Equicontinuous Uniformly Equicontinuous, For Brevity in The Following

Answers to Homework 6, Math 4121
equicontinuous=uniformly equicontinuous, for brevity in the following.

(1) If {f
n
} is an equicontinuous sequence of functions on a compact
interval and f
n
f pointwise, prove that the convergence is
uniform.
First, we prove that f is uniformly continuous on the interval
as follows. Given > 0, there exists a > 0 such that |f
n
(x)
f
n
(y)| < if |x y| < . For such x, y, xed, we can nd an
N >> 0 so that |f(x) f
N
(x)| < and |f(y) f
N
(y)| < , by
pointwise convergence. So, we get,
|f(x) f(y)| |f(x) f
N
(x)| +|f
N
(x) f
N
(y)| +|f
N
(y) f(y)| 3.
Next we prove that the convergence is uniform. Given > 0,
choose > 0 so that |f
n
(x) f
n
(y)| < and |f(x) f(y)| <
if |x y| < . Next, subdivide the interval into p intervals of
length, say /2 and pick x
i
, 1 i p in these intervals. Now,
we can nd an N >> 0 so that for all n N, |f
n
(x
i
)f(x
i
)| <
for all i. If n N and x is any point in the interval, choose an
x
i
so that both x, x
i
belong to the same subdivision. Then,
|f
n
(x) f(x)| |f
n
(x) f
n
(x
i
)| +|f
n
(x
i
) f(x
i
)| +|f(x
i
) f(x)| 3.
(2) If |f
n
(x) f
n
(y)| M|x y|
for some xed M and > 0

and all x, y in a compact interval for all n, show that {f
n
} is
equicontinuous.
Given > 0, choose < (/M)
1
. (Note that if M = 0, any

choice of will do.)
(3) Let {f
n
} be a sequence of C
functions on a compact interval

such that for any integer k 0, there exists an M
k
such that
|f
(k)
n
(x)| M
k
for all x and n. Prove that there exists a sub-
sequence converging uniformly, together with all its derivatives
to a C
function.
First, we prove that the sequence {f
(k)
n
} is equicontinuous for
all k. We have f
(k)
n
(x) f
(k)
n
(y) = f
(k+1)
n
(z)(x y) for some z
between x, y by mean value theorem. Thus
|f
(k)
n
(x) f
(k)
n
(y)| = |f
(k+1)
n
(z)||(x y)| M
k+1
|x y|,
and the previous problem nishes the proof.
Now do the diagonal trick. By theorem proved in class, since
{f
n
} is equicontinuous and uniformly bounded (by M
0
), we can
nd a subsequence f
11
, f
12
, . . . which converges uniformly in the
interval. The sequence {f
1n
} is also uniformly bounded and
1
2
equicontinuous, so we can extract a subsequence which is uni-
formly convergent. This means, there is a subsequence of {f
1n
},
say {f
2n
} such that {f
2n
} is uniformly convergent. We can
continue this and get subsequences {f
pn
} such that {f
(p1)
pn
} is
uniformly convergent. Finally, as in class, one checks that the
subsequence f
11
, f
22
, . . . has all the required properties.
(4) Prove that the set of all polynomials of degree at most N (xed)
and coecients in [1, 1] is uniformly bounded and equicontin-
uous in any compact interval.
If P is any such polynomial and x is any point in our interval,
we have P(x) = a
0
+ a
1
x + + a
N
x
N
with |a
i
| 1 for all i
and thus, |P(x)| 1 + |x| + + |x|
N
and the last term is
a continuous function on a compact set and hence bounded,
independent of the a
i
, x. So, we see that the family of these
polynomials is uniformly bounded.
Again, if P is as above, for any two points x = y we have,
|P(x) P(y)| = |x y||a
1
+ a
2
(x + y) + a
3
(x
2
+ xy + y
2
) + + a
N
x
N
y
N
x y
|
|x y|(1 + 2M + 3M
2
+ + NM
N1
)
where M is a positive number such that |x| M for all x in
our compact interval. Rest is clear from an earlier problem.
(5) Prove that the family of polynomials P of degree at most N
with |P(x)| 1 on [0, 1] is equicontinuous on [0, 1].
We use a fact from the last homework. Let P
k
be polynomials
of degree at most N for 0 k N such that
1
0
P
k
x
j
dx = 0
for all j = k and 0 j N and
1
0
P
k
x
k
dx = 1. If P(x) =
a
0
+ a
1
x + + a
N
x
N
is any polynomial with |P(x)| 1 for
all x [0, 1], we see that a
k
=
1
0
P
k
Pdx and thus |a
k
|
1
0
|P
k
|dx = M
k
. So, all the coecients are uniformly bounded
and then the proof is exactly as in the previous problem.
(6) Let P
0
= 0 and P
n+1
(x) = P
n
(x) +
x
2
P
2
n
(x)
2
.
(a) Prove that |x| P
n+1
(x) = (|x| P
n
(x))
1
|x|+Pn(x)
2
.
Deduce that 0 P
n
(x) P
n+1
(x) |x| if |x| 1.
The formula is obvious.
|x| P
n+1
(x) = |x| P
n
(x)
x
2
P
2
n
(x)
2
= (|x| P
n
(x))
1
|x| + P
n
(x)
2
3
Assume we have proved the result for n, the initial case be-
ing obvious. Then we need to prove that P
n
(x) P
n+1
(x)
|x|. Since 0 P
n
(x) |x|, we see that |x| P
n
(x) +|x|
2|x| and thus,
(1) 1
|x|
2
1
|x| + P
n
(x)
2
1 |x|.
It is clear that this inequality implies what we need.
(b) Show that |x| P
n
(x) |x|(1
|x|
2
)
n
<
2
n+1
for |x| 1.
The equation (1) above immediately implies the rst part
of inequality by induction. For the second part, check that
the function x(1
x
2
)
n
attains its maximum at x =
2
n+1
in
[0, 1].
(c) Prove that {P
n
} converges uniformly to the function g(x) =
|x| in [1, 1].
Less said the better.

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Answers to Homework 6, Math 4121

equicontinuous=uniformly equicontinuous, for brevity in the following.

for some xed M and > 0

. (Note that if M = 0, any

functions on a compact interval

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