Metric Space and Vector Space

!

"$#&%('*),+-),./'*0
132547698;:<8>=?6A@CB DFEHGJILKNM9O5GQPSRUTLEWV!XYILPSGZP[T]\-VH^_V`RUVWTLabI\-T]\cGQdeXRgfV!GSRih Ij\-kcR,lmT

TLX?GQEUInRU^_TL\-VQo
prqs GutvEwV!R/TLX?GQEUInRU^xT]\zy{Ijk-k-^|RU^_T]\zy5^xV/kGStY\G}kcaFTLEAXYIL^|EwV~TjaGQKxGQdeGQ\RUV^x\chy
IL\-kAyYIL\-kf^xGQK_k-VuIj\GQKxGQdeG}\5R^x\hy-kGQ\-TjRwG}kfo
prqs GcV!GQPQTL\-kTLX?GQEUInRU^_TL\zyVwPQILK_IjEd-KR^|XvK_^xP}InRU^xT]\zy^_VkGStY\G}kaFTLE(R s GXYIj^xE
ybIEHGJIjK9\{-dG[EQyzIL\-kIL\ G}K|G}deGQ\5R$hyIL\-k f^xGQK_k-VZIL\GQKxGQdeG}\5R^_\
h kG}\-TnRUGQk3f Co
b&{v } Qj7Y&& &{Y

x]i-Uj[HU|}ijH(LHw-}-]xFLiCwUrAHA< r
JZ$3
7 {
[H_uL}|}eQ5_ Q-jw}3w-Uvn

F (-L}L [H_j3}|}}5mx3 }-jwQuH-v
u9C
( 7b&FLL_
7, b&FLmL_AH
e
( &9 bFLuLxAH
}e9v>g
r~}|}}5U H
L_| ] wLU/QxQeQUx H
Lxx
L w
|}eQ5
_x}nU "!#]$ % S &L'LxSHUw()*,+-

.|U 10)253 ] m5 46 S _7 9 8Y :jiZ;;$4v|< ]-_`_)2=U![
/
L (U> ?@4? n AL- ( /B
_x" C0-!W jDn A]HA E25UF !G"!H > ;_) 2
L
35 D 46 [H D *UC LI KJMLNJOA(P HQ ORH > w*D 3; LA
0-| E4vA A n ALT
S
U x@S5 Si546 [*UQ |7_m LV!HWUCn
XY+[Z]\
_â`b c>+Z
d\3Z]\
`@+
e5f
g)hRikjlnmCop qr)mPgPltsuo[vji,g)m6vikwkx[yziklnoP{|g)m6v
}1~RC}6
59$u;)36EPt;*1
' )%u; uI I
D A7)96) 3'~ % _ _
; ~ A7)96) 3 ~ u
}1~RC}/
59$T;)&)CE 7k; ut*1:
D )6) "#~ _ u _ D _
;
; ~ )6) " ~
QTPTknR TS,t)[ Y,)

7

k) :Q<PVVG-
@GBT
)[ H E H -)9z/) Y $1z

A1
IE C AY A1Qt=119 $ MD
1H;
A 1 M; t1 ) A1! 9"
$#
$
% $9;
& $) 5
H '
7 ;5 89 $"8 A# ;:<0>=+?@.')ACB!)D=.'0EFt+ $G
3 $HY#7 $J 5N
KML 7
()+*$,"-./-10!,
243 65
AHIY%5
7A' G9;
OQPSR
W bdV
KTL 7U
5N
&GZt[)\^]"-1BH?_:<)D,`.a $7cbF5
KTL WY
VX
<$nY;'GMD 5NKML 7C AR'fD EgE T7) $nY;<1 M>t+ A $H
Y )
+ $i
h jlkHmMk@m'n'nnTmMk+op $H;YZ7qbr5s t9 hIju7vKML bd5No
Oe
SA'Y;&MD
OQPSR
KML 7
5N

&&Dt
KML Wd
VX
Ez);{ AI'?D |~ }
? E/?_:y:1)D:z
wYx
|juWrbVXo
D_ 7
b
N)a?_)A6-1E/)=./-10`,Y E`7Yb5 |jWXbVXoP 1 D;t

3
w
w
|~kH
[)0`"0!'-.')A6-1E/)=./-10!, $a7
D;
t4
|Xk
3
b~5
@ G1HN
|juWb~VXo
HG_'H^^`g$H#G^H
+$"/1!
av'9&a9'
&JX `9&HNig9&a9'T
;d t9pgH '~H_
Sg" &HX+IrN
M
9D&_ ''t
G_9
_
y> ''
&Hi'Dgg
g
&IF_4g <IDc`9&+Z
y/''
u#U
!'+9+&;MH
H+I!8zgza &&H9I'+X&XG_&&
T ';H'+ i& ;_IH9HJ&Td
lH''
Q HF`&9I+'M9 'gg_&&&9
9&$+' '`9N &I_!&9z99I6+Mg
# M&96H
$99I%+'&ZMHz+
`9&HqHg99_g&'9
_&H;HI&HDcH%4+Mg M

<X+X &H
g
&UMH
M
_'@&H

Hg+_&XM9'Q 9H;%MH
+&>
_&'M98+' 94cT_gH9YH
X`9 _XS+g&NM9H
D&'99I&+
HX99I&9'Z D&'c{$
ZH'g{

!#"$
()*+,.-/,01+3254768:9<;=?>@=ACBA/0DFE;G-IHGJNIKML O PGQR NIKML S TVU
NIKML O W NIKML SYX Z[ \.bc\
\^]1_a`
de<PGf.Phgjig H RkemlnU 6 P#o 8 l 68IJ@H fVf Hqp TrQs JtH kg5ig H i 8 g'lMT 8 U
''
%'&
u IN MK L O W NIKML SYX N:KaL S W NIKML O

u NIKML vwWx N:KnL Owy N:KML S:z{X N:KaL vwW N:KnL O y NIKnL vwW N:KML S
u xt| NIKnL v}z~W NIKML SYX|Gx NIKML vwW NIKnL Sz
u NIKML O W N:KaL OIX T J PGQR H Qf^T J IN MK L O TrUl 68 o 8 eml H gNl 68 g p VT U 8 :N MK L O
W N:KaL O
()*+,.-/,01+3254768+0A H g7f 8 QsGl 6HGJ NIKML O VT U7R 8 Q 8 RPGU
NIKML O X NIKML O W NIKML O

?#!<h !
./1357:F#?cj<< IM IM V < G
In IM
V c # nI@Vrq nh
:a :n 5 IM In
a :n 7 IM
:a w In 7 IM :a IM IM
./13 :a IM j n n I M :a I1<1# <
G7#q1?
}q1/?Y1/7 I M In ~}hnG 1n<
:M IM a IM a In a
##

!
" #%$'*,&)( + - #/.10243#65%$8719:.10;=<>#%$'*@&)( ? - #A.B0C2D0710EF#69G7H3#65%$87196IJ"#%$LK - #

$8M#ONP7RQ>0C$TSGU5)MV$8MW.$ K &)( + Q>SX719Y$8M71Z7R0W.1<W$87 *,&)( ? I\[XM#60
] * &8( KL^`_ *@&8( ? .10; *,&)( + a * &)( K QbST719Y$8M71Z710W.1<c$87 *,&8( ?
] [XM#O0dUe - #F9T_JQbSXU0Q>fU#,.B0;4QbSgZRQh3#60 - 2
_i^
*,&)( + j ,
* &)( ?
k *,&)( ? k
* )& ( + .1<>7R0Z @
* w& ( ?
] _:Q>SX5.B<b<>#6;l$8M#Omncoqprnstdsu@71v @
] [XM#xpyzn|{FtCm1uz}ncs~71v *,&8( + .1<>7R0Z *@&8( ? QbS_ *@&8( ? M#69!#_XQ>S$)M#5F7ReAN7R0#60C$I
W mBPP%m yu%stC
L
W }u)719i.B0C2$
7 3#65%$8719GS *@&w( + .10; *,&)( ? #OMW.3#
$8MW.$
k k *,&8( ? k
*,&)( + j *,&8( ? k *,&)( +
y} s t=%stC W }uwq719i.102$ 73R#5$8719GS *,&8( + .10; *@&w( ? #OMW.3#:$8MW.$
k *,&)( + *@&)( ? k k *@&8( + k k *@&8( ? k
W==6B ix
=GR 8gBwCCwTBY8dW1b/g,W:8W
,) @)
: ,) @8
DXd86!,bT/bd,| ! w
8W
,) @w
FR
,) P @
w
=bT61>>6l8,W%66 ,) 1 ,8
RA:Hb!%>16RR1AFGGbiFRFF8XB!1
DXJY%X1P1b) !w)W ) ,8 x` bg61>>68Jcd
W181>
%G6!6 ,) >JGFWBF6 C g R%J)
6 W 14h bT!FW1%CD JR%x
z
DX, H8GR 1 bTDB8@Y%i1 1> G)V8W
c
X>b1!!b)GRR 1 >) Y% 1W1>PR>C8 i>wLG8bY

w >L8VY%1i1>PR>C8@
DXV W )GRRqP1b)
!wV8W

i6!
!
!
"#$"#&%('*)(+,'.-0/12)(3'547698;:=<'?>A@CBDE>569'
FHG
IKJ9LNMPORQTS9LVUWJ9XZY\[9];J_â`cbde`cbf`ggg`bhViRjkUWJ9LljmLnUoYTpKQTOqOrMsYTiRS;Uejut jH[?vJ
UWJPQEU
h
t w x d\{ y b y
ymz
|m}
K
9~ .A0P9*~*7C5~9..C.0*~9
(9(
2;5=7 R?\0V9oH9PmTs;cWTHn nR\m??9

T??eq\T?2HT ?WqPRqeq\ W9 qKTqq&H9PHnuT
EWTr RH9PmTnTA9W9 qKWm\cWTmT\
\P=_ qKo;cWTmTT?7WCET? HkH9PmTn R
W9H\!H9PmTRePn\eTq?;nHW9H9PHnT?E(VR
W9uZNTR!RW9um?mWPERKn\;R9q;mH9PmT
\P=lRR9RlTN?qlTHmW9Z\9;NW9kTZq\RlR
H9PmTnuTA Hm7W\ c
\P=K*K V T?q
s ?
m
!"0P; $ # & %'
9 qaH9PmTT.9T?
()+*,).-0/21-35476 8-:9;=< 8>6>?@9AB-3C476 8-
DFE
GIHKJ7LNMPOQMSR'LTVUXW,YIZ\[7]^___,^F[X`badc@WdegfFW,Y.hjikbWl
YhjmnfporqsetkKWl
YuhCmvfFwejlWyx{z
|~} WkKWlYhjm[x ofeMLHKR@BNML0O\MR'LhjiY } WkKWlYhjmnfZ\[7]^___,^F[X`ba
oriY } W,mWeCmWfnlejeCmnf7]u^___ûX`fl } Y } e5Y
[t7][]5">`\[X`
HRQH2 TU>WY:[ ] ^___^[ ` c'W.W&WvWqKYfhCiekKWl
YuhCm:fFwejlWx je qrWY
c'W:Y } Wf cfFW,Yhji7x l hbqforfFYorq !hjiejoq WeCml,hbcoqe5Yohjqfhji[ ] ^_ __,^F[ `
ozWbz
`
[
& ]
|~} WqI ofepf cfweCl,Whjixz
GIHKJ7LNMPOQMSR'LTUXW,Y7[]u^___^[X`~c@WkKWl
YhjmnfhjiY } WfFwejl,Wx{z |~} Wf cfFwejl,Whji'ej
orq W\e5mlhjcorqe5YohbqfhjiY } WfFWkKWlYhjmnfor7c'W WqhCYnWS[ ] ^___,^F[ `j ejq
Y } W[ forc'WlejrrWbWq Wme5Yhjmnfhji$Y } off cfFwejlWbz
GIHKJ7LNMPOQMSR'LTi$ ofefn cfFwejlWhjix eCq ] ^___^n ` eCmWkbWl
Yhjmnforq
fl } Y } e5Y ] ^___^n `5 Y } WqBWfneY } eYY } Wv feCmWvjWq W,me5Yhjmnf
hji hCmY } e5Y~ ofbWq W,me5YnWhjm~LNLHcY } WfFW,YZQN]u^___^n`jaz
$2dd >>@BC7 $$B$2>
bVNSs:X, .jBK

.
b
& ! uj"n$#% '&K()"*y
,+- I ./

bVNS1
0vX, 3
2:C% /n546n 287 p
C "n9
#% &:
&K (
)";
2 >=
< / > u
j?
< 4 > @
,AB)b% C D " :
EF)GG)H=r IJK# 7 >L ( M
N
/O.QPR
N
4 . <S/S
N
. <T4
2
N U V. / 4
N W V. < / /
N X O.< / n
2
Y )H N 4C N
2 N "-Gr N "KN )Z#IZ [)"KN \I] U J N W %" ( N j) ^)E_N <S/7U jN<TX46
/
4ba
4
a
">L'(
\&KG\`Zj
j

2 c;GC)%
degfDe3hjilkmhnpoqrshutmvxwryqyzRtm{|hnoqrsh
}~
-:CbCsDx>s%1>6;] 1R

jK%Kb>s6 R>s%$5?JC6=D'Cb>s6D
56s%\K@>6^ZpKKZ 3Cb>sDDK
>68%%Z%9DZ%CDCbCsDDZ^bbZ%[
C:] D
?]@| DJ 6C
C $F\ C%
%!'6s8>6

pbp'
@
C
y J m m
66K
[CCb>sD8
!?Cb>s6J-->D>s%5
6K pB'%K$ m
JC Cb>sD-
y

T;:
lbyyRm|s=|lys
ZbsD8 3uKK
S b%\]
, !#"F$&%B '!#"F(K %
$ *)
+ p
bp
,-. &/s0612,p
23>64%5Z 6 7) 08:9-<;=

? <Bb082 ) 8C;D
E&/R08C
>Z0 ?@ j A@
F9G
5H
#I J0 JI
K L (NPO@l
M
&/s%
85e,>f.
Q RTQD; U]< 0G&/s0D D

S
- - /sDV
0
*dG5
;XW <Y<YYC*ZH[\W^] Y<Y<Y_-]a`[b#C&/R6CZ<8:; c
bp5g
@]ih<jk>bj
I
l NiO^NFO7] QmR5ny6 !o" Y<Y<Y>ape%8 !o"q] <YY<Y]mpe%

- &/s0D sr
0H
t] h 5 u82V>f. b2Zv
^ d jw:
0H
d 5[D85,f. bp5Zx
] h jk>b=9*
b<]
y<z|{>zU}A~v P P$
Jq
V6 6V a
A1 îJ$@A<_0o3-<<-*2 - 05 iMqq6TX 0

6 C<0EDig <<_ $5F-Hceu2<0Ff$5
C-(,qf >> 0
* 6<e @
i51511$<-007se3$oA<_01-,q6(Tq6 6 f
e4$A0m & <>& e25$<C5$>$<A3C0sfC
2 0(e5fF06$q0

13 X<e a7*
2U5C<1 <= a
(P^ SCJ$uA0M - <<- -55$<C$>$<AU20

M
f:F23eJ2<0Ef$ 0$A02E25$<,>f52fg0$ $>>
iî7STva 7 & <_- A U25$<CF5$>$(&>06f<H
0,5u 02,4J$<t73-<<&aA- e 25$<Cg$>$(
2 0f:g5ED55$<f2e5fg01&<>&*g
f *>F$(>AHCgA_g2X 0 $
(>J$g&>U$(A (>& -U55$<Ct5$>$(<v7o>f
$(- 2E 25$<Cg$>$(G&7

a
1

"!$#
%'&)(+*-,/.'02143
57698:0214;45<>=?,*5
@"ABDCFEHG+CIBJKLEMONQPRGBTSVUWPRG+XBJYBG+XBG+CFBZCS[G\S[NQ]Ê`_BDBba KcBG+XBXdKcEe]^f_]^JSCFB]Fg

h fJ+JiE[]^Bkj lOS[G+X`j mnSVUoBpKrqsEt]^f_]uJS[CIB]E[Mwv BTSCxAeX+PzyiBFU^BG{K2KcAS[Ge|:]^f+CxA
KcASVKS[G{}ZJS[PzUOE[M~{BCbKEUc]9 l j l S[G+X m" j m SU^BpNQPRGBTSUoN}ZPQG+XBFJBG+XBG{Kg
Q/BFKpj l S[G+X:j
CFEHG+X+PzKcPQE[G+]OSU^B4B f+P~S[NRBGK
gj
l j
m _YB]^f_]uJS[CIB]pE[Mvg@"ABGKcABLMEHNQNRETqPQG
m |
l j lc m" j m S[G+X l m | RP JNQPzB]: l m |g"PgB[gQHSG}

g
JS[PzUE[MG+EHG $FBUoE>~{BCIKcE[Uo] l j l m j m SU^B"NQPRGBTSUoN}PQG+XBFJBG+XBGKb
{w-Y"BIK2j l S[G+Xj m _B]^f_]^JSCFB]"E[MKcAB>~{BCIKcE[Us]^JSCFBpvdgM
j l j m |KcAB]uJS[CIBj l- j m PR]CS[NRNRBXKcAB[ T- E[Mj l
S[G+X j mIgk@"ABLG+EKSVKcPREHGj l-j m>PQ]f+]^BX:ME[UKABLX+PzU^BCbK4]^f+ E[Mj l"S[G+X
j m g
{w-YsMij l S[G+Xj m SU^B2]^f_]uJS[CFB]E[Miv ]^f+CxAKcASVKv j l `j m
qBp]cS}ZKcASVKOj l S[G+Xj m VS UoBpCFEHJNzBBG{Kc]EM-EHGBkS[G+EKcABFUOPQGvdg
H\-'MWv m KcA BG'j l: l tAS[]S[GPQGG+PzKoB:G f+_BFUE[M
CFEHJNRBBGKc]FgPgB[gPRM l w PQ]NRPQGBSUoNz}\PQG+XBFJBG+XBGKKABGv j l
-xg
bY-" nF/\/ew
"
\?-4
-4
-2>?

"!#!"!%$'&)(+*-,"./0(213547698:,".;3(+1<=>8+.;?
8ED
F>6G4H3I J>82K47L(+*?
47*
4@A.#8+B7B7"C
M 3N,".;3(+1KA3"!#!#!;O$P821QRB@476821KBHST4@6GC=U"6GC"6V
M ?
WYX-Z<D
#!"!#!;Q $ I
'-[]\^Z_a`>O0#!#!"!;c'$:*b(+1Kc
8PJ>8+Q4@(+*d
'-[]\^Z_gfhLijkW
Dl2lIp*b(+1Kc
Dl23mVI 3ionkW
$Ve
8qJ>8+Q4@A*r(21d
ne
s t V >v w\ fhxzy|{}*3#!#!"!;Q%$'&47 8J>8+Q4@k*b(+1~?g3"68+6SP,".;3(+1^?

u
e
JUG6G47w"BS/=G1Q"QQ"C8+8B@47681L.('cPJ]4@6]834@(+6T(+*3O}
."8+6

:{}*L3#!#!"!;Q%$&4@8J>8+Q4@*b(+13u,".;3(+1=>8+.;u?gU3K."8+B@821
(+*L
4@6a39G6G47w1Q=G1K"#60834@('6(+*4@."8+B@B#Cg03 % vb[T
e
Db1Q#B@834,0(P3G4@J>82K47 I
-w]#OOU"2>wO>
'-]^
>q T%)03
j 2G]2KGGR";3+KN7T:2GT

#A # - 33j +GE Kj2Q)@72KH97G"#G"Q03jQ

@< +Q7"% P jV " P V 2Q "+KG@]K"
+Q"3'3| +Q7) 3 NA'"L Pw23G7]K#2~Q"3H
3 +Q@G0KQP2Q o
3R - 3 3 K K 2Q)@72KH"#G"VQ
GG2b+K 2K7 ' ju
3+7K V'u"+P;GQ#Q";3+7PKK+ Qw23G7]K#QQ#

3'p0~+G+#33+K- ~2Q<G2~ +Q@ A'" PQw23G7]K#Q
2QRG2GG7w";K"K7#+
ju
%
'

V
V j
jV j
#/|

P 2 !"
& ')+*,-)/. 021436587+9:<;>=@?ACBED BGF=CHIAJKD LM:N=OHPBRQAOLDTS

(
7^]_[`?aD H>=CFJKD LM:N=OHbBc
U) dfe.ghi)jlkDm: donpS CA 7_qrsDm:tdvu%w
S}c~X"D 7
y
dY d
uC
]:
{
BR=z:bXA:
y
d
uO
#%$
L =U7K:NACVW7:NX"DYBZAC[\D
xx xwRdyzAO7_q{uNwx x x wZ{y`?D|:<;>=\?ACBEDBtF=CH

y
AC7_q d {
u
y
d
u
y
d s
u u
y
y
d s
u E u
y
y

W d
u
R
u
i
E
~X^]_B Ey u ZH D r4A:bD B:bX"DHZDQ_HRDBED 7+:NA:bVs=U7\Vs7\:bDHZ[B=CF:bX"Dt:<;>=?ACBED B c
"f/ "T O!"T8/"
a-ai_ 2Wp a\K m bC EC(b CRs8v% R\s
b"C+GEmtC K mbCZO s Ws"OZP" a_" K
K!4- K MNOEC b(_ZCRWsZCWN8K_W\ _RWU
Ps_b"/_C"UMbCZWb"|CKCRWvW!}Z Cv_W\ _RWU

}C_GtbZl_W !"ECm`sZCWPNzK_W_RWCPb"
/ 2^ K\sW"OZ(W_" _"KEO2KMbCZC_Zt_s\/
(
RWUOKMbCECm|O _4ORU Pb\`CRs
/ 2 Pi_b_W_RWCCi>KMbC|ECzbpR"
(
ECm O _ "
_s6 i _W6TvC_O+`CRsC
a C\t _4ORU N|CRW
C
U
b" CRW C8 W C"NCs"+ C `s_W"PO+
CRsC NC+TCRWlC m WR_W T _ W
_s %
!#"%$#"&('*),+.-0/$213+45/
9;:=< >@?A?CBEDGFHDJI*KALAMONQP*RCSTM.BU
687
VXWZY3[\^]_\à[cb
dfegheJe4ikjlJjnmpoJqJrtsEuvl5w2rkicrkmxeJuvghuyszu!m2{Jw}|Zi~rtszmj.ul5wrtics8m2xiksz4ikj
gszwjviw3|2whq4i~o{qJeJrszghmxeTn3rwi~os84igheJe4ikjlJjnmoJqJrsmxe Jgr
ghuo4ik5e4i~o{mjiwrmjno4i~jvi~ol5wgjm{ |ZirszmjnuTQge weJo Jghr8#wus84i
{mxhm ghe4{mxq4jlJjnmlai~jszgi~uk

x
@

Tn
cv uy4iksnj
Tv Q gszi~q#wgsg{3w2eJoXmxeJg{! lmungszg|ZiAo4it5eJgsni
*
z
Tz
zweJo
vT Tn3Tn ghghe4iw2jngs
4Tv3c T43c!Tv3 Jmxmie4i~gs

4!E#4..,(~2345!!!.=45
Z3^_ac;.t* ahJ4kJnJJ*5tx
;4~
X
;
4c428}Z~tzO .z4cJx4~@8Z3nxpJ,k Tv
4~J2nz}_52J2h~84E5 !
x }Z~tzn;T 2vz2hz,5 E
5, c*T3
*nnAzJh~A

@ ;4
k # Z,t ~~ Z~tzn T! h}z4n(pJ,k
" T! z$
#%
& '#
)(+* EJ,2vCZ~tzn 84+-E_/.~0a x}z4xz
4
v

1 23
Tv657
89;:<9>=?@?BAC$DCFEHGJILKNMPODRQSKTAO
UV
W,XZYS[F\^] \_`[bacNdfehg ijlknmpo;erqtsuwv!oxvzyXT{&|rX0}~|6|rX

qTdve&uwuRoTd~
kZ
/eJoxj k oxvTd~Td6,s0
) |<iS{{@B}L}F6
k
mpqTd~dt{|rB}~|6/ |<{r|!`}~|66|<
uR!dlerqTdt6wouerd6v+wuw b !d
k
k
v d6fero;Zd; !d6ûero;Zdzere&qTdsuwv!oxvyX { |66~|X
k
}
X@%FXacNdfeJg ij
uw |6sLderqTd+veuRuRoxTd6 fe
qTd6
erqTdTd~o;e&ox+wxd6Twerq ove&uw~d R!erqwuwo;euw rRd6ferow+~w!!dv

erPerqTd+v!uwTd~o;eroto$~oxTduRtd6ldfe<
iX { X } erqTd6
|<F
} }
i
p
i
v!Pe&queXT{X0}
XT{
X { |rX }
|rXT{
i
i
XT{&|!XT{!
} }
i
qTd wd6feroxwBZerXT{oxv
|rXT{<
XThiX {
X{&|X{<~
T@B /''TNNLH6RSTpBBzB/NT
@%FNf
lp;!
<
# %$&&'
#)( $ ( '+***,'
#

TT "!
-T/. # 0 #1( *** # $& 2$ ( *** $ ,.T43565.7859H:;:.!<=r?>Z
5> T@ABC <

TG8A.7$BT.IH.75JK3p BLM2H`3~=<
6DFE
3< T
NO
&
NQPSRUTVRXW
Y 5rZ[5>Z/.Z/8-T
<
]\
[ r ( r

TM.!7K<;r[^_T r5@3/5..!2H`5[^5_< [^w&Za5.<5Ô58<;b!cZf3 5

D
5R)
35A.7.! 2H`5c 5 TKK8<OdK3/<B Te
^w 5cf>~7 . 3T r 5c SHA.<&B 3K<A.Z
Dag
p Th 8A.7 T/ .iH.756K3f Z/ 30>Z 3f 5.B T
!B i8iK j
<x [^w
_A"! F
5k! >Z 3 5.7lA.!S
5.< 5Ô5c8A<
D
mn?o2nqpsr1r)t8u_v8uxwzyI{}|~vA|[t
c18xs& i
}4`c??Ol[7I[MM/777&)l[
BxVAS678,7j17=?O4_7OA[[
7
-
2
/7 z[-7J%
MO6[,77?L
[
[S76BqO AB[F76
AC,8,&B17,B28
Ox=sV4x8ACcJ//kO7lB[[[A[OBC}
Bl[/["

/ceO
@] ;eq}L7/2"7;6;c
l,c;}

M7BL/c[/,c
[S8=A[SA["

``
[1)aJ8[}zQA[-))Q4)J%[
xxJ
x"!#$
% &)(+*,(.-/*,(102(43$(+*5-6)*2(
027#69850:7#0;(+<7#6>=@?A-?-B69CD8E=@FHGI(KJILM(48,*;C85&-/8:&-3I(N=OLALM(KP#=Q-R85(
'
(TSU8,(K?#0,=@JI?#0H85JV=O?#?)(+*1W#*,JXP#7#FT8N0;W>-F4(
0+Y:%'&)(K02(Z*2(K027#69850'-B*2([
\ ] >X z[`_ba %'&)(cdCX85&-BG$JB*,(
-?e%'&)(
JB*,(KLefgYih(+8'jikmlonp(q3$(KFT8EJB*50r=O?tsY
^
%'&)(K?oulwv2jx:y{z|=@<-?#P}JI?#6~Ce=@<
ltoj g y l g j g
DoÙ`_Za -7#Fg&$CXFg&$'-B*2 ?)(
D7-6@=98Cf< jikl-B*2(r3I(
FT85J*,0=@?VskB8E&)(K?
ulwv;jx X l $ j
J*2(
J3$(+*Kk ul:v2jx y l $ j =9<-?#PAJI?#6~CV=@<`l-?#PMj-B*2(.6O=@?)(-B*,6~CP)(KWp(
?#P)(K?$8Y
\^] >X
`_ba
%'&)(%*,=Q-?)GI6@(Z?)(KX7-6@=98C>fw<jikml-B*2(3$(KFT8EJB*50H=O?tsk)85&)(K?
jl j l
D7-6O=~8CJDF+FK7)*,0w=@<-B?#PAJI?#69CV=9< jyJ*ijy{l<J*w02JIL|(N?#JI?X?)(+G-/85=93$(H*2(-6
?D7#Lnp(K*1wY

~;|"`N
B)>

|
ppRH#

t$ Qpw >2OA5
K
42$} OKO9
;5#I#,>2O
Zr @5)$K45,B2Z>92.@;;5#$IB#}
$##9N#,mI
; gw
@
@

"
+ ')
5
K4 $p5)E#B,##9 $
T5,
O
#ON}B25#I#B5A>>B,@+
"
4' N#
')K
2 ONB Z

!
$" #&%('*),+.-0/2103$+4"4)657-98:';%<"$+=8>%(?(@9A%(),-4BC"$+=8
DEFHGFHI.JFLKNMOJQPRGSFTE;MVUWG:XYFHE[Z\P^]`_Ea_,bdc:GSZ\EeJZ\Ggf=J;KNZRh>KiPRGgE[ZRFHIE[jWE[_.J[kmlFnI$G:_
FHI$GSopJ;ZqGrkNKi_$G2J;Z\ksotKi_u$GSf6G:_u$G2_WF2vxwIyPzKsM{uKN| ]`}0eT~ J;_upn2:2YqxJ;ZqG
f=J[KsZqh>KNPRGE[ZRFnIE;jWEa_.J[klFHI$GSoX:E[_PRFHKFnyF\GTJ[_E[ZRFnIE;jWEa_.J[k=J[PqKNPMÈ;Z}vkiPqEl$o
_E[Z\|J[kNKNc:Ki_$jTFnI$G PSl$hGI.J2UWGLFHI.JF
& :22Y

6
KiPJ;_LD ME[Z}v
wEPqIEh FHI.JFTf=J[KsZRh>KiPRGÊ[ZRFnIE;jWEa_.J[kNKsFoKi|f.kNKNG:P kiKi_$G2J;ZTKi_u$GSf6G:_u$G:_XSG[l(h{G
Pqy$ffEaPRG{FHI.JFFHI$G PJ;ZqG{kNKi_$G2J;Z\ksozu$G:fG2_u$G:_WFOJ[_u^J;ZqZ\KsUWGJFVJLXSEa_WFHZHJ[uKNXYFHKNEa_v
y$ffE[PqG FHI$GSZ\G G$KiPF><n2:2YngPqyX!IxFHI.JF
s 4i47~
wI$G:_ME[ZJ[kNk.h{GTI.J2UWG
~ i`
~ s 4R
~ R
OyFR6~ h>IKiX!IKN|f.kiKsG2P6~ ME[Z^J;kik<.v
wIyPgFHI$GUWG:XYFHE[Z\PJ;ZqG
kiKN_$GJZHkoKN_u$G:fG2_u$G:_F2v
2R&(..7642;<$=
$:i[q\N\:qs;6aL i<[$i\2Yn$:[q: >N!i\W:

rSa\HHia*$YH,[4:a\\YHNaN2[NN:H$H[^,nri
\,Y:\S
*=, S
p ; ;q.s\H;R=[qir[
p $:
H$:q>Y$iHO[Q[RHa[\[=[qi[ .
q!rn. O[n
i
Ni$2;Sag.i. nNar[*H$ S
qN
9H$ LH[^,!riT\S:q ;\n. ^sî;s6aq\s.N
H ,H:p[ L [ xq$.R=[S
H ;L [ !
d "#
%$&
i[ LL `;'
H$2;2)
(+* ,
W2H[\0 $.-/"#0 q H.
1 $ 0 $2-/
gNg=[qi[3 pV$2Rn;Rn$H[^,nri

\,Y:\ H$ , H \Sm a
$2-/54
7$.6 -/
8 $.6 -/ 8
>$Sq9
$.6 -/ 4
$2-/ *
:
$.-/ 1%?>@%
<;
=
A&B
acbedcbgf
CDFEHGJILKNMPOQPRKSCSIUT%MWVGXEYCKZV[EH\H]W^_EHILMS`.CKZV
hjiklJmZn/m/oJpNqsrtm/uwv7q?xyuzxyoUk{
|~}X"W0"}NX<X5@3 X"
'/j L"W"0#"
H "1~
N0Z#

t0#c "1 N
1X1
N0Z#
x Yo7gk?m/o3 S
W&N"}"}t0 ['"}!0"}NX%jN3
Z
lJxmZixLu
acbs 7
'
z!?1Y5w
s
N
[J
"}'
~
N
ZX#J
J
F
N0Z#5L [
"}P
l xmZixLu %
a bd%5

+
"} ' _

j"}X"'Y0"}L#N<jYj
N0Z31}N[
" [0"}NU"
N0Z!
[0}XNc"0
"
LXc< W Jt|~}P1WX"<X1}
11N"}X"!N}1@"t/ "YX"}# "
""}1X ""j
N0Z
0j?FHNN7%sUSXYZ
cec<
&
L/J

@
" !~

"#$ " %&'(*)+',Z-. #'/01)23"4566#879*:
';(
6<8
=/> Z@? cBADCFEHG 0JIK)UL
@MON#0 " P#Q
R L';(*)+',ZS
TU~V" 01 W*'X.Y7Z!
'[I]\"^*I`_ab ';(
& V"Nc
!N
d,e8f I3ghI \ji I _

dlkf I \!m R nUI _am R o
dqpf I \
I _ c 1r(

#s@(
d5t@fruvd Iwn;Ix\ f[yzuFd I{n;| f B ~6#6D| m R
4 }"~
@!Iz&"VR '" rI \ 3")v

';(
6<8J6#'*^{#a73V
'/I \
I _ '1c',2*#*:
/ ,' d,e8f

dlkf ^`" $
/
, ' dp&f
d5t@f 79#66xB6687 (D"c66<2
TI \ '
"J
@ LI$&/R UU U 0 ,Y2 d5t@f '" 6'XZ's(N
'!
/ ,Y2l
'X c1 '[" Nc.Ix\w'Z" .#VR 060' 'X.I{

* @+QQ*``F*9P@`*
&,"

4{;-8x;jQ5~3*+, T
;~+w5 5"*!
X"#&"&9 5]X4[*"#*j

#4;*,"+Z]w;

#4*;
*
Y
`&"
*,"

4
;.5.
]U ; {;

[BS
/[&0+V-"*5#89*%;

/@ F5*h 4 1;*+,
T&"LTJ;;
~
8 ; %Q5Z **&
; {;
V Z*r
Y#-1
0L9@`]+DYFF++`F

!
"#$%&

')(* +-,.+0/2143657398;: ,;3=<%>-?=,.,@+A1CBD?E5&F +A5&>G+IHJ+-8KL+-+A5M/N5&5 +-,B&,@?OF&:&>P81CB3=>-+A14?=Q

F&/2RS+T5&1./2?E5VUW3=5&FX8;* +41C+-8Y?ZQ[3=<N<\UW]_^4R`398@,;/2>-+A1-a
'cbQ3dH3=1./N1/N1e>f*&?E1C+A5gQh?=,48;* +Sij+A>G8;?=,1CB3=>G+`kWl8;* +T5mKY/n8;*m+-iE+A,CopiE+T>P8;?=,
/21q3=1.1@?r>-/s398@+AF`34:&5&/Ntr: +u?Z,;F +-,.+TF0>A?=<N<2+A>P8v/2?E5I?=Q\5V5r:&RwHJ+A,@1>A?=,.,.+A1.Bx?E5&F&/N5 y
8;?z8v* +>-?O?Z,;F&/257398@+T1?=Q{8;* +|ij+A>G8;?=,},.+T<N398;/nij+~8;?z8;* +4>f*&?E1C+T5XH3=1./N1-a
')Y,@,;3=5 yE/N5 y8v* +A1C+?=,@F +-,@+AFz>-?E<N<n+T>P8;/N?E5&1%?=QUX5O:&RzHx+-,@1[/N5j8v?uUI]`^R`398@,;/2>-+A1-l
K}+~*73Tij+~3$?E5 +Y8;??E5 +|>-?=,.,.+T1CBx?E5&F +T5&>G+Hx+G8K}+A+A5`+A<2+ARS+T5j8;1/N5S8;* +uiE+T>P8;?=,
1CB3=>G+4k 3=5&FXUW]^|RV398@,@/N>G+A1Aa
{O7cTc x\AZ YuO

) 4&Z;2E=%N2 9L -xA& T&Ge=..O-s9@A`Yn;ETP;=@LN A=..P
CD=&&LvIN2 9 -xA& T&G$Z[=..O-s9@AXm|V9@@NGTNc
)uN.&Dw&n;272NA9;NE= V9@@NGT=..rAN9@TdYn;djAG;=@YN)
CD=&&LvIA=N-&s9;2E=%v=&7Z@62& A&@r&&G;26W
A=..P
pux-;9;NE&EgjAG;=@eVTMx&E .2I&v= T=&@cr=9E2&N

; 4-=.@ACDE&&2 M~V;@2-AvZE-; -L2;I=MdpV9@@`=&
VZ&27&sv2 e;&N`9@;
c; &.G 2E&CAG;2E&-jAPvZ;NN& -&@r&&G{C=-A}-@ T&Z@A
DE26=GTX2G@@-@e=N[f
) $V9@@NGT-=..TCD=&&N `;`v ACjAG;=@YNNxw.N`2sZ@
A&Z@TYv$; && -@fZ&&N u;79; }jAPvZ2 |EAESG@@N= TP
Y&22; }$wV;@N=w=nEA&;=2= AP{Yn;z-O=@&279@T.As9;j
;0wjjAX=.N-
p9@@NGTqh=@ST`=9E2&N zCGj-vZxW~V9@@NGT Y2NxJ4 T&Z@A
DE26=GTXTZ7v=\2G.;-@Ef
T-`YOs%7r\\77r\
j%sJ6Gw Jc`9@;p&2S.2
g -&
6
;`{ ! #"$ 6 %&&zx-'2 TZ(*)S ,+x j- &-q
). $;0 / ; 1 # "$ p u 2
&&wJAu
3N TZ( *)d ,+x j
@0 /4
%5
7h N0/Y8`.9n|vZ:N ( u79u. 2- &-c@0/

6
<;7=
;;Z.
6 & v~O5>? &Z@4;A@BC>V)D7=z7 8&9*)JE ,"$

L

F- &

;
{G
H I $K ;L MONPMQG xeR
S dV9@@AT . F- &-VvV{
J
<;7 } 4;0/ ;%5
U * Vj |<&7NW)S |@0/ X- &-`;Y}%zV;@Z>r[VZZ@2GW)
%9.
-C,\.9.ZD} ;;{V9@@G]h2^/_
`&= a- `9@; -,>b
6fehg
vh@ibjB g
6 ;A@ibBon
6 ;A@ib
`@k ml= OB
;A@ibp$B
qrcB g
6 ;A@ibdcB g
cd>Y/}_7Vj
vO@=bjBsq;A@\cB
`Z@;A@ibjBCl.;t@\cB(B
6 ;A@ibpbBon;O@ibXb-puBvn
vZ@ibjB
x5g
V9@@RY
/ nd
;A@ B]n y
6fw u
/Y.;O@{y
Bvn| d X;A@jb}y
Bmn ;A@ibB~
uz 5R pV;@
~
';:ffsstA5m$4''5D';s$
jmT^{uE}vf((X
j;9
:kZ.\=EAi]'.
J $^; AOu]s#v t19;:9!((zt9 ,J}X7.Zijom

d9%C .S((-(jv dF,(9F 4*.
( ,W-:X }49F1 .%a *R((*d&
?#,
90,
4,(
A7
4
X]] &
,(z(F#,. 9 T((#]:4(F,k j

.$ , } 0 ,[R((#v9 ,;
.4- D39S[T9zW D3?( ,9*,499.4tY

,-4';s5T:Y{W&A'''|A::s'&A'
j

!"#%$'& #(*)+-,(,.0/21-3"4517651--,8#:9&'&;=<?>
@ 4ABCD659E1-!C#:176GF <?&=H D1I)+#(0/JK#."4=C4A1D"4517651D"L-, L"#%$=&
#(*)+-,:,:+/M-6M1-3C451-651--,5""-6539E1-"#:176ON
PRQ L#:S0-#(,UTV3W06X9"1- "4AY/A[Z865#."#(176\1D9]-6X1-3"4517651-D,#U$_^`&a^
"4
&Yb5c<?& ;ed & ; & <f>
-65/g"4B"4Ah)+17,:5L65]1-9i& -BJj+,(,k-]"4AS1lJKB1-9i& )W1-03mn1-65/a"1
o]pBq r j9E1-tshu=N
-,(1y651DB"4{z|}~D65/D/ #:656A+tm51I/55)[" D#:6DD#(-6j565/AW 1-}
Pwv x
"4517651-D,8"-6539|1D"L"#(1765z|#N-N d < &L d & ~N
Pg #:65)W-6Y1-3"451-1-6-, "-6539|1D"L"#(176hm5+3+3+j"4Ax/5#:3C-65)[+t[Ji++6
-,:,8m8D#:1-9Omn17#:6"#:6=-6TS)W176ZA""#(1-6O^7"4A+3K"-6539E1-"#(1765)+-6L
)W176065#.06",.TR"4517A4x1D9*-"#.#(/1DC"#(1-65Dn17"4A1-#:#:6zE[$A)WWmA
9E1-*17S]mn17#:,.BW+)["#:1765t1-9m,(-6A+~~N
AR0RAee_a+DA8KaeA8
3C5-5--""-53E-":75OD(3(+!C:AtjB]KC 0-~xCAW
('CABE7:(lK(A*0n
-5OC
R hl"0+0[O-5C00+[_7Dat]B =E-M
W5+30k+I-5(!"`70"-KU"x03+k""A+ ]BK|D70"-
D -
.
.
A+2"A+B5:}Ct-M-3"575-D !"%= 5~2"* x
Y 5:(W+yx:[":A] -5 A05D"At-3"575-D-([+
KU"MW7(5L5+(A'l~+0+W3O7y-5R~+0+W_7{+ 0".+.7
Y A+L"A+K[A(} -5= x"*{ M' A+ G

K5:~M:tlD:.'5lK'"y-3"575--8(5[
2L y{5B B
0WLKeaI

eI

!"$#%'&($&)*+"$&%,"$-./%10234$657"$/8:9/%'#;3=<>3&)"?."$3@)%A&)B?

02C&EDF@=%."4#G."4#;%A&H57"$#I-57"$$KJL%MB&%A9N)%A<L%6G.%A9?D"$O."$&P#A3B/&%Q
R:SUTWV XYT[Z \K]^\L\K_a`cb <L%'#d.fe%A#A=<K3&)"g"43Lh>iafD1&ED/@*%;"$#j!"gkml `2n,o
n hp#ANJL%,5q"g%AN+&
l rts1upsmv
57/%;%,uw"4&qx9"$+8f3+K!"gk-9ys "$&q+y.3 !"gkQ
z|{ / %}9"^+833K%A4%A=%'f.&~0u7 `>.d;A''I/ hIL+)%,./%,./%}%A"483%Af+$B/%A&
0~l 9./ ` lNh1r "40C+93gD"?0(./%A)%-!%*%k#d.?DO3[A%;
%A"483%Af+$B/%A&;Q
z|{ /%-#;3$B=&}0Ps + )%#A$?%'9 ` & 9!.9"?A%A9Lh%'"?83%AWf%A#d+.&,0Cl 9
./%A&)%mf%A#d+.&p02
m02C Q
"$9"4#'!%7/%,#;))%'&<>39/%'#%JL%;5P%;%'%'"?83%AWf%A#d+.&p9-+$B/%A&;F5P%
z|{ x
&'D*./%7.@#A$B@@+0s "$&H./%7%'"?83%'ff%A#.H&)&)[#;"^!%A9*57"?.*./%7%'"?83%A[
+4B/% FU` ./%(.9"^+833f%'?%'*%'f0Lu"$&/%p%A"483%AW++$B/%P&)&#;"^!%A9
57"g-./%mO%'"?83%'ff%A#.IhIQ
z b 4" #;%P./%C+.9/%;"$/8,0./%q#A$B@&0>s 9x%A4%A=%AW.&0>u"$&H+)J"?.+D
` &43/8+&=/%#;))%'&<K9/%'#%"$&"4W"4/%'9JL%;5P%;%A%'"?83%AWf%A#d+
9%A"483%Af+$B/%A&hd/./%:B&)B#A3ff%AW."43y"$&C.+)./83%m./%M%A"483%Af+$B/%A&
&)x.!
p q 'A
/
U['/>A+j/ 7

[/
!/;/';3=>3)?.$3}A)?2[)[+)P!$'23$4673 /
a
>Ad..>AA3*K3)?.43x)A)?p2p+)F@=$~G.4;A;+4(d
2$y/ $/=x3A/;+$4;A4W3A,x!g
UW Y[ K^ $/f$+*$/A;3=Kg.$3L
:
!g@./7[HC/'N ANLmq.g).A
2t x>
tNN
7/;a | 3p f+))I.!~ t U/
;3$@(U N +)m.fKN63m?q?'/+LN 3
$q^!f3K@!.@7gK3)ggfA4A=AW.;
/;x!x+./;2@a+./ m . !1!x)3=.$=AqA2c3/
C
f;43> O 7/A)}> + )
.3K@!.4;AC|
$q+ !g
./,2

7/; $C/ /'y+K6f
';3 2 q./ , ) 3=.$=A:A$?'./N./ +.4'!.$
q?Aq
7/; $7 x!gO+j./-= 4a+y @
!g=./=[jF)'))$/
$A@./,+>Y3 , (mA
.! t
!#"%$'&(*)+"-,."/0"213,4,&5136*(*#0"213,4
798
: ;>=@?BADCFEBG;>=H?BAJILKHMONQPOMRK@IBGSBGUTUVRWYXZV[;>=\C]=@V[?N^GU;>ILK_CÙabGc?LVdaeTV[?L;>=HSBGNMfWgGCFELV0S
<
VRhSBGjik?L=H?BAMR?mln=H?JPJGUN^;nGUohpVRNqMR?srtWMuC^NF=wvyx
z|{J}~%-~LVRNMWMuC^N^=\v |ZVRhNFMR?B!`.=H;TUMRKHK_GSMtAO=H?JPJGUN^;nG
pA[GU?BGUNFMRK@=@GS=H?JPJGN^;>GVOh SBG?LVOC^GUS|sr =@h
t
RA G?BGNFMRKH=_UGUS=H?JPJGNF;nGMRK_afMrB;G9vL=@;C];'MRK\C]ELVRIBAJE
=H? A[GU?BGUNFMRK =_C'=H;'?LVOC
IL?L=@!IBGRx
EBGG9vL=@;CFGU?LTjGVRhqMA[GU?BGUNFMRK@=@GSe=H?JPJGNF;nGhpVRNMR?JreWMuC^N^=\v =H;GMR;rCFV
PJGN^=@hrIL;>=@?BA EBGUVRN>GUW !xwOCFVaN^=_C^G L|MO?LSTEBGUT]!=H?BACFE*MuC
L SBGjik?BGU;MAO2=@?sP[GUN^;nG[
t
|L L L
|9 L 9L
| L L
|L
B.!*B##Q3'UOBk'<!#2Bk
O2@s[U^nRu^^\H[L>pLH>[_+HB+nÛtR@HBO
U!*uF@[L
BLQ[n]*JUjFRt p d@|HFBnkRj>kOLB0]B
[HLYLRmu^Fw RL
bH>FmOBOH>[@+FH[F5]B
U!*]@[Lf
3]B<[HLLcR. O>H@BduF\HLBQULBJsFBUYD+Ld]*]B
[HLYLu
pR^ kR>HpR qRLFBU@9
YUJ]3OsO> ]BcLL H0B\BkBU0R^LH*uÛ3Rs

>U%uF_[<FFL@DkR>H
B >[@+]@[] FB 0*uFH[LH@Q]BU| LL@!BR
u
O>@HBO^_BULBUs!FBÔ> RtHkL_^0L Q
R^RH+FH[LFFBU> U!*]@[L
"!$#&%('*),+#.-#/0#213- 45 - '6137,),!$ 0#213- 4

89
:*;=<?>@;BA CEDGFHI<JK<?;MLONPQHO;MRSP;TPQ>GUVUW"N,JXPQHO;MR@<YCZ[\F]^;`_J`Rbadce>@;MHIcUf;`]
C Dhg AiUjRGUUkS;MR@Lla=R@;mPnUoP>,JpPqCSC D CrZ([sCrZ(tuaP>GUjkGUvwR@HIRGxzy@_n;`y{U_|P/aK;`] J
xm}2HORu~MU_n<|UM:Y>@HI<HO=y,LIHlU<P>,JpP
F[sCZ[sCSC D CrZ[\CdC D F[sCC D F
HUM g C D FHO<5JcJ`R@k@HIk,JXPU];m_qP>GUV~MUcP;`_iZA>@HOce><nJpPHI<v,U<i [\CrZ*e
<R@;mPnUkKJpt;B~bU g A>GURz_J`RGCE[6PQ>GURC D FHI<*P>GUN@R@HOW"NGUq<n;`LINPHI;MR g HO]
_J`RGCEP>GURC D F]^;`_JxbH~bURce>@;MHOcUo;`]C D HO<;MR@Lla=;MRGUj;m] JmRrHIRvwR@HlPnU
R0N@TtU_q;`]*<?;MLONPQHO;MR@<
UJ`LI<?;TR@;mPnUP>,JpPYJzxÙRGU_J`L3<?;MLINPHI;`R=PQ;zP>GUc;MR@<?HI<PnURbPY<a<|PnU ;`]UW"N,J}
PHI;MR@<iF[\CrZHO<
Z`Z[sC D FsqC D CE/,=b
<?HIR@cUV_QJmRGC[_J`RGC D C[_QJmRGKCdC D iJ`R@kC D CE/KHI<YHIRCd
e
G ",G$${3(mGw (o "$2Gw
b*&.?",pnqrpnnz ^= *OnÌz{5IG={mnbO3S
G={mnbTrXnOm?dIbIrpnln&X(@nm/IM@`Yb`n
MbnG,|w`YGr^MIOBIG@n`{M?lI`@M@n@IGOGKmnurX
nnIYpnVm*Ibn?|
|Bf IYOG={mnbQG
uVi IYOGKmnu
^{`GEn
B`Gh`GTi6
M"G@{M|E Q pnV?0,m?^ rpnnI

G
IYOGKmnu`@d`G
`GK e
Y GEM@GOM6{/i IG=pbrpnnIzm@ @nm/IM@O=G
?nl{EIQGV^MOIBIG@n`{M?lI`
!#"%$'&)(+*-,/.0&213&4"5&7681#9:!#1#*;68</,/$'!#"5&7681#9
@ ADCFEHGIC%J
B
fjw
K8L)KNM3OQPRSUT
VWRYXBZ\[NV/Z^]HX`_aRcbed f
V p y|{ R t`l\R} ~%w)Nri

xzy|{ R d 5
T
X dhgi'|zT
m
bS { i-u
=?>
X`dhg ijX`dkXml\V/bSnloXml^pBqrR_sS?tmlubvd
X ZS { R[hdhbe%[NRgNR_t}]tZ\bSobetdii-0i'
{ `
Dw
P RSU5 gNRdhtmSnRz}XSnlnbv_aRZt`'_t5t`lnghbvd/XSnRZtì%i l\RZ^]WR_sS?bqrRp

l\R)XSnRgSotX`dFpVHXmZnbeZ|t`Dfjw
x
R ]hlot
xzy|{ Rk}Xm]h]/bedN[hdh_sSobvtdY S { XSS?Xm`RZ bedFSot+_XèeRgS {
t drS?t
R_aSobvt`dt` tdrSotT beZ_XèeRgS { R]hlnt R_aSobetdt`]RloXSot`ltm
T w
N3#D%/N''W8+mNH##+#%'7NH
/òNYveIeNhn`W^?
^ vcvvNm-no`h^mo ov`h\YW\h\^FnF he
on

F
vQ`vNWmnrQ no
voNYhnms?e`Woo`Q`
% nn vYhnms?ez`Woo` eFooN^H`^H`hNFo

rs?mo e`hhk v|eNWmnrQ`hNnnvm
?s\râ`Yrs?moe hmN\ooe veNo
oa\ /`
ehNhNF
NoNhnm4sov`Woo`|ro
`ka0/veQ`n r5

`rj he`7 vrro^3N\
he jv h
e `
?` r ao`n a\
voNon
!#"%$'&)(+*-,$/.$01$324.!56!.!(7248-*-"%!1$324.!5
;=<?>#>A@B>@DCFEHG
IKJ#LNMPOQ
9:9
RS-R TURS-RVCWRSPRXG?YPRSPR TURS-RVZ[C\RSPRXGY1][SPR S-R

^ Q`_-abcQ Z[C\R S RXG Y ] S ad6afeghLNMibcQ < djQ >@+R S RKk
lnm _PLNdpoaqsr_tQuMwvxQyPdjQzwr > d{_ > ^}|w| S T~ ^ _tQ < Q
| TRVC\R S RG Y R S R 7R
l aAMPzX_tQMPOQr_-ar
| TU~ L k Q kRC\R S RXG Y R S R TUR
I m _PLNdDL[Mry < MwoaqsvxQyPdjQzr > d{_ > ^ r_-ar6 S T~ ^ _tQ < Q
TRC\RSPRXGYtR S7RVC\R StRG?Y R S
aMPz C\R S RXG Y4 C\R S RG Y a < Q7aMiqUr ^ > eHQuMtQ < aA[LNQuz}L[McbcQ < djQud >@sR S R
^ _PLNO:_wLNos-[LQd RC\R S RXG Y R S L[dyPMPL[1ytQ k
I m _1yPdDLrpL[d6aNd > dqtososQr < L[O k
IztQo > r?QuMPOq @> [ > ^ d @/<> o r_tQ @ aAOrr_-ar C\R S RG Y R S RVC\R S RG Y L[dfa
eAgL[McbcQ < djQ >@BR S R aMPzd >
RVC\R S RG Y R S T R [C\R S RG Y R S RVC\R S RG Y1 R S
T RVC\R S RG Y R S RC\R S RXG Y R S1
I m _1yPd RVC\R S RG Y R S L[dyPMPL[1ytQ dqoosQr < LNO6aMPzL[ztQuos > r?QuMiraAMPz_tQuMPOQ
LNd6a <?>A QOrL > M > Q < ar ><uk

t!B#-t%%x4)uAt!!)!#%3t
wc +'/hw%X/u{xjD c?N AP-[t
/? t xHNAj?u?[P1 PP6 tuPA?1 tu j%
t\Xp/tu{6 [=t6f ??fu{ hhH[ P!
t`\[[NtHtDP?xjNuPNjpAPX[DPPN#t
j`t/ uj } 46c

FH`t/u j ?u{ t/u{

t/uj { 4 { {u{A t/u{ j { {u{A
t/:uu{ 4 { ?uujA
#`t\Pu?cA= tu{` Nt jP-PPDHp i

"!#$%'&(!)*!&(+%'&(!)
,.-
/10325476983:<;>=?@ 476BA4C=EDF :<8HGI2J:<;IKMLIKN:9KO69=8HGP7GQ:<?R4S@T?VU%FPS6VKM=WPX:9698YANKO?Z8Y0Y0G>4S:

K\D>6VKO?VKOG5:<KOL];IK6VKC^`_a;IKb@ 4C0H0Y4cZ8YGI2d6VKO?VF>03:<?aP [
[
KN:j
[
4CF :aLIKN:9KO69=8HGP7GQ:<?ePS6VK\F>?fKO@ F>0hg
KkP7Gmlonplq=WPX:9698srZ8s:<;tA4C0YF>=EGvu5KOAw:x4S6<?ejmy z<{O||O|{9jmy

}
y z {|O||N{<j
LIKN:jp83@P7G>L4CG>0sm8H@j
:<;IKbDPS6<P70H0HKO0HKD8HDTKOLmLIK:9K6<=E8YGIKOL
}

s
zS
^`_a;IKOG
PS6VK\0Y8YGIKPS6903WLIKODKG>LIKOGQ:^
[ tjmy z<{O||O|w{<jvy

}Q
;P7?u54C0YF>=EKJKU%FP70:<4LIKN:jp
LIKN:jp
}
zI
Z;IK6VK:x;IK
?MPS6VK:x;IK\KO8H2CKOG5uSP70YFIKO?47@j^B_a;IK
/1GKwrIAKO0Y03KG5:d6VKO@"K6VKG>ANKm4CGLIK:9K69=8YGP7G5:<?8H?*P74

K:<;>4%L>?a8YG8Y4C=K:9698YA1aKO?fKcPX6<Ax;
>
4C;>Gt8Y03KC^
/1L uSPSG>AKOLQ:xPX:<8Y?:<8YAOP70

Metric Space and Vector Space

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Metric Space and Vector Space

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Metric Space and Vector Space

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats



       

132547698;:<8>=?6A@CB DFEHGJILKNM9O5GQPSRUTLEWV!XYILPSGZP[T]\-VH^_V`RUVWTLabI\-T]\cGQdeXRgfV!GSRih Ij\-kcR,lmT

 b&{v }  Qj7Y&& &{Y

g)hRikjlnmCop qr)mPgPltsuo[v ji,g)m6vikwkx[yziklnoP{|g)m6v

59$T;)  &)CE 7k; ut*1:

QTPTknR TS,t)[ Y,)

) [ H E H -) 9z/) Y $1z

7A' G 9;

  &GZt[)\^]"-1BH?_:<)D,`.a $7cbF5

Ez);{ AI'?D |~ }

N)a?_)A6-1E/)=./-10`,Y E`7Yb5 |jWXbVXoP 1 D;t

u IN MK L O W NIKML SYX N:KaL S W NIKML O

" #%$'*,&)( + - #/.10243#65%$8719:.10;=<>#%$'*@&)( ? - #A.B0C2D0710EF#69G7H3#65%$87196IJ"#%$LK - #

2;5 =7 R?\0V9oH9PmTs;cWTHn nR\m??9

()+*,).-0/21-35476 8 -:9;=< 8>6>?@9AB-3C476 8 -

$2dd >>@BC7 $$B$2>

bVNSs :X, .jBK  

-:CbCsDx>s%1 >6;] 1R

Q RTQD;  U]< 0G &/s0D     D

l NiO^NFO7] QmR5ny6  !o"  Y<Y<Y>ape%8   !o"q] <YY<Y]mpe%

A1 ^iJ$@A<_ 0o3-<<-*2 - 05 iMqq6TX 0

2 0(e 5fF06 $q0

(P^ SCJ$uA 0M - <<- -55$<C$>$<AU20

@"ABDCFEHG+CIBJKLEMONQPRGBTSVUWPRG+XBJYBG+XBG+CFBZCS[G\S[NQ]^E`_BDBba KcBG+XBXdKcEe]^f_ ]^JSCFB]Fg

l j lc m" j m S[G+X l m | RP J NQPzB]: l m |g"PgB[gQHSG}

s t V >v w\ fhxzy|{}*3#!#!"!;Q%$'&47 8J>8+Q4@k*b(+1~?g3"68+6SP,".;3(+1^?

 #A # - 33j +GE Kj2Q)@72KH97G" #G"Q03jQ

+Q"3'3| +Q7) 3 NA'"L Pw23G7]K#2~Q"3H

GG2b+K 2K7 ' ju

3+7K V'u"+P;GQ#Q";3+7PKK+ Qw23G7]K#QQ#

& ')+*,-)/. 021436587+9:<;>=@?ACBED BGF =CHIAJKD LM:N=OHPBRQAOLDTS

xx xwRdyzAO7_q{uNwx x x wZ{y`?D|:<;>=\?ACBEDBtF =CH

"f/ "T O!"T8/"

a-ai_ 2Wp a\K m bC EC(b CRs8v% R\s

b"C+GEmtC K mbCZO s Ws"OZP" a_" K

K!4- K MNOEC b(_ZCRWsZCWN8K_W\ _RWU

Ps_b"/_C"UMbCZWb"|CKCRWvW!}Z Cv_W\ _RWU

W,XZYS[F\^] \_`[bacNdfehg ijlknmpo;erqts uwv!oxvzyXT{&|rX0}~|6|rX

erqTdTd~ o;e&ox+wxd6Twerq ove&uw~d R!erqwuwo;euw rRd6ferow+~w!!dv

T@B /''TNNLH6RST pBBzB/NT

TT  "!

-T/. # 0 #1( *** # $&  2$ ( *** $ ,.T43565.7859H:;:.!<=r?>Z

5> T@ABC   <

TM.!7K<;r[^_T r5@3/5..!2H`5[^5_< [^w&Za5.<5^O58<;b!cZf3 5

$:i[q\N\:qs;6aL i<[$i\2Yn$:[q: >N!i\W:

d,e8f I3ghI \ji I _

')(* +-,.+0/2143657398;: ,;3=<%>-?=,.,@+A1CBD?E5&F +A5&>G+IHJ+-8KL+-+A5M/N5&5 +-,B&,@?OF&:&>P81CB3=>-+A14?=Q

{O7cTc x\AZ YuO 

pux-;9;NE&EgjAG;=@eVTMx&E .2I&v= T=&@cr=9E2&N

  7h N0/Y8`.9n|vZ:N ( u79u. 2- &-c@0/

6 & v~O5>? &Z@4;A@BC>V)D7=z7 8&9*)JE ,"$ 

J $^; AOu]s#v t19;:9!((zt9 ,J}X7.Zijom

,(z(F#,. 9  T((#]:4(F,k j

Y A+L"A+K[A(} -5= x"*{ M' A+ G

 "!$#&%('*),+#.-#/0#213- 45 - '6137,),!$ 0#213- 4

V p y|{ R t`l\R} ~%w)Nri

P RSU5 gNRdhtmSnRz}XSnlnbv_aRZt`'_t5t`lnghbvd/XSnRZt`i%i l\RZ^]WR_sS?bqrRp

% nn vYhnms?ez`Woo` eFooN^H`^H`hNFo

RS-R TURS-RVCWRSPRXG?YPRSPR TURS-RVZ[C\RSPRXGY1][SPR S-R

132547698;:<8>=?6A@CB DFEHGJILKNM9O5GQPSRUTLEWV!XYILPSGZP[T]\-VH^_V`RUVWTLabI\-T]\cGQdeXRgfV!GSRih Ij\-kcR,lmT

b&{v } Qj7Y&& &{Y

g)hRikjlnmCop qr)mPgPltsuo[vji,g)m6vikwkx[yziklnoP{|g)m6v

59$T;)&)CE 7k; ut*1:

QTPTknR TS,t)[ Y,)

)[ H E H -)9z/) Y $1z

7A' G9;

&GZt[)\^]"-1BH?_:<)D,`.a $7cbF5

Ez);{ AI'?D |~ }

N)a?_)A6-1E/)=./-10`,Y E`7Yb5 |jWXbVXoP 1 D;t

" #%$',&)( + - #/.10243#65%$8719:.10;=<>#%$'@&)( ? - #A.B0C2D0710EF#69G7H3#65%$87196IJ"#%$LK - #

2;5=7 R?\0V9oH9PmTs;cWTHn nR\m??9

()+*,).-0/21-35476 8-:9;=< 8>6>?@9AB-3C476 8-

$2dd >>@BC7 $$B$2>

bVNSs:X, .jBK

-:CbCsDx>s%1>6;] 1R

Q RTQD; U]< 0G&/s0D D

l NiO^NFO7] QmR5ny6 !o" Y<Y<Y>ape%8 !o"q] <YY<Y]mpe%

A1 ^iJ$@A<_0o3-<<-*2 - 05 iMqq6TX 0

2 0(e5fF06$q0

(P^ SCJ$uA0M - <<- -55$<C$>$<AU20

@"ABDCFEHG+CIBJKLEMONQPRGBTSVUWPRG+XBJYBG+XBG+CFBZCS[G\S[NQ]^E`_BDBba KcBG+XBXdKcEe]^f_]^JSCFB]Fg

l j lc m" j m S[G+X l m | RP JNQPzB]: l m |g"PgB[gQHSG}

s t V >v w\ fhxzy|{}3#!#!"!;Q%$'&47 8J>8+Q4@kb(+1~?g3"68+6SP,".;3(+1^?

#A # - 33j +GE Kj2Q)@72KH97G"#G"Q03jQ

+Q"3'3| +Q7) 3 NA'"L Pw23G7]K#2~Q"3H

GG2b+K 2K7 ' ju

3+7K V'u"+P;GQ#Q";3+7PKK+ Qw23G7]K#QQ#

& ')+*,-)/. 021436587+9:<;>=@?ACBED BGF=CHIAJKD LM:N=OHPBRQAOLDTS

xx xwRdyzAO7_q{uNwx x x wZ{y`?D|:<;>=\?ACBEDBtF=CH

"f/ "T O!"T8/"

a-ai_ 2Wp a\K m bC EC(b CRs8v% R\s

b"C+GEmtC K mbCZO s Ws"OZP" a_" K

K!4- K MNOEC b(_ZCRWsZCWN8K_W\ _RWU

Ps_b"/_C"UMbCZWb"|CKCRWvW!}Z Cv_W\ _RWU

W,XZYS[F\^] \_`[bacNdfehg ijlknmpo;erqtsuwv!oxvzyXT{&|rX0}~|6|rX

erqTdTd~o;e&ox+wxd6Twerq ove&uw~d R!erqwuwo;euw rRd6ferow+~w!!dv

T@B /''TNNLH6RSTpBBzB/NT

TT "!

-T/. # 0 #1( # $& 2$ ( $ ,.T43565.7859H:;:.!<=r?>Z

5> T@ABC <

TM.!7K<;r[^_T r5@3/5..!2H`5[^5_< [^w&Za5.<5^O58<;b!cZf3 5

$:i[q\N\:qs;6aL i<[$i\2Yn$:[q: >N!i\W:

')(* +-,.+0/2143657398;: ,;3=<%>-?=,.,@+A1CBD?E5&F +A5&>G+IHJ+-8KL+-+A5M/N5&5 +-,B&,@?OF&:&>P81CB3=>-+A14?=Q

{O7cTc x\AZ YuO

pux-;9;NE&EgjAG;=@eVTMx&E .2I&v= T=&@cr=9E2&N

7h N0/Y8`.9n|vZ:N ( u79u. 2- &-c@0/

6 & v~O5>? &Z@4;A@BC>V)D7=z7 8&9*)JE ,"$

J $^; AOu]s#v t19;:9!((zt9 ,J}X7.Zijom

,(z(F#,. 9 T((#]:4(F,k j

Y A+L"A+K[A(} -5= x"*{ M' A+ G

"!$#&%('*),+#.-#/0#213- 45 - '6137,),!$ 0#213- 4

V p y|{ R t`l\R} ~%w)Nri

P RSU5 gNRdhtmSnRz}XSnlnbv_aRZt`'_t5t`lnghbvd/XSnRZt`i%i l\RZ^]WR_sS?bqrRp

% nn vYhnms?ez`Woo` eFooN^H`^H`hNFo

RS-R TURS-RVCWRSPRXG?YPRSPR TURS-RVZ[C\RSPRXGY1][SPR S-R

/10325476983:<;>=?@ 476BA4C=EDF :<8HGI2J:<;IKMLIKN:9KO69=8HGP7GQ:<?R4S@T?VU%FPS6VKM=WPX:9698YANKO?Z8Y0Y0G>4S:

4CF :aLIKN:9KO69=8HGP7GQ:<?ePS6VK\F>?fKO@ F>0hg

KkP7Gmlonplq=WPX:9698srZ8s:<;tA4C0YF>=EGvu5KOAw:x4S6<?ejmy z<{O||O|{9jmy

PS6VK\0Y8YGIKPS6903WLIKODKG>LIKOGQ:^

[ tjmy z<{O||O|w{<jvy

/1GKwrIAKO0Y03KG5:d6VKO@"K6VKG>ANKm4CGLIK:9K69=8YGP7G5:<?8H?*P74