Taxation Law Reviewer (San Beda)

San Beda College of Law 1
MEMORY AID IN TAXATION LAW

TAXATION LAW COMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON: Charmaine Torres ASST. CHAIRPERSON: Rhohail Castro EDP: Rachelle Saya SUBJECT HEADS: Jemina Sy, Casiano Ilagan,
Jr., Ryan Co, Edwin Torres :MEMBERS: Marita Lourdes Azur, Edizer Enriquez, Christian Cabrera, Jhundee
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TAXATION LAW

I. GENERAL PRINCIPLES

POWER OF TAXATION
TAXATION power by which the
sovereign through its law-making body
raises revenue to defray the necessary
expenses of government from among
those who in some measure are
privileged to enjoy its benefits and must
bear its burdens.

Two Fold Nature of the Power of
Taxation
1. It is an inherent attribute of
sovereignty
2. It is legislative in character

Extent of Taxing Power
Subject to constitutional and
inherent restrictions, the power of
taxation is regarded as comprehensive,
unlimited, plenary and supreme.

SCOPE OF LEGISLATIVE TAXING POWER
1. Amount or rate of tax
2. Apportionment of the tax
3. Kind of tax
4. Method of collection
5. Purpose/s of its levy, provided it is
for public purpose
6. Subject to be taxed, provided it is
within its jurisdiction
7. Situs of taxation

TAXES enforced proportional
contributions from the persons and
property levied by the law-making body
of the State by virtue of its sovereignty
in support of government and for public
needs.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TAXES
1. forced charge;
2. pecuniary burden payable in money;
3. levied by the legislature;
4. assessed with some reasonable rule
of apportionment; (see theoretical
justice)
5. imposed by the State within its
jurisdiction;

6. levied for a public purpose.

REQUISITES OF A VALID TAX
1. should be for a public purpose
2. the rule of taxation shall be uniform
3. that either the person or property
taxed be within the jurisdiction of
the taxing authority
4. that the assessment and collection
of certain kinds of taxes guarantees
against injustice to individuals,
especially by way of notice and
opportunity for hearing be provided
5. the tax must not impinge on the
inherent and Constitutional
limitations on the power of taxation

THEORIES AND BASES OF TAXATION
1. Lifeblood Theory
Taxes are what we pay for civilized
society. Without taxes, the government
would be paralyzed for lack of the
motive power to activate and operate it.
Hence, despite the natural reluctance to
surrender part of one's hard-earned
income to the taxing authorities, every
person who is able to must contribute
his share in the running of the
government. (CIR v. Algue, Inc.)

2. Necessity Theory
The power to tax is an attribute of
sovereignty emanating from necessity. It
is a necessary burden to preserve the
State's sovereignty and a means to give
the citizenry an army to resist an
aggression, a navy to defend its shores
from invasion, a corps of civil servants to
serve, public improvements designed for
the enjoyment of the citizenry and those
which come within the State's territory,
and facilities and protection which a
government is supposed to provide.
(Phil. Guaranty Co., Inc. v. CIR)

3. Benefits-Protection / Reciprocity
Theory
Taxation is described as a symbiotic
relationship whereby in exchange of the
benefits and protection that the citizens
get from the Government, taxes are
paid. (CIR v. Algue, Inc.)

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Note: While taxes are intended for
general benefits, special benefits to
taxpayers are not required. The
Government renders no special or
commensurate benefit to any particular
person or property.

IS THE POWER TO TAX THE POWER TO
DESTROY?
1. Power to tax is the power to
destroy (Marshall Dictum) refers to
the unlimitedness and the degree or
vigor with which the taxing power may
be employed to raise revenue.
- the financial needs of the State may
outrun any human calculation, so the
power to meet those needs by taxation
must not be limited even though taxes
become burdensome or confiscatory.

2. Power to tax is not the power to
destroy while the Supreme Court sits
(Holmes Dictum) the power to tax
knows no limit except those expressly
stated in the Constitution.

Marshall and Holmes Dictum Reconciled
Although the power to tax is almost
unlimited, it must not be exercised in an
arbitrary manner. If the abuse is so
great so as to destroy the natural and
fundamental rights of people, it is the
duty of the judiciary to hold such an act
unconstitutional.

PURPOSES AND OBJECTIVES OF TAXATION
1. Revenue basically, the purpose of
taxation is to provide funds or
property with which the State
promotes the general welfare and
protection of its citizens.
2. Non-Revenue (Key: PR
2
EP)
a. Promotion of general welfare
b. Regulation
c. Reduction of social inequality
d. Encourage economic growth
e. Protectionism

POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW IN TAXATION
As long as the legislature, in
imposing a tax, does not violate
applicable constitutional limitations or
restrictions, it is not within the province
of the courts to inquire into the wisdom
or policy of the exaction, the motives
behind it, the amount to be raised or the
persons, property or other privileges to
be taxed.
The courts power in taxation is
limited only to the application and
interpretation of the law.

Note: The principle of judicial non-
interference extends to the
administrative realm.

ASPECTS OF TAXATION
1. Levy or imposition of the tax (tax
legislation)
2. Enforcement or tax administration
(tax administration)

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF A SOUND TAX SYSTEM
(KEY: FAT)
1. Fiscal Adequacy sufficiency to
meet government expenditures and
other public needs.
2. Administrative Feasibility/
Convenience capability of being
effectively enforced.
3. Theoretical Justice based on the
taxpayers ability to pay; must be
progressive. (Ability to Pay Theory)

TAXATION
POLICE
POWER
EMINENT
DOMAIN
1. Purpose
To raise
revenue
To promote
public
purpose
through
regulations
To facilitate
the States
need of
property for
public use
2. Amount of Exaction
No limit Limited to
the cost of
regulation,
issuance of
the license or
surveillance
No exaction;
but private
property is
taken by the
State for
public
purpose

3. Benefits Received
No special
or direct
benefit is
received by
the
taxpayer;
merely
general
benefit of
protection
No direct
benefit is
received; a
healthy
economic
standard of
society is
attained
A direct
benefit
results in the
form of just
compensation
to the
property
owner


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4. Non-impairment of Contracts
Contracts
may not be
impaired
Contracts
may be
impaired
Contracts may
be impaired
5. Transfer of Property Rights
Taxes paid
become part
of public
funds
No transfer
but only
restraint in
its exercise
Transfer is
effected in
favor of the
State
6. Scope
All persons,
property and
excises
All persons,
property,
rights and
privileges
Only upon a
particular
property

SYSTEMS OF TAXATION
Global System Schedular System
A system
employed where
the tax system
views
indifferently the
tax base and
generally treats in
common all
categories of
taxable income of
the individual.
A system employed
where the income tax
treatment varies and
is made to depend on
the kind or category
of taxable income of
the taxpayer.

A system which
taxes all
categories of
income except
certain passive
incomes and
capital gains. It
prescribes a
unitary but
progressive rate
for the taxable
aggregate incomes
and flat rates for
certain passive
incomes derived
by individuals.
A system which
itemizes the different
incomes and provides
for varied percentages
of taxes, to be
applied thereto.

EXAMPLES OF TAXES LEVIED WITH A
REGULATORY PURPOSE, OR COMBINED
EXERCISE OF POLICE POWER AND THE POWER
OF TAXATION.

a. Motor vehicle registration fees
are now considered revenue or tax
measures.(Pal v. Edu, G.R No. L-41383,
August 15,1988)
This case reversed the doctrine
previously held in Republic v. Philippine
Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc., 32 SCRA 211, to
the effect that motor vehicle
registration fees are regulatory
exactions and not revenue measures.

b. The tax imposed on videogram
establishments is not only regulatory but
a revenue measure because the earnings
of such establishments have not been
subject to tax depriving the government
of an additional source of income. (Tio
v. Videogram Regulatory Board, 151
SCRA 208)

c. The coconut levy funds were
all raised under the states taxing and
police powers.
The states concern to make it a
strong and secure source not only in the
livelihood of the significant segment of
the population, but also of export
earnings, the sustained growth of which
is one of the imperatives of the
economic growth. Philippine Coconut
Producers Federation, Inc. Cocofed v.
Presidential Commission on Good
Government (178 SCRA 236, 252)

CONSTRUCTION OF TAX LAWS
1. Public purpose is always presumed.
2. If the law is clear, apply the law in
accordance to its plain and simple
tenor.
3. A statute will not be construed as
imposing a tax unless it does so
clearly, expressly and
unambiguously.
4. In case of doubt, it is construed most
strongly against the Government,
and liberally in favor of the
taxpayer.
5. Provisions of a taxing act are not to
be extended by implication.
6. Tax laws operate prospectively
unless the purpose of the legislature
to give retrospective effect is
expressly declared or may be
implied from the language used.
7. Tax laws are special laws and
prevail over a general law.

NATURE OF TAX LAWS
1. Not political in character
2. Civil in nature, not subject to ex
post facto law prohibitions
3. Not penal in character


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TAXES ARE PERSONAL TO THE TAXPAYER
1. A corporations tax delinquency
cannot be enforced against its
stockholders. (Corporate Entity
Doctrine)
Exception: Stockholders may be
held liable for unpaid taxes of a
dissolved corporation:
a. if it appears that the corporate
assets have passed into their
hands or
b. when the stockholders have
unpaid subscriptions to the
capital of the corporation

2. Estate taxes are obligations that
must be paid by the executor or
administrator out of the net assets
and cannot be assessed against the
heirs.
Exception: If prior to the payment
of the estate tax due, the properties
of the deceased are distributed to
the heirs, then the latter is
subsidiary liable for the payment of
such portion of the estate tax as his
distributive share bears to the total
value of the net estate. (Sec. 9,
Rev. Regs. No. 2-2003; see CIR vs.
Pineda G.R. No. L-22734.
September 15, 1967))

CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES
1. As to subject matter:
a. Personal Tax taxes are of fixed
amount upon all persons of a
certain class within the
jurisdiction without regard to
property, occupation or business
in which they may be engaged.
b. Property Tax assessed on
property of a certain class
c. Excise Tax imposed on the
exercise of a privilege
d. Customs Duties duties charged
upon the commodities on their
being imported into or exported
from a country.
2. As to burden:
a. Direct Tax both the incidence
of or liability for the payment of
the tax as well as the impact or
burden of the tax falls on the
same person.
b. Indirect Tax - The incidence of
or liability for the payment of
the tax falls on one person but
the burden thereof can be
shifted or passed on to another.
3. As to purpose:
a. General Tax levied for the
general or ordinary purposes of
the Government
b. Special Tax levied for special
purposes
4. As to manner of computation:
a. Specific Tax the computation
of the tax or the rates of the tax
is already provided for by law.
b. Ad Valorem Tax tax upon the
value of the article or thing
subject to taxation; the
intervention of another party is
needed for the computation of
the tax.
5. As to taxing authority:
a. National Tax levied by the
National Government
b. Local Tax levied by the local
government
6. As to rate:
a. Progressive Tax rate or
amount of tax increases as the
amount of the income or earning
to be taxed increases.
b. Regressive Tax tax rate
decreases as the amount of
income to be taxed increases.
c. Proportionate Tax based on a
fixed proportion of the value of
the property assessed.

IMPOSITIONS NOT STRICTLY CONSIDERED AS
TAXES
1. Toll amount charged for the cost
and maintenance of the property
used.
2. Penalty punishment for the
commission of a crime.
3. Compromise Penalty amount
collected in lieu of criminal
prosecution in cases of tax
violations.
4. Special Assessment levied only on
land based wholly on benefit
accruing thereon as a result of
improvements or public works
undertaken by government within
the vicinity.
5. License or Fee regulatory
imposition in the exercise of the
police power.

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6. Margin Fee exaction designed to
stabilize the currency.
7. Debt a sum of money due upon
contract or one which is evidenced
by judgment.
8. Subsidy a legislative grant of
money in aid of a private enterprise
deemed to promote the public
welfare.
9. Customs duties and fees duties
charged upon commodities on their
being transported into or exported
from a country.
10. Revenue a broad term that
includes taxes and income from
other sources as well.
11. Impost in its general sense, it
signifies any tax, tribute or duty. In
its limited sense, it means a duty on
imported goods and merchandise.

Tax Special
Assessment

Imposed on persons,
property and excises

Levied only on land

Personal liability
attaches on the
person assessed in
case of non-payment

Cannot be made a
personal liability of
the person assessed

Not based on any
special or direct
benefit

Based wholly on
benefit

Levied and paid
annually

Exceptional both as
to time and locality

Exemption granted
is applicable (Art.
VI, Sec. 28(3) 1987
Constitution)

Exemption does not
apply.
N.B. If property is
exempt from Real
Property Tax, it is
also exempt from
Special Assessment.

Tax License Fee

Based on the power
of taxation

Emanates from
police power

To generate
revenue

Regulatory

Amount is unlimited

Amount is limited
to the cost of (1)
issuing the license,
and (2) inspection
and surveillance

Normally paid after
the start of a
business

Normally paid
before
commencement of
business

Taxes, being the
lifeblood of the
State, cannot be
surrendered except
for lawful
consideration

License fee may be
with or without
consideration

Non-payment does
not make the
business illegal but
maybe a ground for
criminal
prosecution

Non-payment
makes the business
illegal

TEST IN DETERMINING IF THE IMPOSITION IS A
TAX OR A LICENSE FEE
If the purpose is primarily revenue
or if revenue is, at least, one of the real
and substantial purposes, then the
exaction is a tax. If the purpose is
regulatory in nature, it is a license.
(PAL v. Edu)

Tax Debt

An obligation
imposed by law

Created by contract

Due to the
government in its
sovereign capacity

May be due to the
government but in
its corporate
capacity

Payable in money

Payable in money,
property or services

Does not draw
interest except in
case of delinquency

Draws interest if
stipulated or
delayed

Not assignable

Assignable

Not subject to
compensation or
set-off

Subject to
compensation or
set-off

Non-payment is
punished by
imprisonment
except in poll tax

No imprisonment in
case of non-
payment (Art. III,
Sec. 20 1987
Constitution)

Imposed only by
public authority

Can be imposed by
private individual

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TEST IN DETERMINING IF THE IMPOSITION IS A
TAX OR A LICENSE FEE
If the purpose is primarily revenue or
if revenue is, at least, one of the real
and substantial purposes, then the
exaction is a tax. If the purpose is
regulatory in nature, it is a license.
(PAL v. Edu)

Tax Debt

An obligation
imposed by law

Created by contract

Due to the
government in its
sovereign capacity

May be due to the
government but in
its corporate
capacity

Payable in money

Payable in money,
property or services

Does not draw
interest except in
case of delinquency

Draws interest if
stipulated or
delayed

Not assignable

Assignable

Not subject to
compensation or
set-off

Subject to
compensation or
set-off

Non-payment is
punished by
imprisonment
except in poll tax

No imprisonment in
case of non-
payment (Art. III,
Sec. 20 1987
Constitution)

Imposed only by
public authority

Can be imposed by
private individual

COMPENSATION OR SET-OFF
General Rule: Taxes cannot be the
subject of compensation or set-off.
Reasons:
1. lifeblood theory
2. taxes are not contractual
obligation but arise out of duty
to the government
3. the government and the
taxpayer are not mutually
creditors and debtors of each
other. (Francia v. IAC)
Exception: When both obligations are
due and demandable as well as fully
liquidated and all the requisites for a
valid compensation are present,
compensation takes place by operation
of law. (Domingo v. Garlitos)

DOCTRINE OF EQUITABLE RECOUPMENT NOT
FOLLOWED IN THE PHILIPPINES
A tax presently being assessed
against a taxpayer which has prescribed
may not be recouped or set-off against
an overpaid tax the refund of which is
also barred by prescription. It is against
public policy since both parties are
guilty of negligence.

Tax Toll

Enforced
proportional
contributions from
persons and property

A sum of money for
the use of
something, a
consideration which
is paid for the use of
a property which is
of a public nature;
e.g. road, bridge

A demand of
sovereignty

A demand of
proprietorship

No limit as to the
amount of tax

Amount of toll
depends upon the
cost of construction
or maintenance of
the public
improvement used

Imposed only by the
State

May be imposed by:
(1) Government
(2) Private
individuals or
entities

Tax Penalty

Enforced
proportional
contributions from
persons and
property

Sanction imposed as
a punishment for
violation of a law
or acts deemed
injurious; violation
of tax laws may give
rise to imposition of
penalty

Intended to raise
revenue

Designed to regulate
conduct

May be imposed
only by the
government

May be imposed by:
(1) Government
(2) Private
individuals or
entities


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Tax Tariff

All embracing term
to include various
kinds of enforced
contributions upon
persons for the
attainment of
public purposes

A kind of tax
imposed on articles
which are traded
internationally

TAXPAYERS SUIT
A case where the act complained of
directly involves the illegal disbursement
of public funds derive from taxation
(Justice Melo, dissenting in Kilosbayan,
Inc vs Guingona, Jr.)

TAXPAYERS AND PUBLIC OFFCIALS HAVE LOCUS
STANDI
REQUISITES FOR TAXPAYERS SUIT
a. The tax money is being extracted
and spent in violation of specific
constitutional protections against
abuses of legislative power.
b. That public money is being deflected
to any improper purpose (Pascual vs
Secretary of Public Works)
c. That the petitioner seeks to restrain
respondents from wasting public
funds through the enforcement of an
invalid or unconstitutional law

LIMITATIONS ON THE TAXING
POWER

A. INHERENT LIMITATIONS (KEY: SPINE)
1. Territoriality or Situs of taxation
2. Public purpose of taxes
3. International comity
4. Non-delegability of the taxing
power
5. Tax Exemption of the government

(1) TESTS IN DETERMINING PUBLIC PURPOSE
a. Duty Test whether the thing to be
furthered by the appropriation of
public revenue is something, which
is the duty of the State, as a
government, to provide.

b. Promotion of General Welfare Test
whether the proceeds of the tax
will directly promote the welfare of
the community in equal measure.

(2) NON-DELEGABILITY OF THE TAXING POWER
General Rule: The power of taxation is
peculiarly and exclusively exercised by
the legislature. (See Scope of
Legislative Taxing Power, supra)
- refers to tax legislation
Exceptions to Non-delegability:
1. Flexible Tariff Clause: Authority of
the President to fix tariff rates,
import and export quotas, tonnage
and wharfage dues, and other duties
or imposts. (Art. VI, Sec.28(2), 1987
Constitution)
2. Power of local government units to
levy taxes, fees, and charges. (Art.
X, Sec. 5, 1987 Constitution)
3. Delegation to administrative
agencies for implementation and
collection.
- merely refers to tax administration
or implementation

(3) SITUS OR TERRITORIALITY OF TAXATION
The power to tax is limited only to
persons, property or businesses within
the jurisdiction or territory of the taxing
power.

FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE SITUS:
a. Kind or classification of the tax being
levied
b. Situs of the thing or property taxed
c. Citizenship of the taxpayer
d. Residence of the taxpayer
e. Source of the income taxed
f. Situs of the excise, privilege,
business or occupation being taxed

APPLICATION OF SITUS OF TAXATION
Kind of Tax Situs

Personal or
Community tax

Residence or
domicile of the
taxpayer

Real property tax

Location of property
(Lex rei sitae)

Personal property
tax

-tangible: where it
is physically located
or permanently kept
(Lex rei sitae)
-intangible: subject
to Sec. 104 of the
NIRC and the
principle of mobilia
sequuntur personam


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Business tax

Place of business

Excise or Privilege
tax

Where the act is
performed or where
occupation is
pursued

Sales tax

Where the sale is
consummated

Income Tax

Consider
(1) citizenship,
(2) residence, and
(3) source of income
(Sec. 42, 1997 NIRC)

Transfer tax

Residence or
citizenship of the
taxpayer or location
of property

Franchise Tax

State which granted
the franchise

SITUS OF TAXATION OF INTANGIBLE PERSONAL
PROPERTY
General Rule: Domicile of the owner
pursuant to the principle of the mobilia
sequuntur personam or movables follow
the person.
Exceptions:
1. When the property has acquired a
business situs in another jurisdiction;
2. When an express provision of the
statute provide for another rule.
Illustration: For purposes of estate
and donors taxes, the following
intangible properties are deemed
with a situs in the Philippines:
(1) franchise which must be
exercised in the Philippines;
(2) shares, obligations or bonds
issued by any corporation
organized or constituted in the
Philippines in accordance with
its laws;
(3) shares, obligations or bonds by
any foreign corporation eighty-
five percent (85%) of the
business of which is located in
the Philippines;
(4) shares, obligations or bonds
issued by any foreign corporation
if such shares, obligations or
bonds have acquired a business
situs in the Philippines; and
(5) shares or rights in any
partnership, business or industry
established in the Philippines.
(Sec. 104, 1997 NIRC).

(4) EXEMPTION OF THE GOVERNMENT
As a matter of public policy,
property of the State and of its
municipal subdivisions devoted to
government uses and purposes is
deemed to be exempt from taxation
although no express provision in the law
is made therefor.

General Rule: The Government is tax
exempt.
- However, it can also tax itself.

RULES:
1. Administrative Agencies
a. Governmental function - tax
exempt unless when the law
expressly provides for tax. (Sec.
32 B7)
b. Proprietary function taxable
unless exempted by law. (Sec.
27C)
2. GOCCs
General Rule: Income is taxable at
the rate imposed upon corporations
or associations engaged in a similar
business, industry, or activity.
Exception: GSIS, SSS, PHIC, PCSO
and PAGCOR. (Sec. 27(C), NIRC)
3. Government Educational Institutions
a. Property or real estate tax
property actually, directly and
exclusively used for educational
purposes exempt but income
of whatever kind and character
from any of their properties,
real or personal, regardless of
the disposition, is taxable. (Sec.
30, last par., NIRC)
b. Income received by them as such
are exempt from taxes.
However, their income from any
of their activities conducted for
profit regardless of the
disposition, is taxable. (Sec. 30,
last par., NIRC)
4. Income derived from any public
utility or from the exercise of any
essential governmental function
accruing to the Government of the
Philippines or to any political

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subdivision thereof is not included in
gross income and exempt from
taxation. (Sec. 32(B)(7)(b), NIRC)
5. Donations in favor of governmental
institutions are considered as income
on the part of the donee. However,
it is not considered as taxable
income because it is an exclusion
from the computation of gross
income. (Sec.32 (B)(3), NIRC)
6. The amount of all bequests,
legacies, devises or transfers to or
for the use of the Government or
any political subdivision for
exclusively public purposes is
deductible from the gross estate.
(Sec.86 (A)(3), NIRC)
7. Gifts made to or for the use of the
National Government or any entity
created by any of its agencies which
is not conducted for profit, or to any
political subdivision of the said
Government are exempt from
donors tax. (Sec. 101(A)(2), NIRC)
8. Local government units are
expressly prohibited by the LGC
from levying tax upon National
Government, its agencies, and
instrumentalities, and local
government units. [Sec. 133 (o),
LGC]
9. Unless otherwise provided in the
Local Government Code (LGC), tax
exemptions granted to all persons,
whether natural or juridical,
including GOCC, except local water
districts, cooperatives duly
registered under RA No. 6938, non-
stock and non-profit institutions, are
withdrawn upon effectivity of the
LGC. (Sec. 193, LGC)
10. Real property owned by the
Republic of the Philippines or any of
its political subdivisions except when
the beneficial use thereof has been
granted, for consideration or
otherwise, to a taxable person shall
be exempt from payment of real
property tax. (Sec. 234, LGC)

(5) INTERNATIONAL COMITY
These principles limit the authority
of the government to effectively impose
taxes on a sovereign state and its
instrumentalities, as well as on its
property held and activities undertaken
in that capacity. Even where one enters
the territory of another, there is an
implied understanding that the former
does not thereby submit itself to the
authority and jurisdiction of the other.

B. CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS
A. GENERAL OR INDIRECT
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS

1. Due Process Clause (Art. III, Sec. 1,
1987 Constitution)
Requisites:
a. The interests of the public as
distinguished from those of a
particular class require the
intervention of the State.
(Substantive limitation)
b. The means employed must be
reasonably necessary to the
accomplishment of the purpose
and not unduly oppressive.
(Procedural limitation)
The constitutionality of a legislative
taxing act questioned on the ground of
denial of due process requires the
existence of an actual case or
controversy.

2. Equal Protection Clause (Art. III,
Sec. 1, 1987 Constitution
Requisites of a Valid Classification:
a. based upon substantial
distinctions
b. germane to the purposes of the
law
c. not limited to existing conditions
only
d. apply equally to all members of
the class

3. Freedom Of Speech And Of The
Press (Art. III, Sec. 4, 1987
Constitution)
There is curtailment of press
freedom and freedom of thought and
expression if a tax is levied in order
to suppress this basic right and
impose a prior restraint. (Tolentino
vs. Secretary of Finance, GR No.
115455, August 25, 1994)

4. Non-Infringement Of Religious
Freedom And Worship (Art. III, Sec.
5, 1987 Constitution)

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A license tax or fee constitutes a
curtailment of religious freedom if
imposed as a condition for its
exercise. (American Bible Society vs.
City of Manila, GR No. L-9637, April
30, 1957)

5. Non-Impairment Of Contracts (Art.
III, Sec. 10, 1987 Constitution)
No law impairing the obligation
of contract shall be passed. (Sec. 10,
Art. III, 1987 Constitution)
The rule, however, does not
apply to public utility franchises or
right since they are subject to
amendment, alteration or repeal by
the Congress when the public
interest so requires. (Cagayan
Electric & Light Co., Inc. v.
Commissioner, GR No. 60216,
September 25, 1985)

RULES:
a. When the exemption is bilaterally
agreed upon between the
government and the taxpayer it
cannot be withdrawn without
violating the non-impairment
clause.
b. When it is unilaterally granted by
law, and the same is withdrawn by
virtue of another law no violation.
c. When the exemption is granted
under a franchise it may be
withdrawn at any time thus, not a
violation of the non-impairment of
contracts

6. Presidential power to grant
reprieves, commutations and
pardons and remit fines and
forfeitures after conviction (ART.
VII, SEC. 19, 1987 CONSTITUTION)
Due
Process
Equal
Protection
Uniformity
Taxpayer
may not
be
deprived
of life,
liberty or
property
without
due
process of
law.
Notice
Taxpayers
shall be
treated alike
under like
circumstances
and conditions
both in the
privileges
conferred and
liabilities
imposed.
Taxable
articles, or
kinds of
property of
the same
class, shall
be taxed at
the same
rate. There
should
therefore,
be no direct
must,
therefore
, be given
in case of
failure to
pay taxes
double
taxation

B. SPECIFIC OR DIRECT
CONSTITUTIONAL LIMITATIONS

1. Non-Imprisonment For Debt Or Non-
Payment Of Poll Tax (Art. III, Sec.
20, 1987 Constitution)

2. Rule Requiring That Appropriations,
Revenue And Tariff Bills Shall
Originate Exclusively From The
House Of Representatives (Art. VI,
Sec. 24, 1987 Constitution)

3. Uniformity, Equitability And
Progressivity Of Taxation (Art. VI,
Sec. 28(1), 1987 Constitution)
Uniformity all taxable articles or
kinds of property of the same class
are taxed at the same rate.
Equitability the burden falls to
those who are more capable to pay.
Progressivity rate increases as the
tax base increases.

Q: Is a tax law adopting a regressive
system of taxation valid?
A: Yes. The Constitution does not
really prohibit the imposition of indirect
taxes which, like the VAT, are
regressive. The Constitutional provision
means simply that indirect taxes shall be
minimized. The mandate to Congress is
not to prescribe, but to evolve, a
progressive tax system. (EVAT En Banc
Resolution, Tolentino, et al vs Secretary
of Finance, October 30, 1995)

4. Limitations On The Congressional
Power To Delegate To The
President The Authority To Fix
Tariff Rates, Import And Export
Quotas, Etc. (Art. VI, Sec. 28(2),
1987 Constitution)

5. Tax Exemption Of Properties
Actually, Directly And Exclusively
Used For Religious, Charitable And
Educational Purposes. (Art. VI, Sec.
28(3) 7, 1987 Constitution)

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The constitutional provision
(above cited) which grants tax
exemption applies only to property
or realty taxes assessed on such
properties used actually, directly
exclusively for religious, charitable
and educational purposes. (Lladoc
vs. Commissioner, GR No. L-19201,
June 16, 1965)
The present Constitution
required that for the exemption of
lands, buildings and
improvements, they should not only
be exclusively but also actually
and directly used for religious and
charitable purposes. (Province of
Abra vs. Hernando, GR No. L-49336,
August 31, 1981)
The test of exemption from
taxation is the use of the property
for the purposes mentioned in the
Constitution. (Abra Valley College
Inc. vs. Aquino, GR No. L-39086,
June 15, 1988)

EXCLUSIVE BUT NOT ABSOLUTE USE
The term exclusively used does
not necessarily mean total or absolute
use for religious, charitable and
educational purposes. If the property is
incidentally used for said purposes, the
tax exemption may still subsist. (Abra
Valley College Inc. vs. Aquino, Gr No. L-
39086, June 15, 1988)
Corollarily, if a property, although
actually owned by a religious, charitable
and educational institution is used for a
non- exempt purpose, the exemption
from tax shall not attach

ART. XIV,
SEC 4(3)
ART. VI,
SEC 28(3)
Grantee Non- stock,
non profit
educational
institution
Religious,
educational,
charitable
institutions
Taxes
covered
Income tax
Custom
Duties
Property tax
(DECS Order
No. 137-187)
Property tax

6. Voting Requirement In Connection
With The Legislative Grant Of Tax
Exemption (Art. VI, Sec. 28(4),
1987 Constitution)
7. Non-Impairment Of The
Jurisdiction Of The Supreme Court
In Tax Cases (Art. VIII, Sec. 2 And
5(2)(B), 1987 Constitution)

8. Exemption From Taxes Of The
Revenues And Assets Of
Educational Institutions, Including
Grants, Endowments, Donations
And Contributions. (Art. XIV, Sec.
4(3) And (4), 1987 Constitution)

OTHER SPECIFIC TAX PROVISIONS IN
THE CONSTITUTION
1. Power of the President to veto any
particular item or items in an
appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill.
(Art VI, Sec. 27(2), 1987
Constitution)
2. Necessity of an appropriation before
money may be paid out of the public
treasury. (Art. VI, Sec. 29 (1), 1987
Constitution)
3. Non-appropriation of public money
or property for the use, benefit, or
support of any sect, church, or
system of religion. (Art. VI, Sec. 29
(2), 1987 Constitution)
4. Treatment of taxes levied for a
special purpose. (Art. VI, Sec. 29
(3), 1987 Constitution)
5. Internal revenue allotments to local
government units. (Art. X, Sec. 6,
1987 Constitution)

DOUBLE TAXATION

DOUBLE TAXATION taxing the same
property twice when it should be taxed
but once.

IS DOUBLE TAXATION PROHIBITED IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
No. There is no constitutional
prohibition against double taxation. It is
not favored but permissible. (Pepsi Cola
Bottling Co. v. City of Butuan, 1968).

KINDS OF DOUBLE TAXATION
(1) Direct Duplicate Taxation /
Obnoxious double taxation in the
objectionable or prohibited sense.
This constitutes a violation of
substantive due process.


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Elements:
a. the same property or subject matter
is taxed twice when it should be
taxed only once.
b. both taxes are levied for the same
purpose
c. imposed by the same taxing
authority
d. within the same jurisdiction
e. during the same taxing period
f. covering the same kind or character
of tax.
(Villanueva vs. City of Iloilo)

(2) Indirect Duplicate Taxation not
legally objectionable. The absence
of one or more of the above-
mentioned elements makes the
double taxation indirect.

(3) Domestic- this arises when the taxes
are imposed by the local or national
government (within the same state)
(4) International- refers to the
imposition of comparable taxes in
two or more states on the same
taxpayer in respect of the same
subject matter and for identical
periods.

REMEDIES OF DOUBLE TAXATION
1. Tax Sparing Rule same dividend
earned by a NRFC within the Phil. is
reduced by imposing a lower rate of
15% (in lieu of the 35%), on the
condition that the country to which
the NRFC is domiliced shall allow a
credit against the tax due from the
NRFC, taxes deemed to have been
paid in the Phil. (Sec.28 B 5b) (CIR
vs Procter & Gamble) (GR No.
66838, Dec. 2, 1991)
2. Tax deductions
Example: vanishing deduction under
Section 86(A)(2), NIRC
3. Tax credits
Instances under the NIRC:
For VAT purposes, the tax on
inputs or items that go into the
manufacture of finished products
(which are eventually sold) may be
credited against or deducted from
the output tax or tax on the finished
product.
Foreign income taxes may be
credited against the Phil. Income
tax, subject to certain limitations,
by citizens, including members of
general professional partnerships or
beneficiaries of estates or trusts
(pro rata), as well as domestic
corporations.
A tax credit is granted for estate
taxes paid to a foreign country on
the estate of citizens and resident
aliens subject to certain limitations.
The donors tax imposed upon a
citizen or a resident shall be
credited with the amount of any
donors tax imposed by the authority
of a foreign country, subject to
certain limitations.
4. Tax Exemptions
5. Principle of Reciprocity
6. Treaties with other states

METHODS RESORTED TO BY A TAX TREATY IN
ORDER TO ELIMINATE DOUBLE TAXATION

FIRST METHOD: The tax treaty sets out
the respective rights to tax by the state
of source or situs and by the state of
residence with regard to certain classes
of income or capital. In some cases, an
exclusive right to tax is conferred in one
of the contracting states; however, for
other items of income or capital, both
states are given the right to tax although
the amount of tax that may be imposed
by the state of source is limited.
SECOND METHOD: The state of source is
given a full or limited right to tax
together with the state of residence. In
this case, the treaty makes it incumbent
upon the state of residence to allow
relief in order to avoid double taxation.

TWO METHODS OF RELIEF ARE USED UNDER THE
SECOND METHOD:

1. The exemption method- the income
or capital which is taxable in the state
of source or situs is exempted in the
state of residence, although in some
instances it may be taken into account
in determining the rate of tax applicable
to the tax payers remaining income or
capital.(This may be done using the tax
deduction method which allows foreign
income taxes to be deducted from gross

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income, in effect exempting the
payment from being further taxed.)
2. The credit method- although the
income or capital which is taxed in the
state of source is still taxable in the
state of residence. The tax paid in the
former is credited against the tax, levied
in the latter.(Commissioner of Internal
Revenue v. S.C Johnson and Son, Inc. et
al., G.R No. 127105, June 25, 1999)

Exemption
Method
Credit Method
Focus is on the
income or capital
itself
Focus is on the tax

NOTE: Computational illustration
between a tax deduction and a tax
credit:

Tax deduction method
Gross income
Less: allowable deductions
including
foreign taxes paid
Income subject to tax
Multiplied by rate
Income tax due

Tax credit method
Gross income
Less: allowable deductions
excluding
foreign taxes paid
Income subject to tax
Multiplied by rate
Income tax due
Less: foreign taxes paid
Net income tax due

FORMS OF ESCAPE
FROM TAXATION

(1) SHIFTING the process by which the
tax burden is transferred from the
statutory taxpayer (impact of taxation)
to another (incident of taxation) without
violating the law.

IMPACT OF TAXATION point on which tax is
originally imposed.

INCIDENCE OF TAXATION point on which
the tax burden finally rests or settles
down.
Illustration: Value added tax. The
seller is required by law to pay tax, but
the burden is actually shifted or passed
on to the buyer.

KINDS OF SHIFTING
a. Forward shifting- when burden of
tax is transferred from a factor of
production through the factors of
distribution until it finally settles on
the ultimate purchaser or consumer
b. Backward shifting- when burden is
transferred from consumer through
factors of distribution to the factors
of production
c. Onward shifting- when the tax is
shifted 2 or more times either
forward or backward

(2) CAPITALIZATION a mere increase in
the value of the property is not income
but merely an unrealized increase in
capital. No income until after the actual
sale or other disposition of the property
in excess of its original cost.
EXCEPT: if by reason of appraisal, the
cost basis of property increased and the
resultant basis is used as the new tax
base for purposes of computing the
allowable depreciation expense, the net
difference between the original cost
basis and new basis is taxable under the
economic benefit principle. (BIR Ruling
No. 029, March 19, 1998)

(3) TRANSFORMATION the manufacturer
or producer upon whom the tax has been
imposed, fearing the loss of his market if
he should add the tax to the price, pays
the tax and endeavors to recoup himself
by improving his process of production,
thereby turning out his units at a lower
cost.

(4) TAX AVOIDANCE the exploitation by
the taxpayer of legally permissible
alternative tax rates or methods of
assessing taxable property or income, in
order to avoid or reduce tax liability.
Example: estate planning
(conveyance of property to a family
corporation for shares) (Delpher Trades
Corp. vs. IAC, 157 SCRA 349)

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(5) TAX EVASION use by the taxpayer of
illegal or fraudulent means to defeat or
lessen the payment of the tax.

FACTORS IN TAX EVASION
1. the end to be achieved, i.e. payment
of less than that known by the taxpayer
to be legally due, or paying no tax when
it is shown that the tax is due;
2. an accompanying state of mind
which is described as being evil, in bad
faith, willful, or deliberate and not
coincidental; and
3. a course of action which is unlawful.

INDICIA OF FRAUD IN TAX EVASION
1. Failure to declare for taxation
purposes true and actual income derived
from business for 2 consecutive years
(Republic vs Gonzales, L-17962)
2. Substantial under-declaration of
income tax returns of the taxpayer for 4
consecutive years coupled with
intentional overstatement of deductions
(CIR vs Reyes, 104 PHIL 1061)

TAX
AVOIDANCE
TAX
EVASION

Validity

Legal and not
subject to
criminal penalty

Illegal and
subject to
criminal
penalty

Effect

Minimization of
taxes

Almost
always
results in
absence of
tax payments

(6) TAX EXEMPTION a grant of immunity
to particular persons or corporations
from the obligation to pay taxes.

LEGAL BASIS: No law granting any tax
exemption shall be passed without the
concurrence of a majority of all the
members of Congress (ART VI. SEC 28(4) OF
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION)

KINDS OF TAX EXEMPTION
1. As to source
a. Constitutional immunities from
taxation that originate from the
constitution.
b. Statutory those which emanate
from legislation
Examples of Statutory Exemptions
Sec. 27, NIRC
Sec. 105 Tariff and Customs
Code
Sec. 234 Local Government Code
Special Laws, such as the
Omnibus Investment Code of 1987
(EO 226), Philippine Overseas
Shipping Act (RA 1407 as amended),
Fertilizer Industry Act (RA 3050, as
amended), Mineral Resources
Development Decree of 1974 (PD 463
as amended), Cottage Industry Act
(RA 318, as amended) and
exemptions in Housing for Low
Income Group (PD 1205, as
amended)
c. Contractual- agreed to by the
taxing authority in contracts
lawfully entered into by them
under enabling laws
d. Treaty
e. Licensing Ordinance
2. As to form
(1) Express expressly granted by
organic or statute law
(2) Implied when particular
persons, property or excises are
deemed exempt as they fall
outside the scope of the taxing
provision itself.
3. As to extent
(1) Total absolute immunity
(2) Partial one where a collection
of a part of the tax is dispensed
with
4. As to object
(1) Personal granted directly in
favor of certain persons
(2) Impersonal granted directly in
favor of a certain class of
property

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING TAX EXEMPTION
a. Exemptions from taxation are
highly disfavored in law and are
not presumed.
b. He who claims as exemption must
be able to justify his claim by the
clearest grant of organic or statute
law by words too plain to be
mistaken. If ambiguous, there is no
exemption.
c. He who claims exemption should
prove by convincing proof that he
is exempted.

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d. Taxation is the rule; tax exemption
is the exception.
e. Tax exemption must be strictly
construed against the taxpayer and
liberally in favor of the taxing
authority.
f. Tax exemptions are not presumed.
g. Constitutional grants of tax
exemption are self-executing.
h. Tax exemptions are personal.

THE FOLLOWING PARTAKE THE NATURE OF
TAX EXEMPTION
1. Deductions for income tax purposes
2. Claims for refund
3. Tax amnesty
4. Condonation of unpaid tax liabilities
NOTE: must be strictly construed
against the taxpayer

WHEN EXEMPTIONS ARE CONSTRUED LIBERALLY
IN FAVOR OF GRANTEE
1. When the law so provides for such
liberal construction.
2. Exemptions from certain taxes,
granted under special circumstances
to special classes of persons.
3. Exemptions in favor of the
government, its political subdivisions
or instrumentalities.
4. Exemptions to traditional
exemptees, such as those in favor of
religious and charitable institutions.
5. If exemptions refer to the public
property

Q: May a tax exemption be revoked?
A: Yes. It is an act of liberality which
could be taken back by the government
unless there are restrictions. Since
taxation is the rule and exemption
therefrom is the exception, the
exemption may be withdrawn by the
taxing authority. (Mactan Cebu
International Airport Authority vs.
Marcos, 261 SCRA 667)

RESTRICTIONS ON REVOCATION OF TAX
EXEMPTIONS
a. Non impairment clause. Where the
exemption was granted to private
parties based on material
consideration of a mutual nature,
which then becomes contractual and
is covered by the non-impairment
clause of the Constitution.
b. Adherence to form- if the tax
exemption is granted by the
Constitution, its revocation may be
effected through Constitutional
amendment only
c. Where the tax exemption grant is in
the form of a special law and not by
a general law even if the terms of
the general act are broad enough to
include the codes in the general law
unless there is manifest intent to
repeal or alter the special law
(Province of Misamis Oriental vs
Cagayan Electric Power and Light
Co. Inc)

NATURE OF TAX AMNESTY
1. General or intentional overlooking by
the state of its authority to impose
penalties on persons otherwise guilty
of evasion or violation of a revenue
or tax law.
2. Partakes of an absolute forgiveness of
waiver of the government of its right
to collect.
3. To give tax evaders, who wish to
relent and are willing to reform a
chance to do so.

RULES ON TAX AMNESTY
1. Tax amnesty
a) like tax exemption, it is never
favored nor presumed
b) construed strictly against the
taxpayer (must show complete
compliance with the law)

2.Government not estopped from
questioning the tax liability even if
amnesty tax payments were already
received.
Reason: Erroneous application and
enforcement of the law by public
officers do not block subsequent
correct application of the statute. The
government is never estopped by
mistakes or errors of its agents.
Basis: Lifeblood Theory

3.Defense of tax amnesty, like insanity,
is a personal defense.
Reason: Relates to the circumstances
of a particular accused and not the
character of the acts charged in the
information.


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Tax amnesty Tax exemption

Immunity from all
criminal, civil and
administrative
liabilities arising
from non payment
of taxes

Immunity from civil
liability only

Applies only to past
tax periods, hence
retroactive
application

Prospective
application

DOCTRINE OF IMPRESCRIPTIBILTY
As a rule, taxes are imprescriptible
as they are the lifeblood of the
government. However, tax statutes may
provide for statute of limitations.
The rules that have been adopted
are as follows:
a.) National Internal Revenue Code
The statute of limitation for
assessment of tax if a return is filed is
within three (3) years from the last day
prescribed by law for the filling of the
return or if filed after the last day,
within three years from date of actual
filling. If no return is filed or the return
filed is false or fraudulent, the period to
assess is within ten years from discovery
of the omission, fraud or falsity.
The period to collect tax is within
three years from date of assessment. In
the case, however, of omission to file or
if the return filed is false or fraudulent,
the period to collect is within ten years
from discovery without need of an
assessment.

b.) Tariff and customs code
It does not express any general
statute of limitation; it provided,
however, that when articles have
entered and passed free of duty or final
adjustment of duties made, with
subsequent delivery, such entry and
passage free of duty or settlement of
duties will, after the expiration of one
(1) year, from the date of the final
payment of duties, in the absence of
fraud or protest, be final and conclusive
upon all parties, unless the liquidation
of import entry was merely tentative.
(Sec 1603,TCC)

c.) Local Government Code
Local Taxes, fees, or charges shall
be assessed within five (5) years from
the date they became due. In case of
fraud or intent to evade the payment of
taxes, fees or charges the same may be
assessed within ten (10) years from
discovery of the fraud or intent to
evade payment. They shall also be
collected either by administrative or
judicial action within five (5) years
from date of assessment (Sec. 194. LGC)

TAX ENFORCEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION

SOURCES OF TAX LAWS (Key: SPEC
2
TRA
BLT)
1. Statutes
2. Presidential Decrees
3. Executive Orders
4. Constitution
5. Court Decisions
6. Tax Codes
7. Revenue Regulations
8. Administrative Issuances
9. BIR Rulings
10. Local Tax Ordinance
11. Tax Treaties and Conventions

REQUISITES OF TAX REGULATIONS
1. Reasonable
2. Within the authority conferred
3. Not contrary to law
4. Must be published

NOTE: Administrative regulations must
always be in harmony with the
provisions of the law. In case of
discrepancy between the basic law and
the implementing rule or regulation, the
former prevails.

NON-RETROACTIVITY OF BIR RULINGS
General Rule: Rulings are not
retroactive if they are prejudicial to the
taxpayer. (Sec. 246, NIRC)
Exceptions:
1. Where the taxpayer deliberately
misstates or omits material facts
from his return or any document
required of him by the BIR.
2. Where the facts subsequently
gathered by the BIR is materially

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different from the facts on which
the ruling is based.
3. Where the taxpayer acted in bad
faith.

PRINCIPLE OF LEGISLATIVE APPROVAL OF AN
ADMINISTRATIVE INTERPRETATION THROUGH
REENACTMENT
Where a statute is susceptible of the
meaning placed upon it by a ruling of
the government agency charged with its
enforcement and the legislature
thereafter reenacts the provision
without substantial change, such action
is to some extent confirmatory that the
ruling carries out the legislative purpose.

RULE OF NO ESTOPPEL AGAINST THE
GOVERNMENT
General Rule: The Government is not
estopped by the mistakes or errors of its
agents; erroneous application and
enforcement of law by public officers do
not bar the subsequent correct
application of statutes. (E. Rodriguez,
Inc. vs. Collector, L-23041, July 31,
1969)
Exception: In the interest of justice and
fair play, as where injustice will result
to the taxpayer. (see CIR vs. CA, GR No.
117982, Feb. 6, 1997; CIR vs. CA, GR No.
107135, Feb. 3, 1999)

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TAX ADMINISTRATION
1. Bureau of Internal Revenue
internal revenue taxes
Agents of the CIR
a. Commissioner of Customs with
respect to taxes on imported goods
b. head of the appropriate
government office with respect to
energy tax
c. banks duly accredited by the CIR
(Sec. 12, 1997 NIRC)
2. Bureau of Customs customs law
enforcement
3. Provincial, city and municipal
assessors and treasurers local and
real property taxes

ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTION OF THE
BUREAU OF INTERNAL REVENUE (BIR)
BIR shall be under the supervision
and control of the Dept. of Finance (Sec.
2, NIRC)

POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE BIR
Assessment and collection of all
national internal revenue taxes, fees,
and charges
1. Enforcement of all forfeitures,
penalties, and fines connected
therewith
2. Execution of judgments in all cases
decided in its favor by the Court of
Tax Appeals (CTA) and the ordinary
courts
3. Give effect to and administer the
supervisory and police powers
conferred to it by the Code or other
laws

ASSESSMENT a finding by the taxing
authority that the taxpayer has not paid
the correct taxes. It is also a written
notice to a taxpayer to the effect that
the amount stated therein is due as a
tax and containing a demand for the
payment thereof.
General rule: Taxes are self-assessing
and thus, do not require the issuance of
an assessment notice in order to
establish the tax liability of a taxpayer.
Exceptions:
1. Tax period of a taxpayer is
terminated [Sec. 6(D), NIRC]
2. Deficiency tax liability arising from a
tax audit conducted by the BIR [Sec.
56(B), NIRC]
3. Tax lien [Sec. 219, NIRC]
4. Dissolving corporation [Sec. 52(c),
NIRC]

SIGNIFICANCE OF ASSESSMENT
a. In the proper pursuit of judicial and
extrajudicial remedies to enforce
taxpayer liabilities and certain
matters that relate to it, such as the
imposition of surcharges and
interests,
b. In the application of statute of
limitations,
c. In the establishment of tax liens,
and
d. In estimating the revenues that may
be collected by government in the
coming year. (Mamalateo,
Victorino. Reviewer on Taxation,
2004)


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KINDS
1. SELF- ASSESSMENT- one in which the
tax is assessed by the taxpayer
himself
2. DEFICIENCY ASSESSMENT- made by the
tax assessor himself whereby the
correct amount of the tax is
determined after an examination or
investigation is conducted. The
liability is determined and assessed
for the following reason:
a. amount ascertained exceeds that
which is shown as the tax by the
taxpayer in his return
b. no amount of tax is shown in the
return
c. taxpayer did not file any return
at all
3. ILLEGAL AND VOID ASSESSMENT-
assessment wherein tax assessor has
no power to assess at all
4. ERRONEOUS ASSESSMENT- assessor has
power to assess but errs in the
exercise thereof

BURDEN OF PROOF IN PRE-ASSESSMENT
PROCEEDINGS
There is a presumption of
correctness and good faith on the part of
the CIR; thus, the burden lies on the
taxpayer. Otherwise, the finding of the
CIR will be conclusive and he will assess
the taxpayer. The same is true even if
the CIR is wrong, if the taxpayer does
not controvert. (Cagayan Robina Sugar
Milling Co. vs. Court of Appeals, GR. No.
122451, October 12, 2000)
Reasons: a. lifeblood theory
b. presumption of regularity in
performance of public
functions
NOTE: Assessments by the BIR must have
on its face the law and facts upon which
the presumption is made.

PRINCIPLES GOVERNING TAX ASSESSMENTS
1. Assessments are prima facie
presumed correct and made in good
faith.
2. It should be based on actual facts.
3. It is discretionary on the part of the
Commissioner.

4. The authority of the Commissioner
to assess taxes may be delegated,
except the power to make final
assessments.
5. It must be directed to the right
party.

Authority of a Revenue Officer -
pursuant to a Letter of Authority issued
by the Regional Director
a. To examine taxpayers within the
jurisdiction of the district in order
to collect the correct amount of
tax;
b. To recommend the assessment of
any deficiency tax due in the same
manner that the said acts could
have been performed by the
Revenue Regional Director.
General Rule: income tax returns are
confidential.
Exception: inquiry into income tax
returns may be authorized-

1. inspection is authorized upon
written order of the President of the
Philippines;
2. inspection is authorized under
Finance Regulations No. 33 of the
Secretary of Finance;
3. production of the tax return is
material evidence in a criminal case
wherein the government is
interested in the result; or
4. production or inspection thereof is
authorized by the taxpayer himself.

Networth Method- inventory method of
income tax verification.

Applies the accounting principle:
assets liabilities = networth
Condition for its use:
1. taxpayers books do not clearly
reflect his income or the taxpayer
has no books, or if he has books, he
refuses to produce them;
2. there is evidence of possible source
or sources of income to account for
increases in networth;
3. there is a fixed starting point or
opening networth; and
4. there must be proper adjustments to
conform with the income tax laws.


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POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE COMMISSIONER
I. SECTION 4 (power to interpret tax law
and decide tax cases)

1. Interpret provisions of this Code and
other tax laws subject to review of the
Secretary of Finance
(Quasi-legislative)
2. Decide: (Quasi-judicial)
a) disputed assessment
b) refunds of internal revenue taxes,
fees and charges
c) penalties imposed in relation
thereto
d) other matters arising from this
Code or other laws or portions
thereof administered by the BIR
subject to the exclusive appellate
jurisdiction of the CTA (Sec. 4)

II. SECTION 5 (power to obtain
information, summon, examine and take
testimony of persons)

3. For the Commissioner to ascertain:
(a) correctness of any return or in
making a return where none has
been made
(b) liability of any person for any
internal revenue tax or in
correcting such liability
(c) tax compliance

The Commissioner is authorized:
1. to Examine any relevant Book, paper,
record or other data
2. to Obtain any information (costs,
volume of production, receipts, sales,
gross income, etc), on a regular basis
from:
i. any person other than the person
under investigation or
ii. any office or officer of the
national/local government, govt
agencies and instrumentalities
(Bangko Sentral, govt owned and
controlled corporations) (e.g. LTO,
Register of Deeds)
3. to Summon
i. the person liable for tax or
required to file a return or
ii. any officer or employee of such
person or
iii. any person having in his
possession/custody/care
-- the books of accounts,
-- accounting records of entries
relating to the business of the
person liable for tax or any other
person
-- to produce such books,
papers, records, and other data
and to give testimony
4. to take the Testimony of the person
concerned, under oath as may be
relevant to the inquiry
5. to cause revenue officers and
employees to make a Canvass of any
revenue district or region

Nothing in Section 5 shall be
construed as granting the Commissioner
the authority to inquire into bank
deposits other than as provided for
under sec. 6 (F) of the Code.

III. SECTION 6 (power to make
assessments, prescribe additional
requirements for tax administration
and enforcement)

4. Examination of returns and
determination of tax due
A. After a return has been filed the
Commissioner or his
representative may authorize
i. the Examination of any
taxpayer and
ii. the Assessment of the
correct amount of tax;
B. Failure to file a return shall not
prevent the commissioner from
authorizing the examination of
any taxpayer;
* Any tax or deficiency tax so
assessed shall be paid upon
notice and demand from the
Commissioner or his
representative
* Any return, statement or
declaration filed in any
authorized office shall not be
withdrawn; but within three
years from date of filing, the
same may be modified,
changed or amended;
provided that no notice for
audit or investigation of such
return, has in the meantime,
been actually served upon the
taxpayer.


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5. Failure to submit required returns
and other documents
If a person
i. fails to file a required return or
report at the time prescribed or
ii. willfully or otherwise files a
false or fraudulent return,
The Commissioner shall Make or
Amend the return from
i. his own knowledge or
ii. from such information as he can
obtain through testimony or
otherwise which shall be prima
facie correct and sufficient for
all legal purposes

6. Inventory-taking, Surveillance,
Presumptive Gross Sales
A. Commissioner may, at any time
during the taxable year
(a) order the inventory taking of
goods of any taxpayer or
(b) may place the business
operations of any person
(natural/juridical) under
observation or Surveillance,
if there is reason to
believe that such is not
declaring his correct income,
sales or receipts for tax
purposes.
The findings may be used
as basis for assessing the
taxes and shall be deemed
prima facie correct.

B. Commissioner may prescribe a
Minimum amount of gross
receipts, sales and taxable base
(taking into account the sales and
income of other persons engaged
in similar business):
i. When a person has failed to
issue receipts as required by
sec.113 (Invoice requirements
for VAT-registered persons)
and Sec. 237 (Issuance of
Receipts or Commercial
Invoices) or
ii. When the books of accounts
or records do not correctly
reflect the declarations made
or required to be made in a
return,
Such minimum amount shall
be considered correct.
7. Terminate taxable period
Commissioner shall declare the tax
period of a taxpayer Terminated and
send notice to the taxpayer of such
decision with a request for immediate
payment of the tax when it has come to
the knowledge of the Commissioner:
a) that a taxpayer is retiring from
business subject to tax or
b) is intending to leave the Phils.
or
c) to remove his property
therefrom or
d) to hide or conceal his property
or
e) is performing any act tending to
obstruct the proceedings for
the collection of tax

8. Prescribe Real Property Values
The Commissioner is authorized to:
a. Divide the Phils. into different
zones or areas and
b. Determine the fair market value
of real properties located in each
zone or area

For tax purposes, the value of
the property shall be whichever is
higher of:
a) Fair market value as determined
by the Commissioner; or
b) Fair market value as shown in
the schedule of values of the
provincial and city assessors.

9. Authority to Inquire into Bank
Deposit
Notwithstanding R.A. 1405 (Bank
Secrecy Law) the Commissioner is
authorized to inquire into the Bank
deposits of:
(a) a decedent to determine his gross
estate
(b) a taxpayer who has filed an
application to compromise
payment of tax liability by reason
of financial incapacity

The taxpayers application for
compromise shall not be considered
unless he waives in writing his
privilege under RA 1405 and other
general or special laws. Such waiver
shall authorize the Commissioner to
inquire into his bank deposits.

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10. Authority to Register tax agents
(a) The Commissioner shall accredit
and Register, individuals and
general professional partnerships
and their rep. who prepare and
file tax returns and other papers
or who appear before the BIR
(b) The Commissioner shall create
national and regional
accreditation boards.

Those who are denied
accreditation may appeal the same
to the Sec. Of Finance who shall rule
on the appeal within 60 days from
receipt of such appeal. Failure to do
so within the prescribed period shall
be deemed as approval for
accreditation.

11. Authority to Prescribe Additional
Requirements
The Commissioner may prescribe
the manner of compliance with any
documentary or procedural
Requirement for the submission or
preparation of financial statements
accompanying tax returns.

IV. SECTION 7 (Authority to Delegate
Power )
12. The Commissioner may delegate the
powers vested in him to
- subordinate officials with rank
equivalent to Division Chief or
higher, subject to
limitations/restrictions imposed
under the rules and regulations
EXCEPT, (the following powers
shall NOT be delegated)
a) power to Recommend the
promulgation of rules and
regulations by the Sec. of
Finance
b) power to Issue rulings of first
impression or to Reverse, revoke
modify any existing rule of the
BIR
c) power to Compromise or Abate
any tax liability

provided however that the
regional evaluation board may
compromise:
1. assessments issued by
regional offices involving
deficiency taxes of P500,000
or less and
2. minor criminal violations as
may be determined by the
rules and regulations
3. discovered by regional and
district officials

Regional Evaluation Board is
composed of:
i. Regional Director as Chairman
ii. Asst. Regional Director
iii. Heads of the Legal, Assessment
and Collection Div.
iv. Revenue District Officer having
jurisdiction over the taxpayer

d) power to Assign or reassign
internal revenue officers to
establishments where
articles subject to excise tax
are kept.

V. SECTIONS 8, 14, 15, 16, 17 (Other
Powers)
13. Duty to ensure the provision and
distribution of forms, receipts,
certificates, and appliances, and
the acknowledgment of payment of
taxes (Sec. 8)

14. Authority to administer oaths and to
take testimony (Sec. 14)

15. Authority to make arrests and
seizures (Sec. 15)

16. Authority to employ, assign or
reassign internal revenue officers
involved in excise tax functions to
establishments where articles
subject to excise tax are produced
or kept (Sec. 16)

17. Authority to assign or reassign
internal revenue officers and
employees of the BIR to other or
special duties connected with the
enforcement or administration of
the revenue laws (Sec. 17)


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ARE LEGAL OFFICERS OF THE BIR AUTHORIZED
TO INSTITUTE APPEAL PROCEEDINGS WITHOUT
THE PARTICIPATION OF THE SOLICITOR
GENERAL?
NO. The institution or
commencement before a proper court of
civil and criminal actions and
proceedings arising under the Tax
Reform Act which shall be conducted by
legal officers of the BIR is not in dispute.
An appeal from such court, however, is
not a matter of right. It is still the
Solicitor General who has the primary
responsibility to appear for the
government in appellate proceedings.
(Commissioner vs. La Suerte Cigar and
Cigarette Factory, GR No. 144942, July
4, 2002)

SOURCES OF REVENUE
The following taxes, fees and
charges are deemed to be national
internal revenue taxes. (Sec. 21, NIRC)
1. Income tax
2. Estate and donor's taxes
3. Value-added tax
4. Other percentage taxes
5. Excise taxes
6. Documentary stamp taxes
7. Such other taxes as are or hereafter
may be imposed and collected by
the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

II. NATIONAL TAXATION

A. INCOME TAXATION

DEFINITIONS
INCOME TAX tax on all yearly profits
arising from property, possessions,
trade or business, or as a tax on a
persons income, emoluments,
profits and the like (61 CJS 1559)
tax on income,
whether gross or net. (27 Am. Jur.
308)

INCOME all wealth, which flows into the
taxpayer other than as a mere
return of capital.

CAPITAL resource of person, which can
be used in producing goods and
services.
Income Capital

All wealth, which
flows into the
taxpayer other than
as a mere return of
capital.

Fund or property
which can be used
in producing goods
or services

Flow of Wealth

Fund or property

Source of wealth

Wealth

REQUISITES FOR INCOME TO BE TAXABLE
1. There must be a gain or profit.
2. The gain must be realized or
received.
3. The gain must not be excluded by
law or treaty from taxation.

TESTS ON TAXABILITY OF INCOME
1. Flow of Wealth Test The
determining factor for the
imposition of income tax is
whether any gain was derived
from the transaction.
2. Realization Test - unless the income
is deemed "realized," there is no
taxable income.
3. Economic-Benefit Principle Test
-flow of wealth realized is
taxable only to the extent that
the taxpayer is economically
benefited.

CRITERIA IN IMPOSING INCOME TAX
1. Citizenship Principle A citizen of
the Philippines is subject to Philippine
income tax (a.) on his worldwide
income, if he resides in the Philippines,
or (b.) only on his income from sources
within the Philippines, if he qualifies as
nonresident citizen.
2. Residence Principle resident alien
is liable to pay income tax on his income
from sources within the Philippines but
exempt from tax on his income from
sources outside the Philippines.
3. Source Principle An alien is subject
to Philippine income tax because he
derives income from sources within the
Philippines. Thus, a nonresident alien is
liable to pay Philippine income tax on
his income from sources within the
Philippines such as dividend, interest,
rent, or royalty, despite the fact that he
has not set foot in the Philippines.

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CLASSIFICATION OF TAXPAYERS

Individuals
a. citizens
(1) resident citizens (RC)
(2) non-resident citizens (NRC)
b. aliens
(1) resident aliens (RA)
(2) non-resident aliens (NRA)
(a) engaged in trade or
business within the
Phils. (NRAETB)
(b) not engaged in trade or
business within the
Philippines (NRANETB)

Corporations
a. Domestic (DC)
b. Foreign
(1) resident foreign corporation
(RFC)
(2) non-resident foreign
corporation (NRFC)
Estates
Trusts
Partnerships

A. INDIVIDUALS

WHO ARE TAXABLE?
1. Resident Citizen
2. Non-resident Citizen
A non-resident citizen means, a
Filipino citizen:
a. who establishes to the
satisfaction of the Commissioner
the fact of his physical presence
abroad with a definite intention
to reside therein;
b. who leaves the Philippines
during the taxable year to reside
abroad, either as an immigrant
or for employment on a
permanent basis;
c. who works and derives income
from abroad and whose
employment thereat requires
him to be physically present
abroad most of the time during
the taxable year;
d. who is previously considered as a
non-resident and who arrives in
the Philippines at anytime during
the taxable year to reside
thereat permanently shall be
considered non-resident for the
taxable year in which he arrives
in the Philippines with respect to
his income derived from sources
abroad until the date of his
arrival [Sec.22 (E), NIRC]

NOTE: An overseas contract worker
(OCW) is taxable only on income
derived from sources within the
Philippines. [Sec. 23 (B)(C)]
A seaman is considered as an
OCW provided the following
requirements are met:
1. receives compensation for services
rendered abroad as a member of
the complement of a vessel; and
2. such vessel is engaged exclusively
in international trade.

Based on the above provisions,
there are three (3) types of
nonresident citizens, namely: (1)
immigrants; (2) employees of a foreign
entity on a permanent basis; and
(3) overseas contract workers.
Immigrants and employees of a foreign
entity on a permanent basis are
treated as nonresident citizens from
the time they depart from the
Philippines. However, overseas
contract workers must be physically
present abroad most of the time
during the calendar year to qualify as
nonresident citizens.
3. Resident alien - means an individual
whose residence is within the
Philippines and who is not a citizen
thereof. [Sec.22 (F, NIRC)]
4. Non-resident alien engaged in
trade or business within the
Philippines. (NRAETB)
A non-resident alien means an
individual whose residence is not
within the Philippines and who is not
a citizen thereof. [Sec.22 (G)]
The term trade or business
includes the performance of the
functions of a public office. [Sec. 22
(S)]
The term trade, business or
profession shall not include
performance of services by the
taxpayer as an employee. [Sec. 22
(CC)]

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A non-resident alien individual
who shall come to the Philippines
and stay therein for an aggregate
period of more than 180 days during
any calendar year shall be deemed a
non-resident alien doing business in
the Philippines Section 22(G)
notwithstanding [Sec. 25(A)(1)]
5. Non-resident alien not engaged in
trade or business within the
Philippines. (NRANETB)

ONLY RESIDENT CITIZENS are taxable
for income derived from sources within
and without the Philippines. All other
individual income taxpayers are taxable
only for income derived from sources
within the Philippines.

Tax Rates: Please refer to Annex A.

B. CORPORATIONS

WHO ARE TAXABLE?
1. Domestic Corporation created or
organized in the Phils. or under its
law [Sec. 22(C), NIRC]
2. Resident Foreign Corporation
engaged in trade or business within
the Philippines [Sec. 22(H), NIRC]
3. Non-resident Foreign Corporation
not engaged in trade or business
within the Philippines [Sec. 22(I),
NIRC]
A Corporation Includes:
1. Partnerships, no matter how created
or organized;
2. Joint-stock companies;
3. Joint accounts (cuentas en
participacion)
4. Associations; or
5. Insurance companies [Sec. 22(B),
NIRC].

Excludes:
1. General professional partnerships;
2. Joint venture or consortium formed
for the purpose of undertaking
construction projects or engaging in
petroleum, coal, geothermal and
other energy operations pursuant to
an operating or consortium
agreement under a service contract
with the Government.

CORPORATIONS EXEMPT FROM INCOME
TAXATION (FOR INCOME REALIZED AS SUCH)
UNDER NIRC
1. Those enumerated under Sec. 30.
Exempt corporations are subject
to income tax on their income from
any of their properties, real or
personal, or from any other activities
conducted for profit, regardless of
the disposition made of such income.
2. With respect to GOCCs, the general
rule is that these corporations are
taxable as any other corporation
except:
a. GSIS
b. SSS
c. PHIC
d. PCSO
e. PAGCOR [Sec. 27 (C)]
3. Regional or Area Headquarters
under Sec. 22 (DD) not subject to
income tax

Regional operating headquarters
under Sec. 22(EE) shall pay a tax of
10% of their taxable income.

ONLY DOMESTIC CORPORATIONS are
taxable for income derived from sources
within and without the Philippines. All
other corporate income taxpayers are
taxable only for income derived from
sources within the Philippines.

Tax Rates: Please refer to Annex B.

C. ESTATES AND TRUSTS

ESTATE refers to the mass of properties
left by a deceased person.

RULES ON TAXABILITY OF ESTATE
When a person who owns property
dies, the following taxes are payable
under the provisions of the income tax
law:
1. Income tax for individual under Sec.
24 and 25 (to cover the period
beginning January to the time of
death);
2. Estate income tax under Sec. 60 if
the estate is under administration or
judicial settlement.


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ESTATES UNDER JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT
A. During the Pendency of the
Settlement
General Rule: An estate under
judicial settlement is subject to
income tax in the same manner as
individuals. Its status is the same as
the status of the decedent prior to
his death.
Exceptions:
1. The entitlement to personal
exemption is limited only to
P20,000.
2. No additional exemption is
allowed.
3. The distribution to the heirs
during the taxable year of estate
income is deductible from the
taxable income of the estate.
Such distributed income shall
form part of the respective
heirs taxable income.
Where no such
distribution to the heirs is made
during the taxable year that the
income is earned, and such
income is subjected to income
tax payment by the estate, the
subsequent distribution thereof
is no longer taxable on the part
of the recipient.

B. TERMINATION OF THE JUDICIAL
SETTLEMENT (WHERE THE HEIRS STILL DO
NOT DIVIDE THE PROPERTY)
1. If the heirs contribute to the
estate money, property, or
industry with intention to divide
the profits between/among
themselves, an unregistered
partnership is created and the
estate becomes liable for the
payment of corporate income
tax. (Evangelista vs. Collector,
GR No. L-9996, October 15,
1957; Oa vs. Commissioner, GR
No. L-19342, May 25, 1972)
2. If the heirs, without contributing
money, property or industry to
improve the estate, simply
divide the fruits thereof
between/among themselves, a
co-ownership is created, and
individual income tax is imposed
on the income received by each
of the heirs, payable in their
separate and individual
capacity. (Pascual vs.
Commissioner, GR No. L-78133,
October 18, 1988; Obillos vs.
October 29, 1985)

ESTATES NOT UNDER JUDICIAL SETTLEMENT
Pending the extrajudicial
settlement, either of the following
situations may arise:
1. If the heirs contribute money,
property, or industry to the estate
with the intention of dividing the
profits between/among themselves,
an unregistered partnership is
created and the estate becomes
liable for the payment of corporate
income tax; or
2. If the heirs, without contributing
money, property or industry to the
estate, simply divide the fruits
thereof between/among themselves,
a co-ownership is created and
income tax is imposed on the income
received by each of the heirs,
payable in their separate and
individual capacity.

TRUST A right to the property, whether
real or personal, held by one person for
the benefit of another.

WHEN TRUSTS ARE TAXABLE ENTITIES
1. A trust, the income of which is to be
accumulated
2. A trust in which the

fiduciary may, at
his discretion, either distribute or
accumulate the income.

RULES ON TAXABILITY OF THE INCOME OF A
TRUST
1. The income of the trust for the
taxable year which is to be
distributed to the beneficiaries
filing and payment of tax lie on the
beneficiaries.
2. The income of the trust which is to
be accumulated or held

for future
distribution whether consisting of
ordinary income or gain from the
sale of assets included in the
"corpus" of the estate filing of
return and payment of tax become

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the burden of the trustee or
fiduciary.
Exceptions:
a. In the case of a revocable trust,
the income of the trust will be
returned by the grantor.
b. In a trust where the income is
held for the benefit of the
grantor, the income of the trust
becomes income to the grantor.
c. In the case of trust administered
in a foreign country, the income
of the trust; undiminished by
any amount distributed to the
beneficiaries shall be taxed to
the trustee.

IRREVOCABLE TRUSTS (irrevocable both as
to corpus and as to income)

Trust itself, through the trustee or
fiduciary, is liable for the payment of
income tax. Taxed exactly in the same
way as estates under judicial settlement
and its status as an individual is that of
the trustor. It is entitled to the
minimum personal exemption (P20,000)
and distribution of trust income during
the taxable year to the beneficiaries is
deductible from the trusts taxable
income.

REVOCABLE TRUSTS the trustor, not the
trust itself, is subject to the payment of
income tax on the trust income.

EXEMPTION OF EMPLOYEES TRUST
Provided:
1. the employees trust must be part of
a pension, stock bonus or profit
sharing plan of the employer for the
benefit of some or all of his
employees;
2. contributions are made to the trust
by such employer, or such
employees, or both;
3. such contributions are made for the
purpose of distributing to such
employees both the earnings and
principal of the fund accumulated by
the trust, and
4. that the trust instrument makes it
impossible for any part of the trust
corpus or income to be used for, or
diverted to, purposes other than the
exclusive benefit of such employees.
(Sec. 60B, NIRC)

Tax exemption is likewise to be
enjoyed by the income of the pension
trust; otherwise, taxation of those
earnings would result in a diminution of
accumulated income and reduce
whatever the trust beneficiaries would
receive out of the trust fund.
(Commissioner vs. Court of Appeals,
Court of Tax Appeals and GCL
Retirement Plans, GR No. 95022, March
23, 1992)

D. PARTNERSHIPS

KINDS OF PARTNERSHIP FOR TAX PURPOSES
UNDER THE NIRC
1. General Professional Partnerships
(GPP) - formed by persons for:
a. the sole purpose of exercising a
common profession and
b. no part of the income of which is
derived from engaging in any
trade or business. [Sec. 22(B),
NIRC].
2. Taxable or Business Partnership
All other partnerships except
general professional partnerships no
matter, how created or organized.
It includes unregistered joint
ventures and business partnerships.
However, joint ventures are not
taxables as corporations when it is;
(a) undertaking construction projects
(b) engaged in petroleum, coal and
other energy operation under a
service contract with the
government
General co-partnerships (GCP)
are partnerships, which are by law
assimilated to be within the context
of, and so legally contemplated as,
corporations. The partnership itself
is subject to corporate taxation. The
individual partners are considered
stockholders and, therefore, profits
distributed to them by the
partnership are taxable as dividends.
The taxable income for a taxable
year, after deducting the corporate
income tax imposed therein, shall be
deemed to have been actually or
constructively received by the
partners in the same taxable year

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and shall be taxed to them in their
individual capacity whether actually
distributed or not. [Sec. 73(D),
NIRC]

LIABILITY OF A PARTNERSHIP
1. General Professional Partnership
.
-
They are not subject to income tax,
but are required to file returns of
their income for the purpose of
furnishing information as to the
share of each partner in the net gain
or profit, which each partner shall
include in his individual return. The
partnership shall act as the
withholding agent.
The net income (income for
distribution) shall be computed in
the same manner as a corporation.
Date of filing of the return is April 15
of each year.
2. Taxable or Business Partnership -
The income tax of this type of
Partnership is computed and taxed
like that of a corporation. This kind
of partnership, like a regular
corporation, is also required to file a
quarterly corporate income tax
return. Filing and payment of
quarterly return is within 60 days
after the end of each quarter while
the annual return is on or before
April 15 of the following year.

LIABILITY OF A PARTNER
Rules:
1. Share of a partner in general
professional Partnership
a. Each partner shall report as
gross income (business income)
his distributed share actually or
constructively received in the
net income of the partnership.
(Sec. 26, NIRC) [The same share
shall be subject to creditable
withholding tax of 10%.] They
are liable in their separate and
individual capacity.

b. Share of a partner in the loss of
a general professional
partnership may be taken by the
individual partner in his return
of income.

c. Each partner in a general
professional partnership shall,
report as

gross income his
distributed share in the net
income of the GPP, based on his
agreed ratio, whether he
,
avails
of itemized or optional standard
deduction.

d. Payments made to a partner of a
GPP for services rendered shall
be considered as ordinary
business income subject to Sec.
24A (Effective January 1, 1982)

2. Share of a partner in Taxable or
Business partnership
a. Share of a partner in the net
income of a taxable or business
partnership (dividend) shall be
subject to a final tax as follows.
Resident Citizen, Non-
resident Citizen and
Resident Alien (2000 and
onward) 10% (Sec. 24B2)
Non-resident Alien engaged
in trade or business 20%
(Sec. 25 A2)
Non-resident alien not
engaged in trade or business
25% (Sec. 25B)
b. Share of a partner in the loss of
a taxable or business partnership
maybe taken by the individual
partner in his return of income.
c. Payments made to a partner of a
business or taxable partnership
for services rendered shall be
considered as compensation
income subject to sec. 24A.

KINDS OF INCOME TAXES
UNDER THE NIRC

1. Net Income Tax
2. Optional Corporate Income tax
3. Minimum Corporate Income Tax
4. Improperly Accumulated Earnings
Tax
5. Preferential Rates or Special Rates
of Income Tax
6. Gross Income Tax
7. Final Income Tax
8. Fringe Benefits Tax
9. Capital Gains Tax

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(1) NET INCOME TAX

DEFINITION: Means gross income less
deductions and/or personal and
additional exemptions (Sec. 31, NIRC)

NET INCOME TAX FORMULA
Entire Income
Less: Exclusions and Income subject
to Final Tax (e.g. Passive
Income)
Gross Income
Less: Deductions (and/or additional
exemptions, if applicable)
Net Taxable Income
Multiply by: Tax Rate (%)
Net Income Tax Due
Less: Tax Credit, if any
Tax Still due, if any

GROSS INCOME

DEFINITION: Means all income derived
from whatever source, including but not
limited to the following (Sec. 32)
a. Compensation;
b. Gross income from profession, trade
or business;
c. Gains form dealings in property;
d. Interests;
e. Rents;
f. Royalties;
g. Dividends;
h. Annuities;
i. Prizes and winnings;
j. Pensions;
k. Partners share in the net income of
the general professional partnership

See Annex D for detailed discussion
of items.

KINDS OF DIVIDENDS
1. Cash and Property Dividends
Individual Taxpayer
a. From Domestic Corporations
RC, NRC, RA 10% (Sec.
24A)
NRAETB 20% (Sec. 25A2)
NRANETB 25% on gross
income (Sec. 25B)
b. From Foreign Corporations
RC, NRC, RA, NRAETB 5-
32% (Sec. 24, 25A1)
NRANETB 25% on gross
income (Sec. 25B)

Corporate Taxpayer
a. Foreign to Domestic Corp. 32%
(Sec. 32A)
b. Domestic to Domestic Corp.
Exempt; intercorporate
dividends (Sec. 27D)
c. Domestic to Foreign Corp. -
Resident Foreign Corp.
Exempt (Sec. 28 [A] 7d)
Nonresident Foreign Corp.
15% subject to the condition
stated in Sec. 28 [B] 5.
Otherwise, it shall be taxed
at 32%. (See Commissioner
vs. Procter and Gamble, GR
No. 66838, December 2,
1991)

2. Stock Dividends
General rule: Not subject to tax
because it does not constitute
income; it represents transfer of
surplus to capital account. (Sec.
73B, 1997 NIRC)
Exceptions:
a. Sec. 73B, 1997 NIRC
(1) there is redemption or
cancellation
(2) the transaction involves
stock dividends, and
(3) the time and manner of
the transaction makes it
essentially equivalent to a
distribution of taxable
dividends. (see
Commissioner vs. Court of
Appeals, Court of Tax
Appeals & ANSCOR, GR No.
108576, Jan. 30, 1999)
b. the recipient is other than the
shareholder (Bachrach vs.
Seifert, GR No. L-2659, October
12, 1950)
c. change in the stockholders
equity results by virtue of the
stock dividend issuance.

3. Liquidating Dividends When a
corporation distributes all of its
assets in complete liquidation or
dissolution, the gain realized or
loss sustained by the
stockholder, whether individual

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or corporation, is taxable
income or deductible loss, as the
case may be. (Sec. 73A)
A liquidating dividend is not
a dividend income. The
transaction is considered a sale
or exchange of property
between the corporation and the
stockholder.

EXCLUSIONS FROM GROSS INCOME
NOTE: Under the 1997 Tax Code, the
term exclusions refers to items that
are not included in the determination of
gross income either because:
(a) they represent return of capital
or are not income, gain or profit; or
(b) they are subject to another kind
of internal revenue tax; or
(c) they are income, gain or profit
that are expressly exempt form income
tax under the constitution, tax treaty,
Tax Code, or a general or special law.

1. Proceeds of life insurance paid by
reason of the death of the insured to
his estate or to any beneficiary
(individual, partnership, or
corporation, but not a transferee for
a valuable consideration), directly or
in trust.
NOTE: if the proceeds are
retained by the insurer, the interest
thereon is taxable;

2. Return of insurance premium;
NOTE: if such amounts (when added
to amounts already received before
the taxable year under such
contracts) exceed the aggregate
premiums or considerations paid
(whether or not paid during the
taxable year), then the excess shall
be included in the gross income.
However, in the case of a transfer for
a valuable consideration, by
assignment or otherwise, of a life
insurance, endowment or annuity
contract, or any interest therein,
only the actual value of such
consideration and the amount of the
premiums and other sums
subsequently paid by the transferee
are exempt from taxation. No loss is
realized on surrender of a life
insurance policy for its surrender
value.

3. Gift, bequest or devise
Gifts, bequests, and devises
(which are subject to estate or gift
taxes) are excluded, but not the
income from such property. If the
amount received is on account of
services rendered, whether
constituting a demandable debt or
not, or the use of the opportunity to
use of capital, the receipt is income
(Pirovano vs. Commissioner, 14 SCRA
832)

4. Compensation for personal injuries
or sickness, whether by suit or
agreement
NOTE: The phrase personal
injuries should be given a
restrictive meaning to refer only to
physical injuries. The theory for this
is that recoupment on account of
such losses is not income, since it is
not derived from capital, from labor
or from both combined. And the
fact that the payment of
compensation for such loss was
voluntary does not change its
exempt status. It was in fact
compensation for a loss, which
impaired petitioners capital.

5. Income exempt under Treaty;

6. Retirement benefits, pension,
gratuities, etc.
a. those derived under R.A. 7641
(pertains to private firms
without retirement trust fund);
b. those received by officials and
employees of private employers
in accordance with a reasonable
private benefit plan;
Requisites:
(1) in the service of the same
employer for at least 10
years;
(2) at least 50 years old;
(3) must be availed of only once
(4) plan approved by the BIR
(R.R.2-98);
c. separation pay because of
death, sickness, or other
physical disability or for any

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cause beyond the control of the
official or employee (e.g.
retrenchment, redundancy or
cessation of business);
for any cause beyond the
control of said official or
employee connotes
involuntariness on the part of
the official or employee;
separation must not be asked or
initiated by the official or
employee.
d. social security benefits,
retirement gratuities, pensions
and other similar benefits
received by citizens and aliens
who come to reside permanently
here from foreign sources
private or public;
e. benefits due to residents under
the laws of the U.S.
administered by the U.S.
Veterans Administration
f. SSS benefits; and
g. GSIS benefits.

7. Miscellaneous items
a. Passive income derived in the
Philippines by:
(1) Foreign governments;
(2) Financing institutions
owned, controlled or
enjoying refinancing from
foreign governments
(3) International or regional
financial institutions
established by foreign
governments
b. Income derived from any public
utility or from the exercise of
any governmental function;
c. Prizes and awards made
primarily in recognition of
religious, charitable, scientific,
educational, artistic, literary, or
civic achievement
Requisites:
(1) recipient was selected
without any action on his
part; and
(2) recipient is not required to
render substantial future
services.
d. Prizes and awards granted to
athletes in sports competitions
and sanctioned by their national
sports association ;
e. 13
th
month pay and other
benefits up to P30,000.00;
f. GSIS,SSS, Medicare and union
dues of individuals;
g. Gains derived from debt
securities with a maturity of
more than 5 years;
h. Gains from redemption of shares
in Mutual Fund.

EXCLUSIONS VS. DEDUCTIONS

Exclusions
[Sec. 32(B)]
Deductions
[Sec. 34]

Refer to flow of
wealth which are not
treated as part of
gross income
because:
(1) exempted by the
fundamental law; (2)
exempted by statute;
(3) do not come
within the definition
of income

Refer to the
amounts which the
law allows to be
subtracted from
gross income in
order to arrive at
net income

Pertain to the
computation of gross
income

Pertain to the
computation of the
net income

Something earned or
received by the
taxpayer which do
not form part of gross
income

Something spent or
paid in earning of
gross income

DEDUCTIONS

DEFINITION: Items or amounts which the
law allows to be deducted from gross
income in order to arrive at the taxable
income.

BASIC PRINCIPLES GOVERNING DEDUCTIONS
a. The taxpayer seeking a deduction
must point to some specific
provisions of the statute authorizing
the deduction; and
b. He must be able to prove that he is
entitled to the deduction authorized
or allowed. (Atlas Consolidated
Mining & Dev. Corp. vs.

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January 21, 1981)
c. Any amount paid or payable which is
otherwise deductible from, or taken
into account in computing gross
income or for which depreciation or
amortization may be allowed, shall
be allowed as deduction only if it is
shown that the tax required to be
deducted and withheld therefrom
has been paid to the BIR. [Sec.
34(K), NIRC]

NOTE: Deductions for income tax
purposes partake of the nature of tax
exemptions; hence, if tax exemptions
are to be strictly construed, then it
follows that deductions must also be
strictly construed.

TAXPAYERS WHO CANNOT AVAIL OF
DEDUCTIONS FROM GROSS INCOME
1. Citizens and resident aliens whose
income is purely compensation
income (except for premium
payments on health and/or
hospitalization insurance);
2. Non-resident aliens not engaged in
trade or business in the Philippines;
and
3. Non-resident foreign corporation

CLASSES OF DEDUCTIONS
1. Individuals
a. with gross compensation income
from employer-employee
relationship only
(1) premium payments on health
and/or hospitalization
insurance
(2) personal additional
exemptions
b. gross income from business or
practice of profession
(1) Optional Standard Deduction
(OSD)
(2) Itemized deductions
(3) premium payments on health
and/or hospitalization
insurance
(4) personal additional
exemptions
2. Corporations
Itemized Deductions

KINDS OF DEDUCTIONS
a. Optional standard deductions (OSD)
10% of the gross income.
The OSD may be availed of
only by individuals (except
nonresident alien) who are not
purely compensation income
earners.
b. Personal and additional exemptions
Available only to individuals
(business income and compensation
income earners).

NRAETB may be entitled to
personal exemptions (only) subject
to reciprocity, i.e.,
a. the country of which he is a
subject or citizen has an income
tax law; and
b. the income tax law of his
country allows personal
exemption to citizens of the
Philippines not residing therein,
but deriving income therefrom
and not to exceed the amount
allowed in NIRC.

The personal exemption shall be
equal to that allowed by the income
tax law of his country to a citizen of
the Philippines not residing therein,
or the amount provided in the NIRC,
whichever is lower.

Individuals not entitled to these
exemptions:
a. Non-resident Alien not engaged
in trade or business
b. Alien individual employed by
Regional or Area Headquarters of
Multinational Companies
c. Alien individual employed by
Offshore Banking Units
d. Alien individual employed by
Petroleum Service Contractor
and Subcontractor

c. Itemized deductions
a. ordinary and necessary
expenses
b. interests
c. taxes
d. losses
e. bad debts
f. depreciation of property;

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g. depletion of oil and gas wells
and mines;
h. charitable and other
contributions;
i. research and development;
j. pension trust contributions of
employees; and
k. premium payments on health
and/or hospitalization insurance.
(This is the only deduction which
a compensation income earner
may claim as a deduction.)

d. Special deductions
a. private proprietary educational
institutions and hospitals that
are non-profit (Sec. 34 A, 2)
b. insurance companies (Sec. 37)
c. estates and trusts (Sec. 61)

PERSONAL EXEMPTIONS

A. Amounts of Personal Exemptions
[Sec. 35, NIRC]
1. P 20,000 Single individual or
married individual judicially
decreed legally separated
without qualified dependent
children.
2. P 25,000 Head of the family or
married individual judicially
decreed legally separated
with qualified dependent
children.
3. P 32,000 For each legally
married individual.

Head of the Family
1. Unmarried or legally separated
person with one or both parents,
or one or more brothers or
sisters, or one or more
legitimate, recognized natural or
legally adopted children living
with and dependent upon the
taxpayer for their chief support;
and
Chief support means more
than one-half of the
requirements for support.
2. Where such brother / sister or
children are not more than 21
years of age, unmarried and not
gainfully employed, or where
such dependents regardless of
age, are incapable of self
support because of mental or
physical defect.

Parents, brothers, sisters and senior
citizen with the tax payer, whether
relative or not, may qualify the
taxpayer, to the personal exemption of
P25,000 as head of the family but not to
the additional exemption of P8,000.

B. Additional Exemption for
Dependents [Sec. 35, NIRC]
P 8,000 For each of the qualified
dependent children not
exceeding four (4) in
number.
The additional exemption refers
only to qualified dependent children
such as legitimate, recognized natural,
illegitimate and legally adopted.
The proper claimant of the
additional exemption is the husband
being the head of the family except
under the following cases:
1. Husband is unemployed
2. Husband is working abroad like
an OFW or a seaman
3. Husband explicitly waived his
right of the exemption in favor
of his wife in the withholding
exemption certificate.

A Senior Citizen is:
1. any resident citizen of the
Philippines
2. at least sixty 60 years old,
including those who have retired
from both government offices
and private enterprises, and
3. has an income of not more than
Sixty thousand pesos (60,000)
per annum subject to the review
of the National Economic
Development Authority (NEDA)
every three years.

Parents and dependents qualify
the taxpayer, to the personal
exemption of P25,000 as head of the
family but not to the additional
exemption of P8,000.

NOTE: NRAETB may deduct personal
exemption (not additional
exemption), but only to the extent
allowed by his country to Filipinos

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not residing therein, and shall not
exceed the aforementioned
amounts. NRANETB cannot claim
any personal or additional
exemptions.

C. Change of Status [Sec. 35, NIRC]
1. If the taxpayer should marry or
should have additional
dependents during the taxable
year, he may claim the
corresponding exemptions in full
for such year.
2. If the taxpayer should die during
the taxable year, his estate may
claim the corresponding
exemptions as if he died at the
close of such year.
3. If the spouse or any dependent
should die or any dependent
should marry or become twenty-
one years old during the year, or
should become gainfully
employed, the taxpayer may
claim the exemptions as if the
spouse or dependent died or as
if such dependent married,
became twenty one years old or
became gainfully employed at
the close of such year.
4. For any other event and for
which there are no specific rules
applicable from the above-
mentioned, the status of the
taxpayer at the end of the year
shall determine his exemptions.
(strictly construed against the
taxpayer)
Examples:
became legally separated
can only claim P 20,000
25 years old child became
incapacitated cannot claim
additional exemption

ITEMIZED DEDUCTIONS

A. ORDINARY AND NECESSARY
EXPENSES

NECESSARY EXPENSE appropriate and
helpful in the development of taxpayer's
business and are intended to minimize
losses or to increase profits. These are
the day-to-day expenses.
ORDINARY EXPENSE normal or usual in
relation to the taxpayers business and
the surrounding circumstance.

REQUISITES OF BUSINESS EXPENSE TO BE
DEDUCTIBLE
1. ordinary and necessary;
2. paid or incurred w/in the taxable
year;
3. paid or incurred in carrying on a
trade or business;
4. substantiated with official receipts
or other adequate records.
5. if subject to withholding taxes proof
of payment to the Bureau of Internal
Revenue must be shown.
6. must be reasonable (when the
expense is not lavish, extravagant or
excessive under the circumstances)
7. must not be contrary to law, public
policy or morals.

NOTE: While illegal income will form
part of income of the taxpayer,
expenses which constitute bribe,
kickback and other similar payment,
being against law and public policy are
not deductible from gross income.
(Subsec. A, 1, c)

CAPITAL EXPENDITURE An expenditure
that benefits not only the current period
but also future periods. It is not
deductible but depreciable, except, if
the taxpayer is a non-profit proprietary
educational institution which may elect
either to deduct the capital expense or
depreciate it.

See Annex E Business Expenses

See Annex F Ceiling on
Entertainment, Amusement and
Recreational Expenses

B. INTEREST

INTEREST shall refer to the payment for
the use or forbearance or detention of
money, regardless of the name it is
called or denominated. It includes the
amount paid for the borrower's use of,
money during the term of the loan, as
well as for his detention of money after
the due date for its repayment.


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REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY (REV. REG.
NO. 13-2000)
1. There must be an indebtedness;
2. There should be an interest
expense paid or incurred upon
such indebtedness;
3. The indebtedness must be that of
the taxpayer;
4. The indebtedness must be connected
with the taxpayer's trade, business
or exercise of profession;
5. The interest expense must have been
paid or incurred during the taxable
year;
6. The interest must have been
stipulated in writing;
7. The interest must be legally due;
8. The interest arrangement must not
be between related taxpayers;
9. The interest must not be incurred to
finance petroleum operations; and
10. In case of interest incurred to
acquire property used in trade,
business or exercise of profession,
the same, was not treated as a
capital expenditure.
11. The interest is not expressly
disallowed by law to be deducted
from gross income of the taxpayer.

RULES ON DEDUCTIBILITY OF INTEREST
EXPENSE
General Rule - In general, the amount of
interest expense paid or incurred within
a taxable year of indebtedness in
connection with the taxpayer's trade
business or exercise of profession, shall
be allowed as a deduction from the
taxpayer's gross income.

Limitation - The amount of interest
expense paid incurred by a taxpayer in
connection with his trade, business or
exercise of a profession from an existing
indebtedness shall be reduced by an
amount equal the following percentages
of interest income earned which had
been subjected to final withholding
depending on the year when the interest
income earned, viz:
38% - beginning January 1, 2000 and
thereafter

Aim of Limitation: To discourage so-
called back-to-back loans where a
taxpayer secures a loan from a bank,
turns around and invests the loan
proceeds in money market placements.
By imposing a limit as to the amount of
interest expense that can be deducted
from gross income, the previous practice
of tax arbitrage was absolutely nullified.

Tax Arbitrage is a method of
borrowing without entering into a
debtor/creditor relationship, often to
resolve financing and exchange control
problems. In tax cases, back-to-back
loan is used to take advantage of the
lower of tax on interest income and a
higher rate of tax on interest expense
deduction.

Illustration:
On June 1, 2000 Company X has:
1. Obtained a loan from ABC Financing
Corporation in connection with the
operation of its business and its
interest expense on the loan
amounted to P 120,000.
2. Deposit account in DEF Bank and
derived interest income thereof
amounting to P200,000 on which the
final tax of P40,000 has been
withheld.
Assume that Company Xs net
income before the deduction of
interest expense is P500,000.

The deductible expense shall be
computed as follows:

Year 2000

Net Income before
interest expense P500,000
Less: Interest Expense P120,000
Less: 38% of interest
income from deposit
(38% x P200,000) 76,000
Deductible Interest
Expense 44,000
Taxable Income P456,000

Deductible Interest Expense
1. Interest on taxes, such as those paid
for deficiency or delinquency, since
taxes are considered indebtedness
(provided that the tax is a
deductible tax, except in the case of
income tax). However, fines,

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penalties, and surcharges on account
of taxes are not deductible. The
interest on unpaid business tax shall
not be subjected to the limitation
on deduction.
2. Interest paid by a corporation on
scrip dividends
3. Interest-on deposits paid by
authorized banks of the Bangko
Sentral ng Pilipinas to depositors,
if it is shown that the tax on such
interest was withheld.
4. Interest paid by a corporate taxpayer
who is liable on a mortgage upon real
property of which the said
corporation is the legal or equitable
owner, even though it is not directly
liable for the indebtedness.

NON-DEDUCTIBLE INTEREST EXPENSE
1. An individual taxpayer reporting
income on the cash basis incurs an
indebtedness on which an interest is
paid in advance through discount or
otherwise:
allowed as a deduction in the
year the indebtedness is paid
if the indebtedness is payable
periodic amortization on, the
amount of interest which
corresponds to the amount of
the principal amortized or paid
during the year shall be allowed
as deduction in such taxable
year.
2. Interest paid on indebtedness
between related taxpayer
3. If the indebtedness is incurred to
finance petroleum exploration
4. Interest on preferred stock, which
in reality is dividend
5. Interest on unpaid salaries and
bonuses
6. Interest calculated for cost keeping
on account of capital or surplus
invested in business which does not
represent charges arising under
interest-bearing obligation.
7. Interest paid when there is no
stipulation for the payment thereof.

OPTIONAL TREATMENT OF INTEREST EXPENSE
At the option of the taxpayer,
interest incurred to acquire property
used in trade or business may be
allowed as a deduction or treated as
capital expenditure. [Sec 34 (B)(3),
NIRC]

C. TAXES

Taxes mean TAXES PROPER, and
therefore no deductions are allowed for:
1. interest
2. surcharges
3. penalties or fines incident to
delinquency (Sec. 80, Rev. Reg. 2)

REQUISITES FOR DEDUCTIBILITY
1. must be in connection with
taxpayers business;
2. tax must be imposed by law on, and
payable by taxpayer (direct tax);
and
3. paid or incurred during the taxable
year.

TAXES NOT DEDUCTIBLE
1. income tax;
2. estate and donors tax;
3. special assessments;
4. excess electric consumption tax;
5. foreign income tax, war profits and
excess profits tax, if the taxpayer
makes use of tax credit; and
6. final taxes, being in the nature of
income tax.

NOTE: Taxes allowed as deductions,
when refunded or credited, shall be
included as part of gross income in the
year of receipt to the extent of the
income tax benefit of said deduction.
(Tax Benefit Rule)

For NRAETB and RFC, taxes paid or
incurred are allowed as deductions only
if and to the extent that they are
connected from income within the
Philippines.

EXCEPTIONS to requirement that only
such persons on whom the tax is imposed
by law can claim deduction thereof:
1. Taxes of shareholder upon his
interest as such and paid by the
corporation without reimbursement
from him, can be claimed by the
corporation as deduction.
2. A corporation paying the tax for the
holder its bonds or other obligation
containing a tax-free covenant

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clause cannot claim deduction for
such taxes paid by it pursuant to
such covenant.

TAX CREDIT

DEFINITION: right of an income taxpayer
to deduct from income tax payable the
foreign income tax he has paid to his
foreign country subject to limitation.

WHO CAN CLAIM TAX CREDIT
1. resident citizens of the Philippines
2. resident aliens under the principle of
reciprocity
3. domestic corporations which include
partnerships except general
professional partnership
4. beneficiaries of estates and trusts
5. members of beneficiaries of local
partnerships

WHO ARE NOT ENTITLED TO TAX CREDIT
1. non-resident citizens
2. resident aliens, if without
reciprocity
3. resident aliens whose income is
derived solely from sources within
the Philippines
4. foreign corporations (resident and
non-resident)

FORMULA FOR COMPUTING LIMITATION
1. Per country limitation
Taxable
income from
foreign country X Phil. = Tax Credit
Taxable income income tax Limit
from all sources

2. Over-all limitation
Taxable
income from
outside sources X Phil. = Tax Credit
Taxable income income tax Limit
from all sources

The allowable tax credit is the lower
amount between the tax credit
computed under No. 1 and No. 2.

WHEN CREDIT FOR TAXES MAY BE TAKEN
The credit for taxes provided by
Section 30(C)(3) to (9) may ordinarily be
taken either in the return for the year in
which the taxes accrued or on which the
taxes were paid, dependent upon
whether the accounts of the taxpayer
are kept and his returns filed upon the
accrual basis or upon cash receipts and
disbursements basis.

LIMITATIONS ON CREDIT FOR FOREIGN TAXES
1) The amount of credit in respect to
the taxes paid or accrued to any
country shall not exceed the same
proportion of the tax against which
such credit is taken, which the
taxpayers net income from sources
within such country taxable under
Title II (income Tax) bears to his
entire net income for the same
taxable year; and
2) The total amount of the credit shall
not exceed the same proportion of
the tax against which such credit is
taken, which the taxpayers net
income from sources without the
Philippines taxable under Title II
(Income Tax) bears to his entire net
income for the same taxable year.

D. LOSSES

LOSSES refer to such losses which do
not come under the category of bad
debts, inventory losses, depreciation,
etc., and which arise in taxpayer's
profession, trade or business.

1. Actually sustained during the taxable
year
2. Connected with the trade, business
or profession
3. Evidenced by a close and completed
transaction
4. Not compensated for by insurance or
other form of indemnity
5. Not claimed as a deduction for
estate tax purposes
6. Notice of loss must be filed with the
Bureau of Internal Revenue within
45

days from the date of discovery
of the casualty or robbery, theft or
embezzlement.

NOTE: The taxpayers failure to record
in his books the alleged loss proves that
the loss had not been suffered, hence,
not deductible. (City Lumber vs.
Domingo and Court of Tax Appeals, GR
No. L-18611, January 30, 1964)

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CATEGORY AND TYPES OF LOSSES
1. ORDINARY LOSSES
a. Incurred in trade or business, or
practice of profession
Net operating loss carry-over
(NOLCO)
Refers to the excess of allowable
deductions over gross income of
the business for any taxable
year, which had not been
previously offset as deduction
from gross income.
Can be carried over as a
deduction from gross income for
the next 3 consecutive years
immediately following the year
of such loss.
For mines, other that oil and gas
well, net operating loss incurred
in any of the first ten years of
operation may be carried over
for the next 5 years.

Requirements:
(1) The taxpayer was not
exempt from income tax in
the year of such net
operating loss;
(2) The loss was not incurred in
a taxable year during the
taxpayer was exempt from
income tax; and
(3) There has been no
substantial change in the
ownership of the business or
enterprise.
There is no substantial
change in the ownership of
the business when:
(a) not less than 75% in
nominal value of the
outstanding issued shares
is held by or on behalf of
the same persons; or
(b) not less than 75% of the
paid up capital is held by
or on behalf of the same
person.

NOTE: The 3 year period shall
continue to run notwithstanding
that the corporation paid its taxes
under MCIT, or that the individual
availed the 10% OSD.

See Annex S for illustration.

b. Of property

connected, with the
trade, business or profession, if
the loss arises from fires,
storms, shipwreck or other
casualties, or from robbery,
theft, or embezzlement.
(1) Total destruction
The replacement

cost to
restore the property to its
normal operating condition,
but in no case shall the
deductible loss be more than
the net book value of the
property as a whole,
immediately before
casualty.
(2) Partial Destruction
The excess over the net
book value immediately
before the casualty should
be capitalized, subject to
depreciation over the
remaining useful life of the
property.

2. CAPITAL LOSSES (LOSSES ARE DEDUCTIBLE
ONLY TO THE EXTENT OF CAPITAL GAINS)
a. Losses from sale or exchange of
capital assets
b. Losses resulting from securities
becoming worthless and which
are capital assets.
c. Losses from short sales of
property.
d. Losses due to failure to exercise
privilege or option to buy or sell
property.

3. SPECIAL KINDS OF LOSSES
a. Wagering losses - deductible only to
the extent of gain or winnings. [Sec.
34 (D)(6)]; deemed to apply only to
individuals
b. Losses on wash sales of stocks - not
deductible because these are
considered to be artificial loss.

Wash sales a sale or other
disposition of stock or securities
where substantially identical
securities are acquired or purchased
within 61-day period, beginning 30
days before the sale and ending 30
days after the sale. [Sec. 38]

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General rule: Losses from wash sales
are not deductible.
Exception: When the sale is made by
a dealer in stock or securities and
with respect to a transaction made in
the ordinary course of the business of
such dealer, losses from such sale is
deductible.
Elements of Wash Sales:
(1) The sale or other disposition of
stock resulted to a loss;
(2) There was an acquisition or
contract or option for acquisition
of stock or securities within 30
days before the sale or 30 days
after the sale; and
(3) The stock or securities sold were
substantially the same as those
acquired within the 61-day
period.

c. Abandonment losses in petroleum
operation and producing well.
(1) In case a contract area where
petroleum operations are
undertaken is partially or wholly
abandoned, all accumulated
exploration and development
expenditures pertaining thereto
shall be allowed as a deduction.
(2) In case a producing well is
abandoned, the unamortized cost
thereof, as well as the
undepreciated cost of equipment
directly used therein, shall be
allowed as deduction in the year
the well, equipment or facility is
abandoned.

d. Losses due to voluntary removal of
building incident to renewal or
replacements - deductible expense
from gross income.

e. Loss of useful value of capital
assets due to charges in business
conditions - deductible expense only
to the extent of actual loss sustained
(after adjustment for improvement,
depreciation and salvage value)

f. Losses from sales or exchanges of
property between related
taxpayers -losses of this nature is not
deductible but gains are taxable.

g. Losses of farmers - if incurred in the
operation of farm business, it is
deductible.

h. Loss in shrinkage in value of stock
if the stock of the corporation becomes
worthless, the cost or other basis may be
deducted by the owner in the taxable
year in which the stock of its
worthlessness is made. Any amount
claimed as a loss on account of shrinkage
in value of the stock through fluctuation
in the market or otherwise cannot be
deducted from gross income.

E. BAD DEBTS

BAD DEBTS shall refer to those debts
resulting from the worthlessness or
uncollectibility, in whole or in part, of
amounts due the taxpayer by others,
arising from money lent or from
uncollectible amounts of income from
goods sold or services rendered.

1. Existing indebtedness due to the
taxpayer which must be valid and
legally demandable;
2. Connected with the taxpayer's
trade, business or practice of
profession;
3. Must not be sustained in a
transaction entered into between
related parties;
4. Actually ascertained to be worthless
and uncollectible as of the end of
the taxable year.; and
5. Actually charged off in the books of
accounts of the taxpayer as of the
end of the taxable year.

EQUITABLE DOCTRINE OF TAX BENEFIT
A recovery of bad debts previously
deducted from gross income constitutes
taxable income if in the year the
account was written off, the deduction
resulted in a tax benefit. (Tax Benefit
Rule)


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Illustration:
Case A Case B Case C
Net
income
(loss)
before
write off
for bad
debts

P10,000

(P 9,000)

P 5,000
Less:
Accounts
written off
as bad
debts

3,000

2,000

6,000
Final Net
Income
(Loss)

P 7,000

(P11,000)

(P1,000)
Bad debts
recovery
in a subse-
quent year

3,000

2, 000

6, 000
TAXABLE
INCOME
upon the
bad debt
recovery

P3,000

P - 0 -

P5,000

ASCERTAINMENT OF WORTHLESSNESS
Proof of Two Facts:
1. taxpayer did in fact ascertain the
debt to be worthless, in the year
for which deduction is sought,
2. that in so doing, he acted in good
faith. (Collector vs. Goodrich
International Rubber, GR No. L-
22265, Dec. 22, 1967)
Depends upon the particular facts and
the circumstances of the case.
Good faith does not require that the
taxpayer be an incorrigible optimist
but on the other hand, he may not be
unduly pessimistic.

F. DEPRECIATION

DEPRECIATION the gradual diminution in
the service or useful value of tangible
property due from exhaustion, wear and
tear and normal obsolescence.
The term also applies to
amortization of intangible assets, the
use of which in trade or business i s of
limited duration.

1. The allowance for depreciation
must be reasonable.
2. It must be for property use or
employment in trade or business or
out of its not being used
temporarily during the year.
3. The allowance must be charged off
within the taxable, year.
4. Schedule on the allowance must be
attached to the return.

PROPERTY HELD BY ONE PERSON FOR LIFE
WITH THE REMAINDER TO ANOTHER PERSON
The deduction shall be computed as
if the life tenant was the absolute owner
of the property and, as such the expense
shall accrue to him.

PROPERTY HELD IN TRUST
Allowable deduction shall be
apportioned between the income
beneficiaries, and the trustees in

accordance with the pertinent provisions
of the instrument creating or in the
absence of such provisions, on the basis
of the trust income allowable to each.

METHODS OF DEPRECIATION
The term "reasonable allowance"
shall include (but not limited to) an
allowance computed in accordance,
with the regulations prescribed by the
Department of Finance, under any of the
following methods.
1. Straight-line method
2. Declining-balance method
3. Sum of the years-digit method
4. Any other method which may be
prescribed by the Department of
Finance upon recommendation of
the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue.

METHODS OF DEPRECIATION
Kind Formula
1)Straight-line cost- salvage value
estimated life
2)Declining
balance
cost depreciation x Rate
estimated life
3)Sum of the years
digits (SYD)
nth period x cost- salvage
SYD

Illustration: A machine is used in the
manufacturing department of
Corporation A, compute the depreciation
per annum with the following facts:
Cost = P15,000 Salvage
Value= P5,000


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1. Straight Line Method with estimated
life = 5 years
15,000 5,000 = P2,000
5 years

2. Declining balance with rate of 200%
Year 1: 15,000 0 x 200% = P6,000
5
Year 2:15,0006,000 x 200% =P3,600
5

3. Sum of the years digits
SYD for 5 years = 5+4+3+2+1 or 15
Year 1: 5/15 x (15,000 5,000)
= P3,333.33
Year 2: 4/15 x (15,000 5,000)
= P2,666.67

AGREEMENT AS TO USEFUL LIFE ON WHICH
DEPRECIATION RATE IS BASED
The Bureau of Internal Revenue and
the taxpayer may agree in writing on the
useful life of the property to be
depreciated. The agreed rate may be
modified if justified by facts or
circumstances. The change shall not be
effective before the taxable year on
which notice in writing by certified mail
or registered mail is served by the party
initiating.
SPECIAL TYPES OF DEPRECIATION
1. Petroleum Operations
Depreciation of all properties
directly related to production of
petroleum shall be allowed
under straight-line (SL) or
declining balance (DB) method
May shift from DB to SL method
Useful life: 10 years or shorter
life as allowed by the
Commissioner
Useful life of property not
directly related to production: 5
years under straight line method
2. Mining Operations
Depreciation on all properties in
mining operations other than
petroleum operations at the
normal rate if expected life is
less than 10 years.
If expected life is more than 10
years, depreciation shall be any
number of years between 5
years and the expected life.

3. Depreciation deductible by non-
resident aliens engaged in
trade/business or non-resident
corporation
a. Only when such property is
located in the Philippines.

G. DEPLETION OF OIL AND GAS
WELLS AND MINES

DEPLETION - exhaustion of natural
resources as in mines, oil, and gas wells.
The natural resources are called
wasting assets. As the physical units
representing such resources are
extracted and sold, such assets move
towards exhaustion.
Known as cost of depletion
allowance for mines, oil gas wells and
other natural deposits starting calendar
year 1976 and fiscal year beginning July
1,1975

TO WHOM ALLOWED
Only mining entities owning
economic interest in mineral deposits.
Economic interest means interest in
minerals in place investment therein or
secured by operating or contract
agreement for which income is derived,
and return of capital expected, from the
extraction of mineral.
Mere economic or pecuniary
advantage to be derived by production
by one who has no capital investment in
the mineral deposit does not amount to
economic interest.

FEATURES
1. Intangible Exploration and
development

drilling cost in
petroleum exploration shall be
treated either as:
a. revenue expenditures; or
b. capital expenditures
2. The total amount deductible for
exploration and development
expenditures shall not exceed 50% of
net income from mining operation.
The excess shall be carried forward
to the succeeding year until fully
deducted.


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H. CHARITABLE AND OTHER
CONTRIBUTIONS

TAX TREATMENT

A. Deductible
In Full
B. Deductible
Subject To Limitation

1) Recipient is:
(a) Government of
the
Philippines;
(b) Any of its
agencies or
political
subdivisions;
or
(c) Any fully-
owned
government
corporation

For priority
activity in:
1. Science;
2. Education
3. Culture
4. Health
5. Economic
Development
6. Human
Settlement
7. Youth and
Sports
Development

1) Recipient is:
(a) Government of
the Philippines;
(b) Any of its
agencies or
political
subdivisions

For a non-priority
activity in any of the
areas mentioned in A,
and exclusively for a
public purpose.

2) Recipient is a
foreign or
international
organization with
an agreement
with the
Philippine
Government on
deductibility, or
in accordance
with special law.

2) Non-government
organizations

3) Recipient is an
accredited non-
government
organization,
organized/ operated
for (purposes):

3) Recipient is an
accredited domestic
corporation or
association
organized/operated
for (purposes):

(a) Scientific;
(b) Educational;
(c) Cultural;
(d) Character
building/youth
and sports
development
(e) Charitable
(f) Social welfare
(g) Health
(h) Research

And satisfying the
following
conditions:
1. The donation
must be utilized
not later than
the 15
th
day of
the 3
rd
month
following the
close of its
taxable year.
2. The
administrative
expense must not
exceed 30% of
total expenses.
3. Upon dissolution,
assets must be
distributed to
another non-
profit domestic
corporation or to
the state.

(a) Scientific
(b) Educational;
(c) Cultural;
(d) Youth and
sports
development
(e) Charitable
(f) Social welfare
(g) Religious
(h) Rehabilitation
of Veterans

If the conditions
in Table A is not
complied with:

Subject to
limitation:
(a) Individual -
10% taxable
income
from trade
business or
profession
before
contribution
(b) Corporation
- 5% taxable
income
from trade
business or
profession
before
contribution

1. The contribution or gift must be
actually paid.
2. It must be given to the organizations
specified in the code.
3. The net income of the institution
must not inure to the benefit of any
private stockholder or individual.

VALUATION
Charitable contribution of property
other than money shall be based on the
acquisition cost of said property.

I. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(R&D)


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TAX TREATMENT
Either as:
1. Revenue Expenditures
Requisites:
a. Paid or incurred during the
taxable year
b. Ordinary and necessary expenses
in connection with trade
business or profession
c. Not chargeable to capital
account
2. Deferred Expenses
Requisites:
a. Paid or incurred in connection
with trade, business, or
profession
b. Not treated as expense
c. Chargeable to capital account
but not chargeable to property
subject to depreciation or
depletion.

Amount deductible:
Amount ratably distributed over

a period of 60 months beginning with
the month taxpayer realized
benefits from such expenditures.

EXCLUSION FROM RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
1. Any expenditure for the acquisition
or improvement of land or for the
improvement of property to be used
in connection with research and
development subject to depreciation
and depletion.
2. Any expenditure paid or incurred for
the purpose of ascertaining the
existence, location, extent or
quality of any deposit of ore or other
mineral including oil or gas.

J. PENSION TRUST CONTRIBUTIONS

PENSION TRUST CONTRIBUTIONS a
deduction applicable only to the
employer on account of its contribution
to a private pension plan for the benefit
of its employee. This deduction is purely
business in character.

1. The employer must have established
a pension or retirement plan to
provide for the payment of
reasonable pensions to his
employees;
2. The pension plan is reasonable and
actuarially sound;
3. It must be funded by the employer;
4. The amount contributed must be no
longer subject to the control and
disposition of the employer;
5. The payment has not yet been
allowed as a deduction; and
6. The deduction is apportioned in
equal parts over a period of 10
consecutive years beginning with the
year in which the transfer or
payment is made.

SUMMARY OF RULES ON RETIREMENT BENEFITS
PLAN / PENSION TRUST
1. Exempt from Income Tax
employees trust under Sec. 60(B)
2. Exclusion from Gross Income
amount received by the employee
from the fund upon compliance of
certain conditions under Sec.
32(B)(6)
3. Deduction from Gross Income
a. Amounts contributed by the
employer during the taxable
year into the pension plan to
cover the pension liability
accruing during the year
considered as ordinary and
necessary expenses under Sec.
34(A)(1)
b. 1/10 of the reasonable amount
paid by the employer to cover
pension liability applicable to
the years prior to the taxable
year, or so paid to place the
trust in a sound financial basis
deductible under Sec. 34(J)

K. PREMIUM PAYMENTS
ON HEALTH AND/OR
HOSPITALIZATION INSURANCE

DEFINITION: It is an amount of premium
on health and/or hospitalization paid by
an individual taxpayer (head of family or
married), for himself and members of his
family during the taxable year.

1. Insurance must have actually been
taken

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2. The amount of premium deductible
does not exceed P2,400 per family
or P200 per month during the
taxable ear.
3. That said family has a gross income
of not more than P250,000 for the
taxable year.
4. In case of married individual, only
the spouse claiming additional
exemption shall be entitled to this -
deduction.

WHO MAY AVAIL OF THE DEDUCTION
1. Individual taxpayers earning purely
compensation income during the
year.
2. Individual taxpayer earning business
income or in practice of hi s
profession whether availing of
itemized or optional standard
deductions during the year.
3. Individual taxpayer earning both
compensation, and business or
practice of profession during the
year.

NON-DEDUCTIBLE EXPENSES

REASONS FOR NON-DEDUCTIBILITY
1. Personal expenses
2. Capital expenditures
3. Items not normally subject to
income tax and therefore are not
deductible.
4. Items taken advantage of by the
taxpayer to avoid payment of
income tax.

SPECIFIC ITEMS (SECTION 36)
1. Personal, living or family expenses;
2. Amount paid out for new buildings or
for permanent improvements, or
betterment made to increase the
value of any property or estate,
Except that intangible drilling
and development cost incurred in
petroleum operations are
deductible;
3. Amount expended in restoring
property or in making good the
exhaustion thereof for which an
allowance has been made;
4. Premiums paid on any life insurance
policy covering the life of any officer
or employee, or of any person
financially interested in any trade or
business carried on by the taxpayer,
individual or corporate, when the
taxpayer is directly or indirectly a
beneficiary under such policy. [Sec.
36]
5. Losses from sales or exchanges of
property between related taxpayers.
[S ec. 36]

TRANSACTIONS BETWEEN RELATED PARTIES
1. Between members of the family;
Family includes only the
brothers, sisters (whether by the
whole or half blood), spouse,
ancestors, and lineal
descendants of the taxpayer.
2. Except in the case of distributions in
liquidation:
a. between an individual and a
corporation more than 50% in
value of the outstanding stock of
which is owned, directly or
indirectly, by or for such
individual;
b. between two corporations more
than 50% in value of the
outstanding stock of each of
which is owned, directly or
indirectly, by or for the same
individual, if either one of such
corporations, with respect to the
taxable year of the corporation
preceding the date of the sale of
exchange was a personal holding
company or a foreign personal
holding company; or
3. Between the grantor and a fiduciary
of any trust;
4. Between the fiduciary of a trust and
the fiduciary of another trust if the
same person is a grantor with
respect to each trust;
5. Between a fiduciary of a trust and a
beneficiary of such trust.

TAX CONSEQUENCES
The following are not deductible:
1. Interest expense [Sec. 34 (B)(2)]
2. Bad debts [Sec. 34 (E)(1)]
3. Losses from sales or exchanges of
property [Sec 36 (B)]

(2) OPTIONAL CORPORATE
INCOME TAX
SECTION 27 (A)


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APPLIES TO:
1. Domestic corporations (DC)
2. Resident foreign corporations (RFC)

RATE OF TAX AND DATE OF EFFECTIVITY
15% of the Gross Income effective
January 1, 2000

CONDITIONS OR REQUIREMENTS
1. A tax effort ratio of 20% of Gross
National Product
2. A ratio of 40% income tax collection
to total tax revenues
3. A VAT tax effort of 4% of GNP
4. A 0.9% ratio of Consolidated Public
Sector Financial Position (CPSFP) to
GNP

OTHER FEATURES
1. Available only to firms whose
ratio of:

Cost of sales
<=55%
Gross sales or receipts from all
sources

2. The election shall be irrevocable
for three (3) consecutive years

MEANING OF GROSS INCOME
General concept
Gross sales
Less:
(1) Sales Return;
(2) Discount and allowances
(3) Cost of goods sold - means
all business expenses
directly incurred to produce
the merchandise to bring
them to their present
location and use.

(3) MINIMUM CORPORATE
INCOME TAX (MCIT)
SECTION 27 (E)

WHO ARE COVERED?
MCIT is imposed on domestic and
resident foreign corporations
1. Whenever such corporation has zero
or negative taxable income; or
2. Whenever the amount of MCIT is
greater than the normal income tax
due from such corporation
determined under Section 27[A].

LIMITATIONS

1. The MCIT shall apply only to
domestic and resident foreign
corporations subject to the normal
corporate income tax (income tax
rates under Sec 27[A] of the CTRP).
2. In the case of a domestic
corporation whose operations or
activities are partly covered by the
regular income tax system and partly
covered under a special income tax
system, the MCIT shall apply on
operations covered by the regular
corporate income tax system.
3. In computing for the MCIT due from
a resident foreign corporation, only
the gross income from sources within
the Philippines shall be considered
for such purpose.

WHEN DOES A CORPORATION BECOME
LIABLE UNDER THE MCIT?

MCIT is imposed beginning on
the fourth taxable year immediately
following the year in which such
corporation commenced its business.
The taxable year in which the business
operations commenced shall be the year
when the corporation registers with the
BIR.

CARRY FORWARD OF THE EXCESS
MINIMUM TAX

Any excess of MCIT over the normal
income tax can be carried forward
on an annual basis.
The excess can be credited against
the normal income tax due in the
next 3 immediately succeeding
taxable years.
Any amount of the excess MCIT
which cannot be credited against the
normal income tax due in the next 3-
year period shall be forfeited.

RELIEF FROM MCIT

The Secretary of Finance is
authorized to suspend the imposition of
the MCIT on any corporation which
suffers losses because of:

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a. prolonged labor dispute;
b. force majeure; or
c. legitimate business reverses.

Substantial losses from a prolonged
labor dispute" means losses arising from a
strike staged by the employees which
lasted for more than six (6) months within
a taxable period and which has caused
the temporary shutdown of business
operations.
Force majeure" means a cause due
to an irresistible force as by "Act of God"
like lightning, earthquake, storm, flood
and the like. This term shall also
include armed conflicts like war and
insurgency.
Legitimate business reverses" shall
include substantial losses sustained due
to fire, robbery, theft, or
embezzlement, or for other economic
reason as determined by the Secretary
of Finance.

TAX RATE: 2% of gross income or
taxable base pertinent to a
trading/merchandising concern or a
service entity

TAX BASE: Gross Income
MEANING OF GROSS INOME

General concept - gross income means:
Gross sales
Less:
(1) Sales Return;
(2) Discount and allowances
(3) Cost of goods sold - means
all business expenses
directly incurred to produce
the merchandise to bring
them to their present
location and use.

KINDS OF BUSINESS

A. Trading or Merchandising Concern
Gross Income =
gross sales/
receipts less sales
returns, discounts
and allowances and
cost of goods sold
Cost of Sales =
1. Invoice cost of the
goods sold;
2. import duties;
3. freight in
transporting the
goods to the place
where the goods
are actually sold;
4. insurance while
the goods are in
transit.
B. Manufacturing
Gross Income
(Same)
Cost of Sales = All
cost of production of
finished goods, such
as
1. raw materials
used;
2. direct labor;
3. manufacturing
overhead;
4. freight cost;
5. insurance
premiums;
6. other costs
incurred to bring
the raw materials
to the factory or
warehouse.
C. Services
Gross Income =
Gross receipts less
sales returns,
allowances,
discounts and costs
of services
Cost of Services = All
direct costs and
expenses necessarily
incurred to provide
the services required
by the customers and
clients including:
a. Salaries and
employee benefits
of personnel,
consultants and
specialists directly
rendering the
service;
b. Cost of facilities
directly utilized in
providing the
service.
It shall not
include interest
expense except for
banks and other
financial
institutions.

Gross income excludes passive
income subject to final tax.
Other income and Extraordinary
Income are included since RR 9-98
provides that gross sales include
sales contributory to income taxable
under the regular corporate tax.

See Annex T for interplay of normal
tax, optional corporate income tax
and MCIT.

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(4) IMPROPERLY ACCUMULATED
EARNINGS (IAE) TAX
SECTION 29

(REVENUE REGULATIONS NO. 2 2001)

DEFINITION: Improperly accumulated
earnings (IAE) are the profits of a
corporation that are permitted to
accumulate instead of being distributed
by a corporation to its shareholders for
the purpose of avoiding the income tax
with respect to its shareholders or the
shareholders of another corporation.

TAX RATE: 10% of the Improperly
Accumulated Taxable Income (in
addition to other taxes).
Rationale behind IAET
If the earnings and profits were
distributed, the shareholders would then
be liable to income tax thereon,
whereas if the distribution were not
made to them, they would incur no tax
in respect to the undistributed earnings
and profits of the corporation. Thus, a
tax is being imposed;
a. in the nature of a penalty to the
corporation for the improper
accumulation of its earnings, and
b. as a form of deterrent to the
avoidance of tax upon
shareholders who are supposed
to pay dividends tax on the
earnings distributed to them by
the corporation.

IMPROPERLY ACCUMULATED TAXABLE
INCOME

Taxable income for the year
Add:
Income exempt from tax;
Income excluded from gross income;
Income subject to final tax;
Net operating loss carry-over (NOLCO)
Total
Less:
Income tax paid/payable for the taxable
year
Dividends actually or constructively
paid/issued from the applicable years
taxable income
Amount reserved for the reasonable
needs of the business as defined in the
Regulations
Tax base of improperly accumulated
earnings tax

EXCLUSIONS

For corporations using the calendar
basis the accumulated earnings tax
shall not apply on IAE as of Dec. 31,
1997.
For fiscal year basis, the tax shall
not apply to the 12-month period of
fiscal year 1997-1998.

IAE as of the end of a calendar
or fiscal year period on or after Dec.
31, 1998 shall be subject to the 10%
tax.

WHO ARE COVERED?

General Rule: The IAE tax shall apply to
every corporation formed or availed
for the purpose of avoiding the
income tax with respect to its
shareholders or the shareholders of
any other corporation, by permitting
earnings and profits to accumulate
instead of being divided or
distributed. These are:
1. Domestic corporations as
defined under the Tax Code;
2. Corporations which are classified
as closely-held corporations.
those corporations at least
fifty percent (50%) in value
of the outstanding capital
stock or at least fifty
percent (50%) of the total
combined voting power of all
classes of stock entitled to
vote is owned directly or
indirectly by or for not more
than twenty (20) individuals.
Domestic corporations not
falling under the aforesaid
definition are, therefore,
publicly-held corporations.

Exception: The said tax shall not apply
to:
1. Publicly held corporations (Sec. 29)

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2. Banks and other non-banks Financial
intermediaries (Sec. 29)
3. Insurance companies (Sec. 29)
4. Taxable partnerships (deemed to
have actually or constructively
received the taxable income under
Sec. 73D)
5. General professional partnerships
(exempt; taxable against the
partners)
6. Non- taxable joint ventures and
7. Enterprises duly registered with the
Philippine Economic Zone Authority
(PEZA) under R.A. 7916, and
enterprises registered pursuant to
the Bases Conversion and
Development Act of 1992 under R.A.
7227, as well as other enterprises
duly registered under special
economic zones declared by law
which enjoy payment of special tax
rate on their registered operations
or activities in lieu of other taxes,
national or local.
8. Foreign corporations [RR No. 02-
2001]

EVIDENCE OF PURPOSE TO AVOID
INCOME TAX

1. The fact that any corporation is a
mere holding company or investment
company shall be prima facie
evidence of a purpose to avoid the
tax upon its shareholders or
members.

Instances indicative of purpose to
avoid income tax upon
shareholders:
a. Investment of substantial
earnings and profits of the
corporation in unrelated
business or in stock or
securities of unrelated
business;
b. Investment in bonds and other
long-term securities;
c. Accumulation of earnings in
excess of 100% of paid-up
capital, not otherwise
intended for the reasonable
needs of the business as
defined in these Regulations.

2. The fact that the earnings or profits
of a corporation are permitted to
accumulate beyond the reasonable
needs of the business shall be
determinative of the purpose to
avoid the tax upon its shareholders
or members unless the corporation,
by the clear preponderance of
evidence, shall prove the contrary.

Reasonable needs of the
business includes the reasonably
anticipated needs of the business
such as:
a. Allowance for the increase in the
accumulation of earnings up to
100% of the paid-up capital of
the corporation as of Balance
Sheet date, inclusive of
accumulations taken from other
years;
b. Earnings reserved for definite
corporate expansion projects or
programs as approved by the
Board of Directors or equivalent
body;
c. Reserved for building, plants or
equipment acquisition as
approved by the Board of
Directors or equivalent body;
d. Reserved for compliance with
any loan covenant or pre-
existing obligation established
under a legitimate business
agreement;
e. Earnings required by law or
applicable regulations to be
retained by the corporation or in
respect of which there is legal
prohibition against its
distribution;
f. In the case of subsidiaries of
foreign corporations in the
Philippines, all undistributed
earnings intended or reserved
for investments within the
Philippines as can be proven by
corporate records and/or
relevant documentary evidence.

The controlling intention of the
taxpayer is that which is manifested at
the time of accumulation, not
subsequently declared intentions, which
are merely the product of afterthought.

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A speculative and indefinite purpose will
not suffice.
Definiteness of plan/s coupled with
action/s taken towards its
consummation is essential.

PERIOD FOR PAYMENT OF DIVIDEND/
PAYMENT OF IAET
Dividends must be declared and paid
or issued not later than one year
following the close of the taxable year,
otherwise, the IAET, if any, should be
paid within fifteen (15) days thereafter.

(5) INCOME SUBJECT TO
PREFERENTIAL OR SPECIAL
RATES

Pertains to income derived by a
particular individual or corporation
belonging to a class of income taxpayer
that is subject to either a preferential or
special rate.

Tax Rates: Please refer to Annex C.

(6) GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT)

GROSS INCOME TAX (GIT) FORMULA

Entire Income
Less: Exclusions and Income subject
to Final Tax (e.g. Passive
Income)
Gross Income
Multiply by: Tax Rates (%)

Net Income Tax Due

GIT APPLIES TO

1. Non-resident alien not engaged in
trade or business (25%); and
2. Non-resident foreign corporation.
(32%)

Tax Rates: Please refer to Annex A
and B.

(7) FINAL INCOME TAX

GENERAL PRINCIPLES

1. It is constituted as a full and final
payment of the income tax due from
the payee on a particular type of
income subject to final withholding
tax (FWT).
The finality of the withholding
tax is limited only to the payees
income tax liability and does not
extend to other taxes that may be
imposed on said income.
2. The income subjected to final
income tax is no longer subject to
the net income tax; otherwise, there
would be a violation of prohibited
double taxation.
3. The liability for the payment of the
tax rests primarily on the payor as
withholding agent.
4. The payee is not required to file an
income tax return for the particular
income subjected to FWT. It is the
withholding agent who files the
return.
5. The rate of the final tax is
multiplied to the gross income.
Thus, deductions and/or personal
and additional exemptions are not
allowed.

(8) FRINGE BENEFIT TAX (FBT)

FRINGE BENEFIT TAX is a final income
tax on the employee which shall be
withheld and paid by the employer on a
quarterly basis.

FRINGE BENEFIT means any good,
service, or other benefit furnished or
granted by an employer, in cash or in
kind, in addition to basic salaries, to an
individual employee (except rank and
file employees) such as, but not limited
to the following:
1. Housing
2. Expense Account
3. Vehicle of any kind
4. Household personnel, such as maid,
driver and others
5. Interest on loan at less than market
rate to the extent of the difference
between the market rate and actual
rate granted.
6. Membership fees, dues and other
expenses borne by the employer for
the employee in social and athletic
clubs and similar organizations

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7. Expenses for foreign travel
8. Holiday and vacation expenses
9. Educational assistance to the
employee or his dependents; and
10. Life or health insurance and other
non-lire insurance premiums or
similar amounts on excess of what
the law allows.

PERSONS LIABLE

The EMPLOYER (as a withholding
agent), whether individual, professional
partnership or a corporation, regardless
of whether the corporation is taxable or
not, or the government and its
instrumentalities

TAX RATE: 32% (from January 1, 2000
onwards) of the Grossed up Monetary
Value (GMV) of fringe benefits.
In the case of aliens, the tax rates to
be applied on fringe benefit shall be as
follows:
1. NRANEBT 25%
2. Aliens employed by regional HO
15 %
3. Aliens employed by OBU 15%
4. Aliens employed by Petroleum
Service Contractors and
Subcontractors 15%

GMV OF THE FRINGE BENEFIT
REPRESENTS

1. The whole amount of income
realized by the employee which
includes the net amount of money or
net monetary value of property
which has been received; plus
2. The amount of fringe benefit tax
thereon otherwise due from the
employee but paid by the employer
for and in behalf of the employee.

GMV of the fringe benefit shall
be determined by dividing the monetary
value of the fringe benefit by the
Grossed up divisor. The Grossed up
divisor is the difference between 100%
and the applicable rates.

YEAR
GROSSED UP
DIVISOR
RATE
1998 66% 34% FWT
1999 67% 33% FWT
2000
onwards
68% 32% FWT

FRINGE BENEFITS NOT SUBJECT TO FBT

1. Fringe benefits not considered as
gross income
a. if it is required or necessary to
the business of employer
b. if it is for the convenience or
advantage of employer
2. Fringe Benefit that is not taxable
under Sec. 32 (B) Exclusions from
Gross Income
3. Fringe benefits not taxable under
Sec. 33 Fringe Benefit Tax:
a. Fringe Benefits which are
authorized and exempted under
special laws, such as the 13th
month Pay and Other Benefits
with the ceiling of P30,000.
b. Contributions of the employer
for the benefit of the employee
to retirement, insurance and
hospitalization benefit plans;
c. Benefits given to the Rank and
File Employees, whether granted
under a collective bargaining
agreement or not; and
d. The De minimis benefits
benefits which are relatively
small in value offered by the
employer as a means of
promoting goodwill,
contentment, efficiency of
Employees
The term Rank and File
Employees shall mean all
employees who are holding
neither managerial nor
supervisory position as defined
in the Labor Code
In the case of rank and file
employees, fringe benefits other
than those excluded from gross
income under the Tax Code and
other special laws, are taxable
under the individual normal tax
rate.
DEDUCTIBILITY TO THE TAXABLE
INCOME OF THE EMPLOYER

General Rule: The amount of taxable
fringe benefit and the fringe benefits tax
shall constitute allowable deductions
from gross income of the employer.

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Exception:
If the basis for computation of the
fringe benefits tax is the depreciation
value, the zonal value or the fair market
value, only the actual fringe benefits tax
paid shall constitute a deductible
expense for the employer. The value of
the fringe benefit shall not be
deductible and shall be presumed to
have been tacked on or actually claimed
as depreciation expense by the
employer. Provided, however, that if the
aforesaid zonal value or fair market
value of the said property is greater than
its cost subject to depreciation, the
excess amount shall be allowed as a
deduction from the employer's gross
income as fringe benefit expense. (Sec.
2.33[D], Rev. Reg. No. 3-98)

EXAMPLE OF DE MINIMIS BENEFITS NOT
SUBJECT TO FBT (RR NO. 8-2000 AND
10-2000)

1. Monetized unused vacation leave
credits of PRIVATE employees not
exceeding (10) days during the year
and the monetized value of leave
credits paid to government officials
and employees
2. Medical cash allowance to
dependents of employees not
exceeding P750.00 per employee per
semester or P125 per month;
3. Rice subsidy of P1,000.00 or one (1)
sack of 50kg. rice per month
amounting to not more than
P1,000:00,
4. Uniform and clothing allowance not
exceeding P3,000 per annum;
5. Actual yearly medical benefits not
exceeding P10,000 per annum;
6. Laundry allowance not exceeding
P300 per month;
7. Employees achievement awards e. g.
for length of service or safety
achievement, which must be in the
form of a tangible personal property
other than cash or gift certificate,
with an annual monetary value of
not exceeding P10,000 received by
the employee under an established
written plan which does not
discriminate

in favor paid
employees;
8. Gifts given during Christmas and
major anniversary celebrations not
exceeding P3, 000 per employee per
annum;
9. Flowers, fruits, books or similar
items given to employees under
special circumstances
10. Daily meal allowance for overtime
work not exceeding 25% of the basic
minimum wage.

Time for filing of quarterly remittance
return of final income taxes withheld
The tax imposed under Sec. 33 shall
be treated as a final income tax on the
employee that shall be withheld and
paid by the employer, whether a large
taxpayer or non-large taxpayer, on or
before the 10
th
day of the month
following the calendar quarter in which
the fringe benefits were granted (RR 04-
2002).

For Additional Rules on Fringe
Benefits, refer to Annex H.

(9) CAPITAL GAINS TAX

SUMMARY OF TAX RATES

1. Individuals
a. On sale of shares of stock of a
domestic corporation not listed
and traded thru a local stock
exchange, held as capital asset
On the Net Capital Gain
Not over P100,000 FT
of 5%
Amount in excess of P100,000 FT
of 10%
b. On sale of real property in the
Philippines held as capital asset
On the gross selling price, or the
current fair market value at the
time of sale, whichever is higher
FT of 6%
2. Corporations
a. On sale of shares of stock of a
domestic corporation not listed
and traded thru a local stock
exchange, held as capital asset
On the Net Capital Gain
Not over P100,000 FT of
5%
Amount in excess
of P100,000 FT of 10%

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b. On sale of land/building held as
capital asset
On the gross selling price, or the
current fair market value at the
time of sale, whichever is higher
FT of 6%
(Reyes, Virgilio. Income Tax Law and
Accounting A New Approach, 2002)

CAPITAL GAINS AND LOSSES
IN GENERAL

CONCEPT OF CAPITAL ASSETS

Under the tax code, there is no
definition for the term "capital assets".
What it gives is the meaning of ordinary
assets:
a. Ordinary assets (Sec. 39, NIRC)
a. Stock in trade of the taxpayer or
other properties of a kind which
would properly be included in
the inventory of the taxpayer;

b. Property held by the taxpayer
primarily for sale to customers in
the ordinary course of business;

c. Property used in trade or
business and subject to
depreciation; and

d. Real property used in trade or
business.

b. Capital Assets include all property
held by the taxpayer whether or not
connected in trade or business but
not including those enumerated
above (#1) as ordinary assets.

CAPITAL GAIN

CAPITAL LOSS

The gain derived
from the sale or
exchange of capital
assets.

The loss incurred
from the sale or
exchange of capital
assets.

NET CAPITAL
GAIN

NET CAPITAL
LOSS

The excess of the
gains from sales/
exchanges of capital
assets over the
gains from such
sales/ exchanges.

The excess of the
losses from sales or
exchanges of capital
assets over the gains
from such sales or
exchanges.

TRANSACTION RESULTING IN TAXABLE
GAINS BUT NON-RECOGNITION OF LOSSES
a. Sale or exchange between
related parties;
b. Wash sales by non-dealers of
securities and when not subject
to the stock transfer tax;
c. Exchanges not solely in kind in
merger and consolidation; and
d. Sales or exchanges that are not
at arms length.

REQUISITES FOR RECOGNITION OF
CAPITAL GAIN/LOSS

1. The transaction must involve
property classified as capital
asset; and

2. The transaction must be a sale
or exchange or one considered as
equivalent to a sale or exchange.

RULES ON THE RECOGNITION OF
CAPITAL GAINS OR LOSSES

INDIVIDUAL

CORPORATION

Holding Period
The percentages
of gain or loss to be
taken into account
shall be the
following:
a. 100% - if the
capital assets has
been held for 12
mos. or less; and
b.50% - if the
capital asset has
been held for
more than 12
mos.

Capital gains and
losses are
recognized to the
extent of 100%.
(There is no
holding period)

Non-
deductibility of

Capital losses
are allowed only

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Net Capital
losses
Capital losses
are allowed only
to extent of the
capital gains;
hence, the net
capital loss is
not deductible.

to extent of the
capital gains;
hence, the net
capital loss is
not deductible.
Exception: If any
domestic bank or
trust company, a
substantial part of
whose business is
the receipt of
deposits, sells any
bond, debenture,
note or certificate
or other evidence
of indebtedness
issued by any
corporation
(including one
issued by a
government or
political
subdivision)

Net Capital Loss
Carry Over
Allowed
The net capital loss
(in an amount not in
excess of the taxable
income before
personal exemption for
such year) shall be
treated in the
succeeding year (but
not beyond 12 months)
as a deduction as
short-term capital loss
(at 100%) from the net
capital gains.

Not allowed

See Annex U for illustration.

SALE OR EXCHANGE OF CAPITAL ASSETS

The following are considered as sale
or exchange of capital assets:
1. Retirement of bonds
2. Short sales of property
3. Failure to exercise privilege or
option to buy or sell property
4. Securities becoming worthless
5. Distribution in liquidation of
corporations
6. Readjustment of interest in a
general professional partnership.
TAX FREE EXCHANGES
Sales or exchanges resulting in non-
recognition of gains or losses:
1. Exchange solely in kind in legitimate
mergers and consolidation;
includes:
a. Between the corporations which
are parties to the merger or
consolidation (property for
stocks);
b. Between a stockholder of a
corporation party to a merger or
consolidation and the other
party corporation (stock for
stock);
c. Between a security holder of a
corporation party to a merger or
consolidation and the other
party corporation (securities for
securities)

2. Transfer to a controlled corporation
exchange of property for stocks
resulting in acquisition of corporate
control by a person, alone or
together with others not exceeding
four.
Control means ownership of
stocks in a corporation amounting to
at least 51% of the total voting
power of all classes of stocks
entitled to vote.

SALE OR EXCHANGE OF ORDINARY ASSETS

General rules of income taxation
apply to both gain and loss.

See Annex D (Gross Income Gains
from dealings in property)

SUMMARY OF TAX TREATMENT OF
GAINS/LOSSES IN THE EXCHANGE OF
PROPERTIES

General Rule: Upon the sale or
exchange of property, the entire gain or
loss, as the case may be, shall be
recognized. [Sec. 40 (C, 1)]

Exceptions:
1. Transactions where gains and losses
are not recognized
a. Exchange solely in kind in
legitimate mergers and
consolidation
b. Transfer to a controlled
corporation [Sec. 40(C, 2)]

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2. Transactions where gain is
recognized but not the loss
a. Transactions between related
taxpayers [Sec. 36]
b. Illegal transactions [Sec. 96,
Rev. Reg. 2]
c. Exchanges of property, not
solely in kind, in pursuance of
corporate mergers and
consolidations [Sec. 40, (C, 3)]

IMPORTANT DISTINCTION
If it is an ordinary asset, the
ordinary gains and losses are considered
in determining income or loss from
trade, business or profession. (See Secs.
32A, 34D)
If it is a capital asset, determine
further whether or not it is a real
property located in the Philippines. If it
is, then it is subject to capital gains tax.
(See Secs. 24D, 27D5) (See also Sec s.
24C, 27D2) If not, the capital gains and
losses are considered in determining the
taxable income. (Sec. 39)

SHARES OF STOCK

The taxation of shares of stock
whether or not listed and traded in the
stock exchange is subject to final tax.

WHO ARE LIABLE TO THE TAX
1. Individual taxpayer, citizen or alien
2. Corporate taxpayer, domestic or
foreign
3. Other taxpayers such as estate,
trust, trust funds and pension among
others.

RATES OF TAX

1. Shares of stock not traded through
a local stock exchange Net capital
gains derived during the taxable
year from sale, exchange, or
transfer shall be taxed as follows (on
a per transaction basis):
Not over P 100,000 - 5%
Over P 100,000 - 10%
2. Shares of stock listed through a
local stock exchange of 1% of
the gross selling price of the stock.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE TAX
1. Gains derived by dealers in
securities.
2. All other gains which are specifically
exempt from income tax under
existing investment incentives and
other special laws.

BASIS FOR COMPUTING GAIN OR LOSS (BIR
RULING 146-98)

The fair market value (FMV) of the
sale of shares not traded but listed
in the stock exchange is the highest
closing price on the day the shares
were sold, transferred or exchanged.
When no sale is made in the stock
exchange, the FMV shall be the
highest selling price on the day
nearest to the day of sale, transfer
or exchange.
For shares not listed in the
exchange, the FMV shall be the book
value nearest the valuation date

The above rules shall be used in
computing for the net capital gain/loss
for disposition of shares.

IMPORTANT FEATURES

1. Sale of shares of stock of a domestic
corporation listed and traded in a
local stock exchange and that of
initial public offering shall be subject
to Percentage tax (Business Tax)
2. Capital losses sustained during the
year (not listed and traded in a local
stock exchange) shall be allowed as
a capital loss deductible on the same
taxable year only (no carry-over)
3. The entire amount of capital gain
and capital loss (not listed and
traded in a local stock exchange)
shall be considered without taking
into account holding period
irrespective of who is the taxpayer
(all 100%)
4. Non-deductibility of losses on wash
sales.

FILING AND PAYMENT OF TAX

1. Listed and Traded in the Stock
Exchange - The stockbroker shall
turn over the tax collected to the

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B.I.R. within five (5) banking days
from the date of collection.

2. Not traded through the stock exchange
- It shall be paid by the seller on a per
transaction basis upon filing of the
required return within 30 days
following each sale or other
disposition of shares of stock.

(REAL PROPERTY)

PERSONS LIABLE AND TRANSACTIONS AFFECTED

1. Individual taxpayers, estates and
trusts
Sale or exchange or other
disposition of real property
considered as capital assets.
The said sale shall include

"pacto
de retro sale" and other conditional
sale.
2. Domestic Corporation
Sale or exchange or disposition
of lands and/or building which are
not actually used in business and are
treated as capital asset.

EXCEPTIONS TO THE TAX
1. Gains derived by dealers in real
estate

RATE AND BASIS OF TAX
A final tax of 6% is based on the
gross selling price or fair market value
or zonal value whichever is higher.
Note: Gain or loss is immaterial,
there being a conclusive presumption of
gain.

See Annex G Guidelines in
Determining Whether a Real
Property is a Capital or an Ordinary
Asset.

EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS FROM THE
CAPITAL GAINS TAX ON THE SALE OR
DISPOSITION OF A PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE

Conditions:
a. Sale or disposition of the old
principal residence;
b. By natural persons - citizens or aliens
provided that they are residents
taxable under Sec. 24 of the Code
(does not include an estate or a
trust);
c. The proceeds of which is fully
utilized in (a) acquiring or (b)
constructing a new principal
residence within eighteen (18)
calendar months from date of sale or
disposition;
d. Notify the Commissioner within
thirty (30) days from the date of sale
or disposition through a prescribed
return of his intention to avail the
tax exemption;
e. Can only be availed of only

once
every ten (10) years;
f. The historical cost or adjusted basis
of his old principal residence sold,
exchanged or disposed shall be
carried over to the cost basis of his
new principal residence
g. If there is no full utilization, the
portion of the gains presumed to
have been realized shall be subject
to capital gains tax.

GROSS INCOME FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES
(SEC. 42)
Please refer to Annex I.

ACCOUNTNG PERIODS AND METHODS OF
ACCOUNTING

I. ACCOUNTING PERIODS
A. General rule (Sec. 43)
Taxable income is computed
upon the basis of taxpayers
annual accounting period (fiscal or
calendar year) in accordance with
the method of accounting
employed.
If no method of accounting
employed or method does not
clearly reflect the income,
computation shall be made in
accordance w/ such method as
the opinion of the Commissioner
clearly reflects the income.
Taxable income is computed
based on calendar year if:
1. accounting period is other
than a fiscal year
2. taxpayer has no accounting
period
3. taxpayer does not keep
books

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4. taxpayer is an individual
Fiscal year: accounting period of
12 months ending on the last day
of any month other than
December
Calendar year: accounting period
from January 1 to December 31

B. Periods in which items of gross
income included (Sec. 44)
Amount of all items of gross
income shall be included in the
gross income for the taxable
year in which received by the
taxpayer, unless, any such
amounts are to be properly
accounted for in a different
period under methods of
accounting permitted
In case of death of taxpayer:
include for the taxable year in
which falls the date of his death,
all amounts which accrued up to
the date of his death; if not
otherwise properly includible in
respect of such period or a prior
period

C. Period for which deduction and
credits taken (Sec. 45)
Deductions provided in this Title
shall be taken for the taxable
year in which paid or incurred,
dependent upon the method of
accounting upon the basis of
which the net income is
computed, unless, in order to
reflect the income, deductions
should be taken as of a different
period.
In case of death of taxpayer:
deductions allowed for the
taxable period in which falls the
date of his death, amounts
accrued up to the date of his
death if not otherwise properly
allowable in respect of such
period or a prior period.

D. Change of accounting period
(Sec.46)
Kinds of changes:
- from fiscal year to calendar
year
- from calendar year to fiscal
year
- from one fiscal year to
another
Effect of change: Net income,
shall, with the approval of the
Commissioner, be computed on
the basis of the new accounting
period, subject to Sec. 47.

E. Final or adjustment returns for a
period of less than 12 months
(1) Returns for short period
resulting from change of
accounting period
taxpayer is other than an
individual
with the approval of the
Commissioner
If change is from fiscal year to
calendar year:
- separate final or adjustment
return be made for the
period between the close of
the last fiscal year for which
return was made and the
following December 31
If change is from calendar year
to fiscal year:
the last calendar for which
return was made and the
date designated as the close
of the fiscal year
If change is from one fiscal year
to another:
the former fiscal year and
the date designated as the
close of the new fiscal year
(2) Income computed on basis of
short period
In what cases?
a. Where a separate final or
adjustment return is made
on account of a change in
accounting period
b. In all other cases where a
separate final or
adjustment return is
require or permitted by

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R&R prescribed by Sec. of
Finance. upon
recommendation of
Commissioner
Both shall be made for a
fractional part of a year.
Then income is computed on the
basis of the short period for
which separate final or
adjustment return is made.

II. METHODS OF ACCOUNTING

A. Cash method
Recognition of income
and expense dependent on
inflow or outflow of cash.

B. Accrual method
Method under which
income, gains and profits are
included in gross income when
earned whether received or not,
and expenses are allowed as
deductions when incurred:
although not yet paid. It is the
right to receive and not the
actual receipt that determines
the inclusion of the amount in
gross income
Examples:
1. interest or rent income
earned but not yet
received
2. rent expense accrued
but not yet paid
3. wages due to workers
but remaining unpaid

C. Accounting for long-term
contracts
Long-term contracts:
building, installation or
construction contracts
covering a period in excess
of 1 yr
Persons whose gross income
is derived in whole or in part
from such contracts shall
report such income upon the
basis of percentage of
completion
The return is accompanied
by a return certificate of
architects or engineers
showing the percentage of
completion during the
taxable year of the entire
work performed under the
contract
Deductions from gross
income: all expenditures
made during the taxable
year on account of the
contract: account being
taken of the material and
supplies on hand at the
beginning and end of the
taxable period for use in
connection with the work
under the contract but not
yet so applied.
Amended return may be
permitted /required by the
Commissioner: if upon
completion of contract,
taxable income has not been
clearly reflected for any
year(s).

D. Installment basis
(1) Sales of dealers in personal
property
Under rules and
regulations prescribed by the
Sec. of Finance, a person
who regularly sells or
otherwise disposes of
personal property on the
installment plan may return
as income there from in any
taxable year that proportion
of the installment payments
actually received in that
year, which the gross profit
realized or to be realized
when payment is completed,
bears to the contract price.

Example: Sale in 2000
Contract price (CP)
(installments
receivable) P200, 000
Cost 150,000
Gross profit (GP) 50,000

Installments payable in 2
equal annual installments
GP/CP ratio
= 50,000/200,000 = 25%
Collections in 2000=P100,000

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Income for 2000
= P100,000 x 25% = P25,000

(2) Sales of realty and casual
sales of Personalty
In cases of:
a. casual sale or other
casual disposition of
personal property
(other than
inventory on hand of
the taxpayer at the
close of the taxable
year) for a price >
P1,000, or
b. sale or other
disposition of real
property, if in either
case the initial
payments do not
exceed 25% of the
selling price
How may income be
returned: same as in
sales of dealer in
personal property above
Initial payments:
payments received in
cash or property other
than evidences of
indebtedness of the
purchaser during the
taxable period in which
the sale or other
disposition is made.

(3) Sales of real property
considered as capital asset
by individuals
Individual who sells of
disposes of real
property, considered as
capital asset and is
otherwise qualified to
report the gain under (2)
above may pay the
capital gains tax in
installments under rules
and regulations to be
promulgated by the Sec.
of Finance.

(4) Change from accrual to
installment basis

taxpayer must be
entitled to benefits
under (1) hereof sales of
dealers in personal
property
in computing income for
the year of change or
any subsequent year:
amounts actually
received during any such
year on account of sales
or other dispositions of
property made in any
prior year shall not be
excluded.

E. Allocation of income and
deductions
Applicable to: cases of 2 or
more organizations, trades
or businesses (incorporated
and organized within the
Philippines) owned or
controlled directly
/indirectly by the same
interest
Commissioner is authorized
to distribute, apportion or
allocate gross income or
deductions between or
among such organization,
trade or business, if he
determines that such
distribution, apportionment
or allocation is necessary in
order to prevent evasion of
taxes or to clearly reflect
the income of any such
organization, trade or
business.

FILING OF TAX RETURN AND PAYMENT OF TAX

TAX RETURN This is a report made by
the taxpayer to the BIR of all gross
income received during the taxable
year, the allowable deductions including
exemptions, the net taxable income, the
income tax rate, the income tax due,
the income tax withheld, if any, and the
income tax still to be paid or
refundable.


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PERSONS REQUIRED TO FILE INCOME TAX
RETURN

a. Individual
1. Resident citizen;
2. Non-resident citizen on income
from within the Phil.;
3. Resident alien on income from
within the Phil.;
4. NRAETB on income from within
the Phil.
5. An individual (citizens / aliens)
engaged in business or practice
of a profession within the Phil.
regardless of the amount of
gross income;
6. Individual deriving compensation
income concurrently from two or
more employers at any time
during the taxable year;
7. Individual whose pure
compensation income derived
from sources within the Phil.
exceeds P60,000.
b. Taxable Estate and Trust
c. General Professional Partnership
d. Corporation
1. Not exempt from income tax;
2. Exempt from income tax under
Sec. 30 of NIRC but has not
shown proof of exemption.

INDIVIDUALS EXEMPT FROM FILING INCOME TAX
RETURN

1. Individual whose gross income does
not exceed total personal and
additional exemptions;
2. Individual with respect to pure
compensation income derived from
sources within the Philippines, the
income tax on which has been
correctly withheld;
3. Individual whose sole income has
been subjected to final withholding
income tax;
4. Individual who is exempt from
income tax.

SUBSTITUTED FILING is when the
employers annual return may be
considered as the substitute Income
Tax Return (ITR) of employee inasmuch
as the information provided in his
income tax return would exactly be the
same information contained in the
employers annual return.

HOW IS SUBSTITUTED FILING DIFFERENT
FROM NON-FILING?

Substituted Filing an individual
taxpayer although required
under the law to file his income
tax return, will no longer have
to personally file his own income
tax return.
but instead the
employers annual information
return filed is the considered
substitute income tax return
of the employee inasmuch as the
information in the employers
return is exactly the same
information contained in the
employees return.

Non-filing applicable to certain
types of individual taxpayers
who are not required under the
law to file an income tax return.
Example: employee whose
pure compensation income does
not exceed P60,000 and has only
one employer for the taxable
year and whose tax withheld is
equivalent to his tax due.

SUBSTITUTED FILING OF INCOME TAX RETURNS
BY EMPLOYEES RECEIVING PURELY
COMPENSATION INCOME. [SECTION 4, RR 3-
2002; RMC 01-03]

Requisites:
1. The employee receives purely
compensation income (regardless of
amount) during the taxable year.
2. The employee receives the income
only from one employer during the
taxable year.
3. The amount of tax due from the
employee at the end of the year
equals the amount of tax withheld
by the employer.
4. The employee's spouse also complies
with all three (3) conditions stated
above.
5. The employer files the annual
information return (BIR Form No.
1604-CF)

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6. The employer issues BIR Form 2316
(Oct 2002 ENCS) version to each
employee

INDIVIDUALS NOT QUALIFIED FOR SUBSTITUTED
FILING (STILL REQUIRED TO FILE)

1. Individuals deriving compensation
from two or more employers
concurrently or successively during
the taxable year.
2. Employees deriving compensation
income, regardless of the amount,
whether from a single or several
employers during the calendar year,
the income tax of which has not
been withheld correctly (i.e. tax due
is not equal to the tax withheld)
resulting to collectible or refundable
return.
3. Employees whose monthly gross
compensation income does not
exceed P5,000 or the statutory
minimum wage, whichever is higher,
and opted for non-withholding of tax
on said income.
4. Individuals deriving other non-
business, non-profession-related
income in addition to compensation
income not otherwise subject to
final tax.
5. Individuals receiving purely
compensation income from a single
employer although the income tax of
which has been correctly withheld,
but whose spouse falls under 1 to 4
above.
6. Non-resident aliens engaged in trade
or business in the Philippines
deriving purely compensation
income, or compensation income
and other non-business, non-
profession-related income.

NOTE: Non-filing of ITR, for employees
who are qualified for the substituted
filing shall be OPTIONAL for the taxable
year 2001, the returns for which shall be
filed on or before April 15, 2002.
Thereafter, substituted filing where
applicable shall be MANDATORY. [Sec 5
RR 3-2002)

REQUIREMENT OF BANKS FOR SUBMISSION OF
AN ITR FOR LOAN OR CREDIT CARD
APPLICATIONS

Banks may require the submission of
BIR Form No. 1700 (for employees not
entitled to substituted filing of ITR).
However, for employees entitled to
substituted filing of ITR, the submission
of the Joint Certification will suffice.

JOINT CERTIFICATION - It is a sworn
statement made by the employer and
employee, which serve the following
purposes:
1. It contains the employee's consent
that BIR Form No. 1604CF may be
considered his substituted return, in
lieu of BIR Form No. 1700, which the
employee no longer filed.
2. It contains the employer's
certification that he has reported
the employee's income to the BIR
and that he has remitted the taxes
on the employee's income, as
indicated in BIR Form No. 1604-CF.
3. It serves as proof of financial
capacity in case the employee
decides to apply for a bank loan or a
credit-card, or for any other
purpose, as if he had in fact filed a
BIR Form No. 1700.

INDIVIDUALS REQUIRED TO FILE AN
INFORMATION RETURN

Individuals not required to file an
income tax return may nevertheless be
required to

file an information return
pursuant to rules and, regulations
prescribed by the Secretary of Finance
upon recommendation of the
Commissioner.

PLACE OF FILING

1. Legal residence - authorized agent
bank; Revenue District Officer;
Collection agent or duly authorized
treasurer
2. Principal place of business
3. With the Office of the Commissioner


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TIME FOR FILING (PAY AS YOU FILE SYSTEM)

April 15 for those earning sole
compensation income or solely business,
practice of profession or combination of
business and compensation.

RETURN AND PAYMENT OF ESTIMATED INCOME
TAX BY INDIVIDUAL (SELF-EMPLOYED OR
PRACTICE OF PROFESSION)

1. First quarter - April 15 of current year
2. Second quarter -August 15 of current
year
3. Third quarter November 15 of current
year
4. Final quarter - April 15 of the following
year.

Note: When the tax due is in excess of P2,
000 - the taxpayer may elect to pay in two
(2) equal installments:
1
st
installment - April 15
2
nd
installment - on or before July 15

EXTENSION OF TIME TO FILE RETURN

The Commissioner may on
meritorious cases grant a reasonable
extension of time for filing income tax
return and may subject the imposition of
twenty (20) percent interest per annum
from the original due date.

RETURN OF HUSBAND AND WIFE

File one (1) return for the taxpayer
year if following requisites
complied;
a. Married individuals (citizens,
resident or nonresident aliens)
b. Do not derived income purely
from compensation.
If impracticable to file one return:
each spouse file a separate return of
income but the return so filed shall
be consolidated by the Bureau for
the purposes of verification for the
year.

UNMARRIED MINOR

Income of unmarried minors derived
from property received by the living

parent shall be included in the
return of the parent, except:
a. when donors tax has been paid
on such property, or
b. when transfer of such property is
exempt from donors tax

PERSONS UNDER DISABILITY

If a taxpayer is unable to make his
own return, it may be made by his
1. duly authorized agents;
2. representative;
3. by guardian;
4. other person charged with the care
of his person or property;
who will assume the responsibility of
making the return and incurring
penalties provided for erroneous,
false or fraudulent return.

RETURN OF ESTATE, TRUST AND PARTNESHIP

Estate and Trust with gross income
of P20,000 or more and partnership
(whether professional or business) shall
file their income tax return on or before
April 15.

TAX RETURNS OF GENERAL PROFESSIONAL
PARTNERSHIPS (GPP)
Each GPP shall file in duplicate, a
return of its income (except those
income exempt)
Shall set forth:
a. items of gross income and
deductions allowed
b. names of partners
c. TIN
d. address and share of each
partner

TAX RETURN OF A CORPORATION
Those required to file:
1. Corporation subject to tax having
existed during the taxable year,
whether with income or not.
2. Corporation in the process of
liquidation or receivership.
3. Insurance company doing business in
the Philippines or deriving income
therein
4. Foreign corporation having income
from within the Philippines


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FILING OF RETURN (PAY AS YOU FILE SYSTEM)
Quarterly returns for the first three
(3) quarters on a strictly sixty (60) day
basis and the final or adjusted return on
the 15th day of the fourth (4th) month
following the close of either a
-
fiscal on
calendar year.

See Annex V for Illustration.

WHO SHALL FILE?
The return shall be filed by the
president, vice-president, or other
principal officer, and shall be sworn to by
such officer and by the treasurer or
assistant treasurer.

WITHHOLDING TAXES

WITHHOLDING TAXES
Kinds:
1. Withholding Tax at Source:
a. Final Withholding Tax
b. Creditable Withholding Tax
(Expanded withholding tax)
2. Withholding Tax on Compensation
(Wages)
3. Withholding Tax on Creditable
Value-Added Tax
4. Withholding of Percentage Tax

FINAL
WITHHOLDING
TAX SYSTEM
CREDITABLE
WITHHOLDING
TAX SYSTEM

The amount of
income tax withheld
by the withholding
agent is constituted
as a full and final
payment of the
income due from the
payee on the said
income. [Sec. 2.57
(a), Rev. Reg. 2-98]

Taxes withheld on
certain income
payments are
intended to equal or
at least approximate
the tax due from the
payee on the said
income.

The liability for
payment of the tax
rests primarily on
the payor or the
withholding agent.
The payee is not
required to file an
income tax return
for the particular
income.

The income
recipient is still
required to file an
income tax return
and/or pay the
difference between
the tax withheld and
the tax due on the
income. [Sec.
2.57(B), Rev. Regs.
2-98]

TIME TO WITHHOLD TAX AT SOURCE

- arises at the time an income is paid
or payable, whichever comes first. The
term payable refers to the date the
obligation becomes due, demandable or
legally enforceable. (Sec. 2.54.4 Rev.
Regs. 2.98)

NATURE OF WITHHOLDING AGENTS LIABILITY
The withholding agent is directly
and independently liable for the correct
amount of the tax that should be
withheld from the dividend remittance.
(Commissioner vs. Procter and Gamble,
GR No. 66838, December 2, 1991)

CONSEQUENCES FOR FAILURE TO WITHHOLD:
1. liable for surcharges and
penalties;
2. liable upon conviction to a penalty
equal to the total amount of the
tax not withheld, or not accounted
for and remitted. (Sec. 251, 1997
NIRC)
3. any income payment which is
otherwise deductible from the
payors gross income will not be
allowed as a deduction if it is
shown that the income tax
required to be withheld is not paid
to the BIR. (Sec. 2.58.5, Rev. Reg.
2-98)

WITHHOLDING TAX ON COMPENSATION
Every employer must withhold
from compensation paid, an amount
computed in accordance with the
regulations.

Exception:
Where such compensation
income of an individual:
1. Does not exceed the statutory
minimum wages; or
2. Five thousand (P5,000) monthly
(P60,000 a year)
whichever is higher.

ELEMENTS OF WITHHOLDING ON COMPENSATION
1. There must be an employer-
employee relationship
2. There must be payment of
compensation or wages for services
rendered
3. There must be a payroll period.

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COMPENSATION EXEMPTED

1. Remunerations received as an
incident of employment
2. Remunerations paid for agriculture
labor
3. Remunerations paid for domestic
services
4. Remunerations for casual not in the
course of an employer's trade or
business.
5. Compensation for services of a
citizen, resident of the Philippines,
for a foreign government or an
international organization
6. Damages
7. Life insurance
8. Amount received by the insured as
return of premium
9. Compensation for injuries and
sickness
10. Income exempt under treaty
11. Thirteenth (13th) month pay and
other benefits
12. GSIS; SSS; Philhealth and other
contributions,

TAX-FREE COVENANT BOND [SEC. 57(C)]

COVENANT BONDS bonds, mortgages,
deeds of trust and other similar
obligations of domestic/resident foreign
corporation, which contain a
contract/provision by which the obligor
agrees;
1. to pay any portion of the tax
imposed upon the obligee;
2. to reimburse the obligee for any
portion of the tax; or
3. to pay the interest without
deduction for any tax which the
obligor may be required/permitted
to pay or to retain therefrom.

Obligor shall deduct and withhold a
tax = 30% of the interest and other
payments whether interest or other
payments are payable annually or at
a shorter period; whether bonds,
securities, obligations had been/will
be issued/ marketed and the
interest and other payments paid
within and without the Philippines if
the interest or other payment is
payable to a non-resident alien or a
citizen or resident of the Philippines
INCOME OF RECIPIENT [SEC. 58 (D)]

Income which any creditable tax is
required to be withheld at source
shall be included in the return of its
recipient.
The excess of the amount of tax
withheld over the tax due on his
return shall be refunded to him,
subject to Section 204 (abatement,
refund/credit taxes).
If amount withheld at source is less
than the tax due on his return, the
difference is paid in accordance with
Section 56 (payment and assessment
of income tax).
All taxes withheld shall be
considered as trust funds and
maintained in a separate account
and not commingled with any other
funds of the withholding agent.

B. TRANSFER TAXES

TRANSFER TAX INCOME TAX

Tax on transfer of
property.

Tax on income

Rates are lower
--5% to 20% -
estate tax
-- 2% to 15 % or
30% - donors
tax

Rates are higher
-- 5% to 32%

Lesser exemptions

More exemptions

(1) ESTATE TAXES

DEFINITION: an excise tax on the right of
transmitting property at the time of
death and on the privilege that a person
is given in controlling to a certain extent
the disposition of his property to take
effect upon death.

ESTATE TAX FORMULA

Gross Estate (Sec. 85)
Less: (1) Deductions (Sec. 86)
(2)Net share of the SS in the CPP
Net Taxable Estate

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Multiply by: Tax rate (Sec. 84)
Estate Tax due
Less: Tax Credit [if any] (Sec. 86[E] or
110[B]
Estate Tax Due, if any

GROSS ESTATE

A DECEDENTS GROSS ESTATE INCLUDES (SEC.
85)

RESIDENT & NON-
RESIDENT CITIZEN,
RESIDENT ALIEN
DECEDENT
NON-RESIDENT
ALIEN DECEDENT

1. Real property
wherever situated

1. Real property
situated in the
Philippines.

2. Personal property
wherever situated
a) Tangible, and
b) Intangible

2. Personal
property
a) Tangible
property
situated in
the
Philippines
b) Intangible
personal
property
with a situs
in the
Philippines
unless
exempted
on the basis
of
reciprocity.

THE LAW THAT GOVERNS THE IMPOSITION OF
ESTATE TAX

The statute in force at the time of
death of the decedent shall govern
estate taxation.

INTANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTIES WITH A
SITUS IN THE PHIL. (SEC. 104, 1997 NIRC)

1. Franchise which must be exercised
in the Philippines;
2. Shares, obligations or bonds issued
by any corporation or sociedad
anonima organized or constituted in
the Philippines in accordance with
its laws;
by any foreign corporation eighty-
five per centum (85%) of the
business of which is located in the
Philippines;
by any foreign corporation, if such
shares, obligations or bonds have
acquired a business situs in the
Philippines;
5. Shares or rights in any partnership,
business or industry established in
the Philippines.

INTANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY, WITH A SITUS
IN THE PHILIPPINES, OF A DECEDENT WHO IS A
NON-RESIDENT ALIEN SHALL NOT FORM PART OF
THE GROSS ESTATE IF (RECIPROCITY CLAUSE)
(SEC. 104)

1. the decedent at the time of his
death was a citizen and resident of a
foreign country which at the time of
his death
a. did not impose a transfer tax or
death tax of any character
b. in respect of intangible personal
property of citizens of the
Philippines not residing in that
foreign country; or
2. the laws of the foreign country of
which the decedent was a citizen
and resident at the time of his death
a. allow a similar exemption from
transfer taxes or death taxes of
every character
b. in respect of intangible personal
property owned by citizens of
the Philippines not residing in
that foreign country
(Reciprocity).

VALUATION OF THE GROSS ESTATE

The properties comprising the gross
estate shall be valued based on their fair
market value as of the time of death.

PROPERTY VALUATION

1) Real Property

- fair market value
a) as determined by the
Commissioner or
b) as shown in the
schedule of values

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fixed by the
provincial and city
assessors
WHICHEVER IS HIGHER

2) Shares of Stock
Unlisted
Common Shares
Preferred
Shares

Listed

-book value
-par value
-arithmetic mean
between the highest and
lowest quotation at a
date nearest the date of
death, if none is
available on the date of
death itself.

3)Right to
usufruct, use or
habitation, as
well as that of
annuity

- shall be taken into
account the probable
life of the beneficiary in
accordance with the
latest basic standard
mortality table, to be
approved by the
Secretary of Finance,
upon recommendation
of the Insurance
Commissioner.

4) Personal
property

- whether tangible or
intangible, appraised at
FMV. Sentimental
value is practically
disregarded.

INCLUSIONS IN THE GROSS ESTATE (SEC. 85)

1. DECEDENTS INTEREST
To the extent of the interest in
property of the decedent at the time of
his death.

2. TRANSFER IN CONTEMPLATION OF
DEATH
1. A transfer motivated by the thought
of impending death although death
may not be imminent; or

2. A transfer by which the decedent
retained for his life or for any period
which does not in fact end before his
death:
a. the possession or enjoyment of,
or the right to the income from
the property, or
b. the right, either alone or in
conjunction with any person, to
designate the person who shall
possess or enjoy the property or
the income therefrom.

Exception: bona fide sale for an
adequate and full consideration in
money or moneys worth.

3. REVOCABLE TRANSFER
A transfer whereby the terms of
enjoyment of the property may be
altered, amended, revoked or
terminated by the decedent alone or in
conjunction with any other person, or
where any such power is relinquished in
contemplation of the decedents death.
It is enough that the decedent had the
power to alter, amend or revoke though
he did not exercise such power.


4. TRANSFER UNDER GENERAL POWER
OF APPOINTMENT
A power of appointment is the right
to designate the person or persons who
will succeed to the property of the prior
decedent.
The general power of appointment
may be exercised by the decedent:
1. by will; or
2. by deed executed in contemplation
of his death; or
3. by deed under which he has retained
for his life or for any period not
ascertainable without reference to
his death or for any period which
does not in fact end before his
death:
a. the possession or enjoyment of,
or the right to the income from
the property; or
b. the right, either alone or in
conjunction with any person, to
designate the persons who shall
possess or enjoy the property or
the income therefrom.


5. PROCEEDS OF LIFE INSURANCE
Proceeds of life insurance taken by
the decedent on his own life shall be

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included in the gross estate if the
beneficiary is:
a. the estate of the decedent, his
executor or administrator
(regardless whether the designation
is revocable or irrevocable); or
b. a third person other than the estate,
executor or administrator where the
designation of the beneficiary is
revocable.

6. TRANSFERS FOR INSUFFICIENT
CONSIDERATION
The value to be included in the gross
estate is the excess of the fair market
value of the property at the time of the
decedents death over the consideration
received. This is applicable in cases of
transfer in contemplation of death,
revocable transfer and transfer under
general power of appointment made for
a consideration but is not a bona fide
sale for an adequate and full
consideration in money or moneys
worth.

7. PRIOR INTERESTS
All transfers, trusts, estates,
interests, rights, powers and
relinquishment of powers made,
created, arising, existing, exercised or
relinquished before or after the
effectivity of the NIRC.

PROPERTY RELATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND
WIFE
The property relations between the
spouses shall be governed by contract
(marriage settlement) executed before
the marriage.

In the absence of such contract, or if
the contract is void:
On marriages contracted before August
3, 1988, the system of conjugal
partnership of gains shall govern;
On marriages contracted on or after
August 3, 1988 (effectivity of the
Family Code of the Philippines), the
system of absolute community of
property shall govern.

EXEMPT TRANSMISSIONS (SEC. 87)
1. The merger of usufruct in the owner
of the naked title;
2. Fideicommisary substitution;
3. The transmission from the first heir,
legatee or donee in favor of another
beneficiary, in accordance with the
will of the predecessor; and
All bequests, devices, legacies or
transfers to social welfare, cultural and
charitable institutions no part of the net
income of which inures to the benefit of
any individual; Provided, that not more
than 30% of the said bequests, legacies
or transfers shall be used by such
institutions for administration purposes.

DEDUCTIONS ON GROSS ESTATE
APPLICABLE TO
RESIDENT ALIENS AND CITIZENS
(REVENUE REGULATIONS 2-2003)

The following are deductible from
the gross estate of citizens and resident
aliens:
1. Expenses, losses, indebtedness,
taxes, etc. (ordinary deductions)
2. Transfer for public use
3. Vanishing deduction
4. Family home
5. Standard deduction equivalent to
one million pesos (P1,000,000)
6. Medical expenses
7. Amounts received by heirs under RA
4917 (Retirement Benefits)
8. Net share of the surviving spouse in
the conjugal or community property

1. ORDINARY DEDUCTIONS

A. FUNERAL EXPENSES
The amount deductible is the lowest
among the following:
1. actual funeral expenses
2. 5% of the gross estate
3. P200,000.

It includes the following:
1. Mourning apparel of the surviving
spouse and unmarried minor children
of the deceased, bought and used in
the occasion of the burial.
2. Expenses of the wake preceding the
burial including food and drinks.
3. Publication charges for death
notices.
4. Telecommunication expenses in
informing relatives of the deceased.

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5. Cost of burial plot. Tombstone
monument or mausoleum but not
their upkeep. In case deceased
owns a family estate or several
burial lots, only the value
corresponding to the plot where he
is buried is deductible.
6. Interment fees and charges.
7. All other expenses incurred for the
performance of the ritual and
ceremonies incident to the
interment.
Expenses incurred after the
interment, such as for prayers, masses,
entertainment, or the like are not
deductible.
Any portion of the funeral and burial
expenses borne or defrayed by relatives
and friends of the deceased are not
deductible.

B. JUDICIAL EXPENSES OF THE
TESTAMENTARY OR INTESTATE
PROCEEDINGS
Expenses allowed as deduction under
this category are those:
1. incurred in the inventory-taking
of assets comprising the gross
estate,
2. administration,
3. payment of debts of the estate,
as well as the distribution of the
estate among the heirs.
In short, these deductible items are
expenses incurred during the settlement
of the estate but not beyond the last day
prescribed by law, or the extension
thereof, for the filing of the estate tax
return.

C. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE
The word "claims" is generally
construed to mean debts or demands of
a pecuniary nature which could have
been enforced against the deceased in
his lifetime and could have been
reduced to simple money judgments.

Claims against the estate or
indebtedness in respect of property may
arise out of:
1. Contract;
2. Tort; or
3. Operation of Law.

Requisites:
1. The liability represents a
personal obligation of the
deceased existing at the time of
his death except unpaid
obligations incurred incident to
his death such as unpaid funeral
expenses (i.e., expenses
incurred up to the time of
interment) and unpaid medical
expenses which are classified
under a different category of
deductions;
2. The liability was contracted in
good faith and for adequate and
full consideration in money or
money's worth;
3. The claim must be a debt or
claim which is valid in law and
enforceable in court;
4. The indebtedness must not have
been condoned by the creditor
or the action to collect from the
decedent must not have
prescribed.

D. CLAIMS AGAINST INSOLVENT PERSONS

Requisites:
1. The amount thereof has been
initially included as part of his gross
estate (for otherwise they would
constitute double deductions if they
were to be deducted)
2. The incapacity of the debtors to pay
their obligation is proven.

C. UNPAID MORTGAGE
In case unpaid mortgage payable is
being claimed by the estate,
verification must be made as to who
was the beneficiary of the loan
proceeds.
If the loan is found to be merely an
accommodation loan where the loan
proceeds went to another person,
the value of the unpaid loan must be
included as a receivable of the
estate.
If there is a legal impediment to
recognize the same as receivable of
the estate, said unpaid obligation/
mortgage payable shall not be
allowed as a deduction from the
gross estate.

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In all instances, the mortgaged
property, to the extent of the
decedent's interest therein, should
always form part of the gross
taxable estate.

F. TAXES
Taxes which have accrued as of the
death of the decedent which were
unpaid as of the time of death.

The following are not deductible:
1. income tax on income received
after death
2. property taxes not accrued
before death
3. estate tax

G. LOSSES
Requisites:
1. It should arise from fire, storm,
shipwreck, or other casualty,
robbery, theft or embezzlement;
2. Not compensated by insurance
or otherwise;
3. Not claimed as deduction in an
income tax return of the taxable
estate;
4. Occurring during the settlement
of the estate; and
5. Occurring before the last day for
the payment of the estate tax
(last day to pay: six months after
the decedents death).

2. TRANSFER FOR PUBLIC USE

Requisites:
1. The disposition is in a last will and
testament
2. To take effect after death
3. In favor of the government of the
Phil., or any political subdivision
thereof
4. For exclusive public purposes.

Note: This should also include bequests,
devices, or transfers to social welfare,
cultural and charitable institutions.

3. VANISHING DEDUCTION

DEFINITION: The deduction allowed from
the gross estate for properties that were
subject to donors or estate taxes. It is
called vanishing deduction because the
deduction allowed diminishes over a
period of five years. The rate of
deduction depends on the period from
the date of transfer to the death of the
decedent, as follows:

PERIOD DEDUCTION
1 year or less 100%
1 year 2 years 80%
2 years 3 years 60%
3 years 4 years 40%
4 years 5 years 20%

Requisites:
1. the present decedent died within 5
years from transfer of the property
from a prior decedent or donor.
2. The property must be located in the
Phils.
3. The property formed part of the
taxable estate of the prior decedent,
or of the taxable gift of the donor.
4. The estate tax or donors tax on the
gift must have been finally
determined and paid.
5. The property must be identified as
the one received from the prior
decedent, or something acquired in
exchange therefor.
6. No vanishing deduction on the
property was allowable to the estate
of the prior decedent.

4. FAMILY HOME

Conditions:
1. The family home must be the actual
residential home of the decedent
and his family at the time of his
death, as certified by the Barangay
Captain of the locality where the
family home is situated;
2. The total value of the family home
must be included as part of the gross
estate of the decedent; and
3. Allowable deduction must be in an
amount equivalent to
the current fair market value of
the family home as declared or
included in the gross estate, or
the extent of the decedent's
interest (whether
conjugal/community or exclusive
property), whichever is lower,
but not exceeding P1,000,000

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5. STANDARD DEDUCTION

A deduction in the amount of One
Million Pesos (P1,000,000) shall be
allowed as an additional deduction
without need of substantiation.
The full amount of P1,000,000 shall
be allowed as deduction for the benefit
of the decedent.

6. MEDICAL EXPENSES

Any amount of medical expenses
incurred within one year from death
in excess of Five Hundred Thousand
Pesos (P500,000) shall no longer be
allowed as a deduction under this
subsection.
Neither can any unpaid amount
thereof in excess of the P500,000
threshold nor any unpaid amount for
medical expenses incurred prior to
the one-year period from date of
death be allowed to be deducted
from the gross estate as claim
against the estate.

7. AMOUNT RECEIVED BY HEIRS
UNDER REPUBLIC ACT NO.
4917

Any amount received by the heirs
from the decedent's employer as a
consequence of the death of the
decedent-employee in accordance with
Republic Act No. 4917 is allowed as a
deduction provided that the amount of
the separation benefit is included as
part of the gross estate of the decedent.

8. NET SHARE OF THE
SURVIVING SPOUSE IN THE
CONJUGAL PARTNERSHIP OR
COMMUNITY PROPERTY

After deducting the allowable
deductions (only the ordinary
deductions) appertaining to the conjugal
or community properties included in the
gross estate, the share of the surviving
spouse must be removed to ensure that
only the decedent's interest in the
estate is taxed.

DEDUCTIONS ON GROSS
ESTATE APPLICABLE TO
NON-RESIDENT ALIENS

The following are deductible from the gross
estate of non-resident aliens:
1. Expenses, losses, indebtedness and
taxes (ELIT) (ordinary deductions)

Formula:
Tax = Phil. Gross
Credit Estate X World
Limit World Gross ELIT
Estate

2. Transfer for public use

3. Vanishing deduction on property in
the Philippines.

4. Conjugal share of the surviving
spouse

ESTATE TAX CREDIT

A tax credit is granted for estate
taxes paid to a foreign country on the
estate of citizens and resident aliens
subject to the following limitations

1. One foreign country only
The tax credit is whichever is
lower between:
4. Estate tax paid to the foreign
country
5. Tax Credit Limit =
NTE, foreign country X Phil. estate
NTE, world Tax

(NTE - Net Taxable Estate)

2. More than one foreign country
The credit shall be that which is
the lower amount between Limit A
and Limit B.

Limit A. Whichever is lower
between:
Estate tax paid to a foreign
country
Tax Credit Limit =
NTE, foreign country X Phil. estate
NTE, world Tax


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Limit B. Whichever is lower
between:
Total of estate taxes paid to all
foreign countries
Tax Credit Limit =
NTE outside Phil. X Phil. estate
NTE, world Tax

SETTLEMENT OF THE
ESTATE TAX

A. FILING

NOTICE OF DEATH TO BE FILED
In all cases of transfers subject to
tax, or where, though exempt from tax,
the gross value of the estate exceeds
P20,000, the executor, administrator or
any of the legal heirs, within two
months after the decedents death, or
within a like period after qualifying as
such executor or administrator, shall
give a written notice thereof to the
Commissioner. (Sec. 89)

AN ESTATE TAX RETURN IS REQUIRED TO BE
FILED
1. when the estate is subject to estate
tax; or
2. when the estate is not subject to
estate tax but the gross estate
exceeds P 200,000; or
3. regardless of the amount of the
gross estate, where the gross estate
consists of registered or registrable
property such as motor vehicle or
shares of stock or other similar
property for which clearance from
the BIR is required as a condition
precedent for the transfer of
ownership thereof in the name of
the transferee.

TIME FOR FILING OF THE ESTATE TAX RETURN
The estate tax return shall be filed
within six (6) months after the death of
the decedent.

Extension: The BIR may, in meritorious
cases, grant an extension of not
exceeding thirty (30) days for the filing
of the estate tax return.

WHEN THE GROSS ESTATE EXCEEDS
P2,000,000, THE ESTATE TAX RETURN
SHALL BE ACCOMPANIED BY A STATEMENT
WHICH IS CERTIFIED BY AN INDEPENDENT
CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT STATING
1. the itemized assets of the decedent
with its corresponding gross value at
the time of his death, or in the case
of a non-resident, not citizen of the
Philippines, that part of his gross
estate situated in the Philippines;
2. the itemized deductions from the
gross estate;
3. the amount of tax due, whether paid
or still due and outstanding.

PLACE WHERE TO FILE THE ESTATE TAX
RETURN

1. Resident Citizen
- with the Accredited Agent Bank
(AAB), Revenue District Officer,
Collection Officer or duly authorized
Treasurer of the city or municipality
where the decedent was domiciled at
the time of his death.

2. Non-resident (citizen or alien)
a. has registered executor or
administrator
- with the Revenue District
Office where such executor or
administrator is registered
b. executor or administrator is not
registered
- with the Revenue District
Office having jurisdiction over
the executor or administrators
residence
c. no executor or administrator
- with the Office of the
Commissioner (Sec. 9C, Rev. Reg.
2-2003)

B. PAYMENT

PAYMENT OF THE ESTATE TAX DUE
The estate tax due shall paid at the
time when the estate tax return is filed.
When the Commissioner finds that
the payment of the estate tax on the
due date would impose undue hardships
upon the estate or any heir:
a. the payment of the estate tax
may be extended for a period
not to exceed five (5) years if

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there is a judicial settlement of
the estate; or
b. the payment of the estate tax
may be extended for a period
not to exceed two (2) years if
there is an extra-judicial
settlement of the estate.
NOTE: In case the available cash is not
sufficient to pay its total estate tax
liability, the estate may be allowed to
pay tax by installment. (Sec. 9F, Rev.
Reg. 2-2003)

LIABILITY FOR PAYMENT
The estate tax shall be paid by the
executor or administrator before delivery
to any beneficiary of his distributive share
of the estate.
Such beneficiary to the extent of his
distributive share of the estate shall be
subsidiarily liable for the payment of
such portion of the estate tax as his
distributive share bears to the value of
the total net estate. (Sec. 9G, Rev. Reg.
2-2003)
No judge shall authorize the
distribution of the estate unless a
certification from the Commissioner that
tax has been paid is shown. (Sec. 94)
No shares or other forms of securities
shall be transferred in the books of any
corporation, partnership, business or
industry organized in the Philippines,
unless a similar certification by the
Commissioner is shown. (Sec. 97)
When a bank has knowledge of the
death of a person who maintained a
joint account, it shall not allow any
withdrawal by the surviving depositor
without the above certification. (Sec.
97)
Provided: that the administrator of
the estate or any one (1) of the heirs of
the decedent may, upon authorization
by the Commissioner, withdraw an
amount not exceeding twenty thousand
pesos (P20,000) without the said
certification.

There is nothing in the Tax Code and
in the pertinent remedial law that
implies the necessity of the probate
court or estate settlement of courts
approval of the States claim for estate
taxes before the same can be enforced
and collected by the BIR. On the
contrary, under Section 94, it is the
probate or settlement court which is
bidden not to authorize the delivery of
the distributive share to any interested
party without a certification from the
CIR showing the payment of the estate
tax. (Marcos II vs. Court of Appeals, GR
No. 120880, June 5, 1997)

COLLECTION OF TAX FROM THE HEIRS
An estate or inheritance tax,
whether assessed before or after the
death of the deceased, can be collected
from the heirs even after the
distribution of the properties of the
decedent. (Palanca vs. Commissioner of
Internal Revenue, GR No. 16661,
January 31, 1962)

The Government has two ways of
collecting taxes due from the estate.
a. By going after all the heirs and
collecting from each one of
them the amount of the tax
proportionate to the inheritance
received, or
b. Pursuant to the lien created by
Section 219 of the Tax Code
upon all property and rights to
property belonging to the
taxpayer for unpaid income tax,
is by subjecting said property of
the estate which is in the hands
of an heir or transferee to the
payment of the tax due the
estate. (Commissioner of
Internal Revenue vs. Pineda, GR
No. L 22734, September 15,
1967)


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(2) DONORS TAXES

DEFINITION: A tax on the privilege of
transmitting ones property or property
rights to another or others without
adequate and full valuable
consideration.

COVERAGE OF THE TAX (SEC. 104)

RESIDENT & NON-
RESIDENT CITIZEN,
RESIDENT ALIEN
DONOR
NON-RESIDENT
ALIEN DONOR

1. Real property
wherever situated

1. Real property
situated in the
Philippines.

wherever situated
a. Tangible, and
Intangible

a. Tangible property
situated in the
Philippines
b. Intangible
personal property
with a situs in the
Philippines unless
exempted on the
basis of
reciprocity.

REQUISITES

1. Capacity of the donor
2. Donative Intent
3. Delivery, whether actual or
constructive, of the subject gift
4. Acceptance by the donee

LAW THAT GOVERNS THE IMPOSITION OF
DONORS TAX

The donors tax shall not apply
unless and until there is a completed
gift. The transfer is perfected from the
moment the donor knows of the
acceptance by the donee; it is
completed by the deliver, either
actually or constructively, of the
donated property to the donee. Thus,
the law in force at the time of the
perfection/completion of the donation
shall govern the imposition of the
donors tax.

A gift that is incomplete because of
reserved powers, becomes complete
when either:
1. the donor renounces the power; or
2. his right to exercise the reserved
power ceases because of the
happening of some event or
contingency or the fulfillment of
some condition, other than because
of the donor's death.
Renunciation by the surviving
spouse of his/her share in the
conjugal partnership or absolute
community after the dissolution
of the marriage in favor of the
heirs of the deceased spouse or
any other person/s is subject to
donor's tax.
Whereas general renunciation
by an heir, including the
surviving spouse, of his/her
share in the hereditary estate
left by the decedent is not
subject to donor's tax, unless
specifically and categorically
done in favor of identified heir/s
to the exclusion or disadvantage
of the other co-heirs in the
hereditary estate. (Sec. 11, Rev.
Reg. 2-2003)

STRANGER - a person who is not a brother,
sister, spouse, ancestor and lineal
descendant, or of a relative by
consanguinity in the collateral within the
4
th
civil degree.
A legally adopted child is entitled to
all the rights and obligations
provided by law to legitimate
children, and therefore, donation to
him shall not be considered as
donation made to stranger.
Donation made between business
organizations and those made
between an individual and a business
organization shall be considered as
donation made to a stranger.

VALUATION OF GIFTS OF PROPERTY
The fair market value of the
property given at the time of the gift
shall be the value of the gift.


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INTANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTIES WITH A
SITUS IN THE PHIL. (SAME AS IN ESTATE TAX
SUBJECT TO THE RECIPROCITY RULE) (SEC.
104)

Formula: (On a cumulative basis over a
period of one calendar year)

1. On the 1
st
donation of a year

Gross gifts xxx
Less: Deductions from gross
gifts
xxx
Net gifts
Multiply by: Tax Rate
xxx
xxx
Donors tax on the net gifts xxx

2. On donation of a subsequent
date during the year

Gross gifts made on this date XX
Less: Deductions from gross gifts XX
Net gifts XX
Add: All prior net gifts within the
year
XX
Aggregate net gifts
Multiply by: Tax Rate
XX
XX
Donors tax on aggregate net gifts XX
Less: Donors tax on all prior net
gifts
XX
Donors tax on the net gifts on this
date
XX

EXEMPTION OF CERTAIN GIFTS

1. Gifts made by a resident
a. Dowries or gifts made on
account of marriage and before
its celebration or within one
year thereafter by parents to
each of their legitimate,
illegitimate or adopted children
to the extent of the first P10,
000.
b. Gifts made to or for the use of
the National Government or any
entity created by any of its
agencies which is not conducted
for profit, or to any political
subdivision of the said
government.
c. Gifts in favor of educational,
charitable, religious, cultural or
social welfare corporation,
institutions, foundations, trust
or philanthropic organization,
research institution or
organization, accredited non-
government organization (NGO).
Provided, that no more than 30%
of said gifts shall be used by
such donee for administration
purposes.
2. Gifts made by a non-resident not
a citizen of the Phil.
a. same as (b)
b. same as (c) except accredited
non-government organization
(NGO)

A NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL AND/OR
CHARITABLE CORPORATION, INSTITUTION,
ACCREDITED NON-GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION,
TRUST OR PHILANTROPHIC ORGANIZATION,
RESEARCH INSTITUTION OR ORGANIZATION IS

1. one incorporated as a non-stock
entity
2. paying no dividends
3. governed by trustees who receive no
compensation, and
4. devoting all its income whether
students fees or gifts, donations,
subsidies or other forms of
philantrophy to the accomplishment
and promotion of the purposes
enumerated in its Articles of
Incorporation.

TAX CREDIT FOR DONORS TAXES PAID TO A
FOREIGN COUNTRY

1. Donor was a Filipino citizen or
resident alien
2. At time of foreign donation
3. Donors taxes of any character and
description
4. Are imposed and paid by the
authority of a foreign country.

LIMITATIONS ON TAX CREDIT

1. The amount of the credit in respect
to the tax paid to any country shall
taken, which the decedents net
gifts situated within such country
taxable under the NIRC bears to his
entire net gift; and

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2. The total amount of the credit shall
taken, which the decedents net gift
situated outside the Philippines
taxable under the NIRC bears to his
entire net gift.

FORMULA OF TAX CREDIT LIMIT

1. For donors taxes paid to one
foreign country

NG situated Tax
in a foreign country X PDT = Credit
Entire net gift Limit

(NG - Net Gifts; PDT - Phil. Donor's Tax)

2. For donors taxes paid to two or
more foreign country

NG outside the Phil. X PDT = Tax
Entire net gifts Credit
Limit

The allowable tax credit is the
lower amount between the tax credit
limit under (a) and (b).

SETTLEMENT OF THE DONORS TAX

TIME FOR FILING OF RETURN AND PAYMENT OF
THE DONORS TAX
The donors tax return is filed and
the donors tax due is paid within thirty
(30) days after the date the gift is made.
The return shall be under oath in
duplicate setting forth:
1. Each gift made during the calendar
year which is to be included in
computing net gifts;
2. The deductions claimed and
allowable;
3. Any previous net gifts made during
the same calendar year;
4. The name of the donee;
5. Relationship of the donor to the
donee; and
6. Such further information as may be
required by rules and regulations
made pursuant to law.

NOTE: The filing of a notice of donation
is not required, unlike in estate tax
where notice of death is required.

PLACE FOR FILING OF RETURN AND PAYMENT OF
THE DONORS TAX

1. Resident
With an authorized agent bank, the
Revenue District Officer, Revenue
Collection Officer or duly
authorized Treasurer of the city or
municipality where the donor was
domiciled at the time of the
transfer, or if there be no legal
residence in the Philippines, with
the Office of the Commissioner.
2. Non-resident
Filed with the Philippine Embassy
or Consulate in the country where
he is domiciled at the time of the
transfer, or directly with the
Office of the Commissioner.

TAX RATE

If the donee is a stranger, the rate of
tax shall be 30% of the net gifts.
If the donee is not a stranger,
the rate shall be from 2% to 15% of the
net gifts.

See Annex W - Donors Tax

C. TAX REMEDIES
UNDER THE NIRC

I. TAX REMEDIES OF THE
GOVERNMENT

IMPORTANCE

1. They enhance and support the
governments tax collection.
2. They are safeguards of taxpayers
rights against arbitrary action.

TAX COLLECTION CANNOT BE RESTRAINED BY
COURT INJUNCTION (SEC. 218, 1997 NIRC)

Justification: Lifeblood Theory


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Exception: Injunction may be issued by
the CTA in aid of its appellate
jurisdiction under RA 1125 (as amended
by RA 9282).

Conditions for the Issuance of an
Injunction by the Court of Tax Appeals
The CTA may enjoin collection of
taxes:
a. If in its opinion the same may
jeopardize the interest of the
government and/or the taxpayer.
b. In this instance, the court may
require the taxpayer either to deposit
the amount claimed or file a surety bond
for not more than double the amount
with the court.

* Before enforcement of remedies,
assessment is necessary to trigger the
process. If no return is filed, the
Commissioner is empowered to obtain
information, and to summon/examine,
and take testimony of persons to
determine the amount of tax due. (Sec.
5, 1997 NIRC)

TAX REMEDIES UNDER THE 1997 TAX CODE:

1. Summary remedies at the
administrative level or regulation that
are executed without ceremony or
delay; short or concise
2. Substantive remedies provided for
by law or regulation; an essential part or
constituent or relating to what is
essential
3. Procedural remedies involving law of
pleading, evidence, jurisdiction, etc.
4. Administrative remedies available at
the administration (BIR) level
5. Judicial remedies that are
enforced through judicial action,
which may be civil or criminal

TAX REMEDIES OF THE GOVERNMENT TO EFFECT
COLLECTION OF TAXES

1. Compromise (Sec. 204)
2. Distraint (Actual and Constructive)
(Secs. 205-208)
3. Levy (Sec. 207B)
4. Tax Lien (Sec. 219)
5. Civil Action (Sec. 221)
6. Criminal Action (Secs. 221, and 222)
7. Forfeiture of Property (Sec.
224-225)
8. Suspension of business
operations in violation of VAT
(Sec. 115)
9. Enforcement of Administrative
Fine

The remedies of distraint and levy as
well as collection by civil and criminal
actions may, in the discretion of the
Commissioner, be pursued singly or
independently of each other, or all of
them simultaneously.

(1) COMPROMISE

DEFINITION: A contract whereby the
parties, by reciprocal concessions, avoid
litigation or put an end to one already
commenced (Art. 2028, New Civil Code).

REQUISITES
1. The taxpayer must have a tax
liability.
2. There must be an offer (by the
taxpayer of an amount to be paid by
the taxpayer)
3. There must be an acceptance (by
the Commissioner or taxpayer as the
case may be) of the offer in the
settlement of the original claim.

OFFICERS AUTHORIZED TO COMPROMISE

1. The Commissioner of Internal
Revenue (CIR) with respect to
criminal and civil cases arising from
violations of the Tax Code [Secs. 7(C)
and 204, 1997 NIRC]. This power of
the CIR is discretionary and once
exercised by him cannot be reviewed
or interfered with by the Courts.
(Koppel, Philippines vs.
September 21, 1950)
2. By the Regional Evaluation Board
composed of:
a. the Regional Director as
Chairman,
b. Assistant Regional Director,
the heads of the Legal,
Assessment and Collection
Divisions, and

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c. the Revenue District Officer
having jurisdiction over the
taxpayer, as members;
on assessments issued by the
regional offices involving basic
taxes of P500,000 or less, and
minor criminal violations.

CASES WHICH MAY BE COMPROMISED

1. Delinquent accounts
2. Cases under administrative protests
3. Civil tax cases being disputed before
the courts
4. Collection cases filed in courts
5. Criminal violations, other than those
already filed in court or those
involving criminal tax fraud; and,
6. Cases covered by pre-assessment
notices but taxpayer is not agreeable
to the findings of the audit office as
confirmed by the review office.
(Sec.2, Rev. Reg. 7-2001)

EXCEPTIONS

1. Withholding tax cases;
2. Criminal tax fraud cases;
3. Criminal violations already filed in
court;
4. Delinquent accounts with duly
approved schedule of installment
payments;
5. Cases where final reports of
reinvestigation or reconsideration
have been issued resulting to
reduction in the original assessment
and the taxpayer is agreeable to
such decision.
6. Cases which become final and
executory after final judgment of a
court, where compromise is
requested on the ground of doubtful
validity of the assessment (RR. 30
2002);
7. Estate tax cases where compromise
is requested on the ground of
financial incapacity of the taxpayer.
(RR. 302002)

COMMISSIONER MAY COMPROMISE THE PAYMENT
OF ANY INTERNAL REVENUE TAX WHEN

1. A reasonable doubt as to the
validity of the claim against the
taxpayer exists; or
a. The delinquent account or
disputed assessment is one
resulting from a jeopardy
assessment.
b. The assessment seems to be
arbitrary in nature, appearing
to be based on presumptions,
and there is reason to believe
that its is lacking in legal
and/or factual basis; or
c. The taxpayer failed to file an
administrative protest on
account of the alleged failure
to receive notice of assessment
or preliminary assessment and
there is reason to believe that
its is lacking in legal and/or
factual basis; or
d. The taxpayer failed to file a
request for
reinvestigation/reconsideration
within 30 days from receipt of
final assessment notice and
there is reason to believe that
its is lacking in legal and/or
factual basis; or
e. The taxpayer failed to elevate
to the CTA an adverse decision
of the Commissioner, or his
authorized representative, in
some cases, within 30 days from
receipt thereof and there is
reason to believe that its is
lacking in legal and/or factual
basis; or
f. The assessment were issued on
or after Jan. 1, 1998, where the
demand notice allegedly failed
to comply with the formalities
prescribed under Sec. 228 of
the 1997 NIRC; or
g. Assessments made based on the
Best Evidence Obtainable
Rule and there is reason to
believe that the same can be
disputed by sufficient and
competent evidence.
h. The assessment was issued
within the prescriptive period
for assessment as extended by
the taxpayer's execution of
Waiver of the Statute of
Limitations the validity or
authenticity of which is being
questioned or at issue and there
is strong reason to believe and

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evidence to prove that it is not
authentic. (RR. 30 2002)
i. The assessment is based on an
issue where a court of
competent jurisdiction made an
adverse decision against the
Bureau, but for which the
Supreme Court has not decided
upon with finality. (RR. 08-
2004).

2. The financial position of the
taxpayer demonstrates a clear
inability to pay the assessed tax
[Sec. 204(A), 1997 NIRC). In such
case, the taxpayer should waive the
confidentiality privilege on bank
deposits under RA No. 1405 [Sec.
6(F)(2), NIRC].
Financial Incapacity. The offer
to compromise based on financial
incapacity may be accepted upon
showing that:
a. The corporation ceased operation
or is already dissolved. Provided,
that tax liabilities corresponding
to the Subscription Receivable or
Assets distributed/distributable to
the stockholders representing
return of capital at the time of
cessation of operation or
dissolution of business shall not be
considered for compromise; or

b. The taxpayer, as reflected in its
latest Balance Sheet supposed to
be filed with the Bureau of
Internal Revenue, is suffering from
surplus or earnings deficit
resulting to impairment in the
original capital by at least 50%,
provided that amounts payable or
due to stockholders other than
business-related transactions
which are properly includible in
the regular "accounts payable" are
by fiction of law considered as
part of capital and not liability,
and provided further that the
taxpayer has no sufficient liquid
asset to satisfy the tax liability; or

c. The taxpayer is suffering from a
networth deficit (total liabilities
exceed total assets) computed by
deducting total liabilities (net of
deferred credits and amounts
payable to stockholders/owners
reflected as liabilities, except
business-related transactions)
from total assets (net of prepaid
expenses, deferred charges, pre-
operating expenses, as well as
appraisal increases in fixed
assets), taken from the latest
audited financial statements,
provided that in the case of an
individual taxpayer, he has no
other leviable properties under
the law other than his family
home; (Sec. 3, RR. 302002).

c. The taxpayer is a compensation
earner with no other source of
income and the familys gross
monthly compensation does not
exceed (P10,500/month if single;
P21,000/month if married), and
that it appears that the taxpayer
possesses no other leviable/
distrainable assets, other than his
family home; or

d. The taxpayer has been granted by
the SEC or by any competent
tribunal a moratorium or
suspension of payments to
creditors, or otherwise declared
bankrupt or insolvent. (Sec. 3, RR.
07-2001)

The Congressional Oversight
Committee, under Section 290 of the
1997 NIRC is empowered to require the
BIR:
1. The submission of all pertinent
information, including but not
limited to industry audits,
collection performance data,
status reports on criminal
actions initiated against
persons; and
2. The submission of taxpayer
returns.


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MINIMUM COMPROMISE RATES (MCR) OF ANY
TAX LIABILITY
a. In case of financial incapacity:
MCR = 10% of the basic assessed tax
b. Other cases:
MCR = 40% of the basic assessed tax
[Sec. 204(A), 1997 NIRC]

APPROVAL OF THE COMPROMISE BY THE
EVALUATION BOARD IS REQUIRED WHEN
a. the basic tax involved exceeds
P1,000,000.00, or
b. the settlement offered is less than
the MCR.

NOTE: The MCR may be less than the
prescribed rates of 10% or 40%, as the
case may be, provided it is approved by
the Evaluation Board (composed of the
BIR Commissioner and the four BIR
Deputy Commissioners).

COMPROMISE OF CRIMINAL VIOLATIONS
General Rule: All criminal violations
under the CTRP may be compromised.

Exceptions:
1. Those already filed in court
2. Those involving fraud [Sec. 204(B),
1997 NIRC].

EXTENT OF THE COMMISSIONERS DISCRETION
TO COMPROMISE CRIMINAL VIOLATIONS

1. Before the complaint is filed with
the Prosecutors Office: The CIR
has full discretion to compromise
except those involving fraud.

2. After the complaint is filed with
the Prosecutors Office but before
the information is filed with the
court: The CIR can still compromise
provided the prosecutor must give
consent.

3. After information is filed with the
court: The CIR is no longer
permitted to compromise with or
without the consent of the
Prosecutor. (People vs. Magdaluyo,
GR No. L-16235, April 20, 1961)
This is more so, when the court
has rendered a final judgment. As a
mere agent of the Government, the
Commissioner is not authorized to
accept anything less than what is
adjudicated in favor of the
Government. By virtue of such final
judgment, the Government has
already acquired a vested right.

NATURE OF A COMPROMISE IN EXTRAJUDICIAL
SETTLEMENT OF THE TAXPAYERS CRIMINAL
LIABILITY FOR HIS VIOLATION

It is consensual in character, hence,
may not be imposed on the taxpayer
without his consent. The BIR may only
suggest settlement of his tax liability
through a compromise. The extra-
judicial settlement and the amount of
the suggested compromise penalty
should conform with the schedule of
compromise penalties provided under
the relevant BIR regulations or orders.

REMEDY IN CASE THE TAXPAYER REFUSES OR
FAILS TO ABIDE THE TAX COMPROMISE

1. Enforce the compromise
a. If it is a judicial compromise, it
can be enforced by mere
execution. A judicial compromise
is one where a decision based on
the compromise agreement is
rendered by the court on request
of the parties.
b. Any other compromise is
extrajudicial and like any other
contract can only be enforced by
court action.
2. Regard it as rescinded and insist
upon original demand (Art. 2041,
Civil Code).

COMPROMISE PENALTY

It is an amount of money that the
taxpayer pays to compromise a tax
violation. This is paid in lieu of criminal
prosecution. A taxpayer cannot be
compelled to pay a compromise penalty.
If he does not want to pay, the CIR must
institute a criminal action.

COMPROMISE VS. ABATEMENT

Compromise involves a reduction of
the taxpayers liability, while abatement
means that the entire tax liability of the
taxpayer is cancelled.

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ABATEMENT

THE COMMISSIONER MAY ABATE OR CANCEL A
TAX LIABILITY WHEN

1. The tax or any portion thereof
appears to be unjustly or
excessively assessed; [Sec. 204(B),
1997 NIRC].
a. When the filing of the
return/payment is made at the
wrong venue;
b. When the taxpayers mistake in
payment of his tax is due to
erroneous written official advice
of a revenue officer;
c. When the taxpayer fails to file the
return and pay the tax on time
due to substantial losses from
prolonged labor dispute, force
majeure, legitimate business
reverses, provided, however, the
abatement shall only cover the
surcharge and the compromise
penalty and not the interest
imposed under Sec. 249 of the
Code;
d. When the assessment is brought
about or the result of taxpayers
non-compliance with the law due
to a difficult interpretation of said
law.
e. When the taxpayer fails to file the
return and pay the correct tax on
time due to circumstances beyond
his control, provided, however,
the abatement shall only cover
the surcharge and the compromise
penalty and not the interest
imposed under Sec. 249 of the
Code;
f. Late payment of the tax under
meritorious circumstances (ex.
Failure to beat bank cut-off time,
surcharge erroneously imposed,
etc.) (Sec. 2, Rev. Reg. 13-2001)

2. The administration and collection
costs involved do not justify the
collection of the amount due [Sec.
204(B), 1997 NIRC].
a. Abatement of penalties on
assessment confirmed by the
lower court but appealed by the
taxpayer to a higher court
b. Abatement of penalties on
withholding tax assessment under
meritorious circumstances
c. Abatement of penalties on
delayed installment payment
under meritorious circumstances
d. Abatement of penalties on
assessment reduced after
reinvestigation but taxpayer is
still contesting reduced
assessment; and
e. Such other circumstances which
the Commissioner may deem
analogous to the enumeration
above. (Sec. 3, Rev. Reg. 13-2001)

3. The Commissioner may also, even
without a claim therefor, refund or
credit any tax where on the face of
the return upon which payment was
made such payment appears clearly
to have been erroneously paid
(Sec. 229, 1997 NIRC)).

(2) DISTRAINT

DEFINITION: It is the seizure by the
government of personal property,
tangible or intangible, to enforce the
payment of taxes. The property may be
offered in a public sale, if taxes are not
voluntarily paid. It is a summary remedy.

NATURE OF THE WARRANT OF DISTRAINT OR
LEVY

The warrant is a summary procedure
forcing the taxpayer to pay. The
receipt of a warrant may or may not
partake the character of a final decision.
If it is an indication of a final decision,
the taxpayer may appeal to the CTA
within 30 days from service of the
warrant.

Duties of the officer serving the
warrant of distraint:
1. Make an account of the personal
properties distrained;
2. Sign the list of personal
properties distrained to which
shall be added, a statement of
the sum demanded and note of
the time and place of sale;

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3. Leave either with the owner or
person from whose possession
such personal properties were
taken, or at the dwelling or
place of business of such person
with someone of suitable age
and discretion (Sec. 208, CTRP)

TWO TYPES OF DISTRAINT

1. Actual: there is taking of
possession of the personal
property from the taxpayer by
the government. Physical
transfer of possession is not
always required. This is true in
the case of intangible property
such as stocks and credits.
2. Constructive: the owner is
merely prohibited from disposing
of his property.

ACTUAL VS. CONSTRUCTIVE DISTRAINT

ACTUAL
DISTRAINT
CONSTRUCTIVE
DISTRAINT

Made only on the
property of a
delinquent taxpayer

Made on the property
of any taxpayer,
whether delinquent
or not

There is taking of
possession

The taxpayer is
merely prohibited
from disposing of his
property

Effected by leaving a
list of distrained
property or by
service of a warrant
of distraint or
garnishment

Effected by requiring
the taxpayer to sign
a receipt of the
property or by the
revenue officer
preparing and
leaving a list of such
property

An immediate step
for collection of
taxes

Not necessarily so
ACTUAL
DISTRAINT
CONSTRUCTIVE
DISTRAINT

Both
Are summary remedies for the collection of
taxes;
NOTE: Refer only to personal property; and
cannot be availed of where the amount of
the tax involved is not more than P100

REQUISITES FOR THE EXERCISE OF THE REMEDY
OF DISTRAINT

1. The taxpayer must be delinquent
(except in constructive distraint) in
the payment of tax;
2. There must be a subsequent demand
for its payment (assessment);
3. The taxpayer must fail to pay the tax
at the time required; and
4. The period within which to assess or
collect the tax has not yet
prescribed.

PERSONS WHO SHALL SEIZE AND DISTRAINT
PERSONAL PROPERTY (ACTUAL DISTRAINT)

1. Amount of delinquent tax is more
than P1,000,000 Commissioner or
his duly authorized representatives.
2. Amount of delinquent tax is
P1,000,000 or less Revenue District
Officer. (Sec. 207(A), 1997 NIRC)

AUTHORITY OF THE COMMISSIONER TO INQUIRE
INTO BANK DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS

Distraint includes garnishment of
money even in bank deposits because RA
1405 (Bank Secrecy Law) covers only
divulging of information of deposits. No
inquiry is made on garnishment for it
only earmarks a portion of the deposits.
Notwithstanding any contrary
provision of RA 1405, the Commissioner
is authorized to inquire into the bank
deposits of:
1. a decedent to determine his gross
estate
2. a taxpayer who waives his right by
reason of financial incapacity to pay his
tax liability (Sec.5, NIRC)


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PROCEDURES FOR THE ACTUAL DISTRAINT OR
GARNISHMENT

Either by the CIR or his duly authorized
representative; or by the Revenue
District Officer

With respect to:
(a) upon the owner of the goods,
chattels, or other personal
property; or
(b) upon the person from whose
possession such properties are
taken.
2. Stocks and other securities
(a) upon the taxpayer; and
(b) upon the president, manager,
treasurer or other responsible
officer of the corporation,
company or association which
issued the said stock and
securities.
3. Bank accounts shall be garnished by
serving a warrant of distraint
(a) upon the taxpayer; and
(b) upon the president, manager,
treasurer, or other responsible
officer of the bank.
Note: Upon receipt of the warrant of
distraint, the bank shall turn over to the
Commissioner so much of the bank
accounts as may be sufficient to satisfy
the claim of the government.
4. Debts and credits
(a) persons owing or having in his
possession the debts;
(b) or under his control such credits;
or
(c) upon his agent.

Note: The warrant of distraint shall be
sufficient authority to the person owing
the debts or having in his possession or
under his control any credits belonging
to the taxpayer to pay to the
Commissioner the amount of such debts
or credits.

Notice specifying the time and place
of sale and the articles distrained. The
posting shall be made in not less than
two (2) public places in the city or muni-
cipality where the distraint is made.
One place for posting of such notice is at
the Office of the Mayor of such city or
municipality.

THE TAXPAYERS PROPERTY MAY BE PLACED
UNDER CONSTRUCTIVE DISTRAINT WHEN HE

1. is retiring from any business subject
to tax;
2. is intending to
a. leave the Philippines,
b. remove his property therefrom,
c. hide or conceal his property,
3. is performing any act tending to
obstruct the proceeding for
collecting the tax due or which may
be due from him (Sec. 223, 1997
NIRC).

III
Posting of Notice
(Sec. 209, NIRC)

Taxpayer must sign
receipt
II
Service of Warrant of Distraint
(Sec. 208)
I
Commencement of distraint
proceedings

IV
Sale of Property Distrained


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PROCEDURE FOR THE CONSTRUCTIVE DISTRAINT
OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

CIR shall require the taxpayer or any
person having possession or control of
such property to
(a) sign a receipt covering the property
distrained and
(b) obligate himself to
1. preserve the same intact and
unaltered and
2. not to dispose of the same in any
manner whatsoever without the
express authority of the
Commissioner of Internal
Revenue.

If the taxpayer or person in possession of
the property refuses or fails to sign the
receipt referred to, the revenue officer
effecting the constructive distraint shall
(a) proceed to prepare a list of such
property and
(b) in the presence of two (2) witnesses
leave a copy thereof in the premises
where the property distrained is located,
after which the said property shall be
deemed to have been placed under
constructive distraint.

(3) LEVY

DEFINITION: It refers to the act of seizure
of real property in order to enforce the
payment of taxes. The property may be
offered in a public sale, if after seizure,
the taxes are not voluntarily paid.

REQUISITES FOR THE EXERCISE OF THE REMEDY
OF LEVY

Same as in the remedy of distraint.

WHEN MAY LEVY BE EFFECTED?

Real property may be levied upon
before, simultaneously, or after the
distraint of personal property belonging
to the delinquent [Sec. 207(B), 1997 NIRC];
and the remedy by distraint and levy
may be repeated if necessary until the
full amount, including all expenses, is
collected (Sec. 217, 1997 NIRC).

PROCEDURE OF LEVY ON REAL PROPERTY

I
Preparation of a duly authen-ticated
certificate containing:
(a) description of the property levied;
(b) name of the taxpayer, and
(c) the amounts of tax and penalty due
from him. This certificate shall
operate with the force of a legal
execution throughout the Philippines
(Sec. 207B, 1997 NIRC).

Service of written notice to:
(a) the delinquent taxpayer; or
(b) if he is absent from the Philippines,
to his agent or manager of the business
in respect to which the liability arose; or
c. to the occupant of the property.
d. the proper Register of Deeds shall
also be notified of the levy (Sec. 207B,
1997 NIRC).

The advertisement shall contain:
1. the amount of tax and penalties due;
2. name of the taxpayer against whom
taxes are levied;
III
Advertisement of the Time and
Place of Sale
Taxpayers obligation to preserve
I
Prepare Certificate of Levy
II
Service of Notice
Remedy when taxpayer didnt sign
receipt

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3. short description the property to be
sold.

The advertisement shall be made
within 20 days after the levy, and the
same shall be for a period of at least 30
days. It shall be effectuated by:
a. posting a notice at the main entrance
of the municipal building or city hall
and in a public and conspicuous
place in the barrio or district in which
the real property lies; and
b. by publication once a week for 3
weeks in a newspaper of general
circulation in the municipality or city
where the property is located (Sec.
213, CTRP).

DISTRAINT VS. LEVY

DISTRAINT LEVY

Refers to personal
property

Refers to real
property

Forfeiture by the
government is not
provided

Forfeiture is
authorized

The taxpayer is not
given the right of
redemption with
respect to distrained
personal property.

The right of
redemption is
granted in case of
real property levied
upon and sold, or
forfeited to the
government.

Both
Are summary remedies for the collection of
taxes; and
Cannot be availed of where the amount of
the tax involved is not more than P100

REDEMPTION OF PROPERTY SOLD

Within 1 year from the date of sale,
the property may be redeemed by the
delinquent taxpayer or anyone from him,
upon payment of the taxes, penalties
and interest thereon from the date of
delinquency to the date of sale,
together with interest on purchase price
at 15% per annum from the date of sale
to the date of redemption. (Sec. 214,
NIRC).

FORFEITURE TO THE GOVERNMENT

If there is no bidder in the public
sale or if the amount of the highest bid
is insufficient to pay the taxes, penalties
and costs, the real property shall be
forfeited to the Government.

FURTHER DISTRAINT AND LEVY

The remedy of distraint and levy may
be repeated if necessary until the full
amount of the tax delinquency due
including all expenses is collected from
the taxpayer. Otherwise, a clever
taxpayer who is able to conceal most of
the valuable part of his property would
escape payment of his tax liability by
sacrificing an insignificant portion of his
holdings.

(4) TAX LIEN

DEFINITION: It is a legal claim or charge
on property, either real or personal,
established by law as a security in
default of the payment of taxes (51
AmJur 881). Generally, it attaches to
the property irrespective of ownership
or transfer thereof.

EXTENT AND NATURE

The tax, together with interests,
penalties, and costs that may accrue in
addition thereto is a lien upon all
property and rights to property
belonging to the taxpayer.

The lien shall not be valid against
any mortgagee, purchaser, or judgment
creditor until notice of such lien shall be
filed by the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue in the Office of the Register of
Deeds of the province or city where the
property of the taxpayer is situated or
located (Sec. 219, 1997 NIRC).

IV
Sale

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WHEN DOES IT ATTACH?

Not only from the service of the
warrant of distraint but from the time
tax became due and payable.

LIEN VS. DISTRAINT

LIEN DISTRAINT

Directed against
the property
subject to the tax

Need not be
directed against the
property subject to
tax

Regardless of the
owner of the
property

Property seized
must be owned by
the taxpayer

(5) CIVIL ACTIONS

DEFINITION: For tax remedy purposes,
these are actions instituted by the
government to collect internal revenue
taxes. It includes filing by the
government with the probate court
claims against the deceased taxpayer.

WHEN RESORTED TO?

1. When a tax is assessed but the
assessment becomes final and
unappealable because the taxpayer
fails to file an administrative
protest with the CIR within 30 days
from receipt; or
2. When a protest against assessment is
filed and a decision of the CIR was
rendered but the said decision
becomes final, executory, and
demandable for failure of the
taxpayer to appeal the decision to
the CTA within 30 days from
receipt of the decision.

NOTE: Judicial action may be resorted
to even before assessment although
impractical, as stated in Sec. 203, 1997
NIRC, and no proceeding in court
without assessment for the collection of
such taxes shall be begun after the
expiration of such (3year) period.
It should be noted that no civil
or criminal action for the recovery of
taxes shall be filed in court without the
approval of the Commissioner.

WHERE TO FILE

1. Court of Tax Appeals where the
principal amount of taxes and fees,
exclusive of charges and penalties
claimed is One million pesos and
above.
2. Regional Trial Court, Municipal
Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial
Court where the principal amount
of taxes and fees, exclusive of
charges and penalties claimed is less
than One million pesos. (Sec. 7, RA
No. 9282)

THE APPROVAL OF THE CIR IS ESSENTIAL IN
CIVIL CASES. However, under Sec. 7, 1997
NIRC, the Commissioner may delegate
such power to a Regional Director.

DEFENSES WHICH ARE PRECLUDED BY FINAL AND
EXECUTORY ASSESSMENTS

1. Invalidity or illegality of the
assessment; and
2. Prescription of the governments
right to assess.

(6) CRIMINAL ACTIONS

The judgment in the criminal case
shall not only impose the penalty but
shall also order the payment of taxes
subject of the criminal case as finally
decided by the Commissioner (Sec. 205,
NIRC).

WHERE TO FILE

1. Court of Tax Appeals on criminal
offenses arising from violations of
the NIRC or TCC and other laws
administered by the BIR and the
BOC, where the principal amount of
taxes and fees, exclusive of charges
and penalties claimed is One million
pesos and above.
2. Regional Trial Court, Municipal
Trial Court, Metropolitan Trial
Court on criminal offenses arising
from violations of the NIRC or TCC
and other laws administered by the
BIR and the BOC, where the principal

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amount of taxes and fees, exclusive
of charges and penalties claimed is
less than One million pesos or where
there is no specified amount
claimed. (Sec. 7, RA No. 9282)

IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS

11. No criminal action shall be begun
without the approval of the
Commissioner. (Sec. 220, 1997 NIRC)
12. It shall be brought in the name of
the Government and shall be
conducted by the legal officers of
the BIR.

EFFECT OF ACQUITTAL OF THE
TAXPAYER IN A CRIMINAL ACTION

It does not necessarily result in the
exoneration of said taxpayer from his
civil liability to pay taxes.
Rationale: The duty to pay tax is
imposed by statute prior to and
independent of any attempt on the part
of the taxpayer to evade payment. It is
not a mere consequence of the felonious
acts charged, nor is it a mere civil
liability derived from a crime. (Republic
vs. Patanao, GR No. L-14142, May 30,
1961)

EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT SATISFACTION
OF CIVIL LIABILITY

The subsequent satisfaction of civil
liability by payment or prescription does
not extinguish the taxpayers criminal
liability.

NO SUBSIDIARY IMPRISONMENT

In case of insolvency on the part of
the taxpayer, subsidiary imprisonment
cannot be imposed as regards the tax
which he is sentenced to pay.
However, it may be imposed in cases
of failure to pay the fine imposed. (Sec.
280, 1997 NIRC)

CRIMINAL ACTION MAY BE FILED
DURING THE PENDENCY OF AN
ADMINISTRATIVE PROTEST IN THE BIR

It is not a requirement for the
filing thereof that there be a precise
computation and assessment of the tax,
since what is involved in the criminal
action is not the collection of tax but a
criminal prosecution for the violation
of the NIRC. Provided, however, that
there is a prima facie showing of a
willful attempt to evade taxes. (See
Ungab vs. Cusi, GR Nos. L-41919-24, May
30, 1980 in relation to Commissioner vs.
Court of Appeals, GR No. 119322, June
4, 1996)

(7) FORFEITURE

DEFINITION: divestiture of property
without compensation, in consequence
of a default or offense.

ENFORCEMENT OF THE REMEDY OF
FORFEITURE

a. In case of personal property The
forfeiture of chattels and removable
fixtures of any sort is enforced by
seizure and sale or destruction of
the specific forfeited property.
b. In case of real property The
forfeiture of real property is
enforced by a judgment of
condemnation and sale in a legal
action or proceeding, civil or
criminal, as the case may require.
c. In case of distilled spirits, liquors,
cigars, cigarettes manufactured,
products of tobacco and apparatus
used for their production Upon
forfeiture, may be destroyed by
order of the Commissioner where the
sale may be injurious to public
health or prejudicial to law
enforcement.


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d. Other articles subject to excise tax
which have been manufactured or
removed in violation of the Code,
dies for printing or making fake
revenue stamps and labels Upon
forfeiture may be sold or destroyed
at the discretion of the
Commissioner. Forfeited property
shall not be destroyed until at least
20 days from seizure.

EFFECT OF THE FORFEITURE OF
PROPERTY

The effect is to transfer the title to
the specific thing from the owner to the
government. All the proceeds in case of
a sale go to the coffers of the
government (U.S. vs. Surla, GR No.
6536, September 2, 1911). In seizure for
the enforcement of a tax lien, the
residue, after deducting the tax liability
and expenses will go to the taxpayer
(Bank of the Phil. Island vs. Trinidad, GR
No. 16014, October 4, 1941).

INFORMERS REWARD (Sec 282)
A. For violations of the NIRC, a reward
of 10% of the revenues, surcharges,
or fees recovered and/or fine or
penalty imposed and collected or P 1
M per case, whichever is lower shall
be given to:
1. any person who voluntarily gives
definite and sworn information
not yet in the possession of the
BIR leading to the discovery of
fraud upon the Internal Revenue
Laws and/or any violations thereof
2. an informer where the offender
has offered to compromise the
violation of law comiited by him
and his offer has been accepted
and collected by the CIR . This
excludes an Internal Revenue
Officer/employee or other public
official/employee, or his relative
within the sixth degree

* This shall not refer to a case already
pending or examined by the CIR

B. For the discovery and seizure of
smuggled goods
- a reward of 10% of the FMV of the
smuggled and confiscated goods or
P 1 M per case, whichever is
lower, shall be given to persons
instrumental in the discovery and
seizure of such smuggled goods.

* This does not apply to all public
officials whether incumbent or retired,
who acquired the information in the
course of performance of their duties
during their incumbency.

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIODS FOR
THE ASSESSMENT AND
COLLECTION OF TAXES

RATIONALE OF PRESCRIPTIVE PERIODS

Such periods are designated to
secure the taxpayers against
unreasonable investigation after the
lapse of the period prescribed. They are
also beneficial to the government
because tax officers will be obliged to
act promptly.

RULES ON PRESCRIPTION

1. When the tax law itself is silent
on prescription, the tax is
imprescriptible;
2. When no return is required, tax
is imprescriptible;
Note: Remedy of taxpayer is to file a
return.
3. Defense of prescription is
waivable;

WHAT CONSTITUTES ASSESSMENT?

An assessment contains not only
a computation of tax liabilities but also
a demand for payment within a
prescribed period.

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR THE
ASSESSMENT OF TAXES

General Rule:
Three (3) years after the date
the return is due or filed, whichever is
later (Sec. 203, 1997 NIRC).


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Exceptions:
1. Failure to file a return: ten (10)
years from the date of the
discovery of the omission to file
the return (Sec.222[A]);
2. False or fraudulent return with
intention to evade the tax: ten
(10) years from the date of the
discovery of the falsity or fraud
(Sec.222 [A]);
Note: Nothing in Section 222(A)
shall be construed to authorize the
examination and investigation or
inquiry into any tax return filed in
accordance with the provisions of
any tax amnesty law or decree.

Fraud must be alleged and
proved as a fact. It must be the
product of a deliberate intent to
evade taxes. It may be
established by the:
a. Intentional and substantial
understatement of tax
liability by the taxpayer;
b. Intentional and substantial
overstatement of deductions
of exemptions; and/or
c. Recurrence of the above
circumstances
Falsity constitutes a deviation
from the truth due to mistake,
carelessness or ignorance.

There is fraud in the following decided
cases:
1. Fraud must be the product of a
deliberate intent to evade taxes
(Jalandoni vs. Republic)
2. Simple statement that return filed
was not fraudulent does not disprove
existence of fraud (Tayengco vs.
Collector)
3. Substantial under-declarations of
income for six consecutive five years
demonstrate fraudulence of return
(Perez vs. CTA)
4. Presence of fictitious expenses, with
no evidence presented, proves
existence of fraud (Tan Guan vs.
Commissioner)

However, the courts did not consider
the tax returns filed as false or
fraudulent with intent to evade payment
of tax in the following cases:
a. Mere understatement in the tax
return will not necessarily imply
fraud (Jalandoni vs. Republic)
b. Sale of a real property for a price
less than its fair market value is
not necessarily a false return
(Commissioner vs. Ayala
Securities)
c. Fraud is a question of fact and the
circumstances constituting fraud
must be alleged and proved in the
trial court (Commissioner vs.
Ayala Securities)
d. Fraud is never imputed and the
courts never sustain findings of
fraud upon circumstances that
only create suspicion
(Commissioner vs. Javier)
e. Mistakes of revenue officers on
three different occasions remove
element of fraud (Aznar vs. CTA
and Collector)

3. Agreement in writing to the
extension of the period to assess
between the CIR and the
taxpayer before the expiration
of the 3-year period. NB: The
extended period agreed upon
can further be extended by a
subsequent written agreement
made before the expiration of
the extended period previously
agreed upon (Sec. 222[b]).
4. Written waiver of renunciation
of the original three (3) year
limitation, signed by the
taxpayer (Sambrano vs. Court of
Tax Appeals, GR No. L-8652,
March 30, 1957).

Note: Notice of the assessment is
released, mailed or sent to the taxpayer
also within the 3 year period. It is not
required that the notice be received by
the taxpayer within the prescribed
period. But the sending of the notice
must clearly be proven. (Basilan Estate,
Inc. vs. Commissioner, GR No. L-22492,
September 5, 1967)

AMENDMENT OF RETURN

If the amended return is
substantially different from the original
return, the prescriptive period shall be

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counted from the filing of the amended
return. But the said period shall run
from the filing of the original return if
the same is sufficiently complete to
enable the Commissioner to make a
proper assessment. (Commissioner vs.
Phoenix Assurance Co., GR No. L-19727,
May 20, 1965)
When Substantive:
a. substantial under declaration
(exceeding 30% of that declared)
of taxable sales, receipts or
income,
b. or a substantial overstatement
(exceeding 30% of deductions)
(Sec. 248)

COLLECTION OF TAXES

General Periods:
Five (5) years from assessment
or within period for collection agreed
upon in writing before expiration of the
5-year period (Sec. 222, 1997 NIRC).
Ten (10) years without
assessment in case of false or fraudulent
return with intent to evade or failure to
file return (Sec. 222, 1997 NIRC).

WHAT IS THE PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD
WHERE THE GOVERNMENTS ACTION IS
ON A BOND WHICH THE TAXPAYER
EXECUTES IN ORDER TO SECURE THE
PAYMENT OF HIS TAX OBLIGATION?

Ten (10) years under Art.
1144(1) of the Civil Code and not three
(3) years under the NIRC. In this case,
the Government proceeds by court
action to forfeit a bond. The action is
for the enforcement of a contractual
obligation. (Republic vs. Araneta, GR
No. L-14142, May 30, 1961)

GROUNDS FOR SUSPENSION OF THE
RUNNING OF THE STATUTE OF
LIMITATIONS

a. When the CIR is prohibited from
making the assessment or
beginning the distraint or levy or
a proceeding in court, and for
sixty (60) days thereafter;
b. When the taxpayer requests for
a reconsideration which is
granted by the CIR;
c. When the taxpayer cannot be
located in the address given by
him in the return, unless he
informs the CIR of any change in
his address.
d. When the warrant of distraint or
levy is duly served, and no
property is located; and
e. When the taxpayer is out of the
Philippines (Sec. 223, 1997
NIRC).

A TAX RETURN IS CONSIDERED FILED
FOR PURPOSES OF STARTING THE
RUNNING OF THE PERIOD OF
LIMITATIONS IF

a. The return is valid it has complied
substantially with the requirements
of the law; and

b. The return is appropriate it is a
return for the particular tax required
by law.

Note: A defective tax return is the
same as if no return was filed at all.

VIOLATION OF ANY PROVISION OF THE
TAX CODE (SEC. 281, 1997 NIRC)

1. Should be filed within five (5) years
from the (a) day of the commission
of the violation of the law, and if
the same be not known, from the (b)
discovery thereof and the institution
of the judicial proceedings for its
investigation and punishment.

2. Illustrative case: (Lim vs. Court of
Appeals GR Nos. 48134-37, Ocober
18 , 1990)
a. charge is failure or refusal to
pay deficiency income tax
committed only after the finality
of the assessment coupled with
the taxpayers willful refusal to
pay the taxes within the allotted
period. (i.e. cannot be
committed upon filing the
return)

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b. charge is filing of false or
fraudulent return with intent
to evade the assessment in
addition to the fact of discovery,
there must be a judicial
proceeding for the investigation
and punishment of the tax
offense before the 5 year
prescriptive period begins to
run.

II. TAX REMEDIES OF THE
TAXPAYER

GENERAL REMEDIES

A. ADMINISTRATIVE
Before Payment
a. Protest filing a petition for
reconsideration or
reinvestigation within 30
days from receipt of
assessment Within 60 days
from filing of protest, all
relevant supporting
documents should have been
submitted, otherwise, the
assessment shall become
final cannot be appealed
(Sec. 228, 1997 NIRC).

Note: Submission of documents
within the 60 day period is
optional to the taxpayer.

"That the relevant
supporting documents
mentioned in the law refers
to such documents which the
taxpayer feels would be
necessary to support his
protest and not what the
Commissioner feels should
be submitted, otherwise,
taxpayer would always be at
the mercy of the BIR which
may require production of
such documents which
taxpayer could not produce."
(Standard Chartered Bank
vs. CIR, CTA Case No. 5696,
August 16, 2001)
A protest is a vital
document which is a formal
declaration of resistance of
the taxpayer. It is a
repository of all arguments.
It can be used in court in
case administrative remedies
have been exhausted. It is
also the formal act of the
taxpayer questioning the
official actuation of the CIR.
This is equivalent to a
pleading.
b. Entering into a compromise
(Sec. 204, 1997 NIRC).
After Payment
Filing of claim for refund
or tax credit within 2 years from
date of payment regardless of
any supervening cause (Sec. 229,
1997 NIRC).

B. JUDICIAL
Civil Action
a. Appeal to the Court of Tax
Appeals within 30 days from
receipt of decision on the protest
or from the lapse of 180 days due
to inaction of the Commissioner
(Sec. 228, 1997 NIRC).
b. Action to contest forfeiture of
chattel, at any time before the
sale or destruction thereof, to
recover the same, and upon giving
proper bond, enjoin the sale; or
after the sale and within 6
months, an action to recover the
net proceeds realized at the sale
(Sec. 231, 1997 NIRC); and
c. Action for damages against a
revenue officer by reason of any
act done in the performance of
official duty (Sec. 227, 1997
NIRC).
Criminal Action
a. Filing of criminal complaint
against erring BIR officials and
employees.
b. Injunction when the CTA in its
opinion, the collection by the BIR
may jeopardize taxpayer.

Note: With the enactment of the new
CTA law (RA No. 9282) amending RA No.
1125, CTA now has jurisdiction over

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criminal cases. (See Chapter VI - Court
of Tax Appeals.)

Substantive Remedies
1. Questioning the constitutionality or
validity of tax statutes or regulations
2. Non-retroactivity of rulings (Sec.246,
NIRC)
3. Failure to inform the taxpayer in
writing of the legal and factual bases
of assessment makes it void (Sec.
228, NIRC)
4. Preservation of books of accounts and
once a year examination (Sec. 235,
NIRC)

ASSESSMENT AND PROTEST
Assessment
General rule: Taxes are self assessing
and thus, do not require the issuance of
an assessment notice in order to
establish the tax liability of a taxpayer.
Exceptions:
1. Tax period of a taxpayer is
terminated (Sec. 6(D), NIRC)
2. Deficiency tax liability arising
from a tax audit conducted by
the BIR (Sec. 56(B), NIRC)
3. Tax lien (Sec. 219, NIRC)
4. Dissolving Corporation (Sec.
52(c), NIRC)

Protest
1. Direct denial of protest
Admnistrative decision on a disputed
assessment - The decision of the
Commissioner or his duly authorized
representative shall (a) state the facts,
the applicable law, rules and regulation
or jurisprudence on which such decision
is based otherwise, the decision shall be
void, in which case the same shall not be
considered a decision a disputed
assessment and (b) that the same is his
final decision (Sec. 3.1.5, Rev. Regs. No.
12-99)

2. Indirect denial of protest
a. Commissioner did not rule on the
taxpayers motion for
reconsideration of the
assessment it was only when
respondent received the
summons on

the civil action for the collection
of deficiency income tax that
the period to appeal
commenced to run
(Commissioner vs. Union
Shipping Corp.)
b. Referral by the Commissioner of
request for reinvestigation to
the Solicitor General (Republic
vs Lim Tian Teng Sons)
c. Reiterating the demand for
immediate payment of the
deficiency tax due to taxpayers
continued refusal to execute
waiver (Commissioner vs. Ayala
Securities Corp.)
d. Preliminary collection letter may
serve as assessment notice
(United International Pictures
vs. Commissioner)

ACTS OF BIR COMMISSIONER
CONSIDERED AS DENIAL OF PROTEST
WHICH SERVE AS A BASIS FOR APPEAL
TO THE COURT OF TAX APPEALS

1. filing by the BIR of a civil suit for
collection of the deficiency tax
(Commissioner vs. Union Shipping
Corporation, GR No. 66160, May 21,
1990)
2. indication to the taxpayer by the
Commissioner in clear and
unequivocal language of his final
denial. (Commissioner vs. Union
Shipping Corporation, GR No. 66160,
May 21, 1990)
3. BIR demand letter reiterating his
previous demand to pay, sent to the
taxpayer after his protest of the
assessment. (Surigao Electric Co.,
Inc. vs. CTA, GR No. L-25289, June
28, 1974; Commissioner vs. Ayala
Securities Corporation, GR No. L-
29485, March 31, 1976)
4. The actual issuance of a warrant of
distraint and levy in certain cases
cannot be considered a final decision
on a disputed settlement.
(Commissioner vs. Union Shipping
Corporation, GR No. 66160, May 21,
1990)


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FILING OF CLAIM FOR
TAX REFUND OR TAX CREDIT

GROUNDS FOR FILING A CLAIM FOR TAX
REFUND OR TAX CREDIT

1. Tax is collected erroneously or
illegally.
2. Penalty is collected without
authority.
3. Sum collected is excessive.

TAX REFUND VS. TAX CREDIT

TAX REFUND TAX CREDIT

The taxpayer asks for
restitution of the
money paid as tax

The taxpayer asks
that the money so
paid be applied to
his existing tax
liability

Two-year period to
file claim with the
CIR starts after the
payment of the tax
or penalty

Two-year period
starts from the date
such credit was
allowed (in case
credit is wrongly
made).

REQUISITES OF TAX REFUND OR TAX
CREDIT

1. Claim must be in writing;
2. It must be filed with the
Commissioner within two (2) years
after the payment of the tax or
penalty.
Note: No suit or proceeding shall be
begun after the expiration of the
said two (2) years regardless of any
supervening cause that may arise
after payment.
3. Show proof of payment.

COMMENCEMENT OF THE TWO (2) YEAR
PERIOD (JURISPRUDENCE)

1. Tax sought to be refunded is
illegally or erroneously collected
- from the date the tax was paid.
(Commissioner vs. Victorias Milling,
GR No. L-24108, January 31, 1968)
2. Tax is paid only in installments or
only in part
- from the date the last or final
installment or payment because for
tax purposes, there is no payment
until the whole or entire tax liability
is fully paid. (Collector vs. Prieto,
GR No. L-11976, August 29, 1961)
3. Taxpayer merely made a deposit
- counted from the conversion of
the deposit to payment (Union
Garment vs. Collector, CTA Case No.
416, November 17, 1958)
- Merely making a deposit is not
equivalent to payment until the
amount is actually applied to the
specific purpose for which it was
deposited.
4. Tax has been withheld from source
(through the withholding tax
system)
- counted from the date it falls due
at the end of the taxable year
- A taxpayer who contributes to the
withholding tax system does not
really deposit an amount to the
government, but in truth, performs
and extinguishes his tax obligation
for the year concerned. (Gibbs vs.
November 29, 1965)
5. End of taxable year vs. date of the
filing of the final adjusted return
- from the date when the final
adjusted return was filed.
- the rationale in computing this
period is the fact that it is only then
the corporation can ascertain
whether it made profits or incurred
losses in its business operations.
(ACCRA Investments vs. Court of
Appeals, GR No. 96322, December
20, 1991)
6. Date when quarterly income tax
was paid vs. date when final
adjusted return was filed
- from the date when final adjusted
return was filed
- The filing of the quarterly income
tax return (Sec. 68) and payment of
quarterly income tax should only be
considered mere installments of the
annual tax due. (Commissioner vs.
TMX Sales, GR No. 83736, January
15, 1992)
7. Date when the final adjustment
return was actually filed (ex. Apr.
2) vs. Last day when the
adjustment return could still be
filed (ex. Apr. 15)

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- from the date the final adjustment
return was actually filed.
(Commissioner vs. Court of Appeals,
GR No 117254, January 21, 1999)
8. Tax was not erroneously or illegally
paid but the taxpayer became
entitled to refund because of
supervening circumstances
- from the date the taxpayer
becomes entitled to refund and not
from the date of payment.
(Commissioner vs. Don Pedro Central
Azucarera, GR No. L-28467, Feb. 28,
1973)
PAYMENT UNDER PROTEST IS NOT
NECESSARY UNDER NIRC

A suit or proceeding for tax refund
may be maintained whether or not such
tax, penalty or sum has been paid under
protest or duress (Sec. 229, NIRC).

Note: Similarly, payment under protest
is not necessary in refund for local
taxes. (See Sec. 196, LGC).

However, payment under protest is
necessary in claim for refund for real
property taxes (Sec. 252, LGC) and for
customs duties (Sec. 2308, TCC).

SUSPENSION OF THE TWO-YEAR
PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD

1. There is a pending litigation
between the Government and the
taxpayer; and
2. CIR in that litigated case agreed to
abide by the decision of the SC as to
the collection of taxes relative
thereto (Panay Electric Co. vs.
Collector, GR No. L-10574, May 28,
1958).

INTEREST ON TAX REFUNDS

General Rule:
Government cannot be required
to pay interest on taxes refunded to the
taxpayer in the absence of a statutory
provision clearly or expressly directing
or authorizing such payment.
(Commissioner vs. Sweeney, GR No. L-
12178, August 29, 1959)

Exceptions:
1. When the CIR acted with patent
arbitrariness. Arbitrariness
presupposes inexcusable or obstinate
disregard of legal provisions.
(Commissioner vs. Victorias Milling,
GR No. L-19667, Nov. 29, 1966)
2. Under Sec. 79(C)(2) with respect to
income taxes withheld on the wages
of the employees.

TAX CREDIT CERTIFICATE

1. May be applied against any internal
revenue tax except withholding
taxes,
2. Original copy is surrendered to the
revenue office,
3. No tax refund will be given resulting
from availment of incentives granted
by law where no actual payment was
made (Sec. 204C, 1997 NIRC).

FORFEITURE OF CASH REFUND/TAX
CREDIT

1. Forfeiture of refund in favor of the
government when a refund check or
warrant remains unclaimed or
uncashed within five (5) years from
date of mailing or delivery.
2. Forfeiture of Tax Credit a tax
credit certificate which remains
unutilized after five (5) years from
date of issue, shall be invalid, unless
revalidated (Sec. 230, 1997 NIRC).

REGLEMENTARY PERIODS
IN INCOME TAX IMPOSED
BY LAW UPON THE TAXPAYER
(PURSUANT TO REV. REG. NO. 12-99,
SEC. 228 OF THE 1997 NIRC, AND RA
NO. 1125 AS AMENDED BY RA NO.
9282)

BIR makes a tax assessment

If taxpayer is not satisfied with the
assessment file a protest within 30 days
from receipt thereof


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Submit supporting documents within
60 days from date of the filing of the
protest

If protest is denied, elevate the matter
to the Commissioner of Internal Revenue
(CIR) within 30 days from receipt of the
decision of the CIRs duly authorized
representative officer

Appeal to the Division of the Court of
Tax Appeals (CTA) within 30 days from
receipt of final decision of CIR or his
duly authorized representative (the
taxpayer has the option to appeal
straight to the CTA upon receipt of the
decision of the CIRs duly authorized
representative)

If the CIR or his duly authorized
representative fails to act on the
protest within 180 days from date of
submission by taxpayer, the latter may
appeal within 30 days from lapse of the
180-day period with the CTA Division

The Party adversely affected by the CTA
Divisions decision may file one motion
for reconsideration/new trial within 15
days from receipt of decision. If the MR
is denied file a petition for review with
the CTA en banc

Appeal to the Supreme Court within 15
days from receipt of the CTA en banc
decision under Rule 45 of the Rules of
Court

PRE-ASSESSMENT NOTICE, WHEN NOT
REQUIRED (SEC. 228, NIRC)

1. When the finding for any
deficiency tax is the result of
mathematical error in the
computation of the tax as
appearing on the face of the
return; or
2. When a discrepancy has been
determined between the tax
withheld and the amount
actually remitted by the
withholding agent; or
3. When a taxpayer who opted to
claim a refund or tax credit of
excess creditable withholding
tax for a taxable period was
determined to have carried over
and automatically applied the
same amount claimed against
the estimated tax liabilities for
the taxable quarter or quarters
of the succeeding taxable year;
or
4. When the excise tax due on
excisable articles has not been
paid;
5. When an article locally
purchased or imported by an
exempt person, such as, but not
limited to, vehicles, capital
equipment, machineries and
spare parts, has been sold,
traded or transferred to non-
exempt persons.

Notes:
As a general rule, payment
under protest is not required
under the NIRC, except when
partial payment of
uncontroverted taxes is
required under RR 12-99.
The Commissioner may, even
without a written claim
therefor, refund or credit
any tax, where on the face
of the return upon which
payment was made, such
payment appears clearly to
have been erroneously paid.
In case of the CIRs final
denial of the claim for
refund, the 30-day period to
appeal with the CTA must be
within the 2-year peremptory
period for instituting judicial
action.

See Annex N Assessment
Process and Appeal

ADDITIONS TO THE TAX
(SECS. 247-252 NIRC)

DEFINITION: increments to the basic tax
incident due to the taxpayers non-
compliance with certain legal
requirements.

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1. CIVIL PENALTY / SURCHARGE
1. 25% surcharge
a. Failure to file any return and
pay the tax due thereon as
required under the
provisions of this Code or
rules and regulations on the
date prescribed; or
b. Unless otherwise authorized
by the Commissioner, filing a
return with an internal
revenue officer other than
those with whom the return
is required to be filed; or
c. Failure to pay the deficiency
tax within the time
prescribed for its payment in
the notice of assessment; or
d. Failure to pay the full or
part of the amount of tax
shown on any return
required to be filed under
the provisions of this Code
or rules and regulations, or
the full amount of tax due
for which no return is
required to be filed, on or
before the date prescribed
for its payment. (Sec. 248)
2. 50% surcharge
a. in case of willful neglect to
file the return within the
period prescribed by the
Code, or
will not apply in case a
taxpayer, without notice
from the Commissioner,
or his duly authorized
representative,
voluntarily files the said
return (only 25% shall be
imposed)
50% surcharge shall be
imposed in case the
taxpayer files the return
only after prior notice in
writing from the
Commissioner or his duly
authorized representa-
tive (Sec. 4.2, Rev. Reg.
12-99)

b. in case a false or fraudulent
return is willfully made
Prima Facie evidence
substantial underdeclaration
(exceeding 30% of that
declared) of taxable sales,
receipts or income,
or a substantial
overstatement (exceeding
30% of actual deductions) of
deductions (Sec. 248)

2. INTEREST
- 20% per annum or such higher rate
as may be prescribed by the rules
and regulations

a. Deficiency interest (Sec. 249B)
b. Delinquency interest (Sec. 249C)
c. Interest on Extended Payment
(Sec. 249D)

3. OTHER CIVIL PENALTIES OR
ADMINISTRATIVE FINES

a. Failure to file certain
information returns (Sec. 250)
b. Failure of a withholding agent to
collect and remit tax (Sec. 251)
c. Failure of a withholding agent of
refund excess withholding tax
(Sec. 252)

III. LOCAL TAXATION

POWERS AND LIMITATIONS

NATURE AND SOURCE OF LOCAL
TAXING POWER (SEE. SEC 5, ART. X,
1987 CONSTITUTION AND SEC. 129,
LGC)

The Local Government Unit has the
power:
a. to create its own sources of
revenue and
b. to levy taxes, fees and charges.


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Congress cannot enact laws
depriving LGU from exercising such
power to tax but it may set guidelines
and limitations for the exercise.
Such taxes, fees, and charges
shall accrue exclusively to the local
government units.

NATURE OF THE TAXING POWER
a. Not inherent;
b. Exercised only if delegated to
them by law or Constitution;
c. Not absolute; subject to
limitations provided for by law.

Under the present constitutional
rule, where there is neither a grant nor
a prohibition by statute, the tax power
must be deemed to exist although
Congress may provide statutory
limitations and guidelines. The basic
rationale for the current rule is to
safeguard the viability and self-
sufficiency of local government units by
directly granting them general and broad
tax powers. (Manila Electric Co. vs.
Province of Laguna, G.R. No. 131359)

ASPECTS OF LOCAL TAXING POWER
a. local taxation
b. real property taxation

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING LOCAL
TAXATION (SEC. 130, LGC)
a. Shall be uniform in each local
sub-unit
b. Shall be equitable and based as
much as possible on the
taxpayers ability to pay
c. Levied for public purposes
d. Shall not be unjust, excessive,
oppressive, or confiscatory
e. Shall not be contrary to law,
public policy, national
economic policy, or in restraint
of trade
f. Collection of local taxes and
other impositions shall not be
let to any person
g. The revenues collected under
the Code shall inure solely to
the benefit of, and subject to
disposition by, the LGU levying
the tax or other imposition
unless otherwise specifically
provided therein
h. Each LGU shall, as far as
practicable, evolve a
progressive system of taxation.

LOCAL TAXING AUTHORITY (SEC. 132, LGC)
Shall be exercised by the Sanggunian
of the LGU concerned through an
appropriate ordinance.

POWER TO PRESCRIBE PENALTIES FOR TAX
VIOLATIONS AND LIMITATIONS THEREON (SEC.
516, LGC)
1. The Sanggunian is authorized to
prescribe fines or other penalties
for violations of tax ordinances.
a. in no case shall fines be less
than P1,000 nor more than
P5,000
b. nor shall the imprisonment be
less than one (1) month nor
more than six (6) month.
2. Such fine or other penalty shall be
imposed at the discretion of the
court.
3. The Sangguniang Barangay may
prescribe a fine of not less than
P100 nor more than P1,000.

POWER TO ADJUST LOCAL TAX RATE (SEC.
191, LGC)
Adjustment of the tax rates as
prescribed herein should not be oftener
than once every five (5) years, and in no
case shall such adjustment exceed ten
percent (10%) of the rates fixed under
the LGC.

POWER TO GRANT LOCAL TAX EXEMPTIONS
(SEC. 192, LGC)
Local government units may,
through ordinances duly approved,
grant tax exemptions, incentives or
reliefs under such terms and conditions,
as they may deem necessary.

TAX EXEMPTIONS EXISTING BEFORE THE
EFFECTIVITY OF THE LGC HAS BEEN ABOLISHED
(SEC. 193, LGC)
Unless otherwise provided in this
Code, tax exemptions or incentives
granted to, or presently enjoyed by all
persons, whether natural or juridical,
including government-owned or
controlled corporations are hereby
withdrawn upon the effectively of the

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LGC
except the following:
8. local water districts,
9. cooperatives duly registered under
R.A. No. 6938, non-stock and non-
profit hospitals and
10. educational institutions.

The power to grant tax exemptions,
tax incentives and tax reliefs shall not
apply to regulatory fees which are
levied under the police power of the
LGU.
Tax exemptions shall be conferred
through the issuance of a non-
transferable tax exemption certificate.

GUIDELINES FOR THE GRANTING OF TAX
EXEMPTIONS, TAX INCENTIVES AND TAX RELIEFS
(ART. 282[B], RULES AND REGULATIONS
IMPLEMENTING THE LGC)

1. On the grant of tax exemptions or
tax reliefs:
a. the same may be granted in
cases of natural calamities, civil
disturbance, general failure of
crops, or adverse economic
conditions such as substantial
decrease in prices of agricultural
or agri-based products.
b. The grant shall be through an
ordinance.
c. Any exemption or relief granted
to a type or kind of business shall
apply to all business similarly
situated.
d. The same shall take effect only
during the next calendar year for
a period not exceeding 12
months as may be provided in
the ordinance.
e. In the case of shared revenues,
the exemption or relief shall only
extend to the LGU granting such
exemption or relief.
2. On the grant of tax incentives:
a. The same shall be granted only
to new investments in the
locality and the ordinance shall
prescribe the terms and
conditions therefore.
b. The grant shall be for a definite
period of not exceeding 1
calendar year.
c. The grant shall be by ordinance
passed prior to the 1
st
day of
January of any year.
d. Any grant to a type or kind of
business shall apply to all
businesses similarly situated.

LEVYING OF LOCAL TAXES (LOCAL TAX
ORDINANCE)
Requisites:
1. The procedure applicable to local
government ordinances in general
should be observed (Sec. 187, LGC)
2. Procedural details (Secs. 54, 55, and
59, LGC):
a. necessity of a quorum
b. submission for approval by the
local chief executive
c. he matter of veto and overriding
the same
d. the publication and affectivity
3. Public hearings are required before
any local tax ordinance is enacted
(Sec.187, LGC)
4. Within 10 days after their approval,
publication in full for 3 consecutive
days in a newspaper of general
circulation. In absence of such
newspaper in the province, city or
municipality, then the ordinances
may be posted in at least 2
conspicuous and publicly accessible
places (Sec. 189, LGC)

RESIDUAL TAXING POWERS OF THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (SEC. 186, LGC)
To levy taxes, fees or charges on any
base or subject NOT:
1. Specifically enumerated in LGC
2. Taxed under the provisions of
the NIRC, as amended, and
3. Other applicable laws

Conditions:
1. That the taxes, fees, or charges shall
not be unjust, excessive, oppressive,
confiscatory or contrary to declared
national policy

2. The ordinance levying such taxes,
fees or charges shall not be enacted
without any prior public hearing
conducted for the purpose.


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LIMITATIONS OF THE RESIDUAL POWER
1. Constitutional limitations on
taxing power
2. Common limitations prescribed
in Sec. 133 of the LGC
3. Fundamental principles
governing the exercise of the
taxing power of the LGUs
prescribed under Sec. 130 of
the LGC
4. The ordinance levying such
residual taxes shall not be
enacted without any prior
public hearing conducted for
the purpose and
5. The principle of preemption.

PRINCIPLE OF PREEMPTION OR EXCLUSIONARY
DOCTRINE
Where the National Government
elects to tax a particular area, it
impliedly withholds from the local
government the delegated power to tax
the same field. This doctrine principally
rests on the intention of the Congress.

Excluded impositions (pursuant to the
doctrine of preemption):
a. Taxes which are levied under the
NIRC, unless otherwise provided
by LGC of 1991;
b. Taxes, fees, etc. which are
imposed under the Tariffs and
Customs Code;
c. Taxes, fees, etc., the imposition
of which contravenes existing
governmental policies or which
violates the fundamental
principles of taxation;
d. Taxes, fees and other charges
imposed under special law.

COMMON LIMITATIONS ON LOCAL
TAXING POWER (SEC. 133, LGC)
Local government units cannot levy:
1. Income tax, except on banks and
other financial institutions;
2. Documentary stamp tax;
3. Estate tax, inheritance, gifts,
legacies and other acquisitions
mortis causa except as
otherwise provided
4. Customs duties, registration fees
of vessels and wharfage on
wharves, tonnage dues and all
other kinds of customs fees,
charges and dues except
wharfage on wharves
constructed and maintained by
the local government unit
concerned;
5. Taxes, fees, charges and other
impositions upon goods carried
into or out of, or passing
through, the territorial
jurisdictions of local government
units in the guise of charges for
wharfage, tolls for bridges or
otherwise.
6. Taxes, fees or charges on
agricultural and aquatic products
when sold by marginal farmers
or fishermen;
7. Taxes on business enterprises
certified by the Board of
Investments as pioneer or
non-pioneer for a period of 6
and 4 years, respectively, from
the date of registration;
8. Excise taxes on articles
enumerated under the NIRC, as
amended, and taxes, fees or
charges on petroleum products;
9. Percentage or value-added tax
(VAT) on sales, barters or
exchanges or similar transactions
on goods or services except as
otherwise provided herein;
10. Taxes on the gross receipts of
transportation contractors and
persons engaged in the
transportation of passengers or
freight by hire and common
carriers by air, land or water,
except as provided in the Code;
11. Taxes on premiums paid by way
of Reinsurance or retrocession;
12. Taxes, fees or charges for the
registration of motor vehicles
and for the issuance of all kinds
of licenses or permits for the
driving thereof, except tricycle;
13. Taxes, fees or other charges on
Philippine products actually
exported, except as otherwise
provided in the Code;
14. Taxes, fees or charges on
Countryside and barangay
business enterprises and
cooperatives duly registered
under R.A. 6810 and R.A. 6938,

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(Cooperatives Code of the
Philippines) ; and
15. Taxes, fees or charges of any
kind on the National
Government, its agencies and
instrumentalities, and local
government units.

CLASSIFICATION OF COMMON
LIMITATIONS
1. Taxes which are levied under the
NIRC unless otherwise provided by
the LGC
Numbers 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 10
2. Taxes, fees, etc. which are imposed
under the Tariffs and Customs Code
Number 4
3. Taxes, fees and charges where the
imposition of which contravenes
existing governmental policies or
which are violative of the
fundamental principles of taxation
Numbers 5, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15
4. Taxes, fees, and charges imposed
under special laws.
Number 12

TAXES AND OTHER IMPOSITIONS THAT
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT MAY LEVY

(A) PROVINCES
(SECS. 134-141, LGC)
1. Tax on Transfer of Real Property
2. Tax on Business of Printing and
Publication
3. Franchise Tax
4. Tax on Sand, Gravel and other
Quarry Resources extracted from
Public Land
5. Professional Tax
6. Amusement Tax
7. Annual Fixed Tax for every
Delivery Truck or Van of
Manufacturers or Producers,
Wholesalers of, Dealers, or
Retailers in, certain products

See Annex J for the rates and
details.

(B) MUNICIPALITIES
(SEC. 143, LGC)

1. Municipal Taxes- taxes on the
businesses of the following:
a. On manufacturers, assemblers,
repackers, processors, brewers,
distillers, rectifiers, and
compounders of liquors, distilled
spirits, and wines or
manufacturers of any article of
commerce of whatever kind or
b. On wholesalers, distributors, or
dealers in any article of
commerce of whatever kind or
c. On exporters, and on
manufacturers, millers,
producers, wholesalers,
distributors, dealers or retailers
of essential commodities
d. On retailers
e. On contractors and other
independent
f. On banks and other financial
g. On peddlers engaged in the sale
of any merchandise or article of
commerce
h. On any business, not otherwise
specified in the preceding
paragraphs, which the
sanggunian concerned may deem
proper to tax.

2. Municipal non-revenue fees and
charges
The municipality may impose
and collect such reasonable fees and
charges on business and occupation
except professional taxes reserved for
provinces. (Sec. 147. LGC)

RATES OF TAX WITHIN THE METROPOLITAN
MANILA AREA (SEC. 144, LGC)

- Not to exceed by 50% the
maximum rates prescribed in the
preceding Section.


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PAYMENT OF BUSINESS TAXES
a. It shall be payable for every
separate or distinct
establishment or place where
business subject to the tax is
conducted and one line of
business does not become
exempt by being conducted with
some other business for which
such tax has been paid.
b. The tax on a business must be
paid by the person conducting
the same.
c. In cases where a person
conducts or operates 2 or more
of the businesses mentioned in
Section 143 of LGC
- which are subject to the
same rate of tax, the tax shall be
computed on the combined total
gross sales or receipts of the said 2
or more related businesses.
- which are subject to
different rates of tax, the gross
sales or receipts of each business
shall be separately reported for the
purpose of computing the tax due
from each business.

See Annex K for the rates and
details.

(C) CITIES
(SEC. 151, LGC)

The city may levy the taxes, fees,
and charges which the province or
municipality may impose.
The tax rates that the city may levy
may exceed the maximum rates
allowed for the province or
municipality by not more than 50%
except the rates of professional and
amusement taxes.

(D) BARANGAYS
(SEC. 152, LGC)

Barangays may levy the following taxes,
fees, and charges which shall accrue
exclusively to them:

a. Taxes On stores or retailers
with fixed business
establishments with the gross
sales or receipts for the
preceding calendar year of
P50,000 or less (for barangays in
the cities) and P30,000 or less
(for barangays in municipalities)
b. Rate = not exceeding 1% of such
gross sales or receipts.
c. Service Fees or Charges For
services rendered in connection
with the regulation or the use of
barangay-owned properties or
service facilities such as palay,
copra or tobacco dryers
d. Barangay Clearance No city or
municipality may issue any
license or permit fee for any
business or activity unless a
clearance is first obtained from
the barangay where such
business or activity is located or
conducted.
e. Other Fees and Charges The
barangay may levy reasonable
fees and charges:
1. On Commercial breeding of
fighting cocks, cockfights
and cockpits;
2. On places of Recreation
which charge admission fees;
and
3. On Billboards, signboards,
neon signs and outdoor
advertisements.

SITUS OF LOCAL TAXATION

A. Situs According to the Cases
With respect to excise tax, the
tax is upon the performance of an act,
enjoyment of a privilege or the engaging
in an occupation. The power to levy such
tax is not dependent on the domicile of
the taxpayer, but on the place in which
the act is performed or the occupation is
engaged in; not upon the location of the
office, but the place where the sale is
perfected. (Allied Thread Co., Inc. v.
City Mayor of Manila, L-40296)

With respect to sale, it is the
place of the consummation of the sale,
associated with the delivery of the
things which are the subject matter of
the contract that determines the situs of
the contract for purposes of taxation,
and not merely the place of the

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perfection of the contract. (Shell Co.,
Inc. v. Municipality of Sipocot,
Camarines Sur 105 Phil 1263)

B. Situs According to Sec. 150, LGC

Branch or sales office a fixed place in
the locality which conducts the
operation of the business as an extension
of the principal office

Principal office- the head or the main
office of the business; the city or the
municipality specifically mentioned in
the Articles of Incorporation or official
registration papers as being the official
address of said principal office shall be
considered the situs thereof.

1. Place of sale (with branch or sales
outlet therein):
Municipality or city where the
branch or outlet is located.
2. Place of sale (no branch or sales
outlet):
Municipality or city of principal
office (not in the place of sale)
3. If manufacturer, assembler,
contractor, producer, or exporter
(MACPE) with factory, project office,
plant or plantation (FPPP)
4. 30% of recorded sales in the principal
office: city or municipality where
the principal office is located
5. 70% of recorded sales in the
principal office: city or municipality
where the FPPP is located
pro rata if FPPP are located in
different municipalities or cities
in proportion to their respective
volumes of production.
6. If plantation is located in some other
place than where the factory is
located, the foregoing 70% shall be
subdivided as follows:
60% to the city or municipality
where the factory is located
40% to the city or municipality
where the plantation is located.

COMMON REVENUE-RAISING POWERS OF
LGUs (SEC. 153 TO 155)
1. Service fees and charges for services
rendered
2. Public Utility Charges for the
operation of public utilities owned,
operated and maintained by LGUs
within their jurisdiction.
3. Toll fees or charges for the use of
any public road, pier or wharf,
waterway, bridge, ferry or
telecommunication system funded
and constructed by the local
government unit concerned
Exceptions:
a. Officers and enlisted men of the
AFP and PNP;
b. Post office personnel delivering
mail; and
c. Physically handicapped and
disabled citizens who are
sixty-five (65) years or
older.(Sec. 152, LGC)

When public safety and welfare so
requires, the sanggunian concerned may
discontinue the collection of the tolls,
and thereafter the said facility shall be
free and open for public use.

COMMUNITY TAX
Cities or municipalities may levy a
community tax.

A. Individuals Liable (Sec. 157)
a. every inhabitant of the
Philippines;
b. eighteen (18) years of age or
over;
c. under any of the following
instances:
d. who has been regularly
employed on a wage or salary
basis for at least thirty (30)
consecutive working days
during any calendar year; or
e. who is engaged in business or
occupation; or
f. who owns real property with
an aggregate assessed value
of P1,000 or more; or
g. who is required by law to file
an income tax return

Tax Rate = P5.00 and an annual
additional tax of P1.00 for every
P1,000 of income regardless of
whether from business, exercise of
profession or from property which in
no case shall exceed P5,000.
In case of husband and wife,
the additional tax herein imposed

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shall be based upon the total
property owned by them and the
total gross receipts or earnings
derived by them.

B. Juridical Persons (Sec. 158)
Every corporation no matter how
created or organized, whether
domestic or resident foreign,
engaged in or doing business in the
Philippines shall pay an annual
community tax.

Tax Rate = P500 and an annual
additional tax which in no case shall
exceed P10,000 in accordance with the
following schedule:
1. For every P5,000 worth of real
property owned by it during the
preceding year based on the
valuation used for the payment
of the real property tax - P2.00;
and
2. For every P5,000 of gross
receipts or earnings derived by
it from its business in the
Philippines during the preceding
year - P2.00.

The dividends received by a
corporation shall, for the purpose of the
additional tax, be considered as part of
the gross receipts or earnings of said
corporation.

THE FOLLOWING ARE EXEMPT FROM
THE COMMUNITY TAX (SEC. 159)
1. Diplomatic and consular
representatives; and
2. Transient visitors when their stay in
the Philippines does not exceed
three (3) months.

PLACE OF PAYMENT: place of residence
of the individual, or in the place where
the principal office of the juridical
entity is located.

TIME OF PAYMENT: accrues on the 1
st

day of January of each year which shall
be paid not later than the last day of
February of each year.

PENALTIES FOR DELINQUENCY: an
interest of 24% per annum from the due
date until it is paid shall be added to the
amount due.

A community tax certificate may
also be issued to any person or
corporation not subject to the
community tax upon payment of P1.00
(Sec. 162, LGC).

PRESENTATION OF COMMUNITY TAX
CERTIFICATE ON CERTAIN OCCASIONS (SEC.
163)
A. Individual
1. When an individual subject to
the community tax
acknowledges any document
before a notary public;
2. takes the oath of office upon
election or appointment to
any position in the
government service;
3. receives any license,
certificate or permit from any
public authority; pays any tax
or fee;
4. receives any money from any
public fund;
5. transacts other official
business; or
6. receives any salary or wage
from any person or
corporation.
The presentation of the community tax
certificate shall not be required in
connection with the registration of a
voter.

B. Corporation
1. receives any license,
certificate or permit from any
public authority;
2. pays any tax or fee;
3. receives money from public
funds; or
4. transacts other official
business.
The city of municipal treasurer
deputizes the barangay treasurer to
collect the community tax in their
respective jurisdictions. (Sec. 164, LCG)

The proceeds of the community tax
actually and directly collected by the
city or municipal treasurer shall accrue
entirely to the general fund of the city or
municipality concerned.

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Proceeds of the community tax
collected through the barangay
treasurers shall be apportioned as
follows:
50% accrues to the general fund
of the city or municipality
concerned; and
50% accrues to the barangay
where the tax is collected.

COLLECTION OF LOCAL TAXES

Tax Period and Manner of Payment
(Sec. 165, LGC)
Unless otherwise provided, the
tax period shall be the calendar
year.
Such taxes, fees, and charges
may be paid in quarterly
installments.

Accrual of Tax (Sec. 166, LGC)
Unless otherwise provided, shall
accrue on the first day of January of
each year.
However, new taxes, fees or
charges, or changes in the rates
thereof, shall accrue on the first day
of the quarter next following the
effectivity of the ordinance imposing
such new levies or rates.

Time of Payment (Sec. 167, LGC)
Unless otherwise provided shall
be paid within the first twenty (20)
days of January or of each
subsequent quarter as the case may
be.
May, for a justifiable reason or
cause, be extended without
surcharges or penalties, but only for
a period not exceeding six (6)
months.

Surcharges and Penalties on Unpaid
Taxes, Fees or Charges (Sec. 168,
LGC)
Surcharge not exceeding 25% of
the amount of taxes, fees or charges
including surcharges, until such
amount is fully paid.
But in no case shall the total
interest on the unpaid amount or
portion thereof exceed thirty-six
(36) months.

Interests on Other Unpaid Revenues
(Sec. 169, LGC)
An interest thereon at the rate
not exceeding 2% per month from the
date it is due until it is paid, but in no
case shall the total interest on the
unpaid amount or portion thereof
exceed thirty-six (36) months.

COLLECTION OF LOCAL REVENUES BY THE
TREASURER (SEC. 170 LGC)
All local taxes, fees and charges
shall be collected by the provincial, city,
municipal or barangay treasurer, or their
duly authorized deputies.
The provincial, city or municipal
treasurer may designate the barangay
treasurer or his deputy to collect local
taxes, fees or charges.
In case a bond is required for the
purpose, the provincial, city or
municipal government shall pay the
premiums thereon in addition to the
premiums of the bond that may be
required under the Code.

LOCAL TAX REMEDIES
UNDER THE LGC

1. TAX REMEDIES OF THE
LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)

CIVIL REMEDIES OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS (LGU) TO EFFECT COLLECTION OF
TAXES
(1) Local Governments Lien Local
taxes, fees, charges and other
revenues constitute a lien, superior
to all liens, charges or
encumbrances in favor of any
person, enforceable by any
appropriate administrative or
judicial action.

(2) Civil Remedies

(a) by administrative action through
distraint of personal property
and by levy upon real property

(b) by judicial action


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Either of these remedies or all may
be pursued concurrently or
simultaneously at the discretion of the
LGU concerned.

JURISDICTION OF COURTS OVER LOCAL
TAXATION CASES

a. With the amendment brought by
RA No. 9282, the Court of Tax
Appeals now has appellate
jurisdiction over local taxation
cases decided by the Regional
Trial Court in the exercise of its
appellate or original jurisdiction.
b. Regular judicial courts are not
prohibited from enjoining the
collection of local taxes, subject
to Rule 58 (Preliminary
Injunction) of the Rules of Court.

Note: Unlike the NIRC, the Local Tax
Code does not contain any specific
provision prohibiting courts from
enjoining the collection of local taxes.
Such statutory lapse or intent may have
allowed preliminary injunction where
local taxes are involved. But it cannot
negate the procedural rules and
requirements under Rule 58 of the Rules
of Courts. (Valley Trading Co. vs. CFI of
Isabela, GR No. 49529, March 31, 1989)

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIODS FOR THE ASSESSMENT
AND COLLECTION
OF LOCAL TAXES
PRESCRIPTIVE PERIODS OF ASSESSMENT
1. Local taxes, fees, or charges five
(5) years from the date they became
due. (Sec. 194, LGC).
2. When there is fraud or intent to
evade the payment of taxes, fees
or charges ten (10) years from
discovery of the fraud or intent to
evade the payment (Sec. 194, LGC).

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD OF COLLECTION
Local taxes, fees, or charges
may be collected within five (5) years
from the date of assessment by
administrative or judicial action. No
such action shall be instituted after the
expiration of such period (Sec. 194,
LGC).
GROUNDS FOR THE SUSPENSION OF
THE RUNNING OF THE PRESCRIPTIVE
PERIODS
a. The treasurer is legally
prevented from the assessment
or collection of the tax;
b. The taxpayer requests for a
reinvestigation and executes a
waiver in writing before the
expiration of the period within
which to assess or collect; and
c. The taxpayer is out of the
country or otherwise cannot be
located (Sec. 194, LGC).

2. TAX REMEDIES OF
THE TAXPAYER

REMEDIES OF THE TAXPAYER IN LOCAL
TAXATION

A. ADMINISTRATIVE
Before assessment
a. Appeal any question on
constitutionality or legality of tax
ordinance within 30 days from
effectivity thereof to Secretary of
Justice (Sec. 187 LGC)
b. Declaratory relief whenever
applicable.

After assessment
a. Protest within 60 days from receipt
of assessment (Sec. 195 LGC).
Payment under protest is not
necessary.

b. Payment & subsequent refund or
tax credit within 2 years from
payment of tax to local treasurer
(Sec. 196 LGC). It is to be noted
that, unlike in internal revenue
taxes, the supervening cause applies
in local taxation because the period
for the filing of claims for refund or
credit of local taxes is counted not
necessarily from the date of
payment but from the date the
taxpayer is entitled to a refund or
credit.

c. Right of redemption 1 year from
the date of sale or from the date of
forfeiture (Sec. 179, LGC).


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B. JUDICIAL
1. Court action
within 30 days after receipt of
decision or lapse of 60 days of
Secretary of Justices inaction
(Sec. 187 LGC)
within 30 days from receipt
when protest of assessment is
denied (Sec. 195 LGC)
if no action is taken by the
treasurer in refund cases and the
two year period is about to lapse
(Sec. 195 LGC)
if remedies available does not
provide plain, speedy and
adequate remedy.
2. Action for declaratory relief
3. Injunction if irreparable damage
would be caused to the taxpayer and
no adequate remedy is available.

IV. REAL PROPERTY
TAXATION

DEFINITIONS:
REAL PROPERTY TAXATION A direct
tax on ownership of lands and
buildings or other improvements
thereon payable regardless of
whether the property is used or
not, although the value may vary
in accordance with such factor.
Under the LGC, it covers
the administration, appraisal,
assessment, levy and collection
of Real Property Tax, i.e. tax on
land and building and other
structures and improvements on
it, including machineries.

REAL PROPERTY subject to the
definition given by Art. 415 of
the Civil Code.

IMPROVEMENT valuable addition made
to a property or amelioration in
its condition amounting to more
than a mere replacement of
parts involving capital
expenditures and labor.

NATURE AND CLASSES

CHARACTERISTICS OF REAL PROPERTY
TAX
1. Direct tax on the Ownership of
real property
2. Ad valorem tax. The value is
based on the tax base.
3. Proportionate the tax is
calculated on the basis of a
certain percentage of the value
assessed.
4. Indivisible single obligation
5. Local tax

TAXING AUTHORITIES (SEC. 233, LGC)

LGU
Rate of Basic Real
Property Tax

1. Province

not exceeding 1% of
assessed value

2. City

not exceeding 2%

3. Municipality
within Metro
Manila

not exceeding 2%.

FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING
REAL PROPERTY TAXATION (SEC. 198,
LGC)
1. Real property shall be appraised at
its current and Fair market value;
2. Real property shall be classified for
assessment purposes on the basis of
actual Use.
3. Real property shall be assessed on
the basis of Uniform classification
within each LGU
4. The appraisal, assessment, levy and
collection of RP Tax shall not be let
to any Private person
5. The appraisal and assessment of real
property shall be Equitable.

EXTENT OF THE POWER TO LEVY
Basic real property tax;
1% additional real estate tax to
finance the Special Education
Fund; (Sec. 236)
5% additional ad valorem tax on
Idle lands; (Sec. 236, LGC) and
Special levy or special
assessments (may be imposed

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even by municipalities outside
Metro Manila) on lands comprised
within its territorial jurisdiction
specially benefited by public
works, projects or improvements
funded by the local government
unit concerned.
Provided:
Special levy shall not exceed
60% of the actual cost of
such projects and
improvements, including the
costs of acquiring land and
such other real property in
connection therewith
not apply to lands exempt
from basic real property tax
and the remainder of the
land have been donated to
the local government unit
concerned for the
construction of said
projects. (Sec. 240, LGC).

FOR PURPOSES OF REAL PROPERTY
TAXATION IDLE LANDS SHALL INCLUDE:
(SEC. 237, LGC)
1. Agricultural lands more than one
hectare in area one-half of which
remain uncultivated or unimproved by
the owner of the property or person
having legal interest therein.
Agricultural lands planted to
permanent or perennial crops with
at least 50 trees to a hectare shall
not be considered idle lands.
Lands actually used for grazing
purposes shall likewise not be
considered idle lands; and
2. Lands other than agricultural
located in a city or municipality
more than one thousand square meters
in area one-half of which remain
unutilized or unimproved by the
owner of the property or person
having legal interest therein.

IDLE LANDS EXEMPT FROM TAX (SEC.
238, LGC)

By reason of:
1. force majeure
2. civil disturbance
3. natural calamity
4. or any cause which physically or
legally prevents the owner of
the property or person having
legal interest therein from
improving, utilizing or
cultivating the same.

CLASSIFICATION OF LANDS FOR
PURPOSES OF ASSESSMENT SEC. 218
(A)

a. Commercial
b. Agricultural
c. Residential
d. Mineral
e. Industrial
f. Timberland
g. Special

SPECIAL CLASSES OF REAL PROPERTY
(SEC. 216, LGC)

1. Hospitals
2. Cultural and Scientific purposes
3. owned and used by Local water
districts
4. GOCCs rendering essential public
services in the supply and
distribution of water and/or
generation or transmission of
electric power.

PROPERTIES EXEMPT FROM REAL
PROPERTY TAX (SEC. 234, LGC)
Exemption is limited only to the
following:
1. Real property owned by the
government except when the
beneficial use thereof has been
granted to a taxable person;
2. Charitable institutions,
churches, personages or
convents appurtenant thereto,
mosques, non-profit or religious
cemeteries and all lands,
buildings and improvements
actually, directly and
exclusively used for religious,
charitable or educational
purposes (Art. VI, Sec. 28,
Constitution);
3. Machineries and equipment that
are actually, directly and
exclusively used by local water
utilities and GOCCs engaged in
the supply and distribution of
water and/or electric power;

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4. Real property owned by duly
registered cooperatives as
provided for in RA 6938; and
5. Machinery and equipment used
for pollution control and
environmental protection.

ACTUAL USE OF PROPERTY AS BASIS
FOR ASSESSMENT (SEC. 217 LGC)

Real property shall be classified,
valued and assessed on the basis of
actual use regardless of where located,
whoever owns it, and whoever uses it.

Unpaid realty taxes attach to the
property and is chargeable against the
person who had actual or beneficial use
and possession of it regardless of
whether or not he is the owner. To
impose the real property tax on the
subsequent owner which was neither the
owner nor the beneficial user of the
property during the designated periods
would not only be contrary to law but
also unjust. (Estate of Lim vs. City of
Manila, GR No. 90639, February 21,
1990)

PROCEDURE

STEP 1: DECLARATION OF REAL
PROPERTY

DECLARATION BY OWNER OR ADMINISTRATOR
(SEC. 202-203)
File a sworn declaration with the
assessor
- once every 3 years during
the period from January 1
to June 30.
For newly acquired property
WHEN: Must file with the assessor within
60 days from date of transfer
WHAT: Sworn statement containing the
fair market value and description of the
property.
For improvement on property
WHEN: Must file within 60 days upon
completion or occupation (whichever
comes earlier)
WHAT: Sworn statement containing the
fair market value and description of the
property.

DECLARATION BY PROVINCIAL / CITY /
MUNICIPAL ASSESSOR (SEC. 204)

WHEN: Only when the person under Sec.
202 refuses or fails to make a
declaration within the prescribed time.

No oath by the assessor is required.

Notes: Proof of Exemption of Real
Property from Taxation - (Sec. 206)

WHO: By any person or for whom real
property is declared.

Claim for exemption must be filed
with the assessor together with
sufficient documentary evidence to
support claim

WHEN: within 30 days from the date of
declaration of property.

IF PROPERTY IS DECLARED FOR THE FIRST TIME
(SEC.222)
If Declared for the first time, real
property shall be assessed for back
taxes:
For not more than 10 years prior to
date of initial assessment
Taxes shall be computed on the basis
of applicable schedule of values in force
during the corresponding period.

STEP 2: LISTING OF REAL
PROPERTY IN THE ASSESSMENT
ROLLS (SECS. 205, 207)

All declarations shall be kept and
filed under a uniform
classification system to be
established by the provincial, city
or municipal assessor.

STEP 3: APPRAISAL AND
VALUATION OF REAL PROPERTY
(SECS. 212-214, 224-225)

DETERMINATION OF FAIR MARKET VALUE (FMV)
For land
Assessor of the province/city or
municipality may summon the
owners of the properties to be
affected and may take depositions
concerning the property, its

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ownership, amount, nature and
value (Sec. 213, LGC)
Assessor prepares a schedule of
FMV for different classes of
properties.
Sanggunian enacts an ordinance
The schedule of FMV is
published in a newspaper of
general circulation in the
province, city or municipality
concerned or in the absence
thereof, shall be posted in the
provincial capitol, city or
municipal hall and in two other
conspicuous public places
therein (Sec. 212, LGC)

For machinery
1. For Brand new machinery: FMV is the
acquisition cost
2. In all other cases: FMV
= Remaining eco. life X Replacement
Estimated Eco.Life Cost

STEP 4: DETERMINE ASSESSED
VALUE (SEC. 218)

Determine Assessed Value
Procedure
1. Take the schedule of FMV
2. Assessed Value = FMV x
Assessment level
3. Tax = Assessed value x Tax rate

STEP 5: PAYMENT AND COLLECTION
OF TAX

(a) Accrual of Tax: January of every
year and such will constitute as
a superior lien. (Sec. 246)

(b) Time and Manner of Payment: (Sec.
250)
1. basic real property tax in 4 equal
installments (March 31, June 30,
September 30, December 30)
2. special levy governed by
ordinance

(c) Interest for Late Payment (Sec. 255)
1. two percent (2%) for each month
on unpaid amount until the
delinquent amount is paid
2. provided in no case shall the
total interest exceed thirty-six
(36) months.

(d) For Advance and Prompt Payment
1. Advance payment discount not
exceeding 20% of annual tax (Sec.
251, LCG)
2. Prompt payment discount not
exceeding 10% of annual tax due
(Art 342 IRR)

COLLECTION OF TAX (SEC. 247)
It shall be the responsibility of the
city or municipal treasurer concerned.
The city or municipal treasurer may
deputize the barangay treasurer to
collect all taxes on real property located
in the barangay; provided, the barangay
treasurer is properly bonded.

PERIOD TO COLLECT (SEC. 270)
1. within five (5) years from the
date they become due
2. within ten (10) years from
discovery of fraud, in case there
is fraud or intent to evade

SUSPENSION OF PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD (SEC.
270)
1. local treasurer is legally
prevented to collect tax.
2. the owner or property requests
for reinvestigation and writes a
waiver before expiration of
period to collect.
3. the owner of property is out of
the country or cannot be
located.

REAL PROPERTY TAX
REMEDIES UNDER THE LGC

1. TAX REMEDIES OF THE LOCAL
GOVERNMENT TO EFFECT
COLLECTION OF TAXES

A. ADMINISTRATIVE
1. Real Property tax lien (Secs. 257,
LGC) superior to all liens, charges
or encumbrances;
2. Distraint (Sec. 254[B], LGC);
3. Levy (Sec. 254[A], 258 LGC);
4. Purchase of property by local
treasurer for want of bidder (Sec.
263, LGC).

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B. JUDICIAL
Civil Action ( Sec. 266, 270 LGC)

PRESCRIPTIVE PERIODS FOR THE
COLLECTION OF REAL
PROPERTY TAXES

1. Basic real property tax and any
other tax levied under the title on
Real Property Taxation five (5)
years from the date they became
due. (Sec. 270, LGC).
2. When there is fraud or intent to
evade the payment of taxes ten
(10) years from discovery of the
fraud or intent to evade the
payment (Sec. 270, LGC).

GROUNDS FOR THE SUSPENSION OF
THE RUNNING OF THE PRESCRIPTIVE
PERIODS

1. The treasurer is legally prevented
from the assessment or collection of
the tax;
2. The taxpayer requests for a
reinvestigation and executes a
waiver in writing before the
expiration of the period within
which to assess or collect; and
3. The taxpayer is out of the country or
otherwise cannot be located (Sec.
270, LGC).

2. TAX REMEDIES OF THE
TAXPAYER

A. ADMINISTRATIVE

Protest payment under protest is
required within 30 days to provincial,
city, or municipal treasurer. No protest
shall be entertained unless the tax is
first paid. (Sec. 252 LGC)

Claim for Tax Refund or Credit (Sec.
253)
a) the taxpayer may file a written
claim for refund or credit with
the provincial or city treasurer
within two years from the date
the taxpayer is entitled to such
reduction or adjustment.

b) in case of denial of refund or
credit, appeal to LBAA as in
protest case.

Redemption of real property (Sec. 261
LGC)

Remedy against the Assessment/Appeal
1
st
: within 60 days from notice of
assessment of provincial, city or
municipal assessor to LBAA (Sec. 226
LGC)
2
nd
: within 30 days from receipt of
decision of LBAA to CBAA (Sec. 230
LGC)
3
rd
decision of CBAA to Court of Tax
Appeals en banc
4
th
decision of Court of Tax Appeals en
banc to the Supreme Court

APPEALS IN REAL PROPERTY
TAXATION

within 60 days
Owner/Person with legal interest
must file:
1) Written Petition under Oath
2) With Supporting Documents

within 30 days

within 30 days

within 15 days

LOCAL BOARD OF ASSESSMENT APPEALS
(LBAA should decide within 120 days
from receipt of petition)

CENTRAL BOARD OF ASSESSMENT
APPEALS
COURT OF TAX APPEALS (EN BANC)
SUPREME COURT
PROVINCIAL, CITY OR MUNICIPAL
ASSESSOR


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B. JUDICIAL
1. Court Action appeal of CBAAs
decision to Court of Tax Appeals en
banc.
2. Suit assailing validity of tax;
recovery of refund of taxes paid
(Sec. 64 PD 464).
3. Suit to declare invalidity of tax due
to irregularity in assessment and
collection (Sec. 64 PD 464)
4. Suit assailing the validity of tax sale
(Sec. 83 PD 464) (Sec. 267 LGC)

CONDONATION OF REAL PROPERTY TAXES
1. By the Sanggunian
Real property taxes may be
condoned wholly or partially in a
given local government unit when:
a. There is general failure of crops;
b. There is substantial decrease in
the price of agricultural or agri-
based products; or
c. There is calamity.
2. By the President of the Philippines
when public interest so requires.

V. TARIFF AND
CUSTOMS CODE

DEFINITIONS
TARIFF: Customs duties, toll or tribute
payable upon merchandise to the
Government.

CUSTOM DUTIES: Tax assessed upon
merchandise from or exported to, a
foreign country. (Garcia v. Executive
Sec., GR No. 101273, July3, 1992))

Note: Customs and tariffs are
synonymous with one another. They
both refer to the taxes imposed on
imported or exported wares, articles, or
merchandise.

OTHER TYPES OF FEES CHARGED BY THE
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

Arrastre charge
Wharfage due counterpart of
license, charged not for the use of
any wharf but for a special fund
known as the Port Works Fund.
Berthing fee
Harbor fee
Tonnage due

MEANING AND SCOPE OF THE TARIFF AND
CUSTOMS LAWS
Include not only the provisions of the
Tariff and Customs Code (TCC) and
regulations pursuant thereto, but all
other laws and regulations that are
subject to the Bureau of Customs (BOC)
or otherwise within its jurisdiction.
As to its scope, therefore, tariff and
customs laws extend not only to the
provisions of the TCC but to all other
laws as well, the enforcement of which
is entrusted to the BOC.

THE BUREAU OF CUSTOMS

FUNCTIONS OF THE BUREAU OF
CUSTOMS

1. Assessment and collection of
revenues from imported articles and
all other impositions under the tariff
and customs laws;
2. Control smuggling and related
frauds;
3. Supervision and control over the
entrance and clearance of vessels
and aircraft engaged in foreign
commerce;
4. Enforcement of TCC and related
laws;
5. Supervision and control over the
handling of foreign mails arriving in
the Philippines;
6. Supervise and control all import and
export cargoes for the protection of
government revenue;
7. Exclusive original jurisdiction over
seizure and forfeiture cases under
the tariff and customs laws.

JURISDICTION OF COLLECTOR OF
CUSTOMS OVER IMPORTATION OF
ARTICLES
1. Cause all articles for importation to
be entered in the customhouse,
2. Cause all such articles to be
appraised and classified,
3. Assess and collect the duties, taxes
and other charges thereon, and

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4. Hold possession of all imported
articles until the duties, taxes and
other charges are paid thereon.
(Sec. 1206, TCC)

TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION OF THE
BOC
1. All seas within the jurisdiction of the
Philippines
2. All coasts, ports, airports, harbors,
bays, rivers and inland waters
whether navigable or not from the
sea. (1
st
par, Sec. 603, TCC)

CUSTOMS DUTIES

WHEN TARIFF AND CUSTOMS APPLIED
Only after importation has begun but
before importation is terminated.

Importation begins:
1) when the conveying vessel or
aircraft
2) enters the jurisdiction of the
Phil.
3) with intention to unload therein

Importation is deemed terminated:

(a) upon payment of the duties, taxes
and other charges due upon the articles.

(b) and legal permit for withdrawal
shall have been granted.

In case the articles are free of
duties, taxes and other charges, until
they have legally left the jurisdiction of
the customs (Sec. 1202, TCC)

INTENTION TO UNLOAD
Even if not yet unloaded, and there is
unmanifested cargo, forfeiture may take
place because importation has already
begun.

ARTICLES UNDER TCC
May either be:
1. Subject to duty
a. Live animals and animal
products;
b. Vegetable products;
c. Animal or vegetable fats; oils
and their cleavage products;
prepared edible fats; animal or
vegetable waxes;
d. Prepared foodstuffs; beverages,
spirits and vinegar; tobacco and
manufactured tobacco
substitutes;
e. Mineral products;
f. Products of chemical or allied
industries;
g. Plastics and articles thereof;
rubber and articles thereof;
h. Raw hides and skins; leather,
etc.;
i. Wood and articles of wood, etc.;
j. Pulp of wood, etc.;
k. Textiles and textile articles;
l. Articles of stone; plaster,
cement, etc.;
m. Footwear, headgear, etc.;
n. Natural or cultured pearls
precious/semi-precious stones;
o. Base metals and articles of base
metals;
p. Machinery and mechanical
appliances; electric equipment;
sound recorders, etc;
q. Vehicles, aircraft, vessels and
associated transport equipment;
r. Optical, photographic, medical,
surgical instruments, etc.;
s. Arms, ammunition, parts and
accessories;
t. Miscellaneous manufactured
articles; and
u. Works of art, collector's pieces
arid antiques (Sec. 104, Title 1,
TCC).

2. Prohibited from being imported
(Prohibited importation)
a. Absolutely prohibited such as:
weapons of war; gambling
devices; narcotics or prohibited
drugs; immoral, obscene or
insidious articles; and those
prohibited under special laws
(Sec.102, TCC).
b. Qualifiedly prohibited
Where such conditions as to
warrant a lawful importation do
not exist, the legal effects of the
importation of qualifiedly
prohibited articles are the same
as those of absolutely prohibited
articles. (Auyong Hian vs. CTA,

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GR No. L-28782, September 12,
1974)

3. Conditionally-free from tariff and
customs duties (conditionally-free
importation)
Those provided in Sec. 105, TCC;
Those granted to government
agencies, GOCCs with
agreements with foreign
countries;
Those given to international
institutions entitled to
exemption by agreement or
special laws; and
Those that may be granted by
the President upon NEDAs
recommendation.

4. Free from TC duties (duty-free)
Imported goods must be
entered in a customhouse at their
port of entry otherwise they shall be
considered as contraband and the
importer is liable for smuggling (See
Sec. 101, TCC).
All articles when imported from
any country into the Philippines shall
be subject to duty upon each
importation, even though previously
exported from the Philippines,
except as otherwise specifically
provided for in the TCC or other
laws.

LIABILITY FOR CUSTOMS DUTIES
General Rule: All importations /
exportations of goods are subject to
customs duties (Sec. 105, TCC).

Exceptions:
(1) Exemptions under the TCC;
(2) Exemptions granted to
government agencies,
instrumentalities or GOCCs with
existing contracts,
commitments, agreements, or
obligations with foreign
countries;
(3) Exemptions of international
organizations pursuant to
agreements or special laws; and
(4) Exemptions granted by the Pres.
of the Phil. upon
recommendation of NEDA (Sec.
105, TCC).
LIABILITY OF IMPORTER FOR CUSTOM DUTIES
A personal debt which can be
discharged only by payment in
full thereof;
A lien upon the imported articles
while they are in custody or
subject to the control of the
government. (Sec. 1204, TCC).

EXTENT OF IMPORTERS LIABILITY
The liability of an importer is
limited to the value of the imported
merchandise. In case of forfeiture of
the seized material, the maximum civil
penalty is the forfeiture itself.
(Mendoza vs. David, GR No. L-9452,
March 27, 1961)

DRAWBACK
A device resorted to for enabling a
commodity affected by taxes to be
exported and sold in foreign markets
upon the same terms as if it had not
been taxed at all. (Uy Chaco Sons vs.
Collector of Customs, GR No. 7618,
March 27, 1913)

IMPORT ENTRY
It is a declaration to the BOC
showing particulars of the imported
article that will enable the customs
authorities to determine the correct
duties. An importer is required to file an
import entry. It must be accomplished
from disembarking of last cargo from
vessel.

TRANSACTION VALUE UNDER RA NO. 8181
It is the invoice value of the
goods plus freight, insurance, costs,
expenses and other necessary expenses.
This replaces the Home Consumption
Value as basis of valuation of goods.

CLASSIFICATION OF CUSTOM DUTIES
A. Regular Duties those which are
imposed and collected merely as a
source of revenue.
1. Ad valorem duty: This is a duty
based on the value of the
imported article.
2. Specific duty: This is a duty
based on the dutiable weight of
goods (either the gross weight,
legal weight, or net weight).

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3. Alternating duties: This is a
duty which alternates ad
valorem and specific.
4. Compound Duty: This is a duty
consisting of ad valorem and
specific duties.

B. Special duties those which are
imposed and collected in addition to
the ordinary customs duties usually
to protect local industries against
foreign competition.

1. Dumping duty
2. Countervailing duty
3. Marking duty
4. Discriminatory duty

NATURE OF SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES
Special customs duties are
additional import duties imposed on
specific kinds of imported articles under
certain conditions.

PURPOSE OF SPECIAL CUSTOMS DUTIES
The special customs duties are
imposed for the protection of consumers
and manufacturers, as well as Phil.
products from undue competition posed
by foreign-made products.

SPECIAL DUTIES COMPARED

DUMPING DUTY COUNTERVAILING DUTY MARKING DUTY
DISCRIMINATORY
DUTY

1. Nature
Imposed upon
foreign products
with value lower
than their fair
market value to the
detriment of local
products.

Imposed upon foreign
goods enjoying subsidy
thus allowing them to
sell at lower prices to
the detriment of local
products similarly
situated.

Imposed upon
those not
properly marked
as to place of
origin of the
goods.

Imposed upon
goods coming
from countries
that discriminate
against Philippine
products.

2. Amount/Rate
Difference between
the actual price
and the normal
value of the article.

Equivalent to the
bounty, subsidy, or
subvention.

5% ad valorem
of articles

Any amount not
exceeding 100%
ad valorem of the
subject articles

3. Imposing Authority
Special committee
on Anti-Dumping
(composed of the
as Chairman;
Members: the
Secretary of DTI,
and either the
Secretary of
Agriculture if article
in question is
agricultural product
or the Secretary of
labor if non-
agricultural product


Commissioner of
Customs

President of the
Philippines


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FLEXIBLE TARIFF CLAUSE
The President may fix tariff rates,
import and export quotas, etc. under
TCC (See Sec. 28, Art. VI, Constitution
and Sec. 401, TCC)
1. to increase, reduce or remove
existing protective rates of import
duty (including any necessary change
in classification).
The existing rates may be
increased or decreased to any level,
on one or several stages but in no
case shall the increased rate of
import duty be higher than a
maximum of one hundred (100%) per
cent ad valorem
2. to establish import quota or to ban
imports of any commodity, as may
be necessary; and
3. to impose an additional duty on all
imports not exceeding ten (10%) per
cent ad valorem whenever
necessary:

LIMITATIONS IMPOSED REGARDING THE
FLEXIBLE TARIFF CLAUSE

a. Conduct by the Tariff Commission of
an investigation in a public hearing.
The Commission shall also hear
the views and recommendations of
any government office, agency or
instrumentality concerned.
The Commission shall submit
their findings and recommendations
to the NEDA within thirty (30) days
after the termination of the public
hearings.
The NEDA thereafter submits its
recommendation to the President.
b. The power of the President to
increase or decrease the rates of
import duty within the
abovementioned limits fixed in the
Code shall include the modification
in the form of duty.
In such a case the corresponding
ad valorem or specific equivalents of
the duty with respect to the imports
from the principal competing foreign
country for the most recent
representative period shall be used
as bases (Sec. 401, TCC).

THE TARIFF COMMISSION (TC)

FUNCTIONS OF THE TARIFF
COMMISSION
1. Investigative Powers (Sec. 505,
TCC)
a. the administration of and the
fiscal and industrial effects of
the tariff and customs laws of
this country now in force or
which may hereafter be enacted;
b. the relations between the rates
of duty on raw materials and the
finished or partly finished
products;
c. the effects of ad valorem and
specific duties and of compound
specific and ad valorem duties;
d. all questions relative to the
arrangement of schedules and
classification of articles in the
several schedules of the tariff
law;
e. the tariff relations between the
Philippines and foreign
countries, commercial treaties,
preferential provisions,
economic alliances, the effect of
export bounties and preferential
transportation rates;
f. the volume of importations,
compared with domestic pro-
duction and consumption;
g. conditions, causes, and effects
relating to competition of
foreign industries with those of
the Philippines, including
dumping and cost of production;
and
h. in general, to investigate the
operation of customs and tariff
laws, including their relation to
the national revenues, their
effect upon the industries and
labor of the country and to
submit reports of its
investigation as provided.

2. Administrative Assistance to the
President and Congress (Sec. 506,
TCC)


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TAX REMEDIES UNDER THE
TARIFF AND CUSTOMS CODE
(TCC)

TAX REMEDIES OF THE
GOVERNMENT

A. ADMINISTRATIVE
1. Tax Lien (Sec. 1204 TCC)
attaches on the goods,
regardless of ownership, while
still in the custody or control
of the Government
availed of when the
importation is neither
prohibited nor improperly
made
2. Administrative Fines and
Forfeitures
applied when the
importation is unlawful,
and it may be exercised even
where the articles are not or
no longer in Customs
custody
- unless the importation is
merely attempted in which
case it may be effected only
while the goods are still
within the Customs
jurisdiction or in the hands
of a person who is aware
thereof (Sec. 2531 & 2530,
TCC)
under Sec. 2530(a) of the
TCC, in order to warrant
forfeiture, it is not necessary
that the vessel or aircraft
must itself carry the
contraband. The
complementary if collateral
use of the Cessna plane for
smuggling operation is
sufficient for it to be
deemed to have been used in
smuggling. (Llamado vs.
Commissioner of Customs,
GR No. L-28809, May 16,
1983)
3. Reduction of customs duties /
compromise
subject to approval of Sec.
of Finance (Sec. 709, 2316
TCC)

4. Seizure, Search, Arrest (Sec.
2205, 2210, 2211 TCC)

B. JUDICIAL
1. this remedy is normally
availed of when the tax lien
is lost by the release of the
goods
Civil Action (Sec. 1204,
TCC)
Criminal Action

TAX REMEDIES OF THE TAXPAYER

A. ADMINISTRATIVE
1. Protest
a. Any importer or interested
party if dissatisfied with
published value within 15
days from date of
publication, or within 5 days
from the date the importer
is entitled to refund if
payment is rendered
erroneous or illegal by
events occurring after the
payment.
b. Taxpayer within 15 days
from assessment. Payment
under protest is necessary.
(Sec. 2308, 2210 TCC)
2. Refund
a. A written claim for refund
may be submitted by the
importer in abatement cases
on missing packages,
deficiencies in the contents
of packages or shortages
before arrival of the goods in
the Philippines, articles lost
or destroyed after such
arrival, dead or injured
animals, and for manifest
clerical errors; and
b. Drawback cases where the
goods are re-exported (Sec.
1701-1708 TCC).
3. Settlement of any seizure by
payment of fine or redemption
But this shall not be allowed
in any case where
importation is absolutely
prohibited, or the release
would be contrary to law, or
when there is an actual and

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intentional fraud (Sec. 2307
TCC).

4. Appeal
Within 15 days to the
Commissioner after
notification by Collector of
his decision (Sec. 2313
TCC).

B. JUDICIAL
1. Appeal
Within 30 days from receipt
of decision of the
Commissioner or Secretary of
Finance to the division of the
CTA (Sec. 2403 TCC, Sec. 7
RA 1125, as amended by Sec.
9 RA 9282)
Since Sec.11 of RA 1125 as
amended by RA 9282
empowers the Tax Court to
issue injunctions, it would
appear that an importer may
appeal without first paying
the duties, such as in
seizure, but not in protest
cases.
2. Action to question the legality
of seizure
3. Abandonment (Sec. 1801 TCC)
a. expressly (Sec. 1801 TCC)
b. impliedly
c. failure to file an import
entry within 30 days
from the discharge of
goods or
d. having filed an entry
fails to claim within 15
days but it shall not be
so effective until so
declared by the
collector. (Sec. 1801, as
amended by RA 7651)

TWO KINDS OF PROCEEDINGS IN
THE BUREAU OF CUSTOMS (BOC)

A. CUSTOMS PROTEST CASES

DEFINITION: These are cases which deal
solely with liability for customs duties,
fees, and other charges.

Note: Before filing a protest, there
must first be a payment under protest.

WHEN CUSTOMS PROTEST APPLICABLE

The customs protest is required to be
filed only in case the liability of the
taxpayer for duties, taxes, fees and
other charges is determined and the
taxpayer disputes said liability.

WHEN CUSTOMS PROTEST NOT REQUIRED

Where there is no dispute, but the
claim for refund arises by reason of the
happening of supervening events such as
when the raw material imported is
utilized in the production of finished
products subsequently exported and a
duty drawback is claimed.

REQUIREMENTS FOR MAKING A PROTEST

1. Must be in writing
2. Must point out the particular
decision or ruling of the Collector of
Customs to which exception is taken
or objection made;
3. Must state the grounds relied upon
for relief;
4. Must be limited to the subject
matter of a single adjustment;
5. Must be filed when the amount
claimed is paid or within 15 days
after the payment;
6. Protestant must furnish samples of
goods under protest when required.

PROCEDURE IN CUSTOMS PROTEST
CASES

The Collector acting within his
jurisdiction shall cause the imported
goods to be entered at the customhouse

The Collector shall assess, liquidate, and
collect the duties thereon, or detain the
said goods if the party liable does not
pay the same

The party adversely affected (the
protestant) may file a written protest on
his foregoing liability with the Collector
within 15 days after paying the

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liquidated amount (the payment under
protest rule applies)

Hearing within 15 days from receipt of
the duly presented protest. Upon
termination of the hearing, the Collector
shall decide on the same within 30 days

If decision is adverse to
the protestant
If decision is adverse to
the government

Appeal with the
Commissioner within
15 days from notice
Automatic Review by
the Commissioner

Appeal with the Court
of Tax Appeals Division
within 30 days from
notice
Automatic review by
the Secretary of
Finance

Appeal with the
CTA en banc

Appeal by certiorari
with the Supreme
Court within 15 days
from notice
If decision of
Commissioner or
Secretary of Finance is
adverse to the
protestant, he may
appeal to the CTA and
SC under the same
procedure on the left.

REASONS FOR THE AUTOMATIC REVIEW OF
DECISIONS ADVERSE TO THE GOVERNMENT

1. To protect the interest of the
Government
2. A favorable decision will not be
appealed by the taxpayer and
certainly a Collector will not
appeal his own decision.
3. Lifeblood Theory

B. SEIZURE AND FORFEITURE CASES

DEFINITION: These refer to matters
involving smuggling. It is administrative
and civil in nature and is directed
against the res or imported articles and
entails a determination of the legality of
their importation. These are actions in
rem.
Thus, It is of no defense that the
owner of the vessel sought to be
forfeited had no actual knowledge that
his property was used illegally. The
absence or lack of actual knowledge of
such use is a defense personal to the
owner himself, which cannot in any way
absolve the vessel from the liability of
forfeiture. (Commissioner of Customs
vs. Manila Star Ferry, Inc., GR Nos.
31776-78, October 21, 1993)

SMUGGLING
1. An act of any person who shall:
a. Fraudulently import any article
contrary to law, or
b. Assist in so doing, or
c. Receive, conceal, buy, sell,
facilitate, transport, conceal or
sell such article knowing its
illegal importation (Sec. 3601,
TCC)
d. Export contrary to law. (Sec.
3514, TCC)

2. The Philippines is divided into
various ports of entry entry other
than port of entry, will be
SMUGGLING.

PORT OF ENTRY
A domestic port open to both
foreign and coastwise trade including
airport of entry. (Sec. 3514, TCC)
ALL articles imported into the
Philippines whether subject to duty or
not shall be entered through a
customshouse at a port of entry.
ENTRY: in Customs law means-
1. the documents filed at the
Customs house
2. the submission and
acceptance of the
documents
3. the procedure of passing
goods through the customs
house (Rodriguez vs. Court
of Appeals, GR No. 115218,
September 18, 1995)

CONTRABAND: Articles of prohibited
importations or exportations. (Sec. 3514,
TCC)


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EVIDENCE FOR CONVICTION IN
SMUGGLING CASES
Mere possession of the article in
question - unless defendant could
explain that his possession is lawful to
the satisfaction of the court (Sec. 3601,
TCC). Payment of the tax due after
apprehension is not a valid defense
(Rodriguez vs. Court of Appeals, GR No.
115218, September 18, 1995)

THINGS SUBJECT TO CONFISCATION IN
SMUGGLING CASES
Anything that was used for
smuggling is subject to confiscation, like
the vessel, plane, etc. (Llamado vs.
Commissioner of Customs, GR No. L-
28809, May 16, 1983).

Exception: Common carriers that are
not privately chartered cannot be
confiscated.

RIGHT OF CUSTOMS OFFICERS TO
EFFECT SEIZURE & ARREST (SEC. 2205)
1. May seize any vessel, aircraft, cargo,
article, animal or other movable
property when the same is subject to
forfeiture or liable for any time as
imposed under tariff and customs
laws, rules & regulations
2. May exercise such powers only in
conformity with the laws and
provisions of the TCC

COMMON CARRIERS; FORFEITURE
1. Common carriers are generally not
subject to forfeiture although if the
owner has knowledge of its use in
smuggling and was a consenting
party, it may also be forfeited.
2. If a motor vehicle is hired to carry
smuggled goods but it has no
Certificate of Public Convenience
(CPC), it is not a common carrier. It
is thus subject to forfeiture, and
lack of personal knowledge of the
owner or the carrier is not a defense
to forfeiture.

PROPERTIES NOT SUBJECT TO
FORFEITURE IN THE ABSENCE OF PRIMA
FACIE EVIDENCE
The forfeiture of the vehicle, vessel
or aircraft shall not be effected if it is
established that the owner thereof or his
agent in charge of the means of
conveyance used as aforesaid has no
knowledge of or participation in the
unlawful act:
Provided, however, that a prima
facie presumption shall exist against the
vessel, vehicle or aircraft under any of
the following circumstances:
1. If the conveyance has been used
for smuggling at least twice
before;
2. If the owner is not in the
business for which the
conveyance is generally used;
and
3. If the owner is financially not in
a position to own such
conveyance.

DOCTRINE OF HOT PURSUIT
Requisites:
1. Over Vessels
a. An act is done in Phil. Waters
which constitutes a violation of
the tariff and customs laws
b. a pursuit of such vessel began
within the jurisdictional waters
which
(i) may continue beyond the
maritime zone, and
(ii) the vessel may be seized on
the high seas.

2. Over Imported Articles
a. There is a violation of the tariff
and customs laws
b. As a consequence they may be
pursued in the Phil.
c. With jurisdiction over them at
any place therein for the
enforcement of the law. (2
nd

par. Sec. 603, TCC)

REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS (RTC)
VS.
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS (BOC)

The RTCs do not have jurisdiction
over seizure and forfeiture
proceedings conducted by the BOC
and to interfere with these
proceedings. The Collector of
Customs has exclusive jurisdiction
over all questions touching on the

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seizure and forfeiture of dutiable
goods.
No petitions for certiorari,
prohibition or mandamus filed with
the RTC will lie because these are in
reality attempts to review the
Commissioner's actuations. Neither
replevin filed with the RTC will
issue. Rationale: Doctrine of
Primary Jurisdiction.
Even if a Customs seizure is illegal,
exclusive jurisdiction (to the
exclusion of regular courts) still
belongs to the Bureau of Customs
(Jao v. Court of Appeals, GR No.
104604, October 6, 1995).

GOODS IN CUSTOMS CUSTODY BEYOND
REACH OF ATTACHMENT
Goods in the customs custody
pending payment of customs duties are
beyond the reach of attachment. As long
as the importation has not been
terminated, the imported goods remain
under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of
Customs. (Viduya vs. Berdiago, GR No.
L-29218, October 29, 1976)

ADMINISTRATIVE AND JUDICIAL
PROCEDURES RELATIVE TO CUSTOMS
SEIZURES AND FORFEITURES

Determination of probable cause and
issuance of warrant

Actual seizure of the articles

Listing of description, appraisal and
classification of seized property

Report of seizure to the Comm. of
Customs and the Chairman, Comm.
on Audit

Issuance by the Collector of a
warrant of detention

Notification to owner or importer

Formal hearing

District collector renders his
decisions

If decision is not
favorable to the
aggrieved owner or
importer
If decision is not
favorable to the
government

Appeal by the
aggrieved owner or
importer
Automatic Review
by the
Commissioner

PERSONS HAVING POLICE AUTHORITY
TO ENFORCE THE TARIFF & CUSTOMS
LAWS AND EFFECT SEARCHES,
SEIZURES AND ARRESTS (SEC. 2203,
TCC)
1) officials of the BOC, district
collectors, police officers, agents,
inspectors, and guests of the BOC;
2) officers of the Phil. Navy and other
members of the AFP and national law
enforcement agencies when authorized
by the Commissioner of Customs
3) officials of the BIR on all cases falling
within the regular performances of their
duties, when the payment of internal
taxes are involved;
4) officers generally empowered by law
to effect arrests and execute processes
of courts, when acting under the
direction of the Collector.

REQUIREMENTS FOR CUSTOMS
FORFEITURE
1. The wrongful making by the owner,
importer, exporter or consignee of
any declaration or affidavit, or the
wrongful making or delivery by the
same persons of any invoice, letter
or paper - all touching on the
importation or exportation of
merchandise.; and
2. That such declaration, affidavit,
invoice, letter or paper is false.
(Farolan, Jr. vs. Court of Tax
Appeals, GR No. 42204, January 21,
1993)

PLACES WHERE SEARCHES & SEIZURES
MAY BE CONDUCTED
(a) enclosures
(b) dwelling house (there must be
search warrant issued by a judge)

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(c) vessels or aircrafts and persons
or articles conveyed therein
(d) vehicles, beasts and persons
(e) persons arriving from foreign
countries.

Note: Burden of proof in seizure or
forfeiture is on the claimant. (Sec.
2535, TCC)

REQUIREMENTS FOR MANIFEST
A manifest in coastwise trade for
cargo and passengers transported from
one place or port in the Philippines to
another is required when one or both of
such places is a port of entry (Sec. 906,
TCC). Manifests are also required of
vessel from a foreign port (Sec. 1005,
TCC).

IS MANIFEST REQUIRED ONLY FOR
IMPORTED GOODS?
NO. Articles subject to seizure
do not have to be imported goods.
Manifests are also required for articles
found on vessels or aircraft engaged in
coastwise trade. (Rigor vs. Rosales, GR
No. L-33756, October 23, 1982)

UNMANIFESTED CARGO IS SUBJECT TO
FORFEITURE whether the act of
smuggling is established or not under the
principle of res ipsa loquitur. It is
enough that the cargo was unmanifested
and that there was no showing that
payment of duties thereon had been
made for it to be subject to forfeiture.

SETTLEMENT OF FORFEITURE CASES
General Rule: Settlement of cases by
payment of fine or redemption of
forfeited property is allowed.

Exceptions:
1. the importation is absolutely
prohibited or
2. the surrender of the property to
the person offering to redeem
would be contrary to law, or
3. when there is fraud. (Sec. 2307,
TCC)

ACQUITTAL IN CRIMINAL CHARGE NOT
RES JUDICATA IN SEIZURE OR
FORFEITURE PROCEEDINGS
Reasons:
1) Criminal proceedings are actions in
personam while seizure or forfeiture
proceedings are actions in rem.
2) Customs compromise does not
extinguish criminal liability. (People
vs. Desiderio, GR No. L-208005,
November 26, 1965)

Note: At any time prior to the sale, the
delinquent importer may settle his
obligations with the Bureau of Customs,
in which case the aforesaid articles may
be delivered upon payment of the
corresponding duties and taxes and
compliance with all other legal
requirements (Sec. 1508, TCC)

ABATEMENT
The reduction or non-imposition of
customs duties on certain imported
materials as a result of:
1) Damage incurred during voyage;
2) Deficiency in contents packages
3) Loss or destruction of articles
after arrival
4) Death or injury of animals

FRAUDULENT PRACTICES CONSIDERED
AS CRIMINAL OFFENSES AGAINST
CUSTOMS REVENUE LAWS
1) Unlawful importation;
2) Entry of imported or exported article
by means of any false or fraudulent
practices, invoice, declaration,
affidavit, or other documents;
3) Entry of goods at less than their true
weights or measures or upon a
classification as to quality or value;
4) Payment of less than the amount
due;
5) Filing any false or fraudulent claim
for the payment of drawback or
refund of duties upon the
exportation of merchandise; or
6) Filing any affidavit, certificate or
other document to secure to himself
or others the payment of any
drawback, allowance or refund of
duties on the exportation of mdse.
greater than that legally due
thereon. (Sec. 3602, TCC)


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VI. COURT OF
TAX APPEALS
(RA 1125 as amended
by RA 9282)

See ANNEX O for comparison of CTA
as created by RA No. 1125 and the
amendments made by RA No. 9282.

NATURE AND POWERS

ELEVATION OF RANK
shall be of the same level as the
Court of Appeals, possessing all the
inherent powers of a Court of Justice

COMPOSITION
Consists of a Presiding Justice and
five (5) Associate Justices
May sit en banc or in two (2)
Divisions, each Division consisting of
three (3) Justices. The Presiding
Justice and the most Senior
Associate Justice shall serve as
chairmen of the two divisions

QUORUM
Four (4) Justices shall constitute a
quorum for sessions EN BANC.
Two (2) Justices for sessions of a
DIVISION.
PROVIDED: in case the required quorum
cannot be had due to any vacancy,
disqualification, inhibition, disability, or
any other lawful cause, the Presiding
Justice shall designate any Justice of
other Divisions of the Court to sit
temporarily therein.

POWERS
1. to administer oaths;
2. to receive evidence;
3. to summon witnesses by
subpoena;
4. to require production or papers
or documents by subpoena duces
tecum;
5. to punish contempt;
6. to promulgate rules and
regulations for the conduct of its
business;
7. to assess damage against
appellant if appeal to CTA is
found to be frivolous or dilatory;
8. to suspend the collection of the
tax pending appeal; and
9. to render decisions on cases
brought before it
10. to issue order authorizing
distraint of personal property
and levy of real property

DISTRAINT OF PERSONAL PROPERTY
AND LEVY OF REAL PROPERTY
Upon the issuance of any ruling,
order or decision by the CTA favorable to
the national government, the CTA shall
issue an order authorizing the BIR,
through the Commissioner:

1. to seize and distraint any goods,
chattels, or effects and the personal
property, including stocks and other
securities, debts, credits, bank
accounts, and interests in and rights
to personal property and/or
2. levy the real property of such
persons in sufficient quantity to
satisfy the tax or charge together
with any increment thereto incident
to delinquency.

This remedy shall not be exclusive
and shall not preclude the Court from
availing of other means under the Rules
of Court.

JURISDICTION

I. EXCLUSIVE APPELLATE JURISDICTION
TO REVIEW BY APPEAL

(a) Decisions of the Commissioner
of Internal Revenue
1. in cases involving disputed
assessments, refunds of
internal revenue taxes, fees
or other charges, penalties
in relation thereto,
2. or other matters arising
under the NIRC or other laws
administered by the BIR;
(b) Inaction by the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue
1. in cases involving disputed
assessments, refunds of
internal revenue taxes, fees

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or other charges, penalties
in relation thereto,
under the NIRC or other laws
administered by the BIR,
where the NIRC provides a
specific period for action, in
which case the inaction shall
be deemed a denial;
(c) Decisions, orders or resolutions
of the RTC
in local tax cases originally
decided or resolved by them in
the exercise of their original or
appellate jurisdiction;
(d) Decisions of the Commissioner
of Customs
1. in cases involving liability
for customs duties, fees or
other money charges,
seizure, detention or release
of property affected, fines,
forfeitures or other
penalties in relation
thereto,
under the Customs Law or
other laws administered by
the Bureau of Customs;
(e) Decisions of the Central Board
of Assessment Appeals
in the exercise of its appellate
jurisdiction over cases involving
the assessment and taxation of
real property originally decided
by the provincial or city board of
assessment appeals;
(f) Decisions of the Secretary of
Finance
on customs cases elevated to
him automatically for review
from decisions of the
Commissioner of Customs which
are adverse to the Government
under Section 2315 of the Tariff
and Customs Code;
(g) Decisions of the Secretary of
Trade and Industry in the case
of nonagricultural product,
commodity or article, and the
Secretary of Agriculture in the
case of agricultural product,
commodity or article,
involving dumping and
countervailing duties under Secs.
301and 302, respectively, of the
Tariff and Customs Code, and
safeguard measures under RA
No, 8800, where either party
may appeal the decision to
impose or not to impose said
duties.

II. JURISDICTION OVER CASES
INVOLVING CRIMINAL CASES

(a) Exclusive original jurisdiction
over all criminal cases arising from
violations of the NIRC or Tariff and
Customs Code and other laws
administered by the BIR or the
Bureau of Customs
Provided however, where the
principal amount of taxes and
fees, exclusive of charges and
penalties claimed is less than
one million pesos (P1, 000, 000.
00) or where there is no
specified amount claimed - the
offenses or penalties shall be
tried by the regular courts and
the jurisdiction of the CTA shall
be appellate.
Any provision of law or the Rules
of Court to the contrary
notwithstanding, the criminal
action and the corresponding
civil action for the recovery of
civil liability for taxes and
penalties shall at all times be
simultaneously instituted with,
and jointly determined in the
same proceeding by the CTA,
the filing of the criminal action
being deemed to necessarily
carry with it the filing of the
civil action, and no right to
reserve the filing of such civil
action separately from the
criminal action will be
recognized.

(b) Exclusive appellate jurisdiction
in criminal offenses
Over appeals from the
judgments, resolutions or orders
of the RTC in tax cases originally
decided by them, in their
respective territorial
jurisdiction.
Over petitions for review of the
judgments, resolutions, or

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orders of the RTC in the exercise
of their appellate jurisdiction
over tax cases originally decided
by the Metropolitan Trial Courts,
Municipal Trial Courts, and
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts in
their respective jurisdiction.

III. JURISDICTION OVER TAX
COLLECTION CASES
(a) Exclusive original jurisdiction
in tax collection cases involving
final and executory assessments
for taxes, fees, charges and
penalties.
In collection cases where the
principal amount of taxes and
fees, exclusive of charges and
penalties, claimed is less than
one million pesos (P 1, 000, 000.
00) shall be tried by the proper
Municipal Trial Court,
Metropolitan Trial Court, and
Regional Trial Court.

(b) Exclusive appellate jurisdiction
in tax collection cases
Over appeals from the
judgments, resolutions or orders
of RTC in tax collection cases
originally decided by them, in
their respective territorial
jurisdiction.
Over petitions for review of the
judgements, resolutions or
orders of the RTC in the exercise
of their appellate jurisdiction
over tax collection cases
originally decided by the
Metropolitan Trial Courts,
Municipal Trial Courts and
Municipal Circuit Trial Courts, in
their respective jurisdiction.

In criminal and collection cases, the
Government may directly file the
said cases with the CTA covering
amounts within its exclusive and
original jurisdiction.

See ANNEX P Comparative
Diagrams on CTA jurisdiction.

OTHER MATTERS
Those controversies which can be
considered within the scope of the
function of the BIR / BOC under ejusdem
generis rule (e.g. action for the nullity of
distraint and levy; questioning the
propriety of the assessment; collection
of compromise penalties).

APPEAL

WHEN
Within 30 days after the receipt of
such decision or ruling or after the
expiration of the period fixed by law for
action.

MODES OF APPEAL
(1) By filing a petition for review under
a procedure analogous to that
provided for under Rule 42 of 1997
Rules on Civil Procedure
decision, ruling, or inaction of
the Commissioner of Internal
Revenue, Commissioner of
Customs, the Secretary of
Finance, the Secretary of Trade
and Industry or the Secretary of
Agriculture or the Regional Trial
Courts
this appeal shall be heard by a
Division of the CTA
(2) By filing a petition for review under
a procedure analogous to that
provided for under Rule 43 of 1997
Rules on Civil Procedure
decisions or rulings of the
Central Board of Assessments
Appeals and the Regional Trial
Courts in the exercise of its
appellate jurisdiction
this appeal shall be heard by the
CTA en banc.

PROCEDURE
A. Any party adversely affected by a
ruling, order or decision of a Division
of the CTA may file a motion for
reconsideration or new trial before
the same Division within 15 days
from notice


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B. Any party adversely affected by a
resolution of a Division of the CTA on
a motion for reconsideration or new
trial may file a petition for review
with the CTA en banc.

C. Any party adversely affected by a
decision or ruling of the CTA en banc
may file with the Supreme Court a
verified petition for review on
certiorari pursuant to Rule 45 of the
1997 Rules on Civil Procedure.

THIRTY (30) DAY PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR
APPEAL
Starts to run from the date the
taxpayer receives the appealable
decision. If the taxpayers request for
reconsideration (i.e., the protest is
denied or the original assessment is
maintained, the appealable decision is
the decision denying the request for
reconsideration.
The said period is jurisdictional and
non-extendible. Requests or motions for
reconsideration, however, operate to
suspend the running of the period to
appeal. A pro forma request for
reconsideration or one which is directed
to the Secretary of Finance does not
suspend the running of the 30-day
reglementary period.

ONLY A FINAL DECISION IS APPEALABLE TO
THE COURT OF TAX APPEALS

Preliminary collection letters, post
reporting notices and pre-assessment
notices are not appealable, because
they are not the final decision of the
Commissioner.
An assessment can be appealed if
taxpayer does not seek a
reconsideration.
At times there is an exchange of
communications between taxpayer
and Commissioner states that his
action is final, then, period for
appeal begins to run.
Commissioner must state that his
decision is final, for period of appeal
to run.
Final decision cannot be implied
from issuance of warrant of distraint
and levy, unless it is issued after a
request for reconsideration.
GENERAL RULE: New issues cannot be
raised for the first time on appeal.

EXCEPTIONS:
a. Defense of prescription
Reason: This is a statutory right.
(Visayan Land Transportation vs.
Collector)
b. Errors of administrative officials
Reason: State can never be in
estoppel and lifeblood theory.
(Commissioner vs. Procter and
Gamble Phils. Mfg. Corp, GR No.
66838, April 15, 1988)

NOTE: However, this was reversed in
Supreme Courts subsequent resolution
wherein it was held that in the absence
of explicit statutory provisions to the
contrary, the Government must follow
the same rules of procedure which bind
private parties. (Commissioner vs.
Procter and Gamble, GR No. 66838,
December 2, 1991, Resolution)

TAX COLLECTION NOT SUSPENDED DURING
APPEAL

General Rule: No appeal taken to the
CTA shall suspend the payment, levy or
distraint, and/or sale of any property of
the taxpayer.

Exception: The CTA is empowered to
suspend the collection of internal
revenue taxes and custom duties only
when there was a
c) showing that collection of the tax
may jeopardize the interest of the
government and / or the taxpayer;
d) deposit of the amount claimed or
file a surety bond for not more
than double the amount of tax
with the Court when required; and
e) showing by taxpayer that appeal is
not frivolous nor dilatory.

CAN THE CTA ENJOIN COLLECTION OF TAXES?

Sec. 11 of RA No. 1125 as amended
by Sec. 9 of RA No. 9282 grants CTA
power to suspend collection of tax if
such collection works to serious
prejudice of either taxpayer or
government.

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However, Sec. 218 of the Tax Code
provides no court may grant
injunction to restrain collection of
any tax, fee or charge imposed by
Tax Code.
The provision in Tax Code refers to
courts other than the CTA. (Blaquera
vs. Rodriguez, GR No. L-11295,
March 29, 1958)
Appeal to the CTA does not
automatically suspend collection
unless CTA issues suspension order at
any stage of proceedings.

SIMULTANEOUS FILING OF AN APPLICATION FOR
REFUND OR CREDIT AND INSTITUTION OF A CASE
BEFORE THE CTA ALLOWED

The law fixes the same period of
two (2) years for filing a claim for refund
with the Commissioner and for filing a
case with the CTA. The two-year period
for both starts from the date after the
payment of the tax or penalty, or from
the approval of the application for
credit.

Observation: If we are not going to
allow the taxpayer to file a refund
before the CTA and let him wait for the
CIRs decision, and the latter failed to
render a decision within the 2-year
period, the said taxpayer can no longer
file a refund before the CTA because his
right to appeal has prescribed.

WEIGHT OF DECISION OF CTA

Decisions of Tax Court have
persuasive effect and may serve as
judicial guides. They have more
persuasive value than BIR Rulings.
CTAs findings of fact are entitled to
the highest respect. (Raymundo vs.
de Joya, GR No. L-27733, December
3, 1980)
The Supreme Court will not set aside
conclusions reached by Tax Court
which by the very nature of its
function, is dedicated exclusively to
the consideration of tax problems
and has developed an expertise on
the subject, unless there has been
an abuse or an improvident exercise
of authority on its part.
(Commissioner vs. Court of Appeals
& Atlas Consolidated, GR No. 86785,
November 21, 1991)

VII.VALUEADDED TAX
(VAT)
TITLE IV OF NIRC

DEFINITION: The value-added tax is an
indirect tax and the amount of tax may
be shifted or passed on to the buyer,
transferee or lessee of the goods,
properties or services. This rule shall
likewise apply to existing contracts of
sale or lease of goods, properties or
services at the time of the effectivity of
Republic Act No. 7716.

VAT replaced Sales Tax as imposed by
previous Tax Laws.

HISTORY:
a. Executive Order No. 273
b. Republic Act No. 7716
c. Republic Act No. 8241
d. Republic Act No. 8424 (took
effect on 1 January 1998)

TRANSACTIONS COVERED BY VAT:
1. Sale of Commodities or Goods (in
the course of trade or business
only)
2. Sale of Services (in the course of
trade or business only)
3. Exportation (in the course of
trade or business only)
4. Importation (whether or not in
the course of trade or business)

PERSONS LIABLE FOR VAT
Any person who, in the course of
trade or business, sells barters,
exchanges, leases goods or properties,
renders services, and any person who
imports goods shall be subject to the
value-added tax (VAT) imposed in
Sections 106 to 108 of the National
Internal Revenue Code.

IN THE COURSE OF TRADE OR
BUSINESS
The regular conduct or pursuit of a
commercial or an economic activity,
including transactions incidental
thereto, by any person regardless of

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whether or not the person engaged
therein is a non-stock, nonprofit private
organization (irrespective of the
disposition of its net income and
whether or not it sells exclusively to
members or their guests), or government
entity.
Therefore if the disposition of goods
or services is NOT in the course of trade
or business then it is not subject to VAT;
with the exception of importation of
course.
The rule of regularity, to the
contrary notwithstanding, services as
defined in this Code rendered in the
Philippines by non-resident foreign
persons shall be considered as being
course of trade or business.
Importation is subject to VAT
regardless of whether or not it is in the
course of trade or business
The reason for the rule is to protect
our local or domestic goods or articles
and to regulate the entry or introduction
of foreign articles to our local market.
Regulation is one of the purposes of
Taxation.

Tax Rates:
1. 10% - the rate used in sale of
commodities and goods, sale of
services, and importation.
2. Zero-rated (0%) - the rate used in
exportation.

MANNER OF COMPUTING THE VAT:
A. 10% rate of Tax

1. In sale of commodities and goods,
10% is multiplied with the Gross
Selling Price.
2. In sale of services, 10% is multiplied
with the Gross Receipts.
3. In importation, 10% is multiplied
with the rates used by the Bureau of
Customs in imposing tariff and
customs duties plus customs duties,
excise taxes, if any, and other
charges, such tax to be paid by the
importer prior to the release of such
goods from customs custody:
Provided, That where the customs
duties are determined on the basis
of the quantity or volume of the
goods, the value-added tax shall be
based on the landed cost plus excise
taxes, If any. customs duties.

B. Zero-rated (0%) rate of tax

1. Export Sales as provided in Section
106(A)(2)(a)
2. Foreign Currency Denominated Sale
as provided in Section 106 (A)(2)(b)
3. Sale to persons or entities which is
VAT exempt under special laws or
international agreements to which
the Philippines is a signatory as
provided in Section 106 (A)(2)(c)
4. Transactions subject to zero-rated
(0%) as provided in Section 108(B)

REGISTRATION UNDER THE VAT SYSTEM
(SECTION 236 OF THE NIRC)

General Rule: Failure to register is
subject to temporary closure of the
establishment for 5 days as provided in
Section 115(b).

Exception: It does not apply to an
exporter who fails to register. The effect
is, instead of treating the transaction as
zero-rated (0%), it is treated as an
exempt transaction.

What is the difference? In zero-rated
(0%) transactions, tax credit is available.
However, in exempt transactions, tax
credit is not available.

EXEMPT TRANSACTIONS (SECTION 109):
1. In Section 109(a) and (c), food and
non-food products are VAT-exempt
as long as these products are in its
original state. The simple process of
preparation or preservation for the
market such as freezing, drying,
salting, broiling, roasting, smoking,
or stripping does not remove the
product from its category of being in
its original state.
However, even if the products were
no longer in its original state, it can
still be VAT-exempt under Section
109(r), if sold by agricultural
cooperatives duly registered by
Cooperative Development Authority.

Guillermo
2. Under Section 109(m), private
educational institutions are exempt
from VAT if duly accredited by the
DECS or by the CHED. In case of
government educational institution,
no accreditation is required.

3. Transactions in the field of Arts are
VAT-exempt only, as provided in
Section 109(n), if the seller is the
artist himself or the artists services
performed for the production of
such works.

4. Section 109(p) makes Regional or
Area Headquarters exempt from
VAT.

5. Under Section 109(w) in order for
the sale or lease of real property to
be exempted from VAT, the
transaction must NOT be conducted
in the ordinary course of trade or
business. It complements Section
106(A)(1)(a) where it states that in
order for the sale or lease of real
property to be covered by VAT, it
must be made in the ordinary course
of trade or business.

6. Revenue Regulations No. 6-97 adds a
requirement in order for the lease of
residential units with a monthly
rental of not more than P8,000.00,
as provided in Section 109(x), to be
VAT exempt, that the annual gross
receipts must not exceed
P550,000.00.

7. Section 109(z) provides that the sale
or lease of goods or performances of
services other than those mentioned
in the preceding paragraphs are VAT
exempt if the Gross Annual Receipts
do not exceed P550,000.00.
However, the limitation of
P550,000.00 does apply for those
transactions from Section 109(a) to
(y), except (x) because Revenue
Regulations No. 6-97 imposes a
P550,000.00 limitation.

In cases of tax-free importation of
goods into the Philippines by
persons, entities or agencies exempt
from tax where such goods are
subsequently sold, transferred or
exchanged in the Philippines to non-
exempt persons or entities, the
purchasers, transferees or recipients
shall be considered the importers
thereof, who shall be liable for any
internal revenue tax on such
importation. The tax due on such
importation shall constitute a lien on
the goods superior to all charges or
liens on the goods, irrespective of
the possessor thereof.

TRANSACTIONS DEEMED SALE:

The following transactions shall be
deemed sale therefore making them
covered by VAT:

(1) Transfer, use or consumption not in
the course of business of goods or
properties originally intended for sale or
for use in the course of business;
(2) Distribution or transfer to:
(a) Shareholders or investors as
share in the profits of the VAT-registered
persons; or
(b) Creditors in payment of debt;
(3) Consignment of goods if actual sale is
not made within sixty (60) days following
the date such goods were consigned; and
(4) Retirement from or cessation of
business, with respect to inventories of
taxable goods existing as of such
retirement or cessation.

How to determine the VAT: The tax
shall be computed by multiplying the
total amount indicated in the invoice by
one-eleventh (1/11).

Example: the total amount indicated in
the invoice is P110. P110/11 = P10. P10
is the amount of VAT.

TAX CREDIT AND REFUND

Formula for Tax Credit:
Output
Less: Input
VAT due.

If Input is greater than Output, Tax
Credit is available.


Guillermo
"INPUT TAX" means the value-added tax
due from or paid by a VAT-registered
person in the course of his trade or
business on importation of goods or local
purchase of goods or services, including
lease or use of property, from a VAT-
registered person. It shall also include
the transitional input tax determined in
accordance with Section 111 of the NIRC.

"OUTPUT TAX" means the value-added
tax due on the sale or lease of taxable
goods or properties or services by any
person registered or required to register
under Section 236 of the NIRC.

If at the end of any taxable quarter
the output tax exceeds the input
tax, the excess shall be paid by the
VAT-registered person. If the input
tax exceeds the output tax, the
excess shall be carried over to the
succeeding quarter or quarters. Any
input tax attributable to the
purchase of capital goods or to zero-
rated sales by a VAT-registered
person may at his option be
refunded or credited against other
internal revenue taxes, subject to
the provisions of Section 112.

OPTIONS OF A TAXPAYER AS PROVIDED
IN SECTION 112:
1. to claim for tax credit; or
2. to claim for refund

The claim, which must be in writing,
for both cases, must be filed within 2
years after the close of the taxable
quarter when the sales were made for:
a) the issuance of a tax credit
certificate; b) refund of creditable input
tax due or paid attributable to such
sales.

HOW TO DETERMINE CREDITABLE INPUT
TAX
The sum of the excess input tax
carried over from the preceding month
or quarter and the input tax creditable
to a VAT-registered person during the
taxable month or quarter shall be
reduced

reduced by the amount of claim for
refund or tax credit for value-added tax
and other adjustments, such as purchase
returns or allowances and input tax
attributable to exempt sale.
The claim for tax credit referred to
in the foregoing paragraph shall include
not only those filed with the Bureau of
Internal Revenue but also those filed
with other government agencies, such as
the Board of Investments or the Bureau
of Customs.
The Commissioner within 120 days,
in proper cases, from the date of
submission of complete documents in
support of the application shall grant a
refund or issue the tax credit certificate
for creditable input taxes.
Remedy in case of full, or partial
denial, or failure on the part of the
Commissioner to act upon the
application for tax credit or refund: the
taxpayer affected may, within thirty (30)
days from the receipt of the decision
denying the claim or after the expiration
of the one hundred twenty day-period,
appeal the decision or the unacted claim
with the Court of Tax Appeals.
RETURN AND PAYMENT OF VAT
Every person liable to pay the value-
added tax shall file a quarterly return of
the amount of his gross sales or receipts
within 25 days following the close of
each taxable quarter prescribed for each
taxpayer: Provided, however, That VAT-
registered persons shall pay the value-
added tax on a monthly basis.
Any person, whose registration has
been cancelled in accordance with
Section 236, shall file a return and pay
the tax due thereon within 25 days from
the date of cancellation of registration:
Provided, That only one consolidated
return shall be filed by the taxpayer for
his principal place of business or head
office and all branches.


Guillermo

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What are the two-fold nature and extent of the power of taxation?

What are the requisites of a valid tax according to the document?

San Beda College of Law 1

MEMORY AID IN TAXATION LAW

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