Mechanical Engineering (2)

Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta

Chapter 4
Fall 1433 1
EngM328
Chapter 4: Riveted Joints
4.1 Introduction
The fastenings (i.e. joints) may be classified into the following two groups :
1. Permanent joints, are those joints which can not be disassembled
without destroying the connecting components (soldered brazed welded without destroying the connecting components (soldered, brazed, welded
and riveted joints).
2. Temporary or detachable joints, are those joints which can be
disassembled without destroying the connecting components ( screwed,
keys, cotters, pins and splined joints).
The riveted joints are permanent joint which widely The riveted joints are permanent joint, which widely
used for joining light metals. They are used in joining
plates such as in structural work, bridges, tanks and
boiler shells, with the help of a rivet.
A rivet is a short cylindrical bar with a head integral
to it The cylindrical portion of the rivet is called to it. The cylindrical portion of the rivet is called
shank or body and lower portion of shank is known
as tail, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
Fig. 4.1. Rivet parts.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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4.2 Material of Rivets
The material of the rivets must be tough and ductile. They are usually made of
steel (low carbon steel or nickel steel) brass aluminum or copper but when steel (low carbon steel or nickel steel), brass, aluminum or copper, but when
strength and a fluid tight joint is the main consideration, then the steel rivets are
used.
4.3 Manufacture of Rivets
The rivets may be made either by cold heading or by hot forging.
If rivets are made by the cold heading process, they shall subsequently be
adequately heat treated so that the stresses set up in the cold heading process
are eliminated. are eliminated.
If they are made by hot forging process, care shall be taken to see that the
finished rivets cool gradually.
4.4 Types of Rivet Heads
The rivet heads are classified into the following three types :
1. Rivet heads for general purposes (below 12 mm diameter) as shown in 1. Rivet heads for general purposes (below 12 mm diameter) as shown in
Fig. 4.1.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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Fig. 4.1. Rivet heads for general purposes (below 12 mm diameter).
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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2. Rivet heads for general purposes (From 12 mm to 48 mm diameter) as
shown in Fig. 4.2.
Fig. 4.2. Rivet heads for general purposes (from 12 mm to 48 mm diameter)
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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3. Rivet heads for boiler work (from 12 mm to 48 mm diameter, as shown in
Fig. 4.3.
Fig. 4.3. Rivet heads for
boiler work. boiler work.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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The snap heads are usually employed for structural work and machine riveting.
The counter sunk heads are mainly used for ship building where flush surfaces
are necessary The conical heads (also known as conoidal heads) are mainly are necessary. The conical heads (also known as conoidal heads) are mainly
used in case of hand hammering. The pan heads have maximum strength, but
these are difficult to shape.
4.5 Types of Riveted Joints
1- The first classification is according to the way in which the plates are 1 The first classification is according to the way in which the plates are
connected. There are two types of riveted joints;
1. Lap joint; is that joint in which one plate overlaps the other and the
two plates are then riveted together.
2. Butt joint; is that joint in which the main plates are kept in alignment
butting each other and a cover plate is placed either on one side or on butting each other and a cover plate is placed either on one side or on
both sides of the main plates. The cover plate is then riveted together
with the main plates. Butt joints are of the following two types :
1. Single strap butt joint,
2. Double strap butt joint.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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2- The second classification is according to the number of rows of the rivets
in the joint. There are the types of riveted joints;
1 Single riveted joint; is that joint in which there is a single row of rivets 1. Single riveted joint; is that joint in which there is a single row of rivets
in the joint.
2. Double riveted joint; is that joint in which there are two rows of rivets
i h j i in the joint.
Fig. 4.4 shows the single and double lap joints.
Fig. 4.4. Single
and double
riveted lap
joints.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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Fig. 4.5 shows the single and double row, double strip butt joints.
(a) Single riveted double (b) Double riveted double
(c) Zig-zag riveting riveted
( ) g
strap butt joint.
( )
strap butt joint.
double strap butt joint.
Fig. 4.5. Single and double riveted double strip joints.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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4.6 Terms Used in Riveted Joints
The following terms in connection with the riveted joints (showed in the figs
4 4 and 4 5) are important from the subject point of view: 4.4 and 4.5) are important from the subject point of view:
1. Pitch (p); It is the distance from the centre of one rivet to the centre of the
next rivet measured parallel to the seam.
2. Back pitch (p
b
); It is the perpendicular distance between the centre lines
of the successive rows.
3. Diagonal pitch (p
d
); It is the distance between the centers of the rivets in g p (p
d
);
adjacent rows of zig-zag riveted joint.
4. Margin or marginal pitch (m); It is the distance between the centre of
rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate.
4.7 Caulking and Fullering
In order to make the joints leak proof or fluid tight in pressure vessels like
steam boilers, air receivers and tanks etc. a process known as caulking is
employed employed.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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In this process, a narrow blunt tool called caulking tool is used to form a
metal to metal joint between the rivet and the original plates, as shown in
fig 4 6 (a) In actual practice both the edges at A and B are caulked The fig.4.6 (a). In actual practice, both the edges at A and B are caulked. The
head of the rivets as shown at C are also turned down with a caulking tool
to make a joint steam tight. A great care is taken to prevent injury to the
l b l h l plate below the tool.
(a) Caulking.
(b) Fullering.
Fig.4.6 Caulking and Fullering
A more satisfactory way of making the joints lock is known as fullering. In this
case, a tool with a thickness at the end equal to that of the plate is used in such
a way that the greatest pressure due to the blows occur near the joint, giving a y g p j , g g
clean finish, with less risk of damaging the plate, shown in Fig. 4.6(b).
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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4.8 Failures of a Riveted Joint
A riveted joint may fail in the following ways :
1 Tearing of the plate at an edge 1. Tearing of the plate at an edge.
A joint may fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge as shown in Fig. 4.7.
This can be avoided by keeping the margin;
m = 1.5d,
Where; d is the diameter of the rivet hole.
Fig. 4.7. Tearing of the plate at an edge.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets.
Due to the tensile stresses in the main plates, the main plate or cover plates may
tear off across a row of rivets as shown in Fig 4 8 The resistance offered by tear off across a row of rivets as shown in Fig. 4.8. The resistance offered by
the plate against tearing is known as tearing resistance.
Tearing resistance or pull required to tear off the plate per pitch length,
P A ( d) P
t
= A
t
.
t
= (p d)t.
t
Let; p = Pitch of the rivets, d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate, and p

t
= Permissible tensile stress for the plate material.
A
t
= Tearing area per pitch length (A
t
= (p d ) t).
When the tearing resistance (P ) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch When the tearing resistance (P
t
) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch
length, then this type of failure will not occur.
Fig. 4.8. Tearing of the plate across the
rows of rivets rows of rivets.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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3. Shearing of the rivets.
The plates which are connected by the rivets exert tensile stress on the rivets,
and if the rivets are unable to resist the stress they are sheared off as shown in and if the rivets are unable to resist the stress, they are sheared off, as shown in
fig. 4.9.
The resistance offered by a rivet to be sheared off is known as shearing
i h i h h i l f h i resistance or shearing strength or shearing value of the rivet.
(a) Shearing off a rivet in lap joint (b) Shearing off a rivet in single strip butt ( ) S e g o ve p jo (b) S e g o ve s g e s p bu
joint
Fig. 4.9. Shearing of rivets.
(c) Shearing off a rivet in double strip butt
joint
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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Shearing resistance or pull required to shear off the rivet per pitch length,
Single shear
Double shear
L t d Di t f th i t h l Let; d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
= Safe permissible shear stress for the rivet material, and
n = Number of rivets per pitch length.
When the shearing resistance (P
s
) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch
length, then this type of failure will not occur.
4 Cr shing of the plate or ri ets 4. Crushing of the plate or rivets.
Sometimes, the rivets do not actually shear off under the tensile stress, but are
crushed as shown in Fig. 4.10. Due to this, the rivet hole becomes of an oval
shape and hence the joint becomes loose (bearing failure). The area which
resists this action is the projected area of the hole or rivet on diametral plane.
Mechanical Engineering (2)
Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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The resistance offered by a rivet to be crushed is known as crushing resistance
or crushing strength or bearing value of the rivet.
Crushing resistance or pull required to crush the rivet per pitch length Crushing resistance or pull required to crush the rivet per pitch length,
P
c
= n.d.t.
c
Let; d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate,

c
= Permissible crushing stress for the rivet or plate material,
n = Number of rivets per pitch length under crushing. Nu be o vets pe p tc e gt u de c us g.
Note: 1) Ac = d.t crushing area per rivet (projected area per rivet),
2) Total crushing area = n.d.t
When the crushing resistance (P ) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch When the crushing resistance (P
c
) is greater than the applied load (P) per pitch
length, then this type of failure will not occur.
Fig. 4.10. Crushing of a rivet.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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4.9 Strength of a Riveted Joint
The strength of a joint may be defined as the maximum force, which it can
transmit without causing it to fail We have seen that P P and P are the pulls transmit, without causing it to fail. We have seen that P
t
, P
s
and P
c
are the pulls
required to tear off the plate, shearing off the rivet and crushing off the rivet.
It can be noted that the joint will not be failed when the load is kept lower than
the least of these three pulls.
If the joint is continuous as in case of boilers, the strength is calculated per
pitch length. But if the joint is small, the strength is calculated for the whole p g j , g
length of the plate.
4.10 Efficiency of a Riveted Joint
The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of the strength of riveted
joint to the strength of the un-riveted or solid plate.
The strength of the riveted joint = Least of P
t
, P and P The strength of the riveted joint Least of P
t
, P
s
and P
c
While the strength of the un-riveted or solid plate per pitch length is,
P = p t
t
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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Efficiency of the riveted joint,
c s t
P and P P of Least

,
=
Where; p = Pitch of the rivets,
Thi k f h l d
t
t p

* *
=
t = Thickness of the plate, and

t
= Permissible tensile stress of the plate material.
Ex. 4.1. A double riveted lap joint is made between 15 mm thick plates. The
rivet diameter and pitch are 25 mm and 75 mm respectively. If the
ultimate stresses are 400 MPa in tension, 320 MPa in shear and 640 MPa
in crushing, find the minimum force per pitch which will rupture the
joint joint.
If the above joint is subjected to a load such that the factor of safety is 4,
find out the actual stresses developed in the plates and the rivets.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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Ex. 4.2. Find the efficiency of the following riveted joints :
1. Single riveted lap joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm diameter rivets
having a pitch of 50 mm having a pitch of 50 mm.
2. Double riveted lap joint of 6 mm plates with 20 mm diameter rivets
having a pitch of 65 mm.
AAssume;
Permissible tensile stress in plate = 120 MPa
Permissible shearing stress in rivets = 90 MPa g
Permissible crushing stress in rivets = 180 MPa
4.11 Riveted Joint for Structural
A i d j i k L j i A riveted joint known as Lozenge joint
used for roof, bridge work or girders etc.
is shown in Fig. 4.11. In such a joint, g j
diamond riveting is employed so that the
joint is made of uniform strength. Fig.
4 11 shows a triple riveted double strap 4.11 shows a triple riveted double strap
butt joint.
Fig. 4.11. Riveted joint for structural use.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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1. Diameter of rivet
The diameter of the rivet hole is obtained by using;
d 6
Where; d = Diameter of the rivet hole
Thi k f h l
t d 6 =
t = Thickness of the plate
Table 4.1 shows the recommended values of the rivet holes diameters
and its corresponding rivets diameter for general purpose use. p g g p p
Table 4.1 Sizes of rivets for general purposes.
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Dr. Mahmoud M. Atta
Chapter 4
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2. Number of rivets
The number of rivets required for the joint may be obtained by the shearing or
crushing resistance of the rivets crushing resistance of the rivets.
Let P
t
= Maximum pull acting on the joint. This is the tearing resistance of the
plate at the outer row which has only one rivet.
( b d ) = ( b d ) t t
Where; b = Width of the plate,
and n = Number of rivets.
While; the shear stress of the rivet is double shear, then the shear stress and the
crushing stress per rivet are shown in the following equations;
Shear stress;

Shear stress;
double shear
i l h

* *
4
* 2
2
d P
s
=

* *
4
2
d P
s
=
single shear
Crushing stress;
t d P * * =
4
s
c c
t d P
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Chapter 4
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Number of rivets required for the joint,
t
P or P of Least
P
n =
3. From the number of rivets, the number of rows and the number of
rivets in each row is decided.
c s
P or P of Least
4. Thickness of the butt straps
The thickness of the butt strap,
t1 = 1.25 t, for single cover strap , g p
= 0.75 t, for double cover strap
5. Efficiency of the joint
First of all calculate the resistances along all the sections in the joint First of all, calculate the resistances along all the sections in the joint.
Efficiency of the joint;
P and P P P P of Least
t t t
, , ,
Where; P = the strength of the unriveted plat = b*t*
t
.
P
P and P P P P of Least
c s t t t
, , ,
2 2 1
=
; g p
t
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Chapter 4
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6. The pitch of the rivets is obtained by equating the strength of the joint in
tension to the strength of the rivets in shear. The pitches allowed in
structural joints are larger than those of pressure vessels structural joints are larger than those of pressure vessels.
p = 3d + 5mm
7. The marginal pitch (m) should not be less than 1.5 d. g p ( )
8. The distance between the rows of rivets is 2.5 d to 3 d.
Ex 4 3 Two lengths of mild steel tie rod having width 200 mm and thickness Ex. 4.3. Two lengths of mild steel tie rod having width 200 mm and thickness
12.5 mm are to be connected by means of a butt joint with double cover
plates. Design the joint if the permissible stresses are 80 MPa in
t i 65 MP i h d 160 MP i hi M k k t h f tension, 65 MPa in shear and 160 MPa in crushing. Make a sketch of
the joint.
Ex. 4.4. A tie-bar in a bridge consists of flat 350 mm wide and 20 mm thick. It
is connected to a gusset plate of the same thickness by a double cover
butt joint Design an economical joint if the permissible stresses are : butt joint. Design an economical joint if the permissible stresses are :
t = 90 MPa, = 60 MPa and c = 150 MPa
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Chapter 4
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Ex. 4.5. Design a lap joint for a mild steel flat tie-bar 200 mm 10 mm thick,
using 24 mm diameter rivets. Assume allowable stresses in tension and
compression of the plate material as 112 MPa and 200 MPa respectively compression of the plate material as 112 MPa and 200 MPa respectively
and shear stress of the rivets as 84 MPa. Show the disposition of the rivets
for maximum joint efficiency and determine the joint efficiency. Take
di f i h l 25 5 f 24 di i diameter of rivet hole as 25.5 mm for a 24 mm diameter rivet.
JAZAN UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEEING DEPARTMENT
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING (2) (EngM328)
SHEET 3

1. A single riveted lap joint is made in 15 mm thick plates with 20 mm diameter rivets. Determine
the strength of the joint, if the pitch of rivets is 60 mm. Take
t
= 120 MPa; = 90 MPa and
c

= 160 MPa.
2. Two plates 16 mm thick are joined by a double riveted lap joint. The pitch of each row of rivets
is 90 mm. The rivets are 25 mm in diameter. The permissible stresses are as follows:
t
= 140
MPa; = 110 MPa and
c
= 240 MPa. Find the efficiency of the joint.
3. A single riveted double cover butt joint is made in 10 mm thick plates with 20 mm diameter
rivets with a pitch of 60 mm. Calculate the efficiency of the joint, if
t
= 100 MPa ; = 80 MPa
and
c
= 160 MPa.
4. A double riveted double cover butt joint is made in 12 mm thick plates with 18 mm diameter
rivets. Find the efficiency of the joint for a pitch of 80 mm, if
t
= 115 MPa; = 80 MPa and
c

= 160 MPa.
5. A double riveted lap joint with chain riveting is to be made for joining two plates 10 mm thick.
The allowable stresses are:
t
= 60 MPa; = 50 MPa and
c
= 80 MPa. Find the rivet diameter,
pitch of rivets and distance between rows of rivets. Also find the efficiency of the joint.
6. Two lengths of mild steel flat tie bars 200 mm 10 mm are to be connected by a double riveted
double cover butt joint, using 24 mm diameter rivets. Design the joint, if the allowable working
stresses are 112 MPa in tension, 84 MPa in shear and 200 MPa in crushing.
7. Two mild steel tie bars for a bridge structure are to be joined by a double cover butt joint. The
thickness of the tie bar is 20 mm and carries a tensile load of 400 kN. Design the joint if the
allowable stresses are:
t
= 90 MPa; = 75 MPa and
c
= 150 MPa. Assume the strength of
rivet in double shear to be 1.75 times that of in single shear.
8. Two lengths of mild steel tie rod having width 200 mm are to be connected by means of
Lozenge joint with two cover plates to withstand a tensile load of 180 kN. Completely design
the joint, if the permissible stresses are 80 MPa in tension; 65 MPa in shear and 160 MPa in
crushing. Draw a neat sketch of the joint.