Concordant with church but church interfernce in national and political matters restricted

Specically the
French government would appoint bishops, but the bishops would appoint parish
priests. The concordat gained Napoleon the support of the organized church as well
as the ma jority of the French people
Napoleon thought that his greatest work was his comprehensive system of
laws,
known as the Napoleonic Code. Although the code gave the country a
uniform set
of laws and eliminated many injustices, it actually limited liberty and promoted
order
and authority over individual rights. The code took away some rights that
women had
won during the Revolution, such as the right to sell their property. reedom
of speech
and of the press, also established during the Revolution, were restricted
rather than
e!panded. The new laws also restored slavery in the rench colonies of the
Caribbean, which the revolutionary government had abolished.
The Romantic "ovement
At the beginning of the #$th century, the %nlightenment idea of reason
gradually gave
way to another major movement& romanticism. Romanticism was a movement in
art
and ideas. 't showed deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and
feelings of
the individual. 'n many ways, romantic thinkers and writers reacted against
the ideals
of the %nlightenment. Romantics rejected the rigidly ordered world of the
middle(
class. They turned from reason to emotion, from society to
nature. Nationalism also
red the romantic imagination. For
e!ample, a
ghter for freedom in reece, !ord "yron also
ranked as one of the leading romantic poets of the time
The 'deas of Romanticism %motion, sometimes wild emo(
tion, was a key element of romanticism. Nevertheless, romanti(
cism went beyond feelings. Romantics e!pressed a wide range
of ideas and attitudes. 'n general, romantic thinkers and artists

emphasized inner feelings, emotions, imagination

focused on the mysterious and the supernatural# also,
on the odd, e!otic, and grotes)ue or horrifying

loved the beauties of untamed nature

idealized the past as a simpler and nobler time

gloried heroes and heroic actions

cherished fol$ traditions, music, and stories

valued the common people and the individual

promoted radical change and democracy
*nioni+ation and ,egislative Reform
actory workers faced long hours, dirty and dangerous working conditions,
and the
threat of being laid off. -y the #.//s, working people became more active in
politics.
To press for reforms, workers joined together in voluntary associations
called unions.
The *nion "ovement A union spoke for all the workers in a particular trade.
*nions engaged in collective bargaining
negotiations between wor$ers and their
employers. They bargained for better working conditions and higher pay. 'f
factory
owners refused these demands, union members could strike, or refuse to
work.
0killed workers led the way in forming unions because their special skills gave
them e!tra bargaining power. "anagement would have trouble replacing such
skilled
workers as carpenters, printers, and spinners. Thus the earliest unions helped
the
lower middle class more than they helped the poorest workers.
The union movement underwent slow, painful growth in both 1reat -ritain and
the *nited 0tates. or years, the -ritish government denied workers the
right to form
unions. The government saw unions as a threat to social order and stability.
'ndeed,
the Combination Acts of #2$$ and #.// outlawed unions and strikes. -ravely
ignoring
the threat of jail or job loss, factory workers joined unions anyway.
3arliament
nally
repealed the Combination Acts in #.45. After #.46, the -ritish government
unhappily
tolerated unions.
-ritish unions had shared goals of raising wages and improving working
conditions.
-y #.26, -ritish trade unions had won the right to strike and picket
peacefully. They
had also built up a membership of about # million people.
'n the *nited 0tates, skilled workers had belonged to unions since the early
#.//s. 'n
#..7, several unions joined together to form the organi+ation that would
become the
American ederation of ,abor
8A,9. A series of successful
strikes won A, members higher
wages and shorter hours.
Reform ,aws 'n both 1reat
-ritain and the *nited 0tates,
new laws reformed some of the
worst abuses of industriali+ation.
'n #.:4, for e!ample, 3arliament
set up a committee to investigate
child labor. As a result of this
committee;
s

ndings, %arliament
passed the actory Act of #.::.
The new law made it illegal to
hire children under $ years old.
Children from the ages of $ to #4
could not work more than . hours
a day. <oung people from #: to #2
could not work more than #4 hours. 'n #.54 the "ines Act prevented women
and children from working underground.
'n #.52, the 3arliament passed a bill that helped working women as well as
their children. The Ten =ours Act of #.52 limited the workday to ten hours
for
women and children who worked in factories.
Reformers in the *nited 0tates also passed legislation to protect child
workers.
'n #$/5, a group of progressive reformers organi+ed the National Child ,abor
Committee to end child labor. Arguing that child labor lowered wages for all
workers,
labor union members joined the reformers. Together these groups pressured
national
and state politicians to ban child labor and set ma!imum working hours. The
0upreme
Court in #$#$ had objected to a federal child labor law. =owever, it did allow
individual
states to legally limit the working hours of women and, later, of men.
>ther Reform "ovements
Almost from the beginning, reform movements sprang up in response to the
negative
impact of industriali+ation. These reforms included improving the workplace
and
e!tending the right to vote to working(class men. The same impulse toward
reform,
along with the ideals of the rench Revolution, also helped to end slavery and
promote
new rights for women and children.
Abolition of 0lavery ?illiam ?ilberforce, a highly religious man, was a
member of
3arliament who led the
ght for abolition

the end of the slave trade and slavery in

the -ritish %mpire. 3arliament passed a bill to end the slave trade in the
-ritish ?est
'ndies in #./2. After he retired from 3arliament in #.46, ?ilberforce
continued his

ght to free the slaves. "ritain

nally abolished slavery in its empire in &'((.

-ritish antislavery activists had mi!ed motives. 0ome were morally against
slavery,
such as the abolitionist ?illiam ?ilberforce. >thers viewed slave labor as an
economic threat. urthermore, a new class of industrialists developed who
supported
cheap labor rather than slave labor. They soon gained power in 3arliament.
'n the *nited 0tates the movement to ful
ll the promise of the )eclaration of
'ndependence by ending slavery grew in the early #.//s. The enslavement of
African
people
nally ended in the *nited States when the *nion won the +ivil ,ar in &'-..
?ith the end of the *.0. Civil ?ar, enslavement persisted in the Americas
only in
3uerto Rico, Cuba, and -ra+il. 'n 3uerto Rico, slavery was ended in #.2:.
0pain

nally abolished slavery in its +uban colony in &''-. Not until &''' did "razil
;
s huge
enslaved population win freedom.
French supported paternalism and assimilation in order to accompalish this they brought
Their own bureaucracy,patterned the local institutions on line of french cultures
/ttoman empire
0ad a strategic location controlled blac$e sea 1russia needed it for e2port of grain3
4nd medditeranean so passage to the atlantic for landloc$ed mercjnts.
)iscovery of oil in persia further reinforced the interest of the european powers.
The Crimean ?ar revealed the >ttoman %mpire;
s military wea$ness. )espite the
help of -ritain and rance, the >ttoman %mpire continued to lose lands. The
Russians came to the aid of 0lavic people in the -alkans who rebelled against
the
>ttomans. The >ttomans lost control of Romania, "ontenegro, Cyprus,
-osnia,
=er+egovina, and an area that became -ulgaria. The >ttomans lost land in
Africa,
too. -y the beginning of ?orld ?ar ', the >ttoman %mpire was reduced to a
small
portion of its former si+e.
"ritish imperialism in india
@
5ewel in the +rown
A
%roduces Trade %roducts 4t

rst, 6ndia was treasured by

the -ritish more for its potential than its actual pro
t. The 6ndustrial 7evolution
had
turned -ritain into the world;
s
workshop, and 'ndia was a major

supplier of
raw materials for that
workshop. 'ts :// million people

were also a large potential mar(
ket for -ritish(made goods. 't is

not surprising, then, that the

-ritish
considered 'ndia the

brightest

@
jewel in the crown
A


the most valuable of all of
-ritain;
s colonies.
The -ritish set up restrictions

that prevented the 'ndian
econ(

omy from operating on its own.

-ritish policies called for 'ndia to

produce raw materials for -ritish

manufacturing and to buy -ritish
nished goods.
6n
addition,
'ndian competition with -ritish
nished goods was prohibited. For e2ample, 6ndia
;
s
own handloom te!tile industry was almost put out of business by imported
-ritish te!(
tiles. Cheap cloth and ready(made clothes from %ngland
ooded the 6ndian mar$et
and drove out local producers.
'ndia became economically valuable only after the -ritish established a railroad
network. Railroads transported raw products from the interior to the ports
and
manufactured goods back again. The majority of the raw materials were
agricultural
products produced on plantations. 3lantation crops included tea, indigo,
coffee, cot(
ton, and jute. Another crop was opium. The -ritish shipped opium to China and
e!changed it for tea, which they then sold in %ngland.
Trading these crops was closely tied to international events. or e!ample,
the
Crimean ?ar in the #.6/s cut off the supply of Russian jute to 0cottish jute
mills. This
boosted the e!port of raw jute from -engal, a province in 'ndia. ,ikewise,
cotton pro(
duction in 'ndia increased when the Civil ?ar in the *nited 0tates cut off
supplies of
cotton for -ritish te!tile mills.
'mpact of Colonialism 'ndia both bene
ted from and was oppressed by "ritish colo8
nialism. >n the positive side, the laying of the world;
s third largest railroad networ$
was
a major -ritish achievement. ?hen completed, the railroads enabled 'ndia to
develop a
modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions. Along with the
railroads,
a modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and
irrigation
canals enabled 'ndia to moderni+e. 0anitation and public health improved.
0chools and
colleges were founded, and literacy increased. Also, -ritish troops cleared
central 'ndia
of bandits and put an end to local warfare among competing local rulers.
>n the negative side, the -ritish
held much of the political and eco(
nomic power. The -ritish restricted
'ndian(owned industries such as
cotton te!tiles. The emphasis on
cash crops resulted in a loss of self(
sufficiency for many villagers. The
conversion to cash crops reduced
food production, causing famines in
the late #.//s. The -ritish officially
adopted a hands(off policy regard(
ing 'ndian religious and social
customs. %ven so, the increased
presence of missionaries and the
outspoken racist attitude of most
-ritish officials threatened 'ndian
traditional life
.