AVR On Load Tap Changer

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformer
Automatic Voltage Regulating Control Relay
Contents
X On Load Tap Changing Transformers

X Voltage Regulation
X Time Delays
X Grading Between Voltage Levels
X Line Drop Compensation
X Parallel Operation
On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays
Voltage Regulation
Purpose
X Electrical plant is designed to operate within finite

voltage limits
X To control the system voltage transformers with tap
changers are commonly used
Off Load manually changed

On Load automatically adjusted
X Tap changers physically alter the transformer ratio and
hence the voltage
X Automatic voltage regulating relay is used to control the
tap changer
Voltage Regulation
Performance Criteria
X Two Mutually Exclusive Parameters
voltage quality
number of tap changes
X Voltage Quality
customer focused quality measurement

percentage of time outside deadband or statuary limits
length of voltage disturbance
X Number of Tap Changes
supplier focused quality measurement

directly relates to cost of ownership of the tap changer
5
On Load Tap Changing Transformers

Typical Supply Network

Tap-Outs and Windings
XTap-outs can be in the HV or LV winding

XTap-outs can be at the Line End or Neutral End
XCause a variation in the impedance of the
transformer
Transformer impedance calculated at the

centre tap position

Development of the Tap Changer
XDeveloped in the late 1920s
XTwo primary considerations
The load current must not be interrupted

No windings should be short-circuited
during transitions
XEarly tap changers were reactors, could be
continuously rated useful when mechanisms
were unreliable
XResistor transition tap changers now used,
reliable stored energy drive mechanisms
Typical Operation ~75ms

9
Voltage Regulation
10
10
Voltage Regulation
Basic Operation
X Controller monitors secondary voltage
voltage setting - nominal voltage level

voltage deadband - permissible range
X Initial Time delay used to filter
transient voltage fluctuations
definite time
inversely proportional to the
deviation from the voltage
setting
11
11
Voltage Regulation
Example Operation
V
Voltage out
of deadband
Time Delay
+ Voltage
Deadband
Voltage
Setting
- Voltage
Deadband
12
Voltage restored
to within deadband
12
Time Delays
13
13
Time Delays
Initial Time Delays
X Initial time delay used to filter transient voltage fluctuations
definite time
inversely proportional to the deviation from the voltage setting
Operating Time
Definite Time
Characteristic
Inverse Time
Characteristic
Voltage
VBand+
VSetting
VBand-
14
14
Multiple Tap Change Sequence

Inter-Tap Delay - Definite Time
Voltage
Deviation
Initial Delay
Initial Delay (Definite Time)
+dVs
Vs
15
Time
15
Multiple Tap Change Sequence

Inter-Tap Delay - Inverse Time
Voltage
Deviation
Initial Delay (Inverse Time)
dVs
Vs
Time
X The timer is reset after each operation to invoke initial timer
16
16
Initial Time Delays

Typical Setting Ranges
X Initial Time Delay Setting Ranges
MVGC - 0 to 120s
KVGC - 0 to 300s
X Inter-tap Delay Setting Ranges
MVGC - 0 to 10s
KVGC - 0 to 120s
X Initial Time Delays also ensure time grading between
voltage levels
17
17
Grading Between Voltage Levels
18
18

Causes of Voltage Deviations
Load
T1
Line
Grid Supply
A
T2
B
Load
T3
C
Load
X Voltage deviations occur for two reasons
Change in downstream load

Change in upstream supply voltage
19
19

Time Grading
Load
Load
T1
Load
Grid Supply
T2
A
T3
B
C
X Discrimination to allow higher voltage to operate first
T1 time delay < T2 time delay < T3 time delay (initial)

X Otherwise hunting can occur between voltage levels
20
20
Line Drop Compensation
21
21

Regulating the Voltage at a Remote Point
X Simulates voltage drop of the line
X Artificially boosts transformer voltage at times of high loading
Bus
Supply
Feeder
CT
Tap Changer
Load
X
R
Voltage Drop
VT
Time Delay
Voltage
Deadband
AVC Relay
22
+
-
VLOAD = VS I LOAD(RFEEDER + jX FEEDER)

VBUS = VS I AVC (RAVC + jX AVC )
Voltage Setting
22

Relay Implementation
X Calculate the Voltage Drop at nominal load
Vr
Vxl
Load
IL
Bus
Voltage
VB
Remote
Voltage
VREM
Bus Voltage VBUS = VREM + Vr + Vxl

23
23

Phasor Diagram
-ILX
-ILR
The measured
bus voltage
VBUS
VREM
IL
24
Voltage Setting
X The relay calculates and

regulates the VREM magnitude
24

Typical Setting Ranges
XReactive and Resistive Compensation, Vr and

Vxl
MVGC - 0 to 48V
KVGC - 0 to 50V
25
25
Transformers
Parallel Operation
26
26
Parallel Operation
Transformer Operating in Parallel
X Transformers in parallel can cause Circulating
Currents
Circulating Current affects LDC causing tap

changer runaway
Circulating Current are damaging to Transformer

X Therefore special control techniques are required
Paralleling using Master-Follower Control

Paralleling using Negative Reactance Control
Paralleling using Circulating Current Control
27
27
Parallel Operation
Master - Follower
X One controller designated the master

X All other controllers (followers) follow the master
X Requires that
Identical transformers / tap changers

Locality of equipment
Security of communications is critical
X Circulating current should be monitored
28
28
Parallel Operation
Circulating Currents due to Tap Disparity
#2
T2
X If T1 is on a higher
tap than T2
IL-Ic
2IL
Ic
T1
IL+Ic
X Current seen by
#1 is IL + IC
X Current seen by
#2 is IL - IC
#1
29
29
Parallel Operation
Circulating Current Effect on LDC
#2
T2
IL-Ic
Vxl
Ic
T1
Vr
2IL
IL+Ic
#1
30
X IC is measured in LDC circuit but

is not present in the feeder
30
Parallel Operation
LDC on T1
-ILX
-IcR
The measured
bus voltage
The regulated
voltage
-ILR
-IcX
VREM
VBUS
VREG
IL
IC
IL + IC (Volts High)
31
Voltage Setting
X The regulated voltage VREG

contains a -VC component
X VREG will be regulated up to VREM,
therefore increasing the over
voltage even further
31
Parallel Operation
LDC on T2
-ILX
-ILR
The measured
bus voltage
-ICX
-ICR
VREM
The regulated
voltage
VBUS
VREG
Voltage Setting
IL
IC
IL - IC (Volts Low)
32
X The regulated voltage VREG

contains a +VC component
X VREG will be regulated down to VREM,
therefore reducing the under
voltage even further
32
Parallel Operation
Negative Reactance Control
X Reverse Reactance Control (non matched tap

changers or different sources)
Utilises the reactance compensation of the Line

Drop Compensation circuit
Reverses reactance and feeds back into

compensation circuit
Lack of specific feeder reactance in LDC results

in susceptibility to power factor
33
33

Compensation on T1
The regulated
voltage
ICXt
-ICR
ILXt
-ILX
-ILR
VBUS
VREG
-IcR
-ILR
-IcX V
REM
VREM
The measured
bus voltage
Voltage Setting
VREG
IL
IC
IL + IC (Volts High)
34
X The reactance of LDC is reversed

X VREG will be regulated correctly
reducing the over voltage
34

Compensation on T2
ILXt
-ILX
-ILR-I R
C
The measured
bus voltage
VREM
The regulated
voltage
-ILR
-ICR
ICXt
VBUS
VREG
VREG
VREM
IL
IC
IL - IC (Volts Low)
35
-ICX
Voltage Setting
X The reactance of LDC is reversed

X VREG will be regulated correctly
increasing the under voltage
35
Supplementary Control Functions

AVR Relaying
36
36

X Load Shedding
voltage setting override ( 10%)

X Over Current / Under Voltage Supervision
inhibit control during fault conditions

X Excessive Circulating Current
protects against parallel control failure

X Under Current Inhibit
stops operations when low forward or reverse power

X Reverse Current Operation
X Auto/Manual/Remote Operations
X Measurements
37
37

Tap Changer Supervision
X Tap Changer Monitoring
tap changer confirmation response (time limited)

voltage monitoring
z
voltage change occurs
in the correct direction
of sufficient magnitude
operations with no initiating signal

X Tap Change Operations Counter
alarms at settable threshold

frequency alarms
z
38
excessive operations per time period

(day / month / maintenance period)
38

AVR On Load Tap Changer

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What are tap changers and how do they work?

What are tap changers and how do they work?

What are the different types of tap changers?

What are the different types of tap changers?

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformer

Automatic Voltage Regulating Control Relay

X On Load Tap Changing Transformers

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

X Electrical plant is designed to operate within finite

Off Load manually changed

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

X Two Mutually Exclusive Parameters

customer focused quality measurement

supplier focused quality measurement

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On Load Tap Changing Transformers

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On Load Tap Changing Transformers

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On Load Tap Changing Transformers

XTap-outs can be in the HV or LV winding

Transformer impedance calculated at the

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On Load Tap Changing Transformers

The load current must not be interrupted

Typical Operation ~75ms

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

voltage setting - nominal voltage level

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Multiple Tap Change Sequence

Initial Delay (Definite Time)

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Multiple Tap Change Sequence

Initial Delay (Inverse Time)

X The timer is reset after each operation to invoke initial timer

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Initial Time Delays

X Initial Time Delay Setting Ranges

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Grading Between Voltage Levels

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Grading Between Voltage Levels

X Voltage deviations occur for two reasons

Change in downstream load

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Grading Between Voltage Levels

X Discrimination to allow higher voltage to operate first

T1 time delay < T2 time delay < T3 time delay (initial)

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Line Drop Compensation

On/Under Load Tap Changing Transformers Voltage Regulating Control Relays

Line Drop Compensation

Line Drop Compensation

VLOAD = VS I LOAD(RFEEDER + jX FEEDER)