THE NEW 3.

0-L TDI
BITURBO ENGINE FROM AUDI
PART 1:
DESIGN
AND ENGINE
MECHANICS
With the arrival of the V6 TDI biturbo engine, Audi is
adding a high-performance version with two-stage turbo-
charging to its V6 TDI engine line-up. At the heart of the
engine lies a new turbocharger system from Honeywell
Turbo Technologies (HTT), capable of boosting power
output to 230kW and delivering 650Nm maximum
torque. By adopting all the efficiency measures from
the basic V6 TDI monoturbo engine, a combination of
excellent performance and extremely good fuel consump-
tion figures has been achieved. In the following design
and the mechanics of the new engine are described, the
topics of thermodynamics and application will be dealt
with in a second section in the MTZ 2.
DEVELOPMENT DI ESEL ENGI NES
26
DESCRIPTION OF THE ENGINE AND
INSTALLATION IN THE VEHICLE
Alongside the V8 TDI which is used in the
Audi A8 and Q7, the new V6 TDI biturbo
engine represents the top-of-the-range die-
sel engine option for the new Audi A6 and
the A7. The objective of the development
of this engine was to set new standards in
the realm of sporty diesel vehicles, by
means of an outstanding, dynamic build-
up of torque and extraordinarily free-rev-
ving characteristics. The intention was to
combine excellent performance with good
fuel consumption figures, which has been
achieved by adopting the following effi-
ciency measures from the basic engine:
: thermal management
: frictional optimization measures
: weight reduction
: eight-speed automatic transmission
: start/stop system.
Other requirements for the engines devel-
opment were that it should be built on the
existing assembly line for the basic engine
at the engine plant in Gyr, and that it
should utilize the maximum number of
common parts offering the benefits of
synergy with the V6 TDI monoturbo [1-4].
The 46kW increase in power output
compared with the A8 version of the basic
engine was achieved primarily by means
of a new turbocharging system combined
with optimized charge air cooling, as well
as modifications to the fuel injection sys-
tem. The heart of the new engine, the tur-
bocharger system, is located at the rear of
the inner V of the engine, and in the clear-
ance space above the gearbox, which can
be seen in the cover figure in the partial
section view from the rear [5].

shows the installation of the V6 TDI

engines in the C series. The installation of
the V6 TDI monoturbo engine can be seen
in

(left), while

(right) shows the

biturbo. In both pictures it is possible to see
the limiting contours of the plenum cham-
ber and the bonnet, as well as the position
of the gearbox and exhaust system. In

(left) can be seen the combined close-
oupled oxidation catalytic converter with
diesel particulate filter (DPF), which is
positioned behind the turbocharger. The
exhaust leaves the turbocharger to the left,
as seen in the direction of travel; it is turned
through 180 and then flows through the
DPF to the right-hand side of the gearbox.
The exhaust system is not visible; it runs
past the gearbox on the right, as seen in the
direction of travel, and into the underbody.
In the case of the biturbo, the installation
space for the DPF has been used for the
high-pressure turbocharger. The exhaust
system does not cross over the gearbox but
runs where it can be seen in
(right), on
the left-hand side of the gearbox. The oxida-
tion catalytic converter can be seen; the
DPF has been relocated into the underbody.
Additionally the vacuum unit for the turbine
switching valve and the electric actuator for
the variable turbine geometry (VTG) of the
small turbocharger can be seen.
makes
very clear the major challenge of fitting a
V engine with two-stage sequential turbo-
charging into the vehicles restricted engine
compartment.
DIPL.-ING. RICHARD BAUDER
is Head of Diesel Engine
Development at Audi AG in
Neckarsulm (Germany).
DIPL.-ING. JAN HELBIG
is Head of Diesel Engine Mechanics
Development at Audi AG in
Neckarsulm (Germany).
DR.-ING. HENNING MARCKWARDT
is Head of Mechanics Development
for Biturbo Diesel Engines at Audi
AG in Neckarsulm (Germany).
DIPL.-ING. HALIT GENC
is Design Engineer in the Diesel
Engine Development at Audi AG in
Neckarsulm (Germany).
AUTHORS

Engine package V6 TDI monoturbo and biturbo

27 01I 2012 Volume 73

lists the main dimensions and char-

acteristic data of the engine. The main
geometrical dimensions match those of
the basic engine. In order to deliver the
high performance reliably in operation,
the cylinder heads and the piston assem-
bly including piston cooling have been
enhanced. This article looks into these
assemblies in more detail.
The oil and water pumps have also
been revised. The oil pump has been
adapted to meet the engines increased
demand for oil resulting from the improved
splash oil cooling of the pistons and the
second turbocharger. As in the case of the
basic engine, the pump is a controllable
vane pump with its volumetric flow in -
creased by widening the rotor by approxi-
mately 25 %. As a further measure in
response to the increased engine cooling
required, a higher-capacity water pump
has been fitted. In the case of the V6 TDI
biturbo, a closed plastic rotor with a dia-
meter of 72mm and three-dimensionally
curved vanes is used. As a result the volu-
metric flow has been increased by approxi-
mately 30 % at the design point in com-
parison with the basic engine, with a
simultaneous 7 % improvement in effi-
ciency at the same operating point.
CYLINDER HEAD
The cylinder head is subject to dynamic
loading while the engine is running due
to the cylinder pressure, as well as thermo-
mechanical loading due to temperature
variation. The peak pressure has not been
increased in comparison with the basic
engine, though it is utilized across a wider
engine speed range under full load, so
increasing the overall loading. The ther-
mal loading of the cylinder head rises as
the cylinder power output increases.

shows the maximum material tempera-
ture be tween the exhaust valves 1mm
below the surface of the combustion
chamber plate. The two columns on the
left depict the temperatures of the 150kW
and 184kW versions of the basic engine
under full load with a one-part water
chamber in the cylinder head. When this
unmodified geometry is used for the V6
TDI biturbo the temperature rises to a
critical level with the increased risk of
cracking of the combustion chamber plate
as a result of thermo-mechanical fatigue
after running for lengthy periods.
For this reason, a cylinder head with a
two-part water chamber has been devel-
oped for the high-performance engine,
.
The water chamber is divided into top and
bottom sections, each supplied by way of
separate feeds from the engine block. This
arrangement enables a higher volumetric
coolant flow (cooling jet) to be directed
through the lower water chamber, which
cools the areas between the valves and the
injector seat. The upper water chamber is
adjusted to allow lower volumetric flow by
means of restrictor bores in the cylinder
head gasket. The cooling of the lands

Main dimensions and characteristic data of the V6 TDI biturbo engine

Cylinder head material temperatures at 4500 rpm and 95 C coolant temperature

FEATURE UNIT
DESIGN V6 engine with 90 V-angle
CAPACITY cm
3
2967
STROKE mm 91.4
BORE mm 83.0
STROKE/BORE 1.10
COMPRESSION RATIO 16.0:1
DISTANCE BETWEEN CYLINDERS mm 90
CRANKSHAFT Forged, four bearings
MAIN BEARING DIAMETER mm 65.0
CON-ROD BEARING DIAMETER mm 60.0
CON-ROD LENGTH mm 160.5
VALVE DIAMETER (INLET) mm 28.7 (2x)
VALVE DIAMETER (EXHAUST) mm 26.0 (2x)
FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM
Common rail, 2000 bar (Bosch CRS 3-20)
with piezo injectors and high-pressure pump CP4.2
TURBOCHARGER
HTT Garrett GT 1749 with VTG (HP turbocharger)
HTT Garrett GT 3067 with waste gate (LP turbocharger)
Vacuum-controlled turbine switching valve
FIRING SEQUENCE 1, 4, 3, 6, 2, 5
NOMINAL POWER OUTPUT kW 230 kW from 3900 to 4500 rpm
TORQUE Nm 650 from 1450 to 2800 rpm
EMISSIONS STANDARD EU5
WEIGHT TO DIN 70020 GZ kg 209
ENGINE LENGTH mm 437.0
DEVELOPMENT DI ESEL ENGI NES
28
between the cylinders is carried out from
the cylinder head, as in the basic engine.
The pressure difference between the upper
and lower sections of the water chamber
is used to propel the coolant. The principle
of cross-flow cooling has been retained, as
has the separate head-block cooling of the
basic engine, controlled by the thermal
management system [1, 3]. This solution
has enabled the maxi mum temperature to
be lowered by 25K,
.
The separation of the two coolant jack-
ets results in an intermediate deck in the
cylinder head, which stiffens the structure
and enhances its strength. In the area of
the injector seat, for example, high assem-
bly and dynamic tensions are overlaid
with high temperatures. Calculations show
an improvement in the safety and security
which have been achieved at this point by
switching to the two-part water chamber
with intermediate deck, despite the higher
stress loads in the V6 TDI biturbo. The
new head concept thus combines high
mechanical strength with very low tem-
peratures for an engine of this perfor-
mance class, and as such also points the
way ahead for future high-performance
design concepts.
PISTONS
The major increase in power output from
the engine also meant that the pistons
needed to be optimized. The basic engine
in all its versions features a piston with
salt-core cooling ducts and a piston pin
running in aluminium. The compression
ratio is 16.8:1. The compression ratio of
the V6 TDI biturbo has been reduced to
16.0:1 by enlarging the piston bowl,
.
The position of the cooling duct has been
moved slightly upwards and towards the
first ring groove.
To improve strength, the V6 TDI biturbo
is fitted with a bushed piston with a DLC-
coated (diamond-like carbon) piston pin.
The DLC layer alleviates the tendency of
the pin to seize and reduces the friction in
this area. By using bushes with moulded

Cylinder head: water cooling jacket design

V6 TDI biturbo piston

29 01I 2012 Volume 73
bores, the pressure distribution between
the pin and the piston is evened out and
the risk of hub cracking is avoided. These
measures enabled the pin diameter of the
basic engine to be retained, meaning that
the con-rod could also be retained as a
shared component. The ring package is
frictionally optimized as in the case of the
basic engine. The higher positioning of
the cooling duct and the optimized splash
oil cooling enabled the bowl rim tempera-
ture to be significantly reduced relative to
the piston of the 184kW engine,
. This
design offers potential for further power
increases.
TURBOCHARGING SYSTEM

presents a schematic view of the com-

ponent layout in the two-stage turbo-
charging system. On the air side, the fresh
air flowing in via the air filter and clean
air system is pre-compressed by the low-
pressure compressor across the entire
map range. In the high-pressure compres-
sor, the pressure of the air-mass flow is
increased further. The air is then cooled in
the intercooler and routed into the engine
via the throttle valve, central swirl flap
and intake manifold. A self-regulating
compressor bypass valve is installed in
parallel to the high-pressure compressor.
This valve opens depending on the com-
pressor output of the low-pressure turbo-
charger and the resultant pressure ratio
upstream and downstream of the high-
pressure compressor. The compression of
the low-pressure stage is then sufficient to
set the required charge pressure.
On the exhaust side, the high-pressure
and low-pressure turbines are configured in
series and both fitted with a bypass or
wastegate. The bypass of the high-pressure
turbine has a large cross-section, which can
be infinitely adjusted by way of a turbine
switching valve which is pneumatically
actuated with vacuum. When the turbine
switching valve is closed, the entire exhaust
gas flow is partially relieved by way of the
high-pressure turbine and then flows
through the low-pressure turbine. The high-
pressure turbocharger features VTG with an
electric actuator motor. When this reaches
its speed limit, the turbine switching valve
is opened. In this case only part of the
exhaust gas mass flow is then relieved by
way of the high-pressure turbine; most is
routed via the turbine bypass directly to the
larger low-pressure turbine. The low-pres-
sure turbocharger is fitted with a wastegate
which regulates the charge pressure at high
exhaust gas mass flow rates.

shows the turbocharging system

design as implemented for the V6 TDI
biturbo engine. The low-pressure turbo-
charger is housed in the rear area of the
inner V while the high-pressure turbo-
charger, rotated 90, is positioned behind
the engine above the gearbox. The key
component of the turbocharging system is
the turbine housing of the high-pressure
turbocharger, via which the exhaust gas
mass flows are distributed within the sys-
tem. It incorporates the flange for connec-

Influence of optimized piston cooling on piston temperatures:

maximum bowl rim temperature at 4000 rpm

Schematic view of the

V6 TDI biturbo turbo-
charging system
DEVELOPMENT DI ESEL ENGI NES
30
tion of the exhaust manifold by way of a
Y-piece as well as the flanges for the high-
pressure turbine bypass, the low-pressure
turbocharger and the exhaust gas recircu-
lation line. The turbine switching valve,
including seat and shaft, is housed in the
turbine housing of the low-pressure
turbocharger.
All the other components are grouped
around these key components. On the left
as seen in the direction of travel is the
large vacuum unit, with position feedback
for the turbine switching valve, and the
electric actuator for the high-pressure tur-
bocharger. On the right are the compressor
bypass valve, the vacuum unit to actuate
the wastegate and the charge air ducting.
The compressor bypass valve is designed
so as to widen its cross-section rapidly on
non-stationary acceleration and yet still
prevent unintentional opening due to
engine vibration. The pressure losses
occurring at the compressor bypass have
been reduced by optimizing the geometry
of the valve cone down to a minimum.
The center housings of both turbocharg-
ers are water-cooled. The water and oil
supply is provided via external lines.
The turbine housing of the high-pres-
sure turbocharger is the most complex
cast component of the turbocharger
assembly. The areas of the component
that are subjected to hot exhaust gases
change depending on the position of the
exhaust flap. This results in inhomogene-
ous temperature distribution and therefore
in thermal stresses in the component. In
the course of design optimizations carried
out on the component, the number of
cores was reduced from 16 to eight and at
the same time the thermal stresses in criti-
cal areas were reduced to a non-critical
level.
shows the number and layout of
the cores in the casting mould before and
after optimization.
With two-stage turbocharging, the
responsiveness of the engine is dictated
by the tight closure of the turbine switch-
ing valve. Even the tiniest leaks will lead
to significant loss of enthalpy for the high-
pressure turbine. Consequently, special
attention was paid during the develop-
ment process to the seal achieved by the
turbine switching valve. To evaluate the
seal achieved by the turbine switching
valve, a pressure difference of 2.5bar is
applied by way of the flap valve on the
component test rig and the resultant volu-
metric flow leakage is determined. In an
early phase of the project, two different
turbine switching valve designs were
compared in with regard to leakage:
: a centrally mounted changeover flap
valve (butterfly design)
: a side-mounted changeover flap valve
(swing valve design).
The tests carried out revealed at an early
stage that, in its new condition, the swing
valve offered significant advantages over
the butterfly design in terms of the seal
achieved,
. The leakage of the swing
valve design as new is many times less
than that of the butterfly design. It also
proved much better over lengthy running
periods. As the swing valve also offers
major benefits in terms of flow pressure
losses because it is moved fully out of the
bypass duct, Audi chose to develop this
solution for series production. The large
bypass flap in combination with the high
turbine intake pressures do however
require high actuator forces in order to pre-
vent the flap from opening of its own
accord, even under transient operating

Turbocharging system of the V6 TDI biturbo (HTT)

High pressure turbine

housing: optimization of casting tools
31 01I 2012 Volume 73
conditions. In order to satisfy these re -
quirements a special long-stroke vacuum
unit with a large effective cross-section has
been developed. The unit has a position
feedback feature in the form of a position
sensor inside the unit, which has had to be
adapted to the long stroke of the unit.
To assess the influence of the seal
achieved by the exhaust flap, acceleration
was measured on a vehicle with new com-
ponents and with components at the end of
endurance testing. The defined maximum
permissible leakage quantities at the end of
endurance testing guarantee minimal time
lag under acceleration in comparison with
new components. This is key to the excel-
lent dynamic responsiveness of the engine
throughout the life of the vehicle.
SUMMARY
With the V6 TDI biturbo, Audi has
launched its most powerful six-cylinder
diesel engine to date. The engine gives the
C-segment cars extraordinarily sporty per-
formance along with low fuel consump-
tion, supplementing the range of Audi
V-engines below the V8 TDI and V12 TDI.
The two-stage turbocharging system has
been implemented in the restricted space
available with no need for compromise in
terms of thermodynamic design and long-
term mechanical durability. The higher
loading on the engine compared with the
basic engine has been taken into account
by means of optimization measures which
open up potential for further increases in
power output for both the biturbo and
monoturbo designs.
REFERENCES
[1] Bauder, R.; Bach, M.; Frhlich, A.; Hatz, W.;
Helbig, J.; Kahrstedt, J.: Die neue Generation des
3.0 TDI Motors von Audi emissionsarm, leis-
tungsstark, verbrauchsgnstig und leicht [The
new-generation 3.0 l TDI engine from Audi low
emissions, high performance, good fuel economy
and lightweight design]. 31
st
International Vienna
Motor Symposium, 2010
[2] Bauder, R.; Kahrstedt, J.; Zlch, S.; Frhlich,
A.; Streng, C.; Eiglmeier, C.; Riegger, R.: Der 3.0l
V6 TDI der zweiten Generation von Audi konse-
quente Weiterentwicklung eines effizienten An-
triebes [The second-generation 3.0 l V6 TDI from
Audi consistent further development of an effi-
cient power unit]. 19
th
Aachen Colloquium Auto-
mobile and Engine Technology, 2010
[3] Bauder, R.; Frhlich, A.; Rossi, D.: Neue
Generation des 3,0-l-TDI-Motors von Audi, Teil 1
Konstruktion und Mechanik [New-generation Audi
3.0 l TDI engine, part 1 design and mechanical
components]. In: MTZ 71 (2010), No. 10
[4] Kahrstedt, J.; Zlch, S.; Streng, C.; Riegger,
R.: Neue Generation des 3,0-l-TDI-Motors von
Audi, Teil 2 Thermodynamik, Applikation und
Abgasnachbehandlung [New-generation Audi 3.0 l
TDI engine, part 2 thermodynamics, application
and exhaust treatment]. In: MTZ 71 (2010), No. 11
[5] Bauder, R.; Eiglmeier, C.; Eiser, A.; Marck-
wardt, H.: Der neue High Performance Diesel von
Audi, der 3.0l V6-TDI Biturbo [The new high-
performance diesel from Audi, the 3.0 l V6 TDI
biturbo]. 32
nd
International Vienna Motor Sympo-
sium, 2011

Turbine switching valve leakage behaviour

DEVELOPMENT DI ESEL ENGI NES
32
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BONDING OF PLASTICS
Well-bonded
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BONDED
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Testing under
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AVIATION APPLICATIONS
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