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Chapter 04 Axial Load

Saint-Venant's Principle states that stresses and strains produced at points sufficiently removed from the region where loads are applied will be the same as if any statically equivalent loads were applied within the same region. The principle of superposition can be used to solve statically indeterminate problems by considering the effects of each load component separately and summing the results. Thermal stresses will develop in constrained members when subjected to temperature changes due to thermal expansion or contraction. Stress concentrations occur where the cross-sectional area changes abruptly, such as notches, resulting in higher local stresses compared to the average stress.

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Sumaya Mahmood
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161 views

Chapter 04 Axial Load

Saint-Venant's Principle states that stresses and strains produced at points sufficiently removed from the region where loads are applied will be the same as if any statically equivalent loads were applied within the same region. The principle of superposition can be used to solve statically indeterminate problems by considering the effects of each load component separately and summing the results. Thermal stresses will develop in constrained members when subjected to temperature changes due to thermal expansion or contraction. Stress concentrations occur where the cross-sectional area changes abruptly, such as notches, resulting in higher local stresses compared to the average stress.

Uploaded by

Sumaya Mahmood
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SaintVenant'sPrinciple :

Thestrainandstresswillevenoutandbecomeuniformoverthecrosssectionlocatedatposition
beingatleastequaltothelargestdimensionofthecrosssection.
Stressandstrainproducedatpointsinabody
sufficientlyremovedfromtheregionofload
applicationwillbethesameasthestressandstrain
producedbyanyappliedloadingsthathavethe
samestaticallyequivalentresultant,andareapplied
tothebodywithinthesameregion.
ElasticDeformationofanAxiallyLoadedMember
Assumenegligiblelocalizeddeformation,calculatetherelativedisplacementbetweenthetwoends
Iftheexternalloadforce,crosssectionareaandEareconstant:
Ifthebarissubjectedtoseveraldifferentaxialforces:
Ingeneral,deformationofanaxiallyloadedbariso = ]
1
L
P(x)
A(x)
Jx
x=L
x=0
Chapter4AxialLoad
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 1
Example4.1
TheassemblyshownconsistsofanaluminumtubeABhavinga
crosssectionalareaof4uu mm
2
.Asteelrodhavingadiameterof
1u mm isattachedtoarigidcollarandpassesthroughthetube.If
atensileloadof8u kN isappliedtotherod,determinethe
displacementoftheendCoftherod.TakeE
st
= 2uu 0Po,
E
uI
= 7u 0Po.
Example4.2(Ex4.3)
Amemberismadefromamaterialthathasaspecificweighty and
modulusofelasticityE.ifitisintheformofaconehavingthedimensionas
shown,determinehowfaritsendisdisplacedduetogravitywhenitis
suspendedintheverticalposition.
Examples
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 2
Bysubdividingtheloadingintocomponents,theprincipleofsuperpositionstatesthattheresultantstressor
displacementatthepointcanbedeterminedbyalgebraicallysummingthestressordisplacementcausedbyeachload
componentappliedseparatelytothemember.
Twoconditions needtobesatisfiedforapplyingtheprinciple:
Theloadingmustbelinearlyrelatedtothestressordisplacementthatistobedetermined 1.
Theloadingmustnotsignificantlychangetheoriginalgeometryorconfigurationofthemember 2.
Superposition: Linearproblem Smalldeflections
PrincipleofSuperposition
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 3
Considerthebar
equilibriumequationisnotsufficienttodeterminethetworeactions staticallyindeterminate problem
Needtoconsiderhowpointsonthebardisplace.
Equationthatspecifiestheconditionsfordisplacement acompatibilityorkineticcondition
Theindeterminateproblemcanalsobesolvedbywritingthecompatibilityequationusingtheprinciple
ofsuperposition flexibilityorforcemethodofanalysis.
Example4.3(Ex4.6)
ThethreeA992barsarepinconnectedtoarigidmember.Iftheappliedloadonthememberis15kN,
determinetheforcedevelopedineachbar.BarsABandEFeachhaveacrosssectionalareaofSu mm
2
,
andbarCDhasacrosssectionalareaofSu mm
2
.
Staticallyindeterminateproblem
FBD Equationsofequilibrium
Equationsofcompatibility(usingdisplacementscausedbyloading)
StaticallyIndeterminateAxiallyLoadedMember
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 4
Formostofmaterials,temperatureincreases(decrease)cancauseabodyexpansion(contraction)indimension
thermalexpansion.
Inalargerangeoftemperature,thechangeindimensionsislinearlyrelatedtothechangeintemperature
o
1
= oII
Whenthechangeisconstrained(staticallyindeterminate),stresswillbegeneratedwithinthebody
Example4.4(ex4.9)
TheA36steelbarasshownisconstrainedtojustfitbetweentwofixedsupportswhenI
1
= 6uF,
determinetheaveragenormalthermalstressdevelopedinthebar.
ThermalStress
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 5
Themaximumnormalstressoccursatthesmallestcrosssectionalarea
Ifthedeformationislinearelastic:thestressdistributioncanbedeterminedbymathematicalanalysisor
experimentally

StressConcentrationFactor
ForceEquilibrium AverageStress
StressConcentrationFactorK =
c
mcx
c
min
StressConcentrations
Chapter 4 Axial Load Page 6

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