NC & CNC

NC MACHINES
NUMERICAL CNTROL NC:

NC is defined as a form of programmable automation in which the process is
controlled by letters, numbers, & symbols.
Here the numbers form the program of instructions.
NC is flexible, because hanging the program for each new job/ part is very
easy.
pplications! "rafting, assembly, inspection, sheet metal, spot welding &
machining #"rilling, boring, grinding, $urning, %illing, &awing'.
A -BASIC COMPONENTS OC NC SYSTEM:
(ollowing are the three components of NC systems
). *rogram of instructions #*+,'.
-. %achine Control unit #%C.'.
/. %achine tool & 0or0 other controlled processes.
Program of instructions: refers to set of directions, which tell the computer what to
do.
$he most common type of input medium used is 1$he *unched $ape2. +thers forms
of input include magnetic tape, /3 mm motion picture film.
%ethods of input!
i. %anual "ata ,nput #%",'! .sed for simple jobs.
ii. "irect Numeric Control #"NC'! .sed for complex jobs.
$he program of instructions are prepared by 4*art *rogrammer5
Macin! contro" Unit: Consists of electronic & hardware that read and interpret the
program of instructions and convert it into mechanical actions of machine tool.
6lements of %C.!
$ape reader, "ata buffer, &ignal +/p channels, & se7uence controls.
Tape reader is a electromechanical device for winding and reading the punched tape
containing *+, #*rogram +f ,nstructions'.
$he purpose of Data Buffer is to store i/p instructions in logical bloc8s of information.
Signal o/p channels are connected to servomotors and other controls in machine tool.
$hrough these channels, instructions are sent to machine tool from controller unit
nother element of NC system is the Control Panel which consists of "ials and
switches to run the system.
Macin! too" #roc!ss: performs useful wor8
,t consists of wor8table and spindle, motors and controls necessary to drive them.
,t also includes cutting tools, wor8 fixtures and auxiliary e7uipments necessary for
machining operations.
B -THE NC COOR$INATE SYSTEMS:
$he wor8 piece is always stationary and the tools moves. $he purpose of coordinate
system is to provide a means of locating the tool in relation to the wor8 piece.
). (ixed 9ero and (loating 9ero! Here the 9ero is fixed and all other tool locations are
specified/ defined by positive : & ; coordinates.
,n (loating 9ero the <ero point is set at any convenient position on the
machine table as per the part programmers convenience.
-. bsolute positioning & ,ncremental positioning!
,n bsolute positioning the tool locations are always defined wrt <ero point.
,n ,ncremental positioning the tool location are defined wrt previous tool location.
C % NC MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS:
,n NC there are three types of motion control systems
). *oint0to0*oint #*$*'.
-. &traight cut.
/. Contouring.
*$* represent the lowest level of motion control between the tool and wor8 piece,
while the contouring represent the highest level.
). *oint0to0*ont #*$*'! $his is also called *ositioning system. Here the objective of
machine tool control system is to move the cutting tool to a predefined location.
6x! NC drill presses.
&uitable for drilling as well as spot welding processes.
-. &traight0cut NC! are capable of moving the cutting tool parallel to one of the major
axes at a controlled rate suitable for machining. $hese are also capable of performing
*$* movements. =ith this type of NC system it is not possible to combine
movements in more than one direction.
&uitable for milling operations.
/. Contouring NC! $his is also called Continuous path NC systems. ,t is the most
complex, most flexible and most expensive type of machine tool control. ,t is capable
of performing both *$* & &traight0cut operations. $he distinguishing feature of
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
x=2
y=3
(4,5)
(6,8)
Specify x= 6, y= 8
(Absolute positionin)
(!nc"e#ent$l positionin)
Specify x= 2, y= 3
A%&S'()* +s !,-.*/*,)A' 0&S!)!&,!,1
Contouring NC is their capacity for simultaneous control of more than one axis
movement of machine tool.
b
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St$"tin point -utin tool
4o"5piece
S6itc7 to
-i"cul$" inte"pol$tion
-u"8e
St"$i7t cut
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NUMERICAL CNTROL NC:

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