Extended Essay in Economics

Tacit Oligopoly of the Original

Supermarkets of Bogor
Written By
IB Diploma Candidate #:
Session
Word Count:
0
Abstract
The grocery market of Bogor has been facing a significant change during the past several
years. Sudden emergence of new suppliers has more than doubled the number of existing
supermarkets. I took interest at the fact that despite of the sudden increase in the number of
suppliers, there never was a price decrease. This signifies that the market is experiencing ver
Supply.
I decided to investigate whether the strain caused by the over supply have changed a
particular part of the market structure of the supermarkets of Bogor. I took a keen interest at
whether the original supermarkets of Bogor form a tacit oligopoly to compete against new
competitors.
!y first step was to investigate whether the supermarkets shows characteristics of an
oligopoly. Several factors are apparent" the number of firms in the market is small, their si#e is
relatively big, their products are slightly differentiated, and the entry barriers are high. To further
strengthen my claim concerning the barrier, I have studied a small portion of two legal documents
that concerns starting a supermarket business.
$fterwards, I have recorded product prices and performed statistical analysis to determine
whether the price range is narrow. I then compare the prices of the new supermarkets and all the
supermarkets of Bogor as a whole.
The result shows that indeed there is an oligopoly" yet it extends to reach the new
supermarkets. This means that the original supermarkets have not segregated themselves to attempt
gain business power %e.g. in pricing&. 'ew (uestions are formed based on the results. $mong them
is whether the oligopoly intentional or has competition with other suppliers, e.g. the traditional
markets, caused the price range to be limited) These (uestions re(uire further researches that are
likely to orientate to the Business Studies disciplines.
Word Count: 295
*
Table of Contents
Abstract 1
Table of Contents
!art 1: An Introduction to t"e Essay #
!art : T"e !resent $ar%et !ro&le '
!art #: (e)ie* of (ele)ant T"eories +
!art ,: -ypot"esis and $et"odolo.y of (esearc"
1/
!art ': Data Collection and Analysis
1
!art 0: Conclusion and E)aluation 1+
Biblio.rap"y 11
Appendix 12222 13
Appendix
/
Appendix #
1
Ac%no*led.ements

+
!art 1:
An Introduction to t"e Essay
Bogor is a minor city that is founded over two centuries ago, thus by now it is well known
by its surrounding cities and villages. The city was established as a center of trade for local
agricultural industries %,ncarta&.
$s a citi#en of the city ever since birth, I know well that the grocery market of the city is
massive. The vast and well known open air market of fresh produces called -asar Bogor %or .the
!arket of Bogor/&, numerous minor grocers, five notable supermarkets, and the easily accessible
shopping centers in 0akarta have supplied the household demands of the 1,232,454 citi#ens residing
in Bogor %the figure was recorded at a *336 census& %,ncarta&.
The market status, however, have taken a significant turn during the last *0 years.
'umerous new suppliers entered the market" among them are as much as five new supermarkets
%doubling the present number&, two hypermarkets, and two new mini7market chains.
$mong the very basic principles taught to economics students is the !arket ,(uilibrium
law. It states that the demand and supply of a product is dependent of the price level. The
consumers prefer lower prices while the suppliers prefer higher prices. 8here the two (uantities
met, it is called the ,(uilibrium point. %9ollier, +0*& :iagram *.0 shows this point of importance
as %(*, p*&.
1
Diagram 1.0. The Micro Economic Model of the Grocery Market
$ sudden increase in supply that was not due to a price change signifies that there is a shift
in the Supply line. :iagram *.0 portrays this scenario by having the line labeled .Supply */ shift to
become .Supply +/. This shift will cause the e(uilibrium to increase in (uantity but decrease in
price %9ollier, *3*&.
;owever, there never was a significant price decrease in the grocery market of Bogor. The
supply line may shift, but the price is maintained at p*, and theoretically this must result in an ver
Supply. $n ver Supply occurs when the (uantity of supply exceeds the (uantity of demand.
%9ollier, +01)
Diagram 1.1. Illustration of the market experiencing Over Supply
The ver Supply strains the suppliers, since it means that some of their stock will remain
stagnant and inevitably experience depreciation <which in turn will result in business failure.
:espite, logically thinking, the side that was experiencing the biggest lost of consumers will be the
suppliers %supermarket, etc.& in 0akarta" inevitably the local suppliers of Bogor too will share part of
the strain. ;owever, the pressure will not be as hard on the new competitors as it would be to the
original suppliers since all new competitors belong to a nationwide company %details are located in
part += the -resent !arket -rofile&.
5
There is the possibility that the demand line has shift along %or even preliminary& to the shift
of the supply line. ;owever, through observation I have noticed that there never was an apparent
change in the factors that may trigger a shift of the demand line. Those factors are= price of
substitute products, price of complementary goods, general income and taste %preference&, the
population, and advertisements %>lanville, +5&.
The original supermarkets %from this point this term will be used to refer to the
supermarkets that have existed before the sudden emergence of new competitors& concerned me the
most. The !arket of Bogor and other minor suppliers surely offered the least pri#e, thus they have
a separate market segment. !y concern would be whether the business pressure is strong enough
for the original supermarkets to from a tacit oligopoly. Thus was formed the research (uestion= Did
the original supermarkets of Bogor form a tacit oligopoly to compete against the new
competitors?
The next part of the essay will reveal the present market profile. ?ollowing it will be a
review of relevant theories, which serves as a base for the hypothesis. $fter discussing my methods
of research to verify my hypothesis, the data collected will be presented and analy#ed. Thus, a
conclusion will be formed, along unanswered (uestions and possible sources of error.
@
!art :
T"e !resent $ar%et !ro&le
;ere is a list of the present entities of the market=
Original Supermarkets
'gesti Supermarket %1 outlets&
>rand Supermarket
Shangri7Aa Supermarket
!e" Supermarkets
;ero Supermarket
!atahari !arketplace
$B> >roceries
$:$ Supermarket
Camayana Supermarket
!e" #ypermarkets
>iant ;ypermarket
;ypermart ;ypermarket.
!e" Mini$markets
Indomart
$lfamart
Other competitors
The !arket of Bogor
!inor >rocers
Suppliers %supermarket, etc.& of 0akarta
$ .minor grocer/ is a reference towards traditional Indonesian grocery suppliers, known
locally as .waroengs/. It tends to be a small store, not often would you found one the si#e of a
typical bathroom. The goods it sells are usually minor needs, such as cigars, sweets, and hygiene
products. The appearance of the outlets tends to be ignored and they could be found dispersed
around the vicinity of the city.
;owever, the term .mini7markets/ refers towards literal small supermarkets. Its design and
facilities e(ual those of a supermarket and thus it presents its customers with every benefits of a
2
supermarket besides variety of product. The mini7markets belong to a nationwide chain and they
have an outlet in seemingly every residential area of the city.
:espite being under the same brand, the three outlets of 'gesti Supermarket belong to
different people. It originated as a -rivate Aimited company, but now the three branches are run
separately by three children of the original founder.
,very new entity belongs to a company7chain or to a public limited company=
%'ote= .-tDTbk/ is the Indonesian label for a -ublic Aimited company&
;ero Supermarkets and >iant ;ypermarket belong to -T. ;ero Supermarket Tbk.
!atahari !arket -lace %a supermarket& and ;ypermart %a hypermarket& belong to -T.
!atahari -utra -rima Tbk.
Camayana Supermarket belongs to -T. Camayana Aestari Sentosa Tbk.
$> !art >roceries and $:$ Supermarket belong to different companies but both own
more than one outlet situated in different cities of the country.
The mini7market chain Indomart belongs to -T. Indomarco -rismatama %a Aimited company
that belongs to the Indofood group, whose owner once so far as become Indonesia/s richest
entrepreneur&.
The $lfamart mini7market chain belongs to -T Sumber $lfaria TriEaya Bidang Fsaha %a
Aimited company& and is about to be integrated to -T Camayana Aestari Sentosa Tbk that
owns the Camayana Supermarket %see above&.
6
!art #:
(e)ie* of (ele)ant T"eories
Ceteris Parius
9eteris -aribus is an assumption that every factor other than the one being discussed
remains constant %>lanville, *0&. ,very part of this essay is written on 9eteris -aribus.
!arious "orms of #arket $tructure
To investigate whether the original supermarkets of Bogor have formed an oligopoly, first
the characteristic of that particular market structure and other alternatives must be pre7determined.
%&' ( #onopoly
This is a market where there is a single seller. It has absolute control over the prices of the
market due the unavailability of substitute products. :ue to this fact, often times monopolies are
placed under strict control of the government. %>lanville, *+0&
$ monopoli#ed market re(uires the highest forms of barrier of entry. This means that people
interested in entering the market ought to proceed through many difficult re(uirements which often
was impossible to attain. The highest barrier that one may encounter is governmental laws, and
indeed it was often intentionally employed to create monopolies. %9ollier, +23&
$ good example would be Indonesia/s -A', its sole electricity supplier for the whole
nation. It was the only entity in the market for mass electricity and legal laws forbid any enterprise
to enter the market. In this particular case, the government owned the company. This grants them
maximum control over the market. The huge sales volume was directed towards the government/s
fund.
4
2&' (ssumptions of an )ligopoly
$n oligopoly is a market situation where there are few sellers and each firm may be aware
of the activities of another. There are high barriers of entry <but these are lower than those of a
monopoly. The products they offered tend to be differentiated goods, this refers to goods that are
derived from an original form %e.g. shampoos may be differentiated to anti7hair7loss, scalp oil
controlling, etc&. %>lanville, *50&
The few firms in the market collude together and act like a monopoly formed by many
entities. $ formal collision is called a cartel, and the original supermarkets of Bogor do not belong
to a formal cartel. $n unofficial collusion is referred to as a tacit oligopoly. %>lanville, *50&
The colluding firms will have an agreement about price range, advertising, market share,
and possibly corporate business strategies. Their semi7monopoly allows the firm si#es to be big.
%>lanville, *50&
*&' (ssumptions of a #onopolistic #arket
$ monopolistic market is when many firms compete in the same market, selling similar yet
differentiated goods or services. The barrier of entry is relatively low compared to the previous two
market structures discussed. %>lanville, **5&
0eans and brand7less t7shirts are examples of products that are close substitutes of each other
but are differentiated. $ consumer may switch his preference from one brand to another and will
not experience a significant change in utility. 'ote however, that when talking about such products,
there are several items on the market with very distinguished feature %special brand of clothing,
etc.& that belongs to niche markets. These products are not part of a monopolistic market.
The degree of price control %however weak& of a monopolistic market is attributed towards
this slight differentiation. If the product is entirely homogenous, no firm will have control over its
prices, turning it into a -erfect 9ompetition !arket. %>lanville, **5&
3
+&' (ssumptions of a Perfect Competition #arket
$ perfect competition market houses extreme amounts of producers, none of which
possessing a high rate of market share. The products are homogenous %exactly the same&, and the
barrier of entry is near to non7existent.
'o firm has any influence over the market/s price. The homogeneity of the product does not
allow selling above market price %since it will result in severe loss&, and the fierce amount of
competition did not allow the firms to engage in a price war strategy %setting price lower&, since the
market price is already set as close to the cost of production as it could be. If indeed the current
price is a degree above the average cost of producing the goods, then a firm may employ a price
war strategy and enEoyed supernormal profit for a period of time, but other competitors will follow
suit immediately.
;ere is a table that summari#es the elements of the four market structures discussed previously=
Market
Structure
Number
of
Firms
Typical
Size of
Firms
Product
Homogeneity
Entry
Barriers
Examples
Monopoly One
(sole
supplier)
Usually
very
large
No substitute Blockade
or almost
impossible
National
companies
Oligopoly Few Relatively
Big
Dierentiated !igniicant "ygiene
products
Monopolistic Many Relatively
small
Dierentiated
but similar
Relatively
easy
#arments
$erect
%ompetition
&ery
large
!mall 'lmost
identical or
even identical
Barely any #arden
produces
*0
!art ,:
-ypot"esis and
$et"odolo.y of (esearc"
!y hypothesis is the original supermarkets of Bogor have formed a tacit
oligopoly that is separate from the new supermarkets to gain business power. $s
discussed in the introduction and the market profile section of this essay, it is
un(uestionable that the original supermarkets experience a degree of pressure from
the sudden establishment of new competitors. I believe that it is only logical for them
to attempt making the overall competition more endurable by forming a segregated
oligopoly. This way, they may attempt corporate business strategies, especially on the
matter of pricing.
To prove this hypothesis, I must attempt to correlate the supermarkets with
characteristics of an oligopoly. Those are=
Number of frms: few.
Products are slightly diferentiated (as in groceries).
Size of frms: relatively big.
igh barrier of entrance.
Similar !rice range.
The first three characteristics are theoretical and apparent. There are a small number
of firms %compared to the monopolistic food and beverage business or the perfect
competition green grocers, for example&. $ll supermarkets sell many identical
products %common brand and package si#e& and the nature of these products is in
general only slightly differentiated. The si#e of the firms too is relatively big, proven
to us by the existence of mini7markets which are smaller representatives of
supermarkets.
$s of the barrier of entering the market, it is only logical that it is high. $
supermarket is visibly a large scale business <meaning that it re(uires a big amount of
capital to start. ?urthermore, the products offered by a supermarket are numerous in
variety. ?or every single product they would have to prepare legal methodologies of
payment, storage, delivery, and shelf placement <this surely is a significant entry
**
barrier on its own. So, I believe it is endorsable to conclude that the barrier of entry to
the supermarket business is high.
The last missing information is their product prices. I will record the prices of
all supermarkets and perform statistical analysis to determine their price range. If the
prices posed by the original supermarkets are similar to each other, then it is proven
that they indeed do form a tacit oligopoly.
The next part of the research would be comparing the price of the original
supermarkets to the new supermarkets. $fterwards I shall perform identical
mathematical analysis as before. If indeed the two results %the first being the price
range of the original supermarkets alone and the second data being the price range of
all supermarkets& are different, then indeed we would know that the original
supermarkets of Bogor have formed an oligopoly that segregated them.
Diagram 4.0 sho"s the Market "ith the original supermarkets segregating
themselves and formed an entirely ne" team %oligopoly). This "ay& possi'ilities to
compete 'etter "ill open to them& e.g. a corporate pricing strategy.
;owever, if their price range is similar, then we may conclude that all the
supermarkets as a whole is an oligopoly and so the original supermarkets have not
segregated themselves by making an oligopoly of their own.
*+
Diagram 4.1 sho"s an oligopoly that includes 'oth the original and the ne"
supermarkets.
*1
!art ':
Data Collection and Analysis
Before proceeding with the price analysis, I would like to strengthen my claim
concerning the high entry barrier. ;ere are parts of two legal documents that concern
opening a new supermarket business. 'ote that the documents are written in the
Indonesian language %Bahasa Indonesia&, thus the translations present are my personal
attempt.
;ere is a transcript from the .-erda tentang -engelolaan Fsaha Industri
Gabupaten Bogor HCegional Cegulation 9oncerning the !anaging of Industries in the
Bogor CegionI/=

Surat Izin Usaha Perdagangan [Legal Permission of Retail Businesses], hereby
referred to as SIUP, is a permission to commence retail business activities.
%Transcript from (e' Terintegrasi )a'upaten *ogor&
Thus we know the SIF- is necessary to start the business. The conditions of attaining
a SIF- present a more apparent barrier. SIF-s are differentiated according to business
si#e. It is only logical that supermarkets are considered a large retail business,
therefore=
Business activities may posses a SIUP for large retail if the investment value is above
Rp. 500 million excluding land and building costs.
%Transcript from +T. ,-S Online +age&
*5
To clarify the weight of this figure %Cp.@00 million& to international readers of this
essay, note that the >:-J9apita
ppp
of Indonesia was merelyFSK1,300 %at +002,
according to the 9I$ 8orld ?act Book&. If converted to FS dollars, Cp.@00 million
will become FSK@+,400.@0 %based on today/s rate <today= *4
th
of $ugust +006&. This
means that an average person will need to accumulate all of his earnings for much
more than a decade to enter the industry, having in mind that the number is merely the
absolute minimum capital and it excludes land and building fees.
Thus, we may formulate that indeed there is a very high barrier towards
entering this industry.
The next step would be to record the prices of the sample products in all the
supermarkets. To provide a subEective data, the (uality and (uantity of the sample
products should be a controlled variable" thus I have decided that the sample products
to be investigated should be branded goods of the same package si#e. To further make
the investigation more reliable, I will record all prices during the same day as to
prevent price fluctuations.
The two statistical analysis methods necessary to analy#e this data are the
mean %average& and the standard deviation %how much is the standard rate of the
prices/ deviation from the mean&.
To calculate the mean of a
series of data, the formula would be=

=
=
n
i
i
x
n
x
*
*
where=
L the mean of the series of data
n L the number of terms.
x
i
L the value of the term i.
%Frban, 521&
The standard deviation is
calculated by=

=
=
n
i
i
x x
n
*
+
& %
*

where=
M L >reek symbol .sigma/ %in lower
case& which represents standard
deviation.
n L the number of terms
x
i
L the value of the term i.
L the mean of the series of data
%Frban, 54@&
*@
;ere is the result of the calculations. ?or the detailed list of prices, please refer
to $ppendix *.
Product
Mean o
Original
!upermarkets
Mean o New
!upermarkets
Mean
(Overall)
!D o Original
!upermarkets
!D o New
!upermarkets
!D
(Overall)
Frisian Flag
Milk Full
%ream
()))gr
Rp*+,+))-)) Rp**,.*)-)) Rp*/,00)-)) *-*12 (-/32 4-0)2
Ovale !kin
5onic 1))ml
Rp.,.*)-)) Rp(),40)-)) Rp(),(//-)) 3-*(2 (4-412 ()-342
!ariwangi
Bagged 5ea
(/)mg
Rp+,*))-)) Rp/,3+3-)) Rp+,(4*-)) .-432 /-.32 3-342
Blue Band
Margarine
1/) mg
Rp*,40/-)) Rp*,*1/-)) Rp*,*))-)) *-132 /-332 *-.)2
$epsi %ola
/))mg
Rp*,*+)-)) Rp*,/1)-)) Rp*,*.)-)) ((-(.2 *-.32 3-(+2
!o6lin
7antai Floor
%leaner 3))
mg
Rp*,3/)-)) Rp/,(+(-)) Rp/,))/-/) 4-(32 +-+(2 /-.+2
Oreo
Biscuits(/)g
Rp*,4()-)) Rp*,*/4-)) Rp*,43(-/) 4-))2 ()-3(2 0-002
7iebuoy
Body 8as9
4))ml
Rp(),+3)-)) Rp(),*3/-)) Rp(),/31-/) 1-+)2 ()-(02 0-)(2
The original supermarkets showed a similar price range. The biggest deviation
is merely **.*3N, meaning the average difference in price was only **.*3N of the
mean price.
;owever, the new supermarkets/ average prices did not differ greatly with the
prices of the original supermarkets. There is no repetitive trend on which one side
always poses a higherJlower price than the other. This means that the oligopoly that
the original supermarkets have made extends to all of the supermarket industry.
If the original supermarkets have created a separate oligopoly to compete with
the new competitors, evidence of them segregating themselves would be visible. Their
prices will have a trend that is close to each other yet different from the new
supermarkets. ;owever, in the chart above, we could see that for some products, the
*@
prices were generally cheaper in the original supermarkets yet for some others it was
cheaper in the new supermarkets. ?urthermore, the overall standard deviation shows
that both sides/ prices did not differ significantly.
The (uestion now will be, .why have not the original supermarkets made a
new oligopoly)/ ne factor to (uestion would be whether the profit margin for
grocery products will allow further price deduction. ?urther investigations of this
possibility however must derive from the disciplines of economics and orientate to
areas of business studies and this essay will not further develop this idea for that
reason.
$nother notable factor is that by not posing a corporate pricing strategy, the
original supermarkets are ready to engage in a non7price competition with the new
suppliers. 8hat made them prefer doing so) To complete the analysis, that (uestion
must be answered.
$fter investigating economics textbooks, I discovered that there exists a form
of oligopoly named !on$collusive Oligopoly. $ market is labeled so when the firms
met all characteristics of an oligopoly but they compete among themselves in ways
that did not involve price. In its place, the firms may compete in branding,
advertising, free offers, and promoting (uality and price. %>lanville, *50&
The original supermarkets of Bogor have a beneficial factor that readied them
for a non7price competition" it is the fact that they are original. :uring the years
before the new supermarkets entered the market, surely the original supermarkets
have built a strong customer base.
It is known that all original supermarkets except for Shangri7Aa Supermarket
are Sole +roprietorships <meaning they are owned by one person. The owners
managed the shop as a whole and not separate it into departments. ften would they
be seen directly involved in the shop floor. This signifies that direct customer
approach is something that occurs very often, this is a favorable factor in building a
customer base.
;owever, the threat for them would be that their customer loyalty surely is
limited towards the older population. Ooung ones who, before the emergence of the
new supermarkets, have not integrate shopping as part of their routine surely did not
have such loyalty. 8hen the demography shifts, the main advantage of the original
supermarkets may be eliminated.
*@
'evertheless, if we decide to disregard the non7price competitive power of the
original supermarkets, a new argument might arouse. ;ave the supermarkets of Bogor
turn into a monopolistic market) 8here no firm has a high degree of price control and
so everyone is selling at their absolute minimum profit. The answer to this will
certainly be negative.
It is true that the number of the entities has increased, but I believe that it is
not big enough to deform the market structure to become a monopolistic market. $n
empirical evidence is that the prices posed by the original supermarkets and the new
supermarkets differ <and the difference is not of a common percentage. Aook at
$ppendix 1 for details. This fact does not only signifies that the firms were not selling
at the absolute minimum price, but it also shows that the supermarkets each have a
degree of control over their price. The comfort and practicality of supermarket
shopping gave this power to the supermarkets" they have the power to set higher
prices. This means that they are not a monopolistic market yet.
$nother possibility as of why there is no corporate pricing strategy is, if
referred to the concept of .the -risoner/s :ilemma %-:&/ it will be visible that it is
favorable that all supermarkets set their prices high. The -:, if applied to the present
case, will resemble the market as=
New
Supermarkets
(NS)
Low
Price
High
Price
Original
Supermarket
s
(OS)
Low
Price
Medium
revenue
or bot9
7ow
revenue
or N!,
very
9ig9
revenue
or O!
High
Price
low
revenue
or O!,
very
9ig9
revenue
or N!
"ig9
revenue
or bot9
*@
If one side of suppliers poses high prices and the other side poses lower prices,
customers will prefer the less expensive side <this will result in great revenues for
them and low revenues for the entities with higher prices. Thus the best scheme for all
suppliers is for everyone to set high prices <and the grocery market of Bogor has the
power to do so" since as discussed before, as a whole they are an oligopoly.
*@
!art 0:
Conclusion and E)aluation
This main aim of this essay is answer the (uestion PDid the original
supermarkets of Bogor form a tacit oligopoly to compete against the new
competitors?, It is proven through the collected data that there is an oligopoly
between the original supermarkets, but this oligopoly extends to include the new
supermarkets as well.
I hypothesi#ed that the original supermarkets have formed a separate oligopoly
in which they may employ corporate pricing and other business strategies. It is now
proven wrong. This also implies that the original supermarkets are willing to engage a
non7price competition.
;owever, this investigation process is limited. To maintain subEectivity, I have
decided that branded goods would be the only appropriate sample products" these
products allow (uantity and (uality to be controlled. If non7branded goods are taken
into account, the fluctuation of price might be greater. Those goods/ values are
subEective and the supermarket/s brand image will definitely alter its value in the eyes
of the consumer. This gives the supermarkets a higher degree of price control.
?urthermore, the price recording is held only once. There might be a trend of price
change that depends on the time of the year or the day of the week and which I might
have failed to apprehend. $part form the price recording process, there are other
limitations as well. :espite there is a figure for >:-J9apita, income disparity is not
integrated into it.
Aastly, there are several new (uestions that emerge from these results. Is the
oligopoly intentional or was it a necessity to compete with other suppliers, e.g. the
hypermarkets) r was there a corporate pricing strategy %a separate oligopoly& once
but the new supermarkets has adapted their prices unto it) :espite these (uestions
derives from the purpose of this essay, they could be taken into consideration during
future researches.
+0
Biblio.rap"y
*&. QBogor.Q Microsoft. Student +002 H9:I. Cedmond, 8$= !icrosoft 9orporation,
+00@.
+&. 9ollier, Barry. Introducing ,conomics. +
nd
ed. Rueensland= 0acaranda -ress,*33+.
1&. >lanville, $lan. ,conomics from a >lobal -erspective. xford= >lanville Books,
+001.
5&. PIndonesia.S The 9I$ 8orld ?act Book. *2 $ug +006 9entral Intelligence $gency.
*4 $ug +006. Thttps=JJwww.cia.govJlibraryJpublicationsJthe7world7
factbookJgeosJid.htmlU
@&. PG,T,'TF$' ST$':$C -,!B,CI$' SFC$T I0I' FS$;$
-,C:$>$'>$' %SIF-&S +00+. -T.C9S nline -age. -T. Coda 9ipta
Semesta. *4 $ug +006. T www.rcs.co.idJkepmendprinV+43V+00*.htmU.
2&. P-erda tentang -,'>,AA$$' FS$;$ I':FSTCI :$' -,C:$.S +00+.8eb
Terintegrasi Gabupaten Bogor. Bupati Bogor. *4 $ug +006. Thttp=JJgerbang.
Eabar.go.idJkabbogorJindex.php)indexL*@BidartikelL*U.
6&. Frban, -aul, et al. !athematics for the International Student= !athematics ;A
%9ore&. $delaide= ;aese B ;arris -ublications, +005.
+*
Appendix 1
Product
Product Prices Posed by te !riginal Supermarkets "nalysis
Ngesti (st
Branc9
Ngesti 1nd
Branc9
Ngesti 4rd
Branc9
#rand
!upermarket
!9angri:la
!upermarket
Mean
Standard
#e$iation
Frisian Flag Milk
Full %ream
()))gr
Rp**,0))-)) Rp**,4))-)) Rp*0,*))-)) Rp*0,*))-)) Rp*.,1))-)) Rp*+,+))-)) *-*12
Ovale !kin 5onic
1))ml
Rp(),3))-)) Rp.,+))-)) Rp3,.))-)) Rp.,+))-)) Rp(),3))-)) Rp.,.*)-)) 3-*(2
!ariwangi Bagged
5ea (/)mg
Rp+,.))-)) Rp+,0))-)) Rp/,3))-)) Rp/,0))-)) Rp+,.))-)) Rp+,*))-)) .-432
Blue Band
Margarine 1/)mg
Rp*,+1/-)) Rp*,1))-)) Rp*,1))-)) Rp*,/))-)) Rp*,4/)-)) Rp*,40/-)) *-132
$epsi %ola
/))mg
Rp/,1/)-)) Rp*,4/)-)) Rp*+)-)) Rp*,)))-)) Rp*,())-)) Rp*,*+)-)) ((-(.2
!o6lin 7antai
Floor %leaner 3))
mg
Rp*,3/)-)) Rp*,0))-)) Rp*,0/)-)) Rp*,3/)-)) Rp/,())-)) Rp*,3/)-)) 4-(32
Oreo Biscuit (/)g Rp*,4/)-)) Rp*,4))-)) Rp*,(/)-)) Rp*,1/)-)) Rp*,/))-)) Rp*,4()-)) 4-))2
7iebuoy Body
8as9 4))ml
Rp(),.))-)) Rp(),0))-)) Rp(),1))-)) Rp(),3))-)) Rp(),3))-)) Rp(),+3)-)) 1-+)2
++
Appendix
Product
Product Prices Posed by te Ne% Supermarkets "nalysis
'# Mart
"ero
!upermarket
'D'
!upermarket
Mata9ari
Market
$lace
Ramayana
!upermarket
Mean Standard
#e$iation
Frisian Flag Milk
Full %ream
()))gr
Rp*/,+))-)) Rp*/,+))-)) Rp*4,.))-)) Rp**,0))-)) Rp**,.))-))
Rp**,.*)-)) (-/32
Ovale !kin 5onic
1))ml
Rp3,/))-)) Rp((,(/)-)) Rp.,*/)-)) Rp((,./)-)) Rp(),3))-))
Rp(),40)-)) (4-412
!ariwangi Bagged
5ea (/)mg
Rp/,/))-)) Rp+,10/-)) Rp+,)))-)) Rp+,)+/-)) Rp/,/))-))
Rp/,3+3-)) /-.32
Blue Band
Margarine 1/)mg
Rp*,())-)) Rp*,+0/-)) Rp*,+0/-)) Rp*,11/-)) Rp*,*/)-))
Rp*,*1/-)) /-332
$epsi %ola
/))mg
Rp*,/))-)) Rp*,(/)-)) Rp*,+))-)) Rp*,0/)-)) Rp*,+))-))
Rp*,/1)-)) *-.32
!o6lin 7antai
Floor %leaner 3))
mg
Rp/,*))-)) Rp/,*(/-)) Rp*,00/-)) Rp/,*(/-)) Rp*,3))-))
Rp/,(+(-)) +-+(2
Oreo Biscuit (/)g Rp4,3/)-)) Rp*,1.)-)) Rp*,4))-)) Rp/,(1/-)) Rp*,0))-)) Rp*,*/4-)) ()-3(2
7iebuoy Body
8as9 4))ml
Rp.,0))-)) Rp((,.1/-)) Rp(),4))-)) Rp((,(0/-)) Rp.,41/-))
Rp(),*3/-)) ()-(02
Appendix #
+1
Product Prices (Comparison)
Product
Product Prices Posed by te !riginal Supermarkets Product Prices Posed by te Ne% Supermarkets
Ngesti (st
Branc9
Ngesti 1nd
Branc9
Ngesti 4rd
Branc9
#rand
!upermarket
!9angri:la
!upermarket '# Mart
"ero
!upermarket
'D'
!upermarket
Mata9ari
Market
$lace
Ramayana
!upermarket
Frisian Flag Milk
Full %ream
()))gr
Rp**,0))-)) Rp**,4))-)) Rp*0,*))-)) Rp*0,*))-)) Rp*.,1))-)) Rp*/,+))-)) Rp*/,+))-)) Rp*4,.))-)) Rp**,0))-)) Rp**,.))-))
Ovale !kin 5onic
1))ml
Rp(),3))-)) Rp.,+))-)) Rp3,.))-)) Rp.,+))-)) Rp(),3))-)) Rp3,/))-)) Rp((,(/)-)) Rp.,*/)-)) Rp((,./)-)) Rp(),3))-))
!ariwangi Bagged
5ea (/)mg
Rp+,.))-)) Rp+,0))-)) Rp/,3))-)) Rp/,0))-)) Rp+,.))-)) Rp/,/))-)) Rp+,10/-)) Rp+,)))-)) Rp+,)+/-)) Rp/,/))-))
Blue Band
Margarine 1/)mg
Rp*,+1/-)) Rp*,1))-)) Rp*,1))-)) Rp*,/))-)) Rp*,4/)-)) Rp*,())-)) Rp*,+0/-)) Rp*,+0/-)) Rp*,11/-)) Rp*,*/)-))
$epsi %ola
/))mg
Rp/,1/)-)) Rp*,4/)-)) Rp*+)-)) Rp*,)))-)) Rp*,())-)) Rp*,/))-)) Rp*,(/)-)) Rp*,+))-)) Rp*,0/)-)) Rp*,+))-))
!o6lin 7antai
Floor %leaner 3))
mg
Rp*,3/)-)) Rp*,0))-)) Rp*,0/)-)) Rp*,3/)-)) Rp/,())-)) Rp/,*))-)) Rp/,*(/-)) Rp*,00/-)) Rp/,*(/-)) Rp*,3))-))
Oreo Biscuit (/)g Rp*,4/)-)) Rp*,4))-)) Rp*,(/)-)) Rp*,1/)-)) Rp*,/))-)) Rp4,3/)-)) Rp*,1.)-)) Rp*,4))-)) Rp/,(1/-)) Rp*,0))-))
7iebuoy Body
8as9 4))ml
Rp(),.))-)) Rp(),0))-)) Rp(),1))-)) Rp(),3))-)) Rp(),3))-)) Rp.,0))-)) Rp((,.1/-)) Rp(),4))-)) Rp((,(0/-)) Rp.,41/-))
+5
Ac%no*led.ements
I would like to credit=
$anto -ultom, as my ,xtended ,ssay supervisor, ,conomics teacher, and IB
9oordinator %+0067+004&.
.ale /anson, as my IB 9oordinator %+0027+006&.
I also acknowledge the supermarkets that were subEect to my research=
'gesti Supermarket
'gesti Supermarket +
nd
Branch
'gesti Supermarket 1
rd
Branch
>rand Supermarket
Shangri7Aa Supermarket
;ero Supermarket
!atahari !arketplace
$B> >roceries
$:$ Supermarket
Camayana Supermarket
+@