(c:cn) = o
n
cos |(2n -1)u]
5
n=1
(6-61a)
p =
nJ
z
cos0
2. Whenexpanded,thearrayfactorcanbewrittenas
(AF)
10
= o
1
cos(u) +o
2
cos(Su) +o
3
cos(Su) +o
4
cos(7u) +o
51
cos(9u)
Replace cos(u), cos(Su), cos(Su), cos(7u),and cos(9u) bytheirseries

e
u
z
w
t
9
F
expansion
3. R
0
(J
byeq
Anothe
usedtofi
z
0
=
1
2
|_R
where P
thenumb
9). R
0
=
Figure6.2
nsfoundi
JB) = 26
quating R
R
0
= 2u
erequatio
nd z
0
is
R
0
+_R
0
2
-
+[
is an inte
berofarra
E
0
E
1

22.
n(666).
6 = 2ulog
R
0
to(I
9
u = I
9
(z
0
onwhich
-1_
1
P

[R
0
-R
0
2
eger equa
ayelemen
and z
0
g
10
R
0
or
(z
0)
).Thu
0
) = cosh
can,inge
-1
1
P
]
al to one
nts(inthi
are iden

r R
0
(vol
us
h|9cosb
-
eneral,be
(67S)
less than
scaseP=
ntified in
ltage rati
1
(z
0
)]
e
)
n
=
n
io) = 20.
z
0
= 1.u
. Determ
u8S1
ine z
0

4. Substitute
cos(u) =
z
z
0
=
z
1.u8S1

5. Equatethearrayfactorofstep2,afterthesubstitutionfromstep4,to
T
9
(z).Thepolynomial T
9
(z) isshownplottedinFigure6.22.Thus
(AF)
10
= 9z -12uz
3
+4S2z
5
-S76z
7
+2S6z
9

Matchingsimilartermsallowsthedeterminationofthe o
n
s.Thatis,
2S6o
5
z
0
9
= 2S6 o
5
= 2.u86u
64o
4
-S76o
5
z
0
7
= -S76 o
4
= 2.8Su8
16o
3
-112o
4
+4S2o
5
z
0
5
= 4S2 o
3
= 4.1184
4o
2
-2uo
3
+S6o
4
-12uo
5
z
0
3
= -12u o
2
= S.2u7S

o
1
-So
2
+So
3
-7o
4
+9o
5
z
0
3
= 9 o
1
= S.8S77
Innormalizedform,the o
n
coefficientscanbewrittenas
`
1
1
1
1
o
5
= 1
o
4
= 1.SS7
o
3
= 1.974
o
2
= 2.496
o
1
= 2.798
or
`
1
1
1
1
o
5
= u.SS7
o
4
= u.48S
o
3
= u.7u6
o
2
= u.89u
o
1
= 1

6. Usingthefirst(left)setofnormalizedcoefficients,thearrayfactorcanbe
writtenas
(AF)
10
= 2.798cos(u) +2.496cos(Su) +1.794cos(Su) +1.SS7cos(7u) +1 cos(9u)
p =
nJ
z
cos0
ThearrayfactorpatternsofExample6.9ford=/4and/2areshownplotted.
Since the spacing is less than (d <), maxima exist only at broadside
(
0
= 9u
o
). However when te spacing is equal to (d = ), two more maxima
appear(onetoward
0
= u
o
andtheothertoward
0
= 18u
o
).Ford=the
arrayhasfourmaxima,anditactsasanendfireaswellasabroadsidearray.

12
150
180
210
24
90
20
40
270
60
300

0
30
330
/2
/4

0 60 120 180 240 300 360

-40
-30
-20
-10
0
A
r
r
a
y

f
a
c
t
o
r

(
d
B
)
Theta (degree)
/2
/4
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330

The excitation coefficients of a DolphTschebyscheff array can be derived
using various documented techniques and others. One method, whose results
are suitable for computer calculations, is that by Barbiere. The coefficients
usingthismethodcanbeobtainedusing

o
n
=
`
1
1
1
1
1
1
(-1)
M-q
(z
0
)
2q-1
(q+M-2)!(2M-1)
(q-n)!(q+n-1)!(M-q)!
M
q=n
or c:cn 2H clcmcnts
n = 1,2, H
(-1)
M-q+1
(z
0
)
2(q-1)
(q+M-2)!(2M)
c
n
(q-n)!(q+n-2)!(M-q+1)!
M
q=n
or oJJ 2H +1 clcmcnts
n = 1,2, H +1
(677)
wbcrc e
n
= ]
2 n = 1
1 n = 1

C.BeamwidthandDirectivity
For large DolphTschebyscheff arrays scanned not too close to endfire
andwithsidelobesintherangefrom20to60dB,thehalfpowerbeamwidth
and directivity can be found by introducing a beam broadening factor given
approximatelyby

(678)

= 1 +u.6S6{
2
R
0
cosb|(cosb
-1
R
0
)
2
-n
2
]]
2

w
i
d
1
e
where R
0
isplotted
The
determine
1. Calcula
elements
0
isthem
inFigure
halfpow
edby
ating the
andspac
majortos
6.24(a)a
wer beam
beamwi
ing)using
sidelobe
asafuncti
mwidth o
dth of a
g(622a)o

voltager
ionofside
of a Dol
uniform
orreading
ratio.The
elobeleve
lphTsche
m array (o
gitoffFig
beambr
el(indB).

ebyscheff
of the sa
gure6.12
oadening
array c
ame num
gfactor
can be
ber of

2
f
d
s
w
6
w
2. Multipl
factor
The
directivity
sidelobes

0
which is
6.24(b) a
waveleng
lying the
compute
beam b
y of large
sinthe2
0
=
1+(R
0
2
shown
as a func
ths).
beamwid
edusing(6
broadenin
e DolphT
20to60d
2R
0
2
-1)]
Z
(L+d)

plotted
ction of
dth of par
678)orre
g factor
Tschebysc
dBrange.
(67
in Figu
L + d

rt (1) by t
eadingito
can a
heff array
Thatis,
79)
ure
(in
the appro
offFigure
also be
ys, scann
opriate be
e6.24(a)
used to
ed near
eam broa
determin
broadside
dening
ne the
e, with

FromthedatainFigure6.24(b)itcanbeconcludedthat:
1. The directivity of a DolphTschebyscheff array, with a given side lobe level,
increasesasthearraysizeornumberofelementsincreases.
2. For a given array length, or a given number of elements in the array, the
directivity does not necessarily increase as the side lobe level decreases. As a
matteroffact,a15dBsidelobearrayhassmallerdirectivitythana20dBside
lobe array (see Figure 6.26). This may not be the case for all other side lobe
levels.

D.Design
The design of a DolphTschebyscheff array is very similar to those of other
methods. Usually a certain number of parameters are specified, and the
remaining are obtained following a certain procedure. In this section we will
outline an alternate method that can be used, in addition to the one outlined
and followed in Example 6.9, to designa DolphTschebyscheff array. This
methodleadstotheexcitationcoefficientsmoredirectly.
Specify
a.Thesidelobelevel(indB). b.Thenumberofelements.
DesignProcedure
a.Transformthesidelobelevelfromdecibelstoavoltageratiousing
R
0
(Ioltogc Rotio) = |R
0
(IR)] = 1u
R
0
(dB20)
(681)
b. Calculate P, which also represents the order of the Tschebyscheff
polynomial,using

P = numbei of elements 1
c.Determinez0using(673)or
z
0
= cosb _
1
p
cosb
-1
|R
0
(IR)]_ (682)
d.Calculatetheexcitationcoefficientsusing(677a)or(677b).
e.Determinethebeambroadeningfactorusing(678).
f. Calculate using (622a) the halfpower beamwidth of a uniform array with
thesamenumberofelementsandspacingbetweenthem.
g. Find the halfpower beamwidth of the Tschebyscheff array by multiplying
the halfpower beamwidth of the uniform array by the beam broadening
factor.
h. The maximum spacing between the elements should not exceed that of
(676a).
i.Determinethedirectivityusing(679).

j.Thenumberofminorlobesforthethreedimensionalpatternoneitherside
of the main maximum (u
o
9u
o
), using the maximum permissible
spacing,isequaltoN1.
k.Calculatethearrayfactorusing(661a)or(661b).
Example6.10
Calculate the halfpower beamwidth and the directivity for the
DolphTschebyscheff array of Example 6.9 for a spacing of /2 between the
elements.
Solution:
ForExample6.9,
R
0
=26dBR
0
=20(voltageratio)
Using(678)orFigure6.24(a),thebeambroadeningfactorfisequalto
f=1.079
According to (622a) or Figure 6.12, the beamwidth of a uniform broadside
arraywithL+d=5isequalto

h
= 1u.17
o

ThusthebeamwidthofaDolphTschebyscheffarrayisequalto

h
= 1u.17
o
1.u79 = 1u.79
Thedirectivitycanbeobtainedusing(679),anditisequalto

0
=
220
2
1+(20
2
-1)
1.09
S
= 9.18 9.6SuB (679)

6
r
a
s
A
s
s
s
o
o
h
6.10PLA
Indiv
rectangul
Plan
any point
sensing,c
A p
Airborne
shown. It
slotsonth
system h
operating
of kilome
heightabo
ANARARR
vidual rad
arorplan
ar arrays
t in space
communic
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Warning
utilizes w
henarrow
has 360
o
galtitudes
eters awa
ovethefu
RAY
diators ca
nararray.
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sually mo
fanaircra

sitioned a
can the m
clude trac
others.
ed in th
System,
diators wi
guides.Th
ea, and
tshundre
ounted at
aft.
long a re
main beam
cking rada
he
is
ith
he
at
ds
t a
ectangular
m of the a
ar, search
r grid to f
antenna t
h radar, r
form a
toward
remote

6
T
e
a
W

6.10.1 Ar
To derive
elements
arrayfact
AF =
Where
I
m1
is
elemen
The s
betwee
represe
rray Fact
e the arr
are initia
orofitca
I
m1
M
m=1
s the ex
nt.
pacing a
en the e
ented,res
tor
ray facto
ally place
anbewrit
c
](m-1)(k
xcitation
and prog
lements
spectively
r for a
ed along t
ttenaccor
kd
x
sn0cos
coefficie
gressive
along th
y,by d
x

planar ar
the xaxis
rdingto(6
sq+[
x
)
(6
ent of e
phase s
he xaxis
and
x
.
rray, refe
s, as show
652)and
84)
each
shift
are

er to Fig
wnin Figu
(654)as
ure 6.28
ure 6.28(
s
. If H
a), the

t
d
p
a
F
e
o
W
If N
to each
distance
progressi
array wil
Figure6.2
entirepla
AF
or
Where
such arr
other in
d
x
ap
ve phase
ll be for
28(b).The
nararray
= I
N
n=1
ays are p
the yd
part and
e
y
, a
rmed as
earrayfac
ycanbew
I
n1
|
M
m=1
placed ne
direction,
d with
rectangul
shown
ctorforth
writtenas
I
m1
c
](m-
AF =

ext
a
a
ar
in
he
-1)(kd
x
sn
= S
xm
S
n
n0cosq+[
x
)
n

)
]c
](n-1)(

(kd
j
sn0sn
(

nq+[
j
)

(684a)
(685)

S
xm
= I
m1
c
](m-1)(kd
x
sn0cosq+[
x
)
M
m=1
; S
n
= I
1n
c
](n-1)(kd
j
sn0snq+[
j
)
N
n=1

If the amplitude excitation coefficients of the elements of the array in the

ydirection are proportional to those along the x, the amplitude of the (m,
n)thelementcanbewrittenas
I
mn
= I
m1
I
1n
(686)
If in a ddition the amplitude excitation of the entire array is uniform
(I
mn
= I
0
),(684a)canbeexpressedas
AF = I
0
c
](m-1)(kd
x
sn0cosq+[
x
) M
m=1
c
](n-1)(kd
j
sn0snq+[
j
) N
n=1
(687)
According to (66), (610), and (610c), the normalized form of (687) can also
bewrittenas
Equation(685) indicates that the pattern of a rectangular array is the
productofthearrayfactorsofthearraysinthexandydirections.

AF = c
](n-1)(kdcos0+[) N
n=1
(66)
AF = c
]j
N-1
2
[
_
sn (
N
2
)
sn(
1
2
)
_ (610); (AF)
n
=
1
N
_
sn (
N
2
)
sn(
1
2
)
_ (610c)

When the spacing between the elements is equal or greater than /2,
multiplemaximaofequalmagnitudecanbeformed.Theprincipalmaximumis
referredtoasthemajorlobeandtheremainingasthegratinglobes.

AF
n
(0, ) = {
1
M
sn(
M
2

x
)
sn(

x
2
)
]{
1
N
sn(
M
2

j
)
sn(

j
2
)
] (688)

x
= kJ
x
sin0cos + [
x
(688a)

= kJ

sin0cos +[

(688b)
A grating lobe is defined as a lobe, other than the main lobe, produced by
an array antenna when the inter element spacing is sufficiently large to
permittheinphaseadditionofradiatedfieldsinmorethanonedirection.

Toformoravoidgratinglobesinarectangulararray,thesameprinciplesmust
besatisfiedasforalineararray.Toavoidgratinglobesinthexzandyzplanes,
thespacingbetweentheelementsinthexandydirections,respectively,must
belessthan/2

Forarectangulararray,themajorlobeandgratinglobesof S
xm
and S
n

in(685a)and(685b)arelocatedat
kJ
x
sin0cos +[
x
= _2mn m = u,1,2, (689a)
kJ

sin0sin +[

= _2nn n = u,1,2, (689b)

The phases [
x
and [

are independent of each other, and they can be

adjusted so that the main beam of S
xm
is not the same as that of S
n
.
However, in most practical applications it is required that the conical main
beams of S
xm
and S
n
intersect and their maxima be directed toward the
dx < 2 and dy < 2

samedirection.
If it is desired to have only one main beam that is directed along 0 = 0
0

and =
0
, the progressive phase shift between the elements in the x and
ydirectionsmustbeequalto
[
x
= -kJ
x
sin0
0
cos
0
(69ua)
[

= -kJ

sin0
0
sin
0
(69ub)
Whensolvedsimultaneously,(690a)and(690b)canalsobeexpressedas
ton
0
=
[
d
d
x
[
x
d
j
(691a)
sin
2
0
0
= (
[
x
kd
x
)
2
+(
[
j
kd
j
)
2
(691b)
Theprincipalmaximum(m=n=0)andthegratinglobescanbelocatedby
kJ
x
(sin0cos - sin0
0
cos
0
) = _2mn m = u,1,2, (692a)
kJ

(sin0sin -sin0
0
sin
0
) = _2nn n = u,1,2, (692b)

= ton
-1
|
sn0
0
snq
0
_nxd
j
sn0
0
cosq
0
_mxd
x
] (694a)
0 = sin
-1
_
sn0
0
cosq
0
_
mZ
d
x
cosq
_ = sin
-1
_
sn0
0
snq
0
_
nZ
d
j
snq
_ (694b)
To demonstrate the principles of planar array theory, the
threedimensional pattern of a 5 5 element array of uniform amplitude,
[
x
= [

= u anddx=dy=/4,isshowninFigure6.29.
The maximum is oriented along 0 = u
o
and only the pattern above the
xy plane is shown. An identical pattern is formed in the lower hemisphere
whichcanbediminishedbytheuseofagroundplane.
To examine the pattern variation as a function of the element spacing,
the three dimensional pattern of the same 5 5 element array of isotropic
sources with dx=dy=/2 and [
x
= [

= u is displayed in Figure 6.30. The

patternofFigure6.30exhibitsminorlobesinallplanes.

6
i
b
s
a
6.10.2 Be
The
isquitefo
be used t
scanned t
arrayand
eamwidt
taskoffin
ormidable
to comput
too far of
thebeam
th
ndingthe
e.Instead,
te these
ff broadsi
mbroaden
ebeamwid
,averysi
paramete
ide. The m
ningfacto

dthofno
implepro
ers for lar
method u
orofthea
onuniform
ocedurew
rge arrays
utilizes re
amplitude
mamplitud
willbeout
s whose m
esults of a
edistribut
deplanar
tlinedwhi
maximum
a uniform
tion.

arrays
ichcan
m is not
m linear

b
d
F
h
The
beam of
directed
Figure6.3
Tod
O
Th
For a
halfpowe
maximum
the arra
toward
36.
efineabe
neisthee
heotheri
a large a
erbeamw
m of the
ay is ass
0
0
,
0
a
eamwidth
elevation
saplane
rray, with
width 0
h
conical m
sumed to
as shown
h,twopla
planede
thatispe
h its maxi
isgivena

main
o be
n in
nesarec
efinedbyt
erpendicu
imum nea
pproxima
hosen.
theangle
ulartoit.~
ar broads
atelyby
=
0
,
~V
h
.
side, the
, 0
h
.
elevation

n plane

0
h
=
_
1
cos
2
0
0
|u
x0
-2
cos
2
q
0
+u
j0
-2
sn
2
q
0
]
(69S)
where 0
x0
represents the halfpower beamwidth of a broadside linear array
of M elements. Similarly, 0
0
represents the halfpower beamwidth of a
broadsidearrayofNelements.
Thevaluesof 0
x0
and 0
0
canbeobtainedbyusingpreviousresults.
For a uniform distribution, the values of 0
x0
and 0
0
can be obtained by
using, respectively, the lengths (I
x
+Jx)zand (I

+Jy)z and reading

thevaluesfromthebroadsidecurveofFigure6.12.
For a Tschebyscheff distribution, the values of 0
x0
and 0
0
are obtained
by multiplying each uniform distribution value by the beam broadening
factorof(678)orFigure6.24(a).
The same concept can be used to obtain the beamwidth of other
distributions as long as their corresponding beam broadening factors are
available.

Forasquarearray(M=N,0
x0
= 0
0
,(695)reducesto
0
h
= 0
x0
scc0
0
= 0
0
scc0
0
(69Sa)
Equation (695a) indicates that for 0
0
> uthe beamwidth increases
proportionally to sec0
0
. The broadening of the beamwidth by sec0
0
, as 0
0

increases, is consistent with the reduction by cos0

0
of the projected area of
thearrayinthepointingdirection.
The halfpower beamwidth V
h
, in the plane that is perpendicular to the
=
0
elevation,isgivenby

h
=
_
1
u
x0
-2
sn
2
q
0
+u
j0
-2
cos
2
q
0
(696)
anditdoesnotdependon 0
0
.Forasquarearray,(696)reducesto

h
= 0
x0
= 0
0
(696a)
Thevaluesof 0
x0
and 0
0
arethesameasin(695)and(695a).
Foraplanararray,itisusefultodefineabeamsolidangle
A
by

0
A
= 0
h
V
h
(697)
asitwasdonein(223),(224),and(226a).Using(695)and(696),(697)can
beexpressedas
0
A
=
u
x0
u
j0
scc0
0
|sn
2
q
0
+
O
j0
2
O
x0
2
cos
2
q
0
]
12
|sn
2
q
0
+
O
x0
2
O
j0
2
cos
2
q
0
]
12
(698)
6.10.3 Directivity
ThedirectivityofthearrayfactorAF(u,|)whosemajorbeamispointingin
the u=u
0
and |=|
0
direction, can be obtained by employing the definition of
(222)andwritingitas

0
=
4n|AP(0
0
,q
0
)]|AP(0
0
,q
0
)]

|
mcx
] ]
|AP(0
0
,q
0
)]|AP(0
0
,q
0
)]

sn0d0dq
n
0
2n
0
(699)
Forlargeplanararrays,whicharenearlybroadside,thedirectivityreducesto

0
= ncos0
0

(61uu)
where
x
and

are the directivities of broadside linear arrays each,

respectively, of length and number of elements I

x
, H and I

, N. The
factor cos
0
accounts for the decrease of the directivity because of the
decreaseoftheprojectedareaofthearray.
For most practical amplitude distributions, the directivity of (6100) is
relatedtothebeamsolidangleofthesamearrayby

0
=
n
2
U
A
(uds
2
)
=
32,400
U
A
(dcgccs
2
)
(61u1)
Example6.11
Computethehalfpowerbeamwidths,beamsolidangle,anddirectivityof
a planar square array of 100 isotropic elements (10 10). Assume a
Tschebyscheffdistribution,/2spacingbetweentheelements,26dBsidelobe
level,andthemaximumorientedalong
0
= Su
o
,
0
= 4S
o
.
Solution:
Sinceinthexandydirections

I
x
+ Jx = I

+ Jy = Sz
andeachisequaltoL+dofExample6.10,then
0
x0
= 0
0
= 1u.97
o

Accordingto(695a)
0
h
= 0
x0
scc0
0
= 12.67
o

h
= 0
x0
= 1u.97
o

and(697)
0
A
= 0
h
V
h
= 1S8.96
o

Thedirectivitycanbeobtainedusing(6100).Sincethearrayissquare,Dx=Dy,
eachoneisequaltothedirectivityofExample6.10.Thus

0
= ncos0
0

= 229.28 = 2S.6JB
Using(6101)

0
=
n
2
0
A
(roJs
2
)
=
S2,4uu
0
A
(Jcgrccs
2
)
= 2SS.16 = 2S.67JB
6.12CIRCULARARRAY
Thecirculararray,inwhichtheelementsareplacedinacircularring,isan
arrayconfigurationofverypracticalinterest.Overthe years,applicationsspan
radio direction finding, air and space navigation, underground propagation,
radar,sonar,andmanyothersystems.Morerecently,circulararrayshavebeen
proposedforwirelesscommunication,andinparticularforsmartantennas.

6
t
o
r
c
w
g
w
6.12.1 Ar
Refe
thatNiso
on the xy
radius a.
canbewr
E
n
(r,
where R
n
general
whichfor
R
n
r
rray Fact
erring to F
otropicele
y plane a
The norm
rittenas
0, ) =
n
is the d
r o
r -ocos
tor
Figure 6.3
ementsar
long a cir
malized fi
o
n
N
n=1
c
distance f
R
n
=
reducest

n
= r -
37, let us
reequally
rcular ring
ield of th
-]kR
n
R
n
(
from the
(r
2
+o
2
to
o(o
p
o

assume
yspaced
g of the
he array
(61u9)
nth elem
2
-2orco

) = r -
ment to t
os)
12

osin0cos
he obser

s ( -
n
vation po
(6
n
) (6

oint. In
1u9a)
1u9b)

where
o
p
o

= (o
x
cos
n
+o

sin
n
) (o
x
sin0cos +o

sin0sin + o
z
cos0)
= sin0cos ( -
n
) (61u9c)
Thus(6109)reduces,assumingthatforamplitudevariations R
n
= r,to
E
n
(r, 0, ) =
c
-]kr

o
n
N
n=1
c
+]kusn0cos(q-q
n
)
(611u)
where
o
n
=excitationcoefficients(amplitudeandphase)ofnthelement

n
= 2
n
N
angularpositionofnthelementonxyplane
Ingeneral,theexcitationcoefficientofthenthelementcanbewrittenas
o
n
= I
n
c
]u
n
(6111)
where
I
n
=amplitudeexcitationofthenthelement

o
n
=phaseexcitation(relativetothearraycenter)ofthenthelement
With(6111),(6110)canbeexpressedas
E
n
(r, 0, ) =
c
-]kr

|AF(0, )] (6112)
where
AF(0, ) = I
n
N
n=1
c
]|kusn0cos(q-q
n
)+u
n
]
(6112a)
Equation(6112a) represents the array factor of a circular array of N
equally spaced elements. To direct the peak of the main beam inthe (
0
,
0
)
direction,thephaseexcitationofthenthelementcanbechosentobe
o
n
= -kosin0
0
cos (
0
-
n
) (611S)
Thusthearrayfactorof(6112a)canbewrittenas
AF(0, ) = I
n
N
n=1
c
]ku|sn0cos(q-q
n
)-sn0
0
cos(q
0
-q
n
)]

= I
n
N
n=1
c
]ku|cos-cos
0
]
(6114)

Equations(6120),(6115),and(6120a)canbeusedtocalculatethearray
factor.Thisisusuallyverytimeconsuming,evenformoderatelylargevaluesof
N. The threedimensionalpattern ofthearrayfactorfora10elementuniform
circular array of ka = 10 is shown in Figure 6.38. The corresponding
twodimensionalprincipalplanepatternsaredisplayedinFigure6.39.
AF(0, ) = I
n
N
n=1
c
]ku(cos-cos
0
)
= I
n
N
n=1
c
]kp
0
cos(q
n
-{)
(612u)
= ton
-1
j
sn0snq-sn0
0
snq
0
sn0cosq-sn0
0
cosq
0
[ (612ua)
p
0
= o|(sin0cos - sin0
0
cos
0
)
2
+(sin0sin - sin0
0
sin
0
)
2
]
12

(611S)

P
6
z
t
(
(
(
6
a
e
(
(
6
PROBLEM
6.1.Three
zaxis. The
thecente
(a)arrayf
(b)angles
(c)angles
6.3. A thr
and magn
elements
(a)Findth
(b)Finda
6.8.Auni
MS
eisotropic
e excitati
relement
factor
s(indegre
(indegre
reeeleme
nitude rel
isd= /2
hearrayfa
llthenull
iformarra
csources,
on coeffic
tis2.For
ees)wher
ees)where
ent array
lationship
2.
actor.
s.
ayof3el
,withspa
cient of e
aspacing
rethenul
ethemax
of isotro
ps shown.
ementsis

acingdbe
each outs
gofd=/
lsofthep
ximaofth
opic sourc
. The spa
sdesigne
etweenth
ide eleme
/4betwee
patternoc
hepattern
ces has th
cing betw
dsothat
hem,arep
ent is uni
entheele
ccur(u
o

noccur(u
he phase
ween the
itsmaxim
placedalo
ty while t
ements,fi
18
u
o

mumisdi
ongthe
that of
ndthe
8u
o
)
18u
o
).

irected

toward broadside. The spacing between the elements is /2. For the array
factoroftheantenna,determine
(a)alltheangles(indegrees)wherethenullswilloccur.
(b)alltheangles(indegrees)whereallthemaximawilloccur.
(c)thehalfpowerbeamwidth(indegrees).
(d)directivity(dimensionlessandindB).
(e) the relative value (in dB) of the magnitude of the array factor toward
endfire(
0
= u
o
)comparedtothattowardbroadside(
0
= 9u
o
).
6.12.Design an ordinaryendfireuniform linear array withonly onemaximum
so that its directivity is 20 dB (above isotropic). The spacing between the
elementsis/4,anditslengthismuchgreaterthanthespacing.Determinethe
(a)numberofelements
(b)Overalllengthofthearray(inwavelengths)
(c)Approximatehalfpowerbeamwidth(indegrees)

(d) Amplitude level (compared to the maximum of the major lobe) of the first
minorlobe(indB)
(e)Progressivephaseshiftbetweentheelements(indegrees).
6.16. Ten isotropic elements are placed along the zaxis. Design a
HansenWoodyard endfire array with the maximum directed toward

0
= 18u
o
.Findthe:
(a)desiredspacing
(b)progressivephaseshift (inradians)
(c)locationofallthenulls(indegrees)
(d)firstnullbeamwidth(indegrees)
6.39. Five isotropic elements, with spacing d between them, are placed along
thezaxis.Forabinomialamplitudedistribution,
(a)writethearrayfactorinitsmostsimplifiedform
(b) compute the directivity (in dB) and compare using the computer program

Arraysofthischapter(d=/2)
(c)findthenullsofthearraywhend=(u
o
18u
o
)
6.48.Designathreeelement,40dBsidelobelevelDolphTschebyscheffarray
ofisotropicelementsplacedsymmetricallyalongthezaxis.Findthe
(a)amplitudeexcitationcoefficients
(b)arrayfactor
(c)angleswherethenullsoccurford=3/4(u
o
18u
o
)
(d)directivityford=3/4
(e)halfpowerbeamwidthford=3/4
6.73. Design a 10 8 (10 in the x direction and 8 in the y) element uniform
planararraysothatthemainmaximumisorientedalong
0
= 1u
o
,
0
= 9u
o
.
Foraspacingofdx=dy=/8betweentheelements,findthe
(a)progressivephaseshiftbetweentheelementsinthexandydirections

(b)directivityofthearray
(c)halfpowerbeamwidths(intwoperpendicularplanes)ofthearray.