(d) Where singlewelded joints are used, particular care

shall be taken in aligning and separating the components

to be joined so that there will be complete penetration
and fusion at the bottom of the joint for its full length.
(e) In welding plug welds, a fillet around the bottom of
the hole shall be deposited first.
(f) Welder and Welding Operator Identification
(1) Each welder and welding operator shall stamp the
identifying number, letter, or symbol assigned by the Man-
ufacturer, on or adjacent to and at intervals of not more
than 3 ft (1 m) along the welds which he makes in steel
plates
1
/
4
in. (6 mm) and over in thickness and in nonfer-
rous plates
1
/
2
in. (13 mm) and over in thickness; or a re-
cord shall be kept by the Manufacturer of welders and
welding operators employed on each joint which shall
be available to the Inspector. For identifying welds on ves-
sels in which the wall thickness is less than
1
/
4
in. (6 mm)
for steel material and less than
1
/
2
in. (13 mm) for nonfer-
rous material, suitable stencil or other surface markings
shall be used; or a record shall be kept by the Manufac-
turer of welders and welding operators employed on each
joint which shall be available to the Inspector; or a stamp
may be used provided the vessel part is not deformed and
the following additional requirements are met:
(-a) for ferrous materials:
(-1) the materials shall be limited to PNo. 1 Gr.
Nos. 1 and 2;
(-2) the minimum nominal plate thickness shall
be
3
/
16
in. (5 mm), or the minimum nominal pipe wall
thickness shall be 0.154 in. (3.91 mm);
(-3) the minimum design metal temperature
shall be no colder than 20F (29C);
(-b) for nonferrous materials:
(-1) the materials shall be limited to aluminum
as follows: SB-209 Alloys 3003, 5083, 5454, and 6061;
SB-241 Alloys 3003, 5083, 5086, 5454, 6061, and 6063;
and SB-247 Alloys 3003, 5083, and 6061;
(-2) the minimum nominal plate thickness shall
be 0.249 in. (6.32 mm), or the minimum nominal pipe
thickness shall be 0.133 in. (3.37 mm).
(2) When a multiple number of permanent nonpres-
sure part load bearing attachment welds, nonloadbearing
welds such as stud welds, or special welds such as tubeto
tubesheet welds are made on a vessel, the Manufacturer
need not identify the welder or welding operator that
welded each individual joint provided:
(-a) the Manufacturers Quality Control System in-
cludes a procedure that will identify the welders or weld-
ing operators that made such welds on each vessel so that
the Inspector can verify that the welders or welding op-
erators were all properly qualified;
(-b) the welds in each category are all of the same
type and configuration and are welded with the same
welding procedure specification.
(3) Permanent identification of welders or welding
operators making tack welds that become part of the
fi nal pressure wel d i s not requi red provi ded the
Manufacturers Quality Control System includes a proce-
dure to permit the Inspector to verify that such tack welds
were made by qualified welders or welding operators.
(g) The welded joint between two members joined by
the inertia and continuous drive friction welding pro-
cesses shall be a full penetration weld. Visual examination
of the aswelded flash roll of each weld shall be made as an
in-process check. The weld upset shall meet the specified
amount within 10%. The flash shall be removed to sound
metal.
(h) Capacitor discharge welding may be used for weld-
ing temporary attachments and permanent nonstructural
attachments without postweld heat treatment, provided
the following requirements are met:
(1) A welding procedure specification shall be pre-
pared in accordance with Section IX, insofar as possible
describing the capacitor discharge equipment, the combi-
nation of materials to be joined, and the technique of ap-
plication. Qualification of the welding procedure is not
required.
(2) The energy output shall be limited to 125 Wsec.
UW-38 REPAIR OF WELD DEFECTS
Defects, such as cracks, pinholes, and incomplete fusion,
detected visually or by the hydrostatic or pneumatic test
or by the examinations prescribed in UW-11 shall be re-
moved by mechanical means or by thermal gouging pro-
cesses, after which the joint shall be rewelded [see
UW-40(e)].
UW-39 PEENING
(a) Weld metal and heat affected zones may be peened
by manual, electric, or pneumatic means when it is
deemed necessary or helpful to control distortion, to re-
lieve residual stresses, or to improve the quality of the
weld. Peening shall not be used on the initial (root) layer
of weld metal nor on the final (face) layer unless the weld
is subsequently postweld heat treated. In no case, how-
ever, is peening to be performed in lieu of any postweld
heat treatment required by these rules.
(b) Controlled shot peening and other similar methods
which are intended only to enhance surface properties
of the vessel or vessel parts shall be performed after any
nondestructive examinations and pressure tests required
by these rules.
UW-40 PROCEDURES FOR POSTWELD HEAT
TREATMENT
(a) The operation of postweld heat treatment shall be
performed in accordance with the requirements given in
the applicable Part in Subsection C using one of the follow-
ing procedures. In the procedures that follow, the soak
band is defined as the volume of metal required to meet
or exceed the minimum PWHT temperatures listed in
Tables UCS-56-1 through UCS-56-11. As a minimum, the
soak band shall contain the weld, heat affected zone, and
2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1 UW-37 UW-40
143
a portion of base metal adjacent to the weld being heat
treated. The minimum width of this volume is the widest
width of weld plus 1t or 2 in. (50 mm), whichever is less,
on each side or end of the weld. The term t is the nominal
thickness as defined in (f) below. For additional detailed
recommendations regarding implementation and perfor-
mance of these procedures, refer to Welding Research
Council (WRC) Bulletin 452, June 2000, Recommended
Practices for Local Heating of Welds in Pressure Vessels.
(1) heating the vessel as a whole in an enclosed fur-
nace. This procedure is preferable and should be used
whenever practicable.
(2) heating the vessel in more than one heat in a fur-
nace, provided the overlap of the heated sections of the
vessel is at least 5 ft (1.5 m). When this procedure is used,
the portion outside of the furnace shall be shielded so that
the temperature gradient is not harmful. The cross section
where the vessel projects from the furnace shall not inter-
sect a nozzle or other structural discontinuity.
(3) heating of shell sections and/or portions of ves-
sels to postweld heat treat longitudinal joints or compli-
cated wel ded detai l s before j oi ni ng to make the
completed vessel. When the vessel is required to be post-
weld heat treated, and it is not practicable to postweld
heat treat the completed vessel as a whole or in two or
more heats as provided in (2) above, any circumferential
joints not previously postweld heat treated may be there-
after locally postweld heat treated by heating such joints
by any appropriate means that will assure the required
uniformity. For such local heating, the soak band shall ex-
tend around the full circumference. The portion outside
the soak band shall be protected so that the temperature
gradient is not harmful. This procedure may also be used
to postweld heat treat portions of new vessels after
repairs.
(4) heating the vessel internally by any appropriate
means and with adequate indicating and recording tem-
perature devices to aid in the control and maintenance
of a uniform distribution of temperature in the vessel wall.
Previous to this operation, the vessel should be fully en-
closed with insulating material, or the permanent insula-
tion may be installed provided it is suitable for the
required temperature. In this procedure the internal pres-
sure should be kept as low as practicable, but shall not ex-
ceed 50% of the maximum allowable working pressure at
the highest metal temperature expected during the post-
weld heat treatment period.
(5) heating a circumferential band containing nozzles
or other welded attachments that require postweld heat
treatment in such a manner that the entire band shall be
brought up uniformly to the required temperature and
held for the specified time. Except as modified in this para-
graph below, the soak band shall extend around the entire
vessel, and shall include the nozzle or welded attachment.
The circumferential soak band width may be varied away
from the nozzle or attachment weld requiring PWHT, pro-
vided the required soak band around the nozzle or
attachment weld is heated to the required temperature
and held for the required time. As an alternative to varying
the soak band width, the temperature within the circum-
ferential band away from the nozzle or attachment may
be varied and need not reach the required temperature,
provided the required soak band around the nozzle or at-
tachment weld is heated to the required temperature, held
for the required time, and the temperature gradient is not
harmful throughout the heating and cooling cycle. The
portion of the vessel outside of the circumferential soak
band shall be protected so that the temperature gradient
is not harmful. This procedure may also be used to post-
weld heat treat portions of vessels after repairs.
(6) heating the circumferential joints of pipe or tub-
ing by any appropriate means using a soak band that ex-
tends around the entire circumference. The portion
outside the soak band shall be protected so that the tem-
perature gradient is not harmful. The proximity to the
shell increases thermal restraint, and the designer should
provide adequate length to permit heat treatment without
harmful gradients at the nozzle attachment or heat a full
circumferential band around the shell, including the
nozzle.
(7) heating a local area around nozzles or welded at-
tachments in the larger radius sections of a double curva-
ture head or a spherical shell or head in such a manner
that the area is brought up uniformly to the required tem-
perature and held for the specified time. The soak band
shall include the nozzle or welded attachment. The soak
band shall include a circle that extends beyond the edges
of the attachment weld in all directions by a minimum of t
or 2 in. (50 mm), whichever is less. The portion of the ves-
sel outside of the soak band shall be protected so that the
temperature gradient is not harmful.
(8) heating of other configurations. Local area heating
of other configurations such as spots or bulls eye local
heating not addressed in (a)(1) through (a)(7) above is
permitted, provided that other measures (based upon suf-
ficiently similar, documented experience or evaluation)
are taken that consider the effect of thermal gradients,
all significant structural discontinuities (such as nozzles,
attachments, head to shell junctures), and any mechanical
loads which may be present during PWHT. The portion of
the vessel or component outside the soak band shall be
protected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
(b) The temperatures and rates of heating and cooling
to be used in postweld heat treatment of vessels con-
structed of materials for which postweld heat treatment
may be required are given in UCS-56, UHT-56, UNF-56,
and UHA-32.
(c) The minimum temperature for postweld heat treat-
ment given in Tables UCS-56-1 through UCS-56-11,
Table UHT-56, and Tables UHA-32-1 through UHA-32-6,
and in UNF-56, shall be the minimum temperature of the
plate material of the shell or head of any vessel. Where
more than one pressure vessel or pressure vessel part
are postwel d heat treated in one furnace charge,
2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1 UW-40
144