Drawing Practices

Familiarization of Drawing
symbols and Drawing Reading

E. Kishore
2
A FEW BASIC ASPECTS
TYPES OF VIEWS
ANGLES OF PROJECTION
SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOLS
DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING
UNTOLERATED DIMENSIONS
3
TYPES OF VIEWS
1. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

2. SECTION

3. DETAIL

4. AUXILIARY PROJECTION

4
5
6
7
ANGLES OF PROJECTION
FIRST ANGLE THIRD ANGLE
8
FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION
9
COMMON LINETYPES
Black = object line and hatching
Red = hidden line
Blue = center line
Magenta = phantom line or cutting plane

10
11
SURFACE ROUGHNESS SYMBOL
SURFACE OBTAINED BY ANY
PRODUCTION METHOD
12
13
THE UNIT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS IS MICRONS.
14
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
Dimensioning specifications define the nominal, as-modeled
or as-intended geometry.

Tolerancing specifications define the allowable variation for
the form and possibly the size of individual features, and the
allowable variation in orientation and location between
features.
15
PARALLEL DIMENSIONING

Parallel dimensioning consists of several dimensions originating from one
projection line.
16
SUPERIMPOSED RUNNING DIMENSIONING
Superimposed running dimensioning simplifies parallel dimensions in order to reduce the
space used on a drawing. The common origin for the dimension lines is indicated by a small
circle at the intersection of the first dimension and the projection line. In general all other
dimension lines are broken.
17
CHAIN DIMENSIONING
Chains of dimension should only be used if the function of the object won't be
affected by the accumulation of the tolerances.
18
COMBINED DIMENSIONING

A combined dimension uses both chain and parallel dimensioning.
19
DIMENSIONING BY CO-ORDINATES

Two sets of superimposed running
dimensions running at right angles
can be used with any features
which need their centre points
defined, such as holes
It is also possible to simplify co-ordinate
dimensions by using a table to identify
features and positions
20
DIMENSIONING RADII
All radial dimensions are preceded by the capital R.
All dimension arrows and lines should be drawn perpendicular to the radius so that
the line passes through the centre of the arc.
All dimensions should only have one arrowhead which should point to the line being
dimensioned.
There are two methods for dimensioning radii.
(a) shows a radius dimensioned with the centre of the radius located on the
drawing.
(b) shows how to dimension radii which do not need their centres locating.
SPHERICAL DIMENSIONS
The radius of a spherical surface (i.e. the top of a drawing pin) when dimensioned
should have an SR before the size to indicate the type of surface.
21
DIMENSIONING HOLES
When dimensioning holes the method of manufacture is not specified unless they
necessary for the function of the product.
The word hole doesn't have to be added unless it is considered necessary.
The depth of the hole is usually indicated if it is isn't indicated on another view.
The depth of the hole refers to the depth of the cylindrical portion of the hole and not
the bit of the hole caused by the tip of the drill.
22
DIMENSIONING CIRCLES
All dimensions of circles are proceeded by this symbol phi . There are several
conventions used for dimensioning circles:
(a) shows two common methods of dimensioning a circle. One method
dimensions the circle between two lines projected from two diametrically
opposite points. The second method dimensions the circle internally.
(b) is used when the circle is too small for the dimension to be easily read if it was
placed inside the circle. A leader line is used to display the dimension.
(c) the final method is to dimension the circle from outside the circle using an
arrow which points directly towards the centre of the circle.
The first method using projection lines is the least used method. But the choice is
up to you as to which you use.
23
UNILATERAL TOLERANCE is a tolerance in which variation
is permitted only in one direction from the specified basic
dimension.
e.g.
50 -0.00/+0.05,
50 -0.02/-0.06,
50 +0.02/ 0.06,
50 -0.00/-0.05

BILATERAL TOLERANCE is a tolerance in which variation is
permitted in both directions from the specified basic
dimension
e.g.
50 -0.02 / +0.02
24
TOLERANCE ON UNTOLERATED LINEAR DIMENSIONS
Medium class of deviation is applicable , if the same is not mentioned on drawings and
specifications.
REF: HY0230261 & AA0230208
25
TOLERANCE ON UNTOLERATED ANGULAR
DIMENSIONS
UNDERSTANDING
GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCES
27
28
29
O.O2 A
O.O2 A
TOLERANCE VALUE
TOLERANCE CHARACTERISTIC DATUM
32
STRAIGHTNESS
0 .10
0.10
STRAIGHTNESS
0.10
MEDIAN LINE
0.10
THE AXIS OF THE CYLINDER TO WHICH THE
TOLERANCE FRAME IS CONNECTED SHALL BE
CONTAINED IN A CYLINDRICAL ZONE OF
DIAMETER 0.10.
FLATNESS
IN FLATNESS, A PART SURFACE IS
COMPARED TO A PERFECTLY FLAT
SURFACE

0.10
FLATNESS
THE SURFACE SHALL BE CONTAINED
BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL PERFECT PLANES
0.10 APART

0.10
CIRCULARITY
THIS IS A TWO DIMENSIONAL FORM
CONTROL
IT IS DETERMINED THAT WHETHER
EACH POINT OF THE CIRCLE OF
ACTUAL JOB FALLS WITHIN TWO
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES THE TOLERANCE
APART.
CIRCULARITY
0.10
CIRCULARITY
0.10
CIRCULARITY
SINCE THE CIRCULARITY IS A TWO
DIMENSIONAL FEATURE, A
COMPONENT HAVING A BOW, BEND,
HOUR-GLASS STRUCTURE EVEN A
STACK OF COINS MAY FULFIL THE
CIRCULARITY REQUIREMENTS
CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
THIS IS A THREE DIMENSIONAL FORM
CONTROL

IT CONTROLS CIRCULARITY, STRAIGHT-
NESS AND TAPER OF THE SURFACE

CYLINDRICITY
0.10
CYLINDRICITY
THE CONTROL FRAME ARE TWO CO-
AXIAL CYLINDRICAL SURFACES , THE
RADIAL GAP BETWEEN WHICH
EQUALS THE TOLERANCE.

THE SURFACE OF ACTUAL CYLINDER
MUST LIE WITHIN THESE TWO
CYLINDERS
CYLINDRICITY
0.10
0.10

TOLERANCE OF PROFILE

FEATURE CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
ASME
Y14.5M
Ref.
PROFILE OF LINE
6.5.2(b)
PROFILE OF SURFACE
6.5.2(a)
PROFILE OF LINE
0.10
0.10
PROFILE OF LINE
0.20
0.20
PROFILE OF SURFACE
CONTROL SURFACES
0.10
PROFILE OF SURFACE
THUS A SHAPE LIKE ABOVE WILL BE
ACCEPTED IF IT FALLS WITHIN THE TWO
CONTROLLING SURFACES
51
SPECIFYING PARALLELISM FOR AN AXIS
52
SPECIFYING PARALLELEISM FOR A PLANE SURFACE
AND AN AXIS
53
SPECIFYING PERPENDICULARITY FOR A PLANE
SURFACE
54
SPECIFYING ANGULARITY FOR A PLANE SURFACE
AND AN AXIS
55
SPECIFYING CIRCULAR RUNOUT RELATIVE TO A
DATUM DIAMETER
56
SPECIFYING TOTAL RUNOUT RELATIVE TO A DATUM
DIAMETER
57
OTHER SYMBOLS IN DRAWINGS

Maximum Material Condition (MMC) - is that condition of a part
feature wherein it contains the maximum amount of
material within the stated limits of size. That is: minimum hole size and maximum
shaft size.

Least Material Condition (LMC) - implies that condition of a part
feature of size wherein it contains the least (minimum) amount of material,
examples, largest hole size and smallest shaft size. It is opposite to maximum
material condition.

Regardless Of Feature Size (RFS) - the condition where the
tolerance of form, runout or location must be met irrespective of where the feature
lies within its size tolerance.

Projected Tolerance Zone - applies to a hole in which a pin, stud,
screw, etc., is to be inserted. It controls the perpendicularity of the hole to the extent
of the projection from the hole and as it relates to the mating part clearance. The
projected tolerance zone extends above the surface of the part to the functional
length of the pin, stud, and screw relative to its assembly with the mating part.

Free State Variations - is a term used to describe distortion of a part after
removal of forces applied during manufacture.

Diameter - indicates a circular feature when used on the field of a drawing or
indicates that the tolerance is diametrical when used in a feature control frame.

58

Basic Dimension - used to describe the exact size, profile, orientation or
location of a feature. A basic dimension is always associated with a feature control
frame or datum target. (Theoretically exact dimension in ISO)

Reference Dimension - a dimension usually without tolerance, used for
information purposes only. It does not govern production or inspection operations.
(Auxiliary dimension in ISO)

Datum Feature - is the actual component feature used to establish a datum.

Dimension Origin - Signifies that the dimension originates from the plane
established by the shorter surface and dimensional limits apply to the other surface.

Feature Control Frame - is a rectangular
box containing the geometric characteristics symbol,
and
the form, runout or location tolerance. If necessary,
datum references and modifiers applicable to the
feature or the datums are also contained in the box.

59

Conical Taper - is used to indicate taper for conical tapers. This symbol is
always shown with the vertical leg to the left.

Slope - is used to indicate slope for flat tapers. This symbol is always shown with
the vertical leg to the left.

Counterbore/Spotface - is used to indicate a counterbore or a spotface.
The symbol precedes the dimension of the counterbore or spotface, with no space

Countersink - is used to indicate a countersink. The symbol precedes the
dimensions of the countersink with no space.

Depth/Deep - is used to indicate that a dimension applies to the depth of a
feature. This symbol precedes the depth value with no space in between.

Square - is used to indicate that a single dimension applies to a square shape.
The symbol precedes the dimension with no space between.

Number of Places - the X is used along with a value to indicate the number
of times a dimension or feature is repeated on the drawing.

Arc Length - indicating that a dimension is an arc length measured on a
curved outline. The symbol is placed above the dimension.

Radius - creates a zone defined by two arcs (the minimum and maximum radii).
The part surface must lie within this zone.

60
OTHER DRAWING SYMBOLS

Spherical Radius - precedes the value of a dimension or tolerance.

Spherical Diameter - shall precede the tolerance value where the
specified tolerance value represents spherical zone. Also, a positional tolerance
may be used to control the location of a spherical feature relative to other features
of a part. The symbol for spherical diameter precedes the size dimension of the
feature and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a spherical tolerance zone.

Controlled Radius - creates a tolerance zone defined by two arcs (the
minimum and maximum radii) that are tangent to the adjacent surfaces. Where a
controlled radius is specified, the part contour within the crescent-shaped tolerance
zone must be a fair curve without flats or reversals. Additionally, radii taken at all
points on the part contour shall neither be smaller than the specified minimum limit
nor larger than the maximum limit.

Datum Target - is a specified point, line, or area on a
part that is used to establish the Datum Reference Plane for
manufacturing and inspection operations.

Target Point - indicates where the datum target point is dimensionally located
on the direct view of the surface.

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Familiarization of Drawing

symbols and Drawing Reading

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