Guide for

Steel Hull Welding

ANSI/AWS D3.5-93R
An American National Standard
Keywords Steel, steel hull welding, ship welding, ANSI/AWS D3.5-93
hull design, hull construction, marine An American National Standard
construction, vessels, offshore guide
Approved by
American National Standards Institute
April 29,1992
Guide for
Steel Hull Welding
Superseding AWS D3.5-85
Prepared by
AWS Committee on Welding in Marine Construction
Under the Direction of
AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by
AWS Board of Directors
Abstract
This guide provides information to users in the marine construction industry as to the best practical methods to weld
steel hulls for ships, barges, mobile offshore drilling units, and other marine vessels. This guide provides information on
steel plates, shapes, castings, and forgings; their selection; and their weldability. It discusses welding processes and
proper design for welding. Hull construction is presented in terms of preparation of materials, erection and fitting, and
control of distortion. Qualification of procedures and personnel are outlined, and inspection methods are discussed. A
common shipyard problem, stray current protection, is discussed as is the health and safety of the work force.
Supplementary nonmandatory appendices are provided for informational purposes.
American Welding Society
550 N.W. LeJeune Road, P.O. Box 351040, Miami, Flor ida 33135
Table of Contents
Page No.
Personnel iii
Foreword iv
List of Tables vii
List of Figures vii
1. Materials 1
1.1 Steel Manufacturing Processes 1
1.2 Higher Strength Steels 5
1.3 Notch Toughness Properties of Steel 5
1.4 Notch Toughness of Weld Metal and Heat-Affected Zone 8
1.5 Fatigue 10
1.6 Specifications for Steel 13
1.7 Specifications for Welding Consumables 15
1.8 Selection of Materials 15
1.9 Weld Cracking 15
1.10 Service Performance of Welds 17
1.11 Welding of Higher Strength and Low-Temperature Service Steels 19
1.12 Welding of Clad Steel 19
1.13 Explosion Bonded Transition Joints 20
2. Welding Processes 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) 20
2.3 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) 22
2.4 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) 23
2.5 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW) 25
2.6 Electroslag Welding (ESW) and Electrogas Welding (EGW) 27
2.7 Stud Welding 27
2.8 Thermit Welding 30
2.9 Removable Backing Materials for Welding 30
3. Design 31
3.1 Introduction 31
3.2 Main Strength Members 31
3.3 Secondary Strength Members 32
3.4 Design Details 32
3.5 Details for Manual Welding 35
4. Hull Construction 43
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Preparation of Material 43
4.3 Erection and Fitting 44
4.4 Welding Sequence 46
4.5 Weld Distortion 46
4.6 Stress Relief 54
4.7 Preheat 57
4.8 Barge Construction for Inland Waterways 57
Page No.
5. Inspection and Qualification 60
5.1 Introduction 60
5.2 Welding Procedure Qualifications 60
5.3 Welder Qualification 60
5.4 Inspection Methods 61
5.5 Welding Defects 63
5.6 Repair of Defects 65
5.7 Air Carbon Arc Process 65
6. Stray Current Protection 67
6.1 Underwater Corrosion 67
6.2 Current Flow 67
6.3 Welding Equipment Requirements 67
6.4 Grounding (Work) Connections 67
6.5 Special Precautions 74
7. Safety 77
7.1 Introduction 77
7.2 Fumes and Gases 77
7.3 Radiation 77
7.4 Electrical Hazards 78
7.5 Fire Prevention 78
7.6 OSHA Regulations 79
Appendix A Codes and Specifications 81
Appendix B Glossary 83
Appendix C Safety 89
Appendix D Mill Plate Tests and Inspection Procedures 97
Alpha-Numerical Document Title Referenceby Source 106
AWS Marine Welding Document List (Inside Back Cover)
VI
List of Tables
Table Page No.
1A American Bureau of Shipping, Requirements for Ordinary Strength Hull Structural Steel,
Grades A, B, D, E, DS, CS, 2 in. (51 mm) and Under 9
IB American Bureau of Shipping, Requirements for Ordinary Strength Hull Structural Steel,
Over 2 in. (51 mm) 10
2A American Bureau of Shipping, Requirements for Higher Strength Hull Structural Steel,
Grades AH32, DH32, EH32, AH36, DH36, and EH36, 2 in. (51 mm) and Under 11
2B American Bureau of Shipping Requirements for Higher Strength Hull Structural Steel,
Over 2 in. (51 mm) 12
2C American Bureau of Shipping, Normalizing Heat Treatment Requirements for Higher
Strength Hull Structural Steels 12
3 Thickness Limitations for ABS Steel Grades 14
4 Specifications for Filler Metals Steel 16
5 Applicable Filler Metal (ABS Grade and AWS Classification) Base Plate Combinations 21
6 Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Solid or Composite Electrodes and Rods 26
7 Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Flux Cored Electrodes (Wires) 28
8 Equivalent Fillet Weld Leg Size Factors for Skewed T-Joints 43
9 Weld Shrink Allowances 55
List of Figures
Figure Page No.
I Schematic Temperature Versus Deformation Plot Showing Differences Between Conventional
Hot-Rolling and Control-Rolling 5
2A Standard Charpy V-Notch Test Specimen 7
2B Typical Charpy V-Notch Transition Temperature Curve for ABS Grade D Steel 7
3 Typical Charpy V-Notch Transition Temperature Curves for Several Grades of Steel 8
4 Tempering Passes 19
5 Typical Detail for Groove Welding Clad Plating 20
6 One Type of Gravity Feed Welding 22
7 Typical Joint Details and Backing Material Positioning for One-Side Submerged Arc Welding 24
8 Automatic Fillet Welding of Stiffeners to Plate Panel Welds are Being Made Simultaneously
on Both Sides of Stiffener 25
9 Vertical Electroslag and Electrogas Welding 29
10 Consumable Guide Tube Welding 30
II Typical Joint Details for One-Side Welding 31
12 Most Highly Stressed Areas of Hull Girder 32
13 Load-Elongation and Transition Temperature Curves for Specimens With Oxygen-Cut Edges 33
14 Ending of Bulwark Fashion Plate Welded to Top of Sheerstrake 34
15 Original Design of Hatch Corner on Liberty Ship 35
16 Design of Hatch Corner on Victory Ship 35
VI I
Page No.
17 Typical Hatch Corner in Way of Container Guides on Container Ship 36
18 Typical Elliptical Hatch Corner 36
19 Bilge Keel Endings 36
20 Stress Concentration at Intersecting Planes Eased by Brackets 37
21 Typical Weld Details for Welding From One Side Only, Permanent Backing 38
22 Two Methods of Edge Preparation for Groove Welds Near Plate Laps 39
23 Transition From Riveting to Welding in Flush Seam 40
24 Transition From Riveting to Welding in Lap Seam 40
25 Welded Water- or Oil-Stops at Intersecting Members 41
26 Welded Stops at Riveted Seam Lap 41
27 Scallops 42
28 Details for Skewed T-Joints 42
29 Typical Strongbacks 45
30 Cutout of Member to Permit Passage of Inboard Sliding Shoe and Cables 46
31 Correction of Poor Fit-Up 47
32 Welding Sequence at Intersection of Butt and Seam 48
33 Welding Sequence for Plate Butt and Adjacent Seams 48
34 Typical Welding Sequence For Plate Butts and Seams Where Butts are Staggered 49
35 Typical Welding Sequence for Plate Butts and Seams Where Butts are in Line 49
36 Typical Welding Sequence for Plate Butt and Adjacent Seams Where Internal Framing is Attached .... 50
37 Typical Welding Sequence for Large Subassembled Plate Panels 50
38 Welding Sequence for Side Shell Plate Repair 50
39 Closure of Small and Large Openings 51
40 Residual Welding Stresses 52
41 Typical Distortion of Welded Joints 53
42 Angular Deflection Due to Welding Stiffeners to Plate (The Washboard Effect) 53
43 Angular Distortion Tendencies in Making Groove Welds 53
44 Natural Buckling Deflection 53
45 Permissible Unfairness in Steel Welded Structures as Used for Guidance by U.S. Navy 56
46 Control of Distortion in Thin Plate By Intermittent Welding 56
47 Coil Storage (Top) and Uncoiling Operation (Bottom) 58
48 Barge Construction Showing a Side Shell Unit (at right) in Horizontal Position Ready to be
Erected Into Final Vertical Position 59
49 Typical Weldment Cracks 64
50 Air Carbon Arc Torch 66
51 Air Carbon Arc Torch Mounted on Carriage for Flat Work 68
52 Potential Source of Direct Currents Causing Corrosion Due to Accidental or Unintentional
Ground on Vessel 68
53 Equivalent Circuit for Improperly Connected Generator or Rectifier 68
54 Nomograph for Copper Ground (Work Lead) Wire Size 69
55 Nomograph for Copper Electrode Lead Cable Size 70
56 Hookup for Single Ship at Pier 71
57 Hookup for Two Ships at Pier 72
58 Hookup for Ships Afloat (Sheet 1 of 2 Sheets) 73
59 Hookup for Ships Afloat (Sheet 2 of 2 Sheets) 73
60 Hookup for Ship in Floating Docks or ARD or LSD 74
61 Hookup for Ships in Dry or Graving Dock 75
62 Grounding (Work Lead) Connections on Steel Surface Ships 76
Appendix D
D-l Dynamic Tear Test Specimen, Anvil Supports and Striker 99
D-2 Tensile Coupon Sampling 100
D-3 Yield Stress Defined 100
Vl l l
Page No.
D-4 Allowable Reduction in Tensile Coupon Elongation if Coupon Thickness is Less Than 5/16 Inch
or More Than 3-1/2 Inch 100
D-5 Charpy Coupon Testing 101
D-6 Drop-Weight Test Setup to Determine Nil-Ductility (ASTM 208) 102
D-7 Drop Weight Tear Test (ASTM E436) 103
D-8 ASTM A770 Through Thickness Tensile Coupons 103
D-9 UT A435 Minimum Acceptance Criteria and Marking Requirement 105
D-10 A578 Minimum Acceptance Criteria and Marking Requirement 105
IX
Guide for
Steel Hull Welding
1. Materials
This section deals with the manufacture and heat treat-
ing of steel, properties of steel, specifications for steel and
welding consumables, and the weldability of steel.
1
1.1 Steel Manufacturing Processes. Ship steel is made
primarily in basic oxygen furnaces (BOF), open-hearth
furnaces, and electric furnaces. There are only a few open-
hearth furnaces operating today. Electric furnaces are
used to make high-alloy specialty steels, steels for cast-
ings, and in conjunction with continuous casters they are
used to make small to medium sized shapes and some flat
rolled products.
1.1.1 Plates and Shapes. Plates are rolled in one of
three types of rolling mills to produce sheared plates,
universal mill plates, and continuous strip.
Sheared plates are rolled on mills which have horizontal
rolls only, and are produced with irregular edges and ends
which must be cut or sheared on all sides to produce a
rectangular plate. Sheared plates are rolled in both direc-
tions by rotating the slab at the roughing stand of the mill.
This process, called cross rolling, provides the plate with
more uniform longitudinal and transverse properties, and
sheared plates are usually specified where stringent me-
chanical properties are required.
Universal mill plates are rolled on mills with both
horizontal and vertical rolls. The vertical rolls provide the
plate with a rolled edge which does not require cutting to
1. Some of the information contained in this section conies
from the following sources:
American Bureau of Shipping. Rules for building and class-
ing steel vessels. Paraus, NJ: American Bureau of Shipping,
1990.
Bethlehem Steel Corp., Plate selection guide, Book 1. Beth-
lehem, PA: Bethlehem Steel Corporation, 1985.
establish its width. Universal mill plates are not cross-
rolled, and as a result, the plates may have slightly lower
ductility in the transverse direction. These plates are used
where a finished edge is desirable.
Continuous strip mill plates are made on a hot strip mill
and can be furnished in coils or as flat rectangular prod-
ucts. These plates are used primarily for structural appli-
cations, cold-formed shapes, or on automated barge
construction lines. Hot strip mill plates may have direc-
tional properties between those of the sheared mill and
universal mill products.
Structural shapes are usually rolled on a mill similar to
a universal plate mill.
1.1.2 Chemistr y. Steel is essentially a combination
of iron, manganese and carbon. The carbon content nor-
mally ranges between 0.05-1.00%, while the manganese
content range is 0.25-1.00%. Many other elements are
added in relatively small amounts to vary the mechanical
characteristics of the steel.
Plate steels generally fall in the category of either a
carbon steel or an alloy steel. Carbon steels comprise those
grades where no minimum content is specified or required
for aluminum, boron, chromium, cobalt, columbium
(niobium), molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten,
vanadium, or zirconium, or any other element added to
obtain a desired alloying effect. When specified, mini-
mum copper does not exceed 0.40%. The maximum
content specified for any of the following elements shall
not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, sili-
con 0.60, copper 0.60.
Alloy steels comprise those grades which exceed the
above limits, plus any grade to which any element other
than those mentioned above is added for the purpose of
achieving a specific alloying effect. Carbon steels usually
have a lower base price than alloy steels and therefore
are much more widely applied.
For structural applications, plates normally do not
exceed 0.30% carbon and 1.50% manganese.