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2010
Nauman Ayubi

Denim Jeans
prepared by
sherrin mary aliyas
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TABLE OF CONTENT

Sr No Topic Page no
1 Scope of research 3
2 What is textile 3
3 What I choose 3
4 Denim brands 3,4
5 Denim products 4
6 History of denim 5,6
7 Costing of denim jean 7
8 Production effect on environment 8
9 Ergonomics 8
10 Production of Denim
(i) Production of denim jeans
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11 Aesthetics 9
12 Analysis 9
13 Suggestions 9
14 References 10





1 scope of research
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Scope of the research
The essay is written to analyse all the procedure of the denim, including the making,
costing and pricing of denim. The way to reduce bad production effect on
environment. More ways to make denim, and the way to reduce washing of denim.
What is Textile
You can say textile is cloth or fabric which may be knitted, woven or manufactured.
Textiles are of two types it is natural or artificial fabric, which is also known as thread
or a yarn. Textile basically consists of natural & artificial fibres.
http://www.dolceta.eu/ireland/Mod3/spip.php?article283

What I choose
I choose denim jeans for my essay. Denim is basically rugged cotton twill textile. In
denim weft thread passes under two or more warp thread. Its very easy to recognise
denim because of its traditional colour blue, usually warp is dyed in blue with a white
filling.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denim
http://www.imprintedoriginals.com/pages/etc/apparel_glossary.htm


Denim Brands
Some of the famous denim brands are as follows
Wrangler
Levis
G Star
Armani Brand
Lee
Diesel
Gap
Tommy Hilfiger
True religion
Joes Jeans
Guess
Pepe jeans
Calvin Kelvin
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Lucky
Rock and republic
Seven for all Mankind
APC
Swedish Denim brand
Nudie jeans
Acne
Cheap Monday
Pakistani Denim brand
Stone Age
Cross Road
Leisure Club
Club X
http://www.denimsandjeans.com/denim-brands/
Denim products
Denim fabric is used in many things. First denim is used to make denim jeans but
gradually many things can be made from denim. Here is the list of products which
are made with denim now days.
Bags
Capri pants
Dresses
Hats
Socks
Shoes
Jackets
Shirts
Shorts
Skirts
History of denim jeans;
Jeans origin began at 16
th
century. Jean cloth material is used in Italy for clothing.
Almost at the same time a material was produced in England that would later be
called denim. The name comes from France, from the fabric which they produced
called, serge de Nimes (material from Nimes). It was then sold to the Genoese navy.
In
1849- The origin of jeans started in America.
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1853- Levi started a small wholesale business and supplying workers and miners
with work cloths that were very strong and long lasting.
1872- He became partner with Jacob Davis.
1873- All men and specially workers started to buy jeans because of the durability
and comfort and the long lasting quality.
1886- Lathers label is sewed on the back of the jeans. On that picture it shows the
jean is pulled between the two horses but it doesnt tear and remain s strong. That
advertisement is just to show how strong denim jeans are.
1890s- The denim jeans were assigned the number.
1920s- Levis jeans became so popular and the leading products in mens work.
1930s- In movies cow boys used blue denim jeans very much from then it became
so popular.
1940s- Less jeans were made because of the World War II. Soldiers used jeans for
their rest time.
1950s- Denim became popular in the young generations. Some schools in USA
banned students on wearing of denim jeans.
1960s- Jeans became out of fashion because of other dresses.
1970s- Denim jeans took a new forma and shape and it becomes a complete denim
jump suit.
1970s-Jeans became uniform of concerts and the Rock n roll events.
1970- Two more brands namely Wrangler and Lee came into play and make jeans.
1970- Jean denim also came into a new form like Bermuda shorts or miniskirts.
1980- Denim jeans entered to the mass market
1990s- Fall of denim jeans due to many others fabric
1990s- Denim was mixed with the others fabric like Lycra.
2000s- Jeans all over the world.
http://www.designboom.com/eng/education/denim2.html
http://kids.aol.com/KOL/2/Style/Photogallery/history-of-denim-blue-jeans
http://www.jeans-and-accessories.com/history-of-blue-jeans.html

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ECONOMY:
Costing of Denim jeans
I have mentioned the hypothetical costing price of making a single pie ce of denim in
Pakistani rupees
Denim Jeans Costing Sheet

Specification Width: 180cm
Weight: 12 Oz
Color: Blue

Pkr
Spinning cost 24
Warping Cost 24
Ring spun 9
Dyeing cost 30
Sizing cost 11
Weaving cost 29
Air jet 29
Finishing cost 42
Coating 11
Mercerizing 18
Sanforizing 7
Singeing 7

Overheads 25
Profit Margin 30

Total Price/meter 296



Garment Costing Pkr

Cutting 40
Stitching 100
Washing/Dry process 21
Finishing/ Packing 10

Overheads 7
Profit Margin 14

Total Price 488
Mark-up (3 times) 488x3
Total price(1 piece) 1464 Almost 1500 PKR

*This Costing Sheet is taking by me from one of the fashion company of Pakistan
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ECOLOGY:
Production effect on environment:
Denim effects environment very much as it is made up of cotton, which causes great
destruction to the environment as it consumes water very much as almost 1600
gallons of water is required to grow cotton for just one pair of denim jeans, also the
use of poisonous medicines and insecticides effects environment very much. Cotton
yarn is processed using starch. Starch can be very harmful when it is discarded in
the water supply. Yarn is than dyed through synthetic indigo which is also produced
from oil, and this is also harmful for environment. In some places where denim is
produced the dyes which are used in denim may also be dumped into the water
supply and these dyes are too dangerous. The chemical used in production of denim
is also very harmful for the environment; especially the washing of denim jeans
effects the environment very much. Sandblasting a technique of washing is very
dangerous to the workers and for the environment, it should be ban.
Levis and h & m didnt use this technique and ensured their manufactures not to use
this technique. These processes and facts show that production of denim is very
dangerous to the environment, but if we try we can reduce the effects .
http://www.ecollo.com/post/2009/05/The-environmental-impact-of-your-jeans.aspx
http://www.contextclothing.com/eco_denim/

Ergonomics (how is the product adapted to the user)
Ergonomics are very important if you see in clothing because you have to provide
the comfort to the persons during their physical activities. As denim jeans of mens
and womens both are made up of same pattern many women experienced
discomfort as their waist was opened at the back. The persons who preferred high
waist jeans reported discomforts of tightness. In the past rivet were also placed at
the back of the jeans but because of many complaints it was removed from the back.

Ethics (e.g. how is the product produced?)
Production of denim
In the denim production following steps are include,
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http://www.komatsubara-iw.jp/en/seni_05.html

Production of Denim Jeans:
Make a pattern of jeans according to the jeans designer.
Computer programme or a person than calculate the optimal fabric
consumption by making drawing on the paper.
Fabric of a denim is than ready to cut
Than cutting of denim will be done.
Than each separated marks are marked with its sizes, with the help of chalk
so that it will not appear after washing.
Than all the pieces are separated according to the sizes.
These pieces are than going on sewing
Different machines for different handling
After sewn together, denim jeans are to be washed with different chemicals.
It almost take 20 minutes to make a one pair of denim jean
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A stone wash for a pair takes almost 1 kg of pumice stone and almost 5 litre
of water
After the washing process the denim is been checked for the faults and loose
threads are to be cut.
After this rivets and buttons are placed on denim by using of a special type of
press.
Than denim jeans go on to the garment inspection room where the quality
inspection is done.
Paper tags and papers are attached after this .
After all tags, papers and stickers it will p lace inside the care label with
product of origin and then denim jean will be placed with proper warning text
in a poly bag.
After all this process it will than be dispatched to its destination.


Aesthetics (is the product designed to any specific target group or
user)
Basically this product is designed for young generation like from 14-30, but now a
days it is used by almost every age persons.
Firstly denim jeans was considered as a poor people dress as denim was firstly used
by the workers because of the strength and durability of denim but now days denim
is used by poor people as well as by the rich people. Denim jeans are now used in
daily life by almost all kind of people. Rich people as well as poor people.
Analyses
After all this research and report I came to the point that the production of denim is
very dangerous for the environment so we must use the material which is not
dangerous for environment. We should not wash denim jeans because its very
dangerous for environment. We do like G star as they challenged to every one that
they dont wash their denim and they are environmental friendly. They just put denim
into the cold water and didnt apply any chemical by dipping in water gives almost
the same effect as with washing with the chemicals but this way is very
environmental friendly.
Suggestion
As denim production is very harmful for the environment so we should use denim in
the way through which we can save environment. We can use smart textile material
in denim as PCM (phase change material). We can use the organic materials for
production of denim so it is not harmful for the environment. I have heard about PCM
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in presentation of one of the student of university of boras. His thesis is on denim , he
told this way and showing this by experiment.
Another thing washing of denim also cause s serious harm to the environment so we
dont have to wash the denim as G- star do in his denim production they just put their
denim in water for couple of hour and it almost give the same effect after washing
but this way doesnt cause any harm to the environment. We also ban the
sandblasting technique of washing. We have to make the consumer aware and give
them the message not to wash denim too much, because this causes great damage
to environment.
Reference: from presentation of a student in University of Boras
References:
1) http://www.dolceta.eu/ireland/Mod3/spip.php?article283
2) http://www.imprintedoriginals.com/pages/etc/apparel_glossary.htm
3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denim
4) http://www.denimsandjeans.com/denim-brands/
5) http://www.designboom.com/eng/education/denim2.html
6) http://www.jeans-and-accessories.com/history-of-blue-jeans.html
7) http://kids.aol.com/KOL/2/Style/Photogallery/history-of-denim-blue-jeans
8) http://www.ecollo.com/post/2009/05/The-environmental-impact-of-your-
jeans.aspx
9) http://www.contextclothing.com/eco_denim/
10) From presentation of a student of University of Boras