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    Molecules of Life: 1.1 A) Explain The Structure of Water Molecule

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    khanny96
    1. Water has an important role as the universal solvent in living organisms due to its polar molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Its polar nature allows it to dissolve many other polar substances. 2. Water has unique physical properties including high specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and reaching maximum density at 4°C that help regulate temperatures and allow aquatic life to survive. 3. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give rise to cohesive and adhesive forces, high surface tension, and low viscosity important for biological functions like transport within organisms and maintaining homeostasis.

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    Molecules of Life: 1.1 A) Explain The Structure of Water Molecule

    Uploaded by

    khanny96
    392 views37 pages
    1. Water has an important role as the universal solvent in living organisms due to its polar molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Its polar nature allows it to dissolve many other polar substances. 2. Water has unique physical properties including high specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and reaching maximum density at 4°C that help regulate temperatures and allow aquatic life to survive. 3. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give rise to cohesive and adhesive forces, high surface tension, and low viscosity important for biological functions like transport within organisms and maintaining homeostasis.

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    water

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    1.1_Water

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    1. Water has an important role as the universal solvent in living organisms due to its polar molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Its polar nature allows it to dissolve many other polar substances. 2. Water has unique physical properties including high specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and reaching maximum density at 4°C that help regulate temperatures and allow aquatic life to survive. 3. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give rise to cohesive and adhesive forces, high surface tension, and low viscosity important for biological functions like transport within organisms and maintaining homeostasis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odp, pdf, or txt
    392 views37 pages

    Molecules of Life: 1.1 A) Explain The Structure of Water Molecule

    Uploaded by

    khanny96
    1. Water has an important role as the universal solvent in living organisms due to its polar molecular structure and ability to form hydrogen bonds. Its polar nature allows it to dissolve many other polar substances. 2. Water has unique physical properties including high specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization, and reaching maximum density at 4°C that help regulate temperatures and allow aquatic life to survive. 3. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules give rise to cohesive and adhesive forces, high surface tension, and low viscosity important for biological functions like transport within organisms and maintaining homeostasis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odp, pdf, or txt
    of 37

    CHAPTER 1

    MOLECULES OF LIFE
    1.1 a)explain the structure !
    "ater #lecule.
    $) %escri$e the prperties ! "ater an%
    its i#prtance&uni'ersal sl'ent( l"
    'iscsit)( hi*h speci!ic heat capacit)(
    hi*h latent heat ! 'apri+atin( hi*h
    sur!ace tensin( #axi#u# %ensit) at
    ,-C

    OBJECTIVES:
    Students should be able to:

    explain the physical and


    chemical properties and
    physiological functions of water

    draw the structure of water


    molecule

    explain the properties of water


    as constituent of life

    .ATER
    Stucture Properties
    1. .ater as uni'ersal sl'ent
    /. 0iscsit) ! "ater 1 lu$ricatin )
    2. Speci!ic heat capacit)
    ,. Latent heat ! 'aprisatin
    3. Sur!ace tensin& a%hesi'e 4 chesi'e

    !rces
    5. The e!!ect ! te#perature n "ater
    %ensit)
    Roles

    .ATER
    Structure

    Consists of an oxygen
    atom and two hydrogen
    atoms : (H
    2
    O)

    The two H atoms are


    oined to the O atom by
    sharing of electrons
    (co!alent bond)

    c'alent $n%

    The 3 atoms form a


    V-shape, ot a
    strai!ht lie

    The an*le "et#ee


    the $ h%&ro!e atoms
    is 1-,.36

    There is a sli*ht
    ne*ati'e char*e
    178) n the O
    at# an% a sli*ht
    psiti'e char*e
    179) n $th H
    at#s
    1-,.36

    A #lecule carr)in*
    such an une:ual
    %istri$utin ! electrical
    char*e is calle% a plar
    #lecule

    H bonds form when a hydrogen


    atom is attracted to another
    strongly electronegati!e atom
    (e"g" #$ O % &)

    ' partial positi!e H of one H2O


    is attracted to the partial
    negati!e O of nearby H2O

    The molecules are held together


    by a hydrogen bond (H bond)

    (ach H
    (ach H
    2 2
    O
    O
    can
    can
    form Hydrogen
    form Hydrogen
    bonds
    bonds
    with up to
    with up to
    maximum
    maximum
    )
    )
    partners
    partners

    Hydrogen bonds are wea*er


    than co!alent bonds
    (but they are strong enough to
    hold water molecules together)
    O
    H

    'i(ue properties of )
    $
    O
    are &ue mostl% to
    - its a$ilit) t !r# H $n%s
    - its plarit)
    - its s#all si+e*

    Because of the plarit),


    )
    $
    O are also attracte& to
    char*e% particles r
    char*e% sur!aces

    Water is an important
    component of cells
    - acts as a sol!ent & is
    often a reactant in metabolism
    & pro!ides an a+ueous
    en!ironment for many organisms.

    ,roperties of water as !ital
    constituent of life
    +* .ater as a uni'ersal sl'ent
    /. L" 'iscsit) ! "ater
    2. Hi*h Speci!ic heat capacit)
    ,. Hi*h Latent heat ! 'aprisatin ! "ater
    3. E!!ect ! te#perature n "ater
    %ensit)
    5. ;reat Sur!ace tensin& a%hesi'e 4
    chesi'e !rces

    -ater as a uni!ersal sol!ent


    . because of its polar molecules
    . /issol!es other polar compound
    easily due to the electrostatic
    interaction between H
    2
    O
    % charged component in the
    compound
    1) .ater as a uni'ersal sl'ent
    1) .ater as a uni'ersal sl'ent

    ,owerful sol!ent for 0


    i" polar substances
    (eg: sugars which ha!e
    slightly charged hydroxyl
    (1OH) groups)
    ii" ionic compounds
    (eg: sodium chloride)
    iii" organic molecules with
    ioni2ed groups (such as the
    carboxyl group 3COO
    1
    $ and
    amino group 3&H
    4
    5
    )

    6any polar substances are


    dissol!ed in water of
    biological 7uids such as salts

    &on1polar substances (lipids &


    hydrocarbons) that do not
    interact with water"

    Eg: oil on the surface of water



    oxygen
    hydrogen

    #or example
    -the oxygen regions of H
    2
    O cling
    to sodium (&a
    5
    ) cations
    (positi!ely charged ions)
    the hydrogen regions are
    attracted to chloride (Cl
    1
    )
    anions (negati!ely
    charged ions)

    ' shell of water molecules


    surrounds the indi!idual ions$
    separating the sodium from
    the chloride

    $* ,o# -iscosit% of #ater

    H bonds can easily be bro*en$


    molecules can slide o!er each
    other

    6a*es it suitable as medium of


    transportation in li!ing organisms

    (g: blood !essels and watery


    solution for example can act as a
    lubricants to allow food mo!e
    easily down the alimentary canal"

    3* Specific heat capacit%

    8The amount of heat needed for 9


    g
    of that substance to change its
    temperature by 9
    o
    C:

    -ater has a high speci;c heat


    (9 cal<g<
    o
    C)

    ' lot of energy is re+uired to raise


    the temperature of water


    Specific )eat Capacit% .#ater/
    =9 cal<g<
    o
    C or )"2 ><g<
    o
    C
    + calorie 0 1*$ Joule

    6uch energy is needed to brea*


    the hydrogen bonds that
    restrict
    the mo!ement of water
    molecules

    '+uatic en!ironments li*e ponds


    and la*es are all !ery slow to
    change temperature e!en when
    the surrounding air temperature
    changes

    This enable the a+uatic


    organisms
    to li!e in a fa!ourable
    en!ironment

    1* ,atet heat of -apori2atio
    Heat of !aporisation is the:

    8?uantity of heat a li+uid must


    absorb for con!erting 9 g of it to
    the gaseous state:

    -ater has a high heat of


    !apori2ation
    relati!ely re"uiring about @AB
    calorie of heat is to e!aporate #g
    of water at room temperature

    6uch energy is needed to turn


    li+uid water into water !apor
    (gaseous)

    because H bonds between


    water molecules ma*e it diCcult

    for them to be separated and
    !apori2ed

    $or a H
    2
    O to e!aporate% it must
    !ibrate % mo!e +uic*ly enough
    to brea* all the H bonds holding it
    to the other H
    2
    O"
    &nly the fastest mo!ing '
    (
    &%
    carrying the most energy% can
    brea* their H bonds % escape
    as water !apour"

    )he remaining li+uid becomes


    cooler due to the loss of these
    high energy molecules.

    Eg: When a person*s body


    temperature begins to rise%
    he sweats.

    (!aporation of sweat uses


    a lot of heat energy"

    This energy has a cooling


    eDect to the s*in and
    helps pre!ent o!erheating

    &ther eg: transpiration from


    green lea!es% gi!es cooling
    efect because the escaping
    molecules absorb a lot of heat
    energy

    +nimals that do not sweat will


    bathe or wet themsel!es with
    water to pre!ent their bodies
    from o!erheating during hot days.

    3* Effect of temperature o #ater &esit%

    Water is unusually reaching


    its maximum density at ,-.

    Water expands when they


    solidify at /-. (as ' bonds
    become stable and 0eep the
    molecules far apart)

    Ece is less dense than


    the li+uid water around it0 the
    ice 7oats on top

    So$ the whole ponds or la*es


    rarely free2e solid (only the
    surface is fro2en)

    '+uatic life can generally sur!i!e


    The 7oating layer of ice also


    insulates (pre!ent loss of heat)
    the water below

    4* Surface tesio:
    cohesi-e a& a&hesi-e forces

    H bonds ma*e water molecules


    stic* to each other (cohesion)

    -ater molecules can also


    attached to the surface of
    another substance (adhesion)

    This helps in transport of water


    in plants

    -ater adheres strongly to xylem


    surfaces and can be drawn
    upwards$ without the water
    column brea*ing

    Felated to cohesion
    is surface tension

    -ater has great


    surface tension
    (hard to brea* the
    surface of water)

    This allows some


    organisms to mo!e
    on water

    (g: the water


    strider

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