Water: Omar Khayat Faisal Al-Amoudi Abdulaziz Abuldouh Abdullah Sejeni

Water
By
1. Omar Khayat
2. Faisal Al-Amoudi
3. Abdulaziz Abuldouh
4. Abdullah Sejeni
Introduction to water
Water is the most
common liquid on our
planet, vital to all life
forms. It is the dispersion
medium for all
biochemical reactions of
the living process and
takes part in many of
these reactions. In spite
of the chemical simplicity of the water molecule, its physical
properties are quite remarkable -- one might say weird! -- and
have been a major research topic for many years. Many
experiments give great insight into the structure and dynamics of
water, but these often require the resources of a major research
laboratory. In addition, some must take place under extreme
conditions, such as those leading to superheated or supercooled
water.
Water has been studied since antiquity. What is new is that

computers now allow us to start with elementary interactions
between molecules and from them predict the large--scale
properties of water, such as pressure, temperature, volume,
solubility of salts, and so forth. In other words, computers can be
used to calculate the physical quantities of water related to every
day life.
The computer simulation Wasser (the German word for ``water'')

has made a major contribution to research on the behaviour of
water. The addition of a graphical interface that pictures the
atoms helped to make the Wasser program usable for students
and increased its usefulness for research workers. The computer
simulation not only correctly predicts macroscopic properties in
agreement with experiment, but also allows us to investigate
water under severe experimental conditions that are accessible
only with great difficulty or not at all.
WATER POLLUTION
CAUSES OF POLLUTION
Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients such as
nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the growth of
aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently
clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to
deeper waters.
This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration
ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water.
Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff
plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas, and eroded river banks
when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers, and other water bodies undergo
Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and
organic matter. When these sediments enter various bodies of water, fish
respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and
aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of
organic
material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass
clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria
and protozoan in the water break down this organic material, they begin to use up the
oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottom-dwelling animals
cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per
million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to
disruptions in the food chain.
7 Interesting and Useful Water Facts
1. Roughly 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water.
2. At birth, water accounts for approximately 80 percent of an infant’s body

weight.
3. A healthy person can drink about three gallons (48 cups) of water per day.
4. Drinking too much water too quickly can lead to water intoxication. Water
intoxication occurs when water dilutes the sodium level in the bloodstream and
causes an imbalance of water in the brain.
5. Water intoxication is most likely to occur during periods of intense athletic
performance.
6. While the daily recommended amount of water is eight cups per day, not all of
this water must be consumed in the liquid form. Nearly every food or drink item
provides some water to the body.

7. Soft drinks, coffee, and tea, while made up almost entirely of water, also
contain caffeine. Caffeine can act as a mild diuretic, preventing water from
traveling to necessary locations in the body.
The Water Cycle
The earth has a limited amount of water. That water keeps going around
and around and around and around and in what we call the "Water Cycle".
This cycle is made up of a few main parts:
• evaporation (and transpiration)
• condensation
• precipitation
• collection
Evaporation
Evaporation is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean
and turns it into vapor or steam. The water
vapor or steam leaves the river, lake or
ocean and goes into the air.
Condensation
Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back

into liquid, forming clouds. This is called
condensation.
You can see the same sort of thing at home... pour
a glass of cold water on a hot day and watch what
happens. Water forms on the outside of the
glass. That water didn't somehow leak through the
glass! It actually came from the air. Water vapor
in the warm air, turns back into liquid when it
touches the cold glass.
Precipitation
Precipitation occurs when so much
water has condensed that the air
cannot hold it anymore. The clouds get
heavy and water falls back to the earth
in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow.
Collection
When water falls back to earth as

precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans,
lakes or rivers or it may end up on land.
When it ends up on land, it will either soak into
the earth and become part of the “ground
water” that plants and animals use to drink or
it may run over the soil and collect in the
oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts
all over again.

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Water

Water has been studied since antiquity. What is new is that

The computer simulation Wasser (the German word for ``water'')

1. Roughly 70 percent of an adult’s body is made up of water.

2. At birth, water accounts for approximately 80 percent of an infant’s body

causes an imbalance of water in the brain.

5. Water intoxication is most likely to occur during periods of intense athletic

provides some water to the body.

traveling to necessary locations in the body.

The Water Cycle

Water vapor in the air gets cold and changes back

When water falls back to earth as

all over again.

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