Clay Film Technologies

T. Ebina, Dr.

Advanced Functional Materials Team
Research Center for Compact Chemical System
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST)


Agenda
Concept
Properties
Applications
Acknowledgement
Concept of the clay-based-film











Ideal structure of the self-supported film
Heat durability and gas barrier
performance are expected to improve if
the material is mainly made of clay.









Filler (clay) 8%
Clay-plastic nanocomposite
Gas barrier
performance
improved from twice
to five times.
Lateral dimension up
to a few hundred nm
Thickness
c.a. 1nm
Bentonite paper: E.A. Hauser and D.S. Le Beau, J. Phys. Chem. 42, 961 (1938).
40,000 stacking=40m thick
50,000,000 array=50m long
Outlook
Transparent type
: Made from synthetic clay
Non-transparent type
: Made from natural clay
Claist

Layer structure of clay
2:1 type phyllosilicate
Surface structure of Cs-smectite
c.a. 1nm c.a. 1nm
Tetrahedral sheet
Octahedral sheet
Cation
2:1 type clay
Several hundred nm
montmorillonite
: Na
0.33
[(Al
1.67
Mg
0.33
)Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
] : Na
0.33
[(Al
1.67
Mg
0.33
)Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
] : Na
0.33
[(Al
1.67
Mg
0.33
)Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
] : Na
0.33
[(Al
1.67
Mg
0.33
)Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
]
Natural clays which form films
XRD chart of a natural bentonite (Volclay)
2
S
M
Q
S
S
Cri
Q
Fel
S
S
S
S
S:smectiteM:micaQ:quartzCri:cristballiteFel:feldsper
XRD chart of a natural bentonite (Volclay)
2
S
M
Q
S
S
Cri
Q
Fel
S
S
S
S
2
S
M
Q
S
S
Cri
Q
Fel
S
S
S
S
S:smectiteM:micaQ:quartzCri:cristballiteFel:feldsper
Bentonite mine in Miyagi, Japan
Mineral
Layer
charge
CEC(meq/100g)
mica 1 1015
Sericite 0.85
Illite 0.75
Vermiculite 0.66 100150
Smectite 0.33 60100
Talc 0
H. Shirouzu, Nendokoubutsugaku Asakura shoten,1988
Various clays and its layer charge
Film formability comparison between natural
and synthetic clay
()
Hectorite (SHCa-1)
Montmorillonite (Kunipia P)
Montmorillonite (Tsukinuno)
Natural
Synthetic
Hectorite (Thixopy) Stevensite (Smecton ST)
Hectorite (Laponite)
Saponite (Smecton SA)
Particle size
ca. 900nm (kunipia P) ca. 40nm (Smecton ST)
2) Enhance gas barrier property
The composite with large particle is expected to be with high gas barrier property.
Effect of enlargement of clay particles
1) Enhance film formability
In general, natural clay show higher film formability than synthetic clay.

Pathway of gas
Polymer
Clay
Pathway of gas
Natural clay
Average aspect ratio (a/b) =320
Synthetic clay
Average aspect ratio (a/b) =50
Experimental
Clay used Synthetic stevensite
(Smecton STKunimine IndustriesNa
0.33
[Mg
2.83
]Si
4
O
10
[OH]
2
)

Hydrothermal treatment Batch-type autoclave (500mL
Suspension of clay (250mL, 0.2wt.%)135400, 10h (temperature
programming rate: target temperature/4h)

Film formability test






Clay dispersion (2 wt.%)
Dry
60, 15h
Self-standing clay film
(30 ~ 50 m)
Polypropylene tray
(17011025 mm)
120
Particle enlargement of clay by a
hydrothermal treatment
(150)
10 um
(300)
10 um
(400)
10 um
(200)
10 um
Hydrothermal treatment is an
effective technique for particle
enlargement !
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
100
1000
10000


P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e

s
i
z
e

/

n
m
Hydrothermal temperature /
o
C
ca. 300 times
Natural clay
Nam, H.-J., Ishii, R., Ebina, T. and Mizukami, F. (2008): Mat. Lett., 63, 54-57.
Original Hydrothermally treated
Improvement of film formability by
hydrothermal treatment
Original 400 200 150
curing
further
processing
Typical preparation procedure of
clay-based-film
Clay: natural, synthetic, organoclay
Additive: plastics, fibers, particles
mixing spreading drying peeling
Surface treatment
Lamination
etc.
Liquid :water(1
st
generation)
toluene(2
nd
generation)
mixed solvent (3
rd
generation)
Clay film preparation
Mechanism of the film formation
Dry
Swelling
Gelation
(Card house structure)
Lamination
Dry Dry
Steps of the film formation
Lamella structure of clay films
TEM section view
SEM section view
XRD pattern of clay film without
organic additive
XRD patterns of clay film type ST with
approximately 10 wt% -caprolactam
10 20 30 40 50 60
2
6.14
1.44 nm
0.311 nm
1.41 nm
0.309 nm
After heated at 250
Before the heat treatment
Various films
A. Heat resistant transparent film(TPP)
B. Water vapor barrier film(SN)
C. Heat resistant insulation film
D. Food packaging(Oxygen barrier)
E. Water vapor barrier coating
0
1
2
3
4
Heat
durability
Transparency
Mechanical
strength
Oxygen
barrier
Water vapor
barrier
A.Heat resistant transparent
film(TPP)
Tomoegawa Co.
Heat resistant transparent film (TPP)
Na+
Na+
Na+ Na+
Na+ Na+
Onium cation
intercalation
Clay
(Hydrophilic )
Organoclay
(Hydrophobic)
K. Kawasaki, T. Ebina et al, Appl. Clay. Sci., 2010, 48, 111-116.
Tetraphenyl phosphonium cation
(TPP)
P
+
Br
-
XRD spectra of TPP-SA film
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
2 theta/deg
I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y
/
C
o
u
n
t
s
d
001
1.9nm
Flexible TPP-SA film
Total light transmittance 90%HAZE value 50%
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Temperature/
T
G
/
%
D
T
A

/

a
r
b
.

u
n
i
t

e
x
o

e
n
d
o

TG-DTA curve of TPP-SA film
Tomoegawa Co.
200
300
350
400
500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
200 300 400 500 600 700
Wavelength/nm
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
a
n
c
e
/
%
200 300 350 400 500
UV-visible light transmittance of TPP-SA films treated at
different temperature
(Heating rate of 5/min.)
TPP-SA films heated up to 350 or 400 exhibited some coloring.
(Their light transmittances of visible light (500nm) were 80% and 79%)
Tomoegawa Co.
0
1
2
3
4
5
Heat durability
Transparency
Mechanical strength Oxygen barrier
Water vapor barrier
B.Water vapor barrier film(SN)
Water vapor barrier film (SN)
2nm
silicate
water
soluble
polymer
2nm
silicate
water
soluble
polymer
Lithium ion
Clay with vacant and positive
charge in the octahedral site
(Montmorillonite, and Stevensite)
1.22nm
silicate
polymer
Heating
>230
Migrate lithium into the
crystal structure
Binder changes to be
waterproof
XRD chart of SN film
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
SN20-300d1h
SN5-300d1h
SiLiKunipia100%-300d2h
2thete
0.958
0.475
0.317
0.189
1.230
0.453
0.318
0.188
1.301
0.655
0.441
0.328
0.263 0.219
0.188
No additive
300 2hr
Polyimide 5wt
300 1hr
Polyimide 20wt
300 1hr
2
(nm)
Properties of SN film
Mandrel bending test Thickness15
Water adsorption 0.20% 4090RH
Chemical resistance
Acetone 3.98%
IPA 10.63%
Ethylene glycol 12.20%
Gas barrier property
Oxygen 0.1 cc/m
2
dayatm
Water vapor

0.0012 g/m
2
day
1)
0.027 g/m
2
day
2)
0.0046 g/m
2
day
3)
<0.01 g/m
2
day
4)
85 85%RH
40 90%RH
40 90%RH
40 90%RH
1) API-MS method, 2)Mocon Aquatran3)Technolox Deltaperm 4)GTRtec Gas chromatograph method

0
1
2
3
4
5
Heat durability
Transparency
Mechanical strength Oxygen barrier
Water vapor barrier
C.Heat resistant insulation film
33
Newly developed heat-resistant
film (Toughclaist)
Outlook of Toughclaist A 57cm width TP film
Sumitomoseika Co,. Tokyo University of Science
34
PV module (rear)
(front)
Proposed structure of a solar call using Toughclaist as a backsheet
Glass
PV cell
EVA
Back sheet
Crystal Si solar cell
Insulating layer
Water vapor barrier layer
Structure of typical back sheet
Adhesive agent
Weather durable layer
Proposed back sheet structure
Toughclaist
Sumitomoseika Co,. Tokyo University of Science
Comparison of water vapor
barrier properties of typical films
Sumitomoseika Co,. Tokyo University of Science
Time course change in water vapor permeability of Toughclaist
(Dump heat condition 85, 85%RH,
WVP measurement at 40, 90%RH)
Sumitomoseika Co,. Tokyo University of Science
38
Example of electronic circuits drawn
by a printing method on Toughclaist
(film size 8 cm5 cm)
Draw the pattern by
nanoparticle ink
Heat treatment
200
Screen printing
Cu ink used Ag ink used
Sumitomoseika Co,. Tokyo University of Science
39
Shrinkage by heating
0.04%
0.6%
Comparison of TMA curves between polyimide film and Toughclaist
Sumitomoseika Co,. Tokyo University of Science
0
1
2
3
4
5
Heat durability
Transparency
Mechanical strength Oxygen barrier
Water vapor barrier
D.Food packaging(Oxygen barrier)
Food packaging film
A cross section of the developed oxygen gas barrier film (left),
an enlarged view of the gas barrier layer (middle), and a prototype food
package (right)
Daiwa Can Co.
Self-repair of a scratch
Optical microscope images (height 0.50 mm, width 0.62mm) of
the self-repairing process of the gas barrier layer scratched
(left: just after being scratched, center: after being left for 60
minutes in humid air, right: after drying at 50 degree centigrade
for 36 hrs)
Oxygen gas barrier
3.4 cc/m
2
dayatm 0.98 cc/m
2
dayatm
Daiwa Can Co.
Gelbo flex test
Stretched Maximum distortion
R
e
p
e
t
i
t
i
o
n

Equipment set up
Transparent vacuum deposited film
(after 20 times distortion)
Daiwa Can Co.
Oxygen permeability after gelbo flex
test (cm
3
/m
2
dayatm)
These figures are of laminated film with 25 micrometer thick polypropylene film. The
gelbo flex tests were conducted under 23 degree centigrade and 65 percent related
humidity. he oxygen permeation tests were conducted at room temperature and dry
condition.
cc/m
2
dayatm
Daiwa Can Co.
0
1
2
3
4
5
Heat durability
Transparency
Mechanical strength Oxygen barrier
Water vapor barrier
E.Water vapor barrier coating
Water vapor barrier coating
1. Use synthetic smectite with high aspect ratio
(>2000)
2. Exchange the interlayer cation from Na to
ammonium.
3. Remove excess ion from the
dispersion(<8ppm)
4. Apply the paste on PEN film with the wet
thickness at approximately 0.3 micrometer
5. Heat at 180.
6. Realize high water vapor barrier at 610
-3
g/m
2
day
1)
, and 610
-5
g/m
2
day
2)

1) H. Tanaka, The 5
th
Clayteam Seminar, May.16, 2011, Tokyo
2) Japanese Patent No. 2011-213111
Film properties: Summary
0
1
2
3
4
5
Heat
durability
Transparency
Mechanical
strength
Oxygen
barrier
Water vapor
barrier
A.Heat resistant
transparent film(TPP)
B.Water vapor barrier
film(SN)
C.Heat resistant insulation
film
D.Food packaging(Obygen
barrier)
E.Water vapor barrier
coating
Application map
Heat durability
Gas barrier property
Transparency
Gasket
Hydrogen tank
Food packaging
Barrier film for solar cell
Substrate for solar cell
Substrate for displays
Printable electronics
substrate
Fuel cell seal
Barrier film for OLED
Material design
Self standing or coating heat durability
Natural clay or synthetic claytransparency
Clay loadingflexibility
MultilayerFunction separation
Solid ratio, viscosityproduction process
Properties must, want
Object
Limitation of process
Design
Anti-stick graphite gasket
Advantage
- Non asbestos
- Highly heat-resistant
- Long life
-Good for wide variety of liquids and gases
-Excellent anti-stick surface

EXPANDED GRAPHITE /CLAY GASKETING SHEET
center
Expanded graphite
SUS316 plate 0.11t
Clay coating
Metal cap
Cross section of the gasket
Structure
http://www.japanmatex.co.jp/
Japan Matex Co.
52
Hydrogen Gas Barrier Liners Using Aluminum / Polymer Liners
/ Super Pressure Hydrogen Gas Tank for Automobiles (700 Bars) in
Combination with Filament Winding
Super Pressure Hydrogen Gas Tank
Using Liquid Polymer Liner
(Fuji Heavy Industries. Ltd. )
Issues of Cryogenic Hydrogen Tanks for
Aerospace Application
~ One of the major design concerns is hydrogen
gas permeability
All plastic gas tank is favorable because of
its light-weight.
Current structural concepts of
lightweight hydrogen tank
Kyushu Institute of Technology et al.
Coupons
Thickness
[ mm]
Permeability
[ Pa s m / m mol 10
2 16


]
CFRP (PYLOFIL#380) 1.061 0.529
ST 0.09 0.0009
Claist
HR 0.073 0.0046
ST 1.176 0.0078 Claist Compound
CFRP (PYLOFIL#380) HR 1.174 0.0035
Hydrogen Fuel Hose (Reference 7) - 33.49
Liquid Crystal Polyesters Resin (Reference 8) - 0.625
Virgin IM7/977-2/AF-191 (Reference 9) - 0.4

*Eval Resin (Kuraray Co. Ltd ) 0.031
Hydrogen gas permeability of different coupons
Yonemoto, K., Yamamoto, Y., Ebina, T. and Okuyama, K. (2008):. SAMPE08.
Kyushu Institute of Technology et al.
CFRP Hydrogen tank using clay film as a
gas barrier liner
27L tank
Structure of the clay film/CFRP hydrogen tank
Estimated broken pressure :70MPa
Clay film
CFRP core
CFRP winding
layer
Metal connector
Hand-layupped clay
layer
CFRP filament winding
Yonemoto, K., Yamamoto, Y., Ebina, T. and Okuyama, K. (2008):. SAMPE08.
Kyushu Institute of Technology et al.
Simple firing test
Transparent non-combustive sheet
AIST Press release Successful development of evolutional clay film products , September 13, 2010

Air deflector for vehicles
with flexible solar cell
LED light
Kajiwara Electric Co
O
2
O
2
O2
O
2
O
2
O
2
O2
O2
Claist

Plastic
Glass Fiber
Control with Clay film coating
Proposed applications
New building for transparent material
development; September 2011
Miyagikasei Co.
Fabrication of
flexible OLED
The performance of the OLED is comparable to that
of glass-base device.
Turn on voltage 7.2V
Electroluminescence peak at 530nm
Luminous efficiency 2.7cd A
-1
H. Tetsuka et al., Nanotechnology, 18 355701 (2007).
H. Tetsuka et al., J. Mat. Chem., 17, 3545-3550 (2007).
ITO is treated at 300
410
-4
cm
rf magnetron sputtering
Fabrication of
flexible organic light emitting diodes

Incorporation of hydrophilic nanocrystals into flexible and transparent
clay host using charge-charge interaction between nanocrystal surface
and clay platelet.

Quantum dot photo luminescent device
Tetsuka, H., Ebina, T. and Mizukami, F. (2008): Adv. Mater., 20, 3039-3043.
Preparation of electron (Alq3) and hole transport (NPB) layer:
Photographs of light emission under UV light (365 nm)
.
Preparation of clay
film on glass substrate
Annealed at
60 C for 1h
Polypropylene
substrate
Clay
film
High magnification SEM images of
ZnO thin films on clay substrate.
30 40 50 60 70 80
100
200
300
400
500
P:ZnO/Clay
C-Clay C
(
1
0
1
)

(
0
0
2
)

(
1
0
0
)

X
R
D

I
n
t
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
a
.

u
.
)

2 q (degree)
XRD patterns of ZnO thin film
on clay substrate.
Preparation of ZnO thin film
Towards the development of flexible
optoelectronic devices
Alq3
NPB
Dr. S. Venkatachalm
Clay synthesis from rice husk
Reaction apparatus for excess
heated water vapor reaction
1. Combustion
2. Add Mg and Na
3. Hydrothermal
treatment
Rice husk Synthetic clay
Transparent film made from rice husk
oven
vessel
pump

drain
preheating
line
Hydrogen
Tank
Solar Cell
Material
Natural
clay
Synthetic
clay
Organizing
committee
AIST 4
Company 9
Multipurpose
Sheet
Venture
New
product
No. of Private Company 54
(November 18, 2011)

Established in May 2010.
New
business
Overseas
Clayteam
search

Takeo Ebina, Development of clay-based-film a full research scenario from the viewpoint of encounter, Synthesiology Eng. Ed., 1, 242-2009.
An Industry-Academia-
Government Consortium
Clayteam
Summary
Clay-based flexible film has excellent performance
in thermal stability, gas barrier property, and so on.

Different types of films including transparent types
have been developed to suit different applications.

Development of products using this material on
various applications will contribute to establish the
sustainable society.
Acknowledgements
Authors appreciate their cooperation and supports.

Japan Matex Co. (Gasket maker)
Mr. Katsuro Tsukamoto, Mr. Toshiharu Sakura,
Mr. Yuzo Nakamura
Tomoegawa Co. (Film maker)
Mr. Katsumi Motegi, Mr. Tomohito Inoue
Mr. Hajime Tsuda
Kunimine Industries Co. (Clay supplier)
Mr. Keiichi Kurosaka, Mr. Susumu Shinoki, Mr. Munehiro Kubota

Special thanks to:

MTEC
Dr. Chureerat Prahsarn
TISTR
Ms. Panthenee Somwongsa




Authors also appreciate their cooperation and supports.

Dr Hideyasu Tanaka (Asahi Kasei Co.)

Dr. Takashi Yamashita (Tokyo University of Science)
Mr. Takushi Yamamoto, Mr. Daisuke Mishou, Mr. Seiji Bando, Mr. Noriyuki
Hayashizaka, Mr. Yuuki Umeda (Sumitomo Seika Chemicals Co., Ltd.)

Mr. Jyunji Yamada (Daiwa Can Co.)

Prof. Koichi Yonemoto, Mr. Yuuta Yamamoto, Mr. Koichiro Abe (Kyushu
Institute of Technology )Dr. Keiichi Okuyama (Tsuyama National College of
Technology)Mr. Mutsuya Yamamoto, Mr. Masao Nakano, Mr. Kanji Hanaoka
(Chugoku Kogyo Co.) , Mr. Yoshikuni Yoshimitsu (Kure Sangyo Shinko Center)
Mr. Yasutoshi Kojima (Kouatsu System Co., Ltd)

Mr. Koji Yokota (G.E.S. Co.)

Dr. Hiroshi Yokota, Dr. Kazunori Yamamoto, Dr. Yasuo Kamigata, Dro Hiroyuki
Ishibashi, Dr. Hiroshi Matsuoka (Hitachkasei Chem. Co.)
Authors also appreciate their cooperation and supports.

Mr. Masaru Kajirai (Hitachi Hi-technologies Co.)
Mr. Eishin Iguchi (Techno Eye Inc. )
Mr. Hirotsugu Tsujii (GTR Tech Co.)
Dr. Shiro Yukushima (Sumika Chemical Analysis Service, Ltd.)

Mr. Kensuke Iuchi, Mr. Kazuo Yano (Maruzen Petrochemical Co. Ltd.)

Mr. Masataka Sugawara, Mr. Hiroaki Kobayashi (Maruhachi Co.)
Mr. Akihiko Oyama, Mr. Yuuki Ito, Mr. Masaaki Okada (Miyagikasei Co.)
Mr. Koichiro Kajiwara (Kajiwara Denki Co.)
Mr. Nobuhiko Teshima (South Iwate Research Center of Technology)
Mr. Takahiro Nishiguchi (Nagase ChemteX Co. )
Mr. Yoshimichi Tamura (Toyo Seiki Seisaku-Sho, Ltd.)

Dr. Susumu Minase (Hojyun Co.)

Mr. Jyunichi Yaegashi (Miyagi Sangyo Shinko Kiko)

Thanks to AIST members:

Dr. Takaaki Hanaoka,
Dr. Hiromichi Hayashi, Dr. Yoshito Wakui, Dr. Takashi Nakamura, Dr.
Yasuhisa Hasegawa, Dr. Ryo Ishii, Dr. Tatsuo Tsunoda
Dr. Fujio Mizukami, Dr. Toshihide Kamata , Dr. Manabu Yoshida
Dr. Hiroshi Nanjo, Dr. Nobuko Onozawa, Dr. Kazuhiko Sayama

Dr. S. Venkatachalm
Dr. Hiroyuki Tetsuka, Dr. Hyun-Jeong Nam, Dr. Yasushi Hoshi
Dr. Kazunori Kawasaki, Mr. Shinichi Iwata, Mr. Hideo Sekikawa, Mr. Akira
Togashi, Ms. Eriko Shoji, Ms. Yasuko Nwaneshi, Mr. Mizuki Shimura, Ms.
Fusako Nishikawa, Ms. Mayumi Natsui, Ms. Asami Suzuki

Dr. Tetsuichi Takagi, Dr. Keiichi Ikegami, Dr. Hiroshi Takashima, Dr. Atsushi
Masuda,

Authors thanks to project funds from:
METI, NEDO, JST, JSPS, Miyagi Pref.