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    Referred Pain

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    aspalavista
    Referred pain occurs when a person feels pain in an area of the body other than where the source of the pain is located. This is because pain signals from deep internal organs travel along the same neural pathways as skin pain signals. The brain perceives the pain but attributes it to the skin rather than the internal organ. Common examples include chest pain being felt in the left arm from a heart attack or shoulder pain from problems with the liver or gallbladder. Theories for why referred pain occurs include convergence of pain fiber pathways in the spinal cord or brain and hyperexcitability of shared nerve pathways between organs and skin.

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    Referred Pain

    Uploaded by

    aspalavista
    255 views3 pages
    Referred pain occurs when a person feels pain in an area of the body other than where the source of the pain is located. This is because pain signals from deep internal organs travel along the same neural pathways as skin pain signals. The brain perceives the pain but attributes it to the skin rather than the internal organ. Common examples include chest pain being felt in the left arm from a heart attack or shoulder pain from problems with the liver or gallbladder. Theories for why referred pain occurs include convergence of pain fiber pathways in the spinal cord or brain and hyperexcitability of shared nerve pathways between organs and skin.

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    Referred pain occurs when a person feels pain in an area of the body other than where the source of the pain is located. This is because pain signals from deep internal organs travel along the same neural pathways as skin pain signals. The brain perceives the pain but attributes it to the skin rather than the internal organ. Common examples include chest pain being felt in the left arm from a heart attack or shoulder pain from problems with the liver or gallbladder. Theories for why referred pain occurs include convergence of pain fiber pathways in the spinal cord or brain and hyperexcitability of shared nerve pathways between organs and skin.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    255 views3 pages

    Referred Pain

    Uploaded by

    aspalavista
    Referred pain occurs when a person feels pain in an area of the body other than where the source of the pain is located. This is because pain signals from deep internal organs travel along the same neural pathways as skin pain signals. The brain perceives the pain but attributes it to the skin rather than the internal organ. Common examples include chest pain being felt in the left arm from a heart attack or shoulder pain from problems with the liver or gallbladder. Theories for why referred pain occurs include convergence of pain fiber pathways in the spinal cord or brain and hyperexcitability of shared nerve pathways between organs and skin.

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    Referred Pain

    Definition and most reasonable theory :


    Pain in a part other than that in which the cause that produced it is situated. Referred pain
    usually originates in one of the visceral organs but is felt in the skin or sometimes in another
    area deep inside the body. Referred pain probably occurs because pain signals from the
    viscera travel along the same neural pathways used by pain signals from the skin. The person
    perceives the pain but interprets it as having originated in the skin rather than in a deep-seated
    visceral organ.
    Definition;
    Pain sensation occurs at exact pain stimulus which then radiates to other sites near the first
    stimulated area.
    Myocardial Infarction: Referred or Radiating pain ?
    An example is the case of ischemia brought on by a myocardial infarction (heart attack),
    where pain is often felt in the neck, shoulders, and back rather than in the chest, the site of the
    injury. The pain related to a myocardial infarction could either be referred pain or pain
    radiating from the chest. Classically the pain associated with a myocardial infarction is
    located in the mid or left side of the chest where the heart is actually located. The pain can
    radiate to the left side of the jaw and into the left arm. If so ; This is Radiating pain
    Referred pain is when the pain is located away from or adjacent to the organ involved.
    Referred pain would be when a person has pain only in their jaw or left arm, but not in the
    chest. Myocardial infarction can rarely present as referred pain and this usually occurs in
    people with diabetes or older age. If so; This is Referred pain

    Theories for Referred Pain


    There are several proposed mechanisms for referred pain

    Convergent-projection

    believed that the internal organs were insensitive to stimuli. Furthermore, non-nociceptive
    afferent inputs to the spinal cord created what termed "an irritable focus". This focus
    caused some stimuli to be perceived as referred pain. An example of that ; are nerves
    from damaged heart tissue which convey pain signals to spinal cord levels T1-T4
    on the left side , which happen to be the same levels that receive sensation from
    the left side of the chest and part of the left arm. The brain isnt used to receive
    such strong signals from the heart , so it interprets them as pain in the chest &
    left arm.

    Axon-reflex

    Axon reflex suggests that the afferent fiber is bifurcated before connecting to the dorsal horn.
    Bifurcated fibers do exist in muscle, skin, and intervertebral discs. Yet these particular
    neurons are rare and are not representative of the whole body. But Axon-Reflex also does not explain the
    time delay before the appearance of referred pain, threshold differences for stimulating local and referred pain,
    and somatosensory sensibility changes in the area of referred pain.

    Hyperexcitability
    HyperexcitabilityStimuli is transmitted to the corresponding ganglia Nerves which share the same ganglion
    are stimulated Pain Stimuli is transmitted to these nerve fibers Pain is felt on fields supplied by those
    nerves.
    No summation takes place

    Thalamic-convergence

    Thalamic convergence suggests that referred pain is perceived as such due to the summation of neural inputs in
    the brain, as opposed to the spinal cord, from the injured area and the referred area.
    nearly the same mechanism as Hyperexcitability but with summation of peripheral stimuli.

    Referred pain( felt on)

    Source of pain

    Upper chest/left limb ; restricted feeling, or as an


    ache in the left shoulder, arm or even hand
    Head
    Ice-cream headache or brain freeze
    Right tip ofscapula.

    Myocardial ischaemia

    Left shoulder

    Thoracic diaphragm, Spleen, Lung

    Back

    Pancreas

    in which the vagus nerve or the trigeminal nerve in the throat and
    the palate, respectively, transmit pain signals
    Liver, gallbladder

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