Physics in National Development
Physics in National Development
Physics in National Development
Development
trace the development of physics and technology in the Philippines and relate it to
national development; and
state some worldwide developments in physics which affect society and change
peoples lifestyles and thinking about nature.
2.
physical science
c.
biology
b.
life science
d.
zoology
Who among the following scientists believed that all matter on earth was a mixture of
earth, water, fire and air?
a.
Aristotle
c.
Galileo Galilei
b.
Albert Einstein
d.
Johannes Kepler
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
laws of motion
c.
quantum theory
b.
d.
theory of relativity
This is a branch of science that deals with the study of matter and energy and their
interrelationships.
a.
botany
c.
physics
b.
chemistry
d.
astronomy
notation
c.
attitude
b.
method
d.
calculator
theory
c.
principle
b.
law
d.
hypothesis
Gregorio Zara
c.
b.
Agapito Flores
d.
Ernesto P. Sonido
This is a branch of science that deals with the composition, structure and properties of
matter and the changes it undergoes.
a.
biology
c.
geology
b.
chemistry
d.
meteorology
This is the branch of physics that deals with the structure of matter and energy in the
atomic nucleus.
a.
mechanics
c.
electricity
b.
electrodynamics
d.
nuclear physics
ironing clothes
c.
text messaging
b.
construction of bridges
d.
b.
c.
d.
colored TV
c.
electric fan
b.
transistor radio
d.
magnifying lens
b.
c.
d.
b.
c.
d.
b.
mobilization of people
c.
breakdown of communication
d.
Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 23.
If all your answers are correct, very good! You may still study the module to review what
you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, dont feel bad. This only goes to show that this module is for you. It
will help you to understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you
study this module carefully, you would learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more!
Are you ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.
LESSON 1
Lets Read
What Is Science? What Are the Branches of Science?
Science is an integral part of our lives. There have been many changes some beneficial,
others harmful that have taken place as a result of scientific developments. Our knowledge of
the natural world dates back to the civilized people of ancient times, specifically those of early
Greece and Rome. Modern science would have no foundation on which to grow if not for the
early attempts to understand nature and interpret natural phenomena.
Science is a systematized body knowledge. Like a tree, it has many branches. Its two main
branches are life science and physical science. Life science is the study of living things while
physical science is the study of nonliving things. Life science branches into areas such as
biology, botany and zoology. Physical science branches into areas such as physics and
chemistry.
As time went on, more branches emerged like astronomy, geology and meteorology in
physical science and microbiology in life science. Physical science and life science are branches
of a wider body of knowledge called natural science.
Natural Science
Physical Science
Life Science
Biology
Physics
Botany
Chemistry
Zoology
Astronomy
Geology
Microbiology
Meteorology
What are the two main branches of natural science? How do you differentiate them?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.
What is science?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 24.
Lets Learn
What Is the Nature and Scope of Physics?
Physics is at the base of every branch of science because it deals with both life and physical
sciences. It is the study of the basic nature of all matter and energy and the various ways in which
matter interacts with other matter.
The major domains or divisions of physics are the following:
1.
2.
3.
Thermodynamics the study of heat and other forms of energy, and the conversion
of energy from one form into another
4.
5.
6.
7.
b.
Atomic physics the study of the properties of matter on the atomic scale; as
well as the structure of the atom and the forces that act between the positive
nucleus and the negative electrons
c.
Nuclear physics the study of the properties of the nucleus of an atom and the
forces responsible for its stability and disintegration
d.
Quantum mechanics study based on the theory that material particles may be
described as waves, and waves may be described as particles
How Is Physics Related to Other Sciences?
You know that physics is the study of matter and energy. Physics is closely related to other
sciences. In fact, it encompasses them all. Chemistry, for instance, deals with the interaction of
atoms to form molecules. It is a science concerned with the properties, composition and
structure of substances and the changes they undergo. The world we live in is a planet full of
fascinating complexity. To understand this complexity, we must describe and explain the
materials, features and processes that can be observed in our surroundings. The landscape of the
earth, the nature and distribution of materials and conditions in the earths interior are the subjects
and principal interest in the science called physical geology or geophysics. On the other hand,
astronomy is a branch of science that studies the nature and motion of celestial bodies such as
planets and stars. Generally, physics is the study of matter and energy in the universe at large.
Biology is concerned with the nature of living things and the vital processes affecting life
such as growth and reproduction. Living things are composed of matter wherein material and
energy conversions take place. Biology therefore must consider physics as an integral part.
Biophysics is the application of various tools, methods and principles of physical science in the
study of biological problems. Health physics is an interdisciplinary science and has its
application in the protection of humans and the environment from radiation.
We will not fully understand physics unless we compute problems related to it.
Mathematics has a big part in the practical applications of physics.
Astrophysics is the application of the theories and methods of physics in the study of stellar
structure, stellar evolution and the origin of the solar system. Meteorology is a branch of science
that deals with the nature and changes in the atmosphere of a planet, particularly that of the earth.
All these sciences are closely related to physics.
Lets Review
A.
B.
1.
a.
chemistry
2.
b. nuclear physics
c.
physical science
3.
d.
mechanics
4.
e.
biology
5.
f.
meteorology
2.
biophysics
c.
geology
b.
astronomy
d.
electromagnetism
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 24.
Lets Read
History of Physics
When did the science of physics start? The beginning of physics is difficult to trace because
human interest in matter and energy is as old as human civilization itself. The oldest body of
systemized knowledge about the forms of matter dates back to ancient Greece. The following
scientists contributed much to the development of physics:
Galileo Galilei
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Isaac Newton
Lets Review
Below is a list of some known scientists. Opposite their names, write their contributions to
the development of physics.
Scientist
Contribu
1. Isaac Newton
2. Johannes Kepler
3. Henri Becquerel
4. Michael Faraday
5. Albert Einstein
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 24.
Lets Learn
The Scientific Method
How do physicists work? Like other scientists, they work using the scientific method.
The scientific method is a series of steps that a scientist follows in order to arrive at a
scientific truth.
Recognize and state a problem.
Make a hypothesis.
Perform experiments to test hypothesis.
Draw conclusion and formulate generalization.
The following are some distinguished Filipino physicists, inventors and technologists:
Gregorio Y. Zara
National Scientist
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10
Lets Review
Below is a list of some known Filipino physicists, scientists and inventors. Opposite their
names, write their contributions to the development of physics.
Scientist
Contri
1. Arturo P. Alcaraz
2. Agapito G. Flores
3. Melecio S. Magno
4. Henry J. Ram os
5. Gregorio Y. Zara
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 24.
Lets Learn
Do you need physics in your life? Why?
Physics drives progress. The different modes of transportation air, water, land
all work based on the principles of physics. Physics research has helped vehicle
manufacturers come up with faster, more energy-efficient vehicles. Ships, cars and
airplanes are more powerful and efficient as a result of physics research. Even space
flight would not have been possible without human knowledge of the principles of
physics.
Physics improves our way of living. The modern facilities and appliances in the
home, such as the refrigerator, microwave oven and washing machine, have made
housework easier and life more comfortable. Radios, television sets, videocassette
players and compact disc players have made life pleasurable and relaxing.
Physics improves health and saves lives. Over the years, physics research has
enabled the development of the instruments that help detect diseases faster. There are
also new ways of treating diseases such as cancer, thanks to the researches of
physicists.
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Physics connects the world. Satellites, cellular phones, fax machines and the Internet
all exist because of years of research of physicists.
Physics creates jobs. Knowledge of physics can help you in your career. Engineers,
doctors, science teachers, mechanics, architects and even artists all need to have some
knowledge of physics. Also, knowledge in the use of products of physics research,
such as computers, can help you land a high-paying job.
Devices/Activities
At home
On the street
Market
Playground
Church
Sea
School
Clinic
Identify the field of science referred to in each of the following. Write your answer in
the space provided.
__________1.
Science that deals with the study of the movement of planets, stars
and other heavenly bodies
__________2.
Study of the earth, its nature and distribution of its materials as well
as its interior
__________3.
__________4.
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B.
__________5.
__________6.
__________2.
Filipino scientist who designed the lunar rover, the first vehicle to
land on the moon
__________3.
__________4.
__________5.
__________6.
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 25 and 26.
Did you get everything right? If you did, thats very good! You learned a lot from this lesson.
You are now ready to move on to Lesson 2. If you missed some items, thats okay. Just go back
to the parts you did not understand well. Afterward, proceed to Lesson 2.
Lets Remember
Natural science is divided into physical science and life science. Physical science is the
study of nonliving things while life science is the study of living things.
Physics is the most basic of all sciences. It encompasses all other sciences.
The scientific method is a scientists way of answering questions about the world by
testing hypotheses and formulating theories.
Physics is a science which we use every day. It has many uses and applications in our
daily life.
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LESSON 2
Science is a
way of
knowing.
Physics provides explanations of the natural world, while technology yields inventions.
Technology is concerned with the practical applications of scientific laws and theories. The
electric motor, transistor radio, colored TV and computer are technological applications of the
laws of electromagnetism.
One example that will distinguish physics from technology is the theory of space travel. The
theory (physics) was developed during Newtons time, but not the technology. Landing on the
moon was just a dream before. But with the development of the technology of space exploration,
that dream became a reality.
In this lesson you will learn more about physics and technology. After studying the lesson,
you should be able to:
trace the development of physics and technology in the Philippines and relate it to
national development; and
enumerate some developments in physics and technology which affect society and
change peoples lifestyles and thinking about nature.
15
Lets Read
How Did Physics and Technology Develop in the Philippines?
The awareness of physics and technology in the Philippines may be traced back to the
pre-Spanish era.
The early settlers in the Philippines were the Aetas, the Indonesians and the Malays. These
early settlers already had knowledge in the field of navigation. Their way of life also showed
traces of scientific concepts. For example, people were engaged in fishing, farming and mining.
They were skilled artisans, jewelers and goldsmiths. They also knew metalwork as seen in the
manufacture of their tools and weapons. They wove cloth out of abaca, cotton, banana,
pineapple and from silk imported from China. They were also engaged in ship building.
In 1521, the Spanish colonizers brought Western culture, and along with it Western
technology, to the Philippines. We learned much of the sciences, arts and letters from the
Spaniards. Agricultural industries, such as the tobacco industry, advanced during the Spanish era.
Transfer and adaptation of American physics-related technology started during the
American era. Under the American regime, our means of transportation were vastly improved.
Our old industries were expanded with the use of modern machineries and advanced technical
know-how. New industries like pineapple canning, sugar refining, ropemaking and copra drying
bloomed.
Did the early settlers in the Philippines show knowledge of scientific concepts and
principles? Cite activities or occupations they engaged in where scientific principles
were applied.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.
Do you think the Spanish and American eras significantly contributed to the
advancement of physics and technology in the Philippines? How?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 26.
16
Lets Learn
What Is the Role of Physics and Technology in National Development?
The development of physics and technology was greatly influenced by the invention of the
steam engine in 1750 and the transistor in 1948.
The invention of the steam engine took place in the Industrial Revolution. It marked the
beginning of the use of a large supply of energy.
Many of our modern technologies are physics-based and need large amounts of energy.
The products of these technologies are in the form of goods and services utilized by people.
Some examples are the use of ultrasound and radiation in medicine for diagnosis and therapy;
development in transportation, such as the automobile and light railway transit (LRT); and
advancement in communication such as satellites and wireless communication.
On the other hand, the invention of the transistor started the revolution in the
telecommunications industry and information technology. The transistor replaced the vacuum
tube, which was the most important component of radio and TV sets during the 1950s.
Compared to the vacuum tube, the transistor is lighter, compact, portable and requires very little
electric power to operate. These characteristics make the transistor a very important element in
communication devices today, especially those used in space exploration.
The invention of the transistor led to the development of electronics. It is a technology that
depends on the behavior of electrons. Today, almost all electric appliances make use of
semiconductor devices. These devices are diodes, transistors and combinations of those and
other elements contained in a very small chip of silicon called integrated circuit or IC. ICs are
the major components of computers.
Through the use of transistors and ICs, electrical devices have been transistorized,
miniaturized (made smaller) and automated. Computers and robots are used not only in various
industries but in the home as well.
Developments in physics and technology have certainly contributed a lot to national
development. In the Philippines, the key to the much-needed economic development of the
country is a comprehensive, unified and responsive science and technology program.
Recognizing the importance of having a unified science and technology program, DOST
research and development (R and D) in priority areas such as construction and industry,
information technology, electronics, metals and engineering, agriculture and emerging technologies
has been intensified. Science and technology support structures that are crucial to industrial
development are being strengthened both by the public and private sectors.
Lets Review
1.
Cite two major inventions that led to the development of physics and technology.
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
17
2.
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 26.
Lets Learn
Do you know of agencies or institutions in our country that are engaged in research and
development? Have you visited them? Some of these agencies are listed below.
1.
2.
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI). This is the seat of the first
Philippine nuclear reactor developed for research purposes. It produces radioisotopes
such as cobalt 60, phosphorus 32 and strontium 90 for researches in medicine,
industry and agriculture. The institute promotes and regulates the use of radioactive
materials in the country to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects
of nuclear radiation.
3.
National Institute of Physics (NIP). This is the seat of physics research and training
in the country. Basic studies and experiments in physics are done here. It includes
studies on plasma, lasers, solid-state physics and superconductivity.
4.
5.
Lets Learn
What major developments in physics have implications on you and society? How have they
changed peoples thinking about nature?
Physics has brought about so many things that affect people and society. The following are
major developments in physics that have implications on society and have changed peoples
thinking about nature:
Change from Ptolemys idea that the earth was the center of the universe and of
planetary motion to Copernicus view that the sun is the center of the solar
system.
18
The concepts of motion and force changed over time as new theories were proposed
by thinkers from different eras, from Aristotle to Galileo, to Newton and Einstein.
John Daltons theory that the atom was indivisible was disproved when elementary
particles such as quarks (besides protons and neutrons) were discovered in the
nucleus of an atom.
Physicists views of nature change, and these changes affect our lives and
thoughts. Since physics and technology play an important role in determining the state
of development of a country, it also affects the lifestyles and way of thinking of the
people who live in that country.
Lets Review
1.
2.
Give four important effects of the advances in physics and technology on you and on
society.
a.
_____________________________________________________________
b.
_____________________________________________________________
c.
_____________________________________________________________
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 26 and 27.
19
Scientific
Concepts
heat
sound
E
Makes work easier
Makes life pleasura
lead to noise polluti
Tricycle
TV
Computer
Cell phone
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 27.
What steps should you undertake to find out why the radio was not functioning?
__________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
2.
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 28.
Examples
LRT, jet planes
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 28.
20
Lets Remember
Physics and technology are related, but they are not the same. Physics has to do with
discovering facts and relationships between observable phenomena. Technology has
to do with tools, teachings and procedures for putting scientific findings to use.
The invention of the steam engine in 1750 ushered in the Industrial Revolution.
The invention of the transistor in 1948 started the revolution in the telecommunications
industry and information technology.
You have reached the end of the module. Congratulations! Did you enjoy studying this
module? Did you learn a lot from it? Read the following summary of its main points to help you
remember them better.
Lets Sum Up
Physics is the science that explains the relationships among the elements of the physical
universe, while technology is the application of these relationships.
Awareness of physics and technology in the Philippines may be traced back to the preSpanish era.
The invention of the steam engine in 1750 ushered in the Industrial Revolution, while
the invention of the transistor in 1948 started the revolution in the telecommunications
industry and information technology.
Computers and robots find uses not only in industry but also in the home.
Advances in physics and technology changed peoples views of nature, and their
lifestyles and ways of thinking.
21
Set A
1.
Physics
2.
Chemistry
3.
Botany
4.
Astronomy
5.
Life science
a.
b.
study of plants
c.
d.
e.
Set B
1.
Henri Becquerel
a.
discovered X rays
2.
Michael Faraday
b.
3.
Isaac Newton
c.
4.
Wilhelm Roentgen
d.
discovered radioactivity
5.
Gregorio Zara
e.
Set C
1.
a.
2.
refrigerator, washing
machine, electric stove
b.
c.
provides entertainment
d.
e.
3.
4.
tricycle, bus,
train, LRT
5.
ultrasound, X-ray
machines, stethoscope
Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 28. If you got a score
of:
03
47
811
Good! Just review the items which you did not get right.
1215
Answer Key
A.
Options b, c, d are incorrect because they all deal with living things.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Options a, c and d are incorrect because they dont answer questions about
the physical world.
6.
7.
8.
Option a is incorrect because biology deals with the study of plants and
animals; c is incorrect because geology deals with the study of the earths
interior; d is incorrect because meteorology deals with the study of the
atmosphere of the planet.
9.
10.
Options a, b and c are all correct because all principally involve physics.
11.
Options a, b and c are all correct because all are products of technology.
12.
13.
Options b, c and d are incorrect because they are not the effects of the
invention of the steam engine.
14.
Options a, b and c are all correct because they are all the important and
good effects of the invention of the transistor.
15.
23
B.
Lesson 1
Lets Try This (page 5)
1.
The two main branches of natural science are life science and physical
science. Life science is the study of living things while physical science is the study
of nonliving things.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
Physics is the most basic science because the concepts and principles of
physics are fundamental to other sciences.
2.
Johannes Kepler
Henri Becquerel
Michael Faraday
Albert Einstein
Contribu
Formulated the laws of motion
gravitation
Formulated the laws of planeta
Discovered radioactivity
Formulated the law of electrom
Formulated the theory of relati
Scientist
Arturo P. Alcaraz
Agapito G. Flores
Melecio S. Magno
Henry J. Ramos
Gregorio Y. Zara
Contribu
Made a working model of a geot
Invented the first fluorescent lam
Made contributions to meteorolo
Developed the first plasma devic
Invented the video phone and al
2.
24
Information gathered:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hypothesis:
Improper waste disposal may cause dirty surroundings, bad odor and
illness among the people in the community.
Investigation: Conduct a survey and compare the surroundings and health conditions
of people in areas where garbage is properly disposed of and those
where garbage is thrown anywhere.
Conclusion:
Application:
maintain discipline
2.
b.
c.
Devices/Acti
Flatiron, oven toaster, vacuum c
Calesa, tricycles, jeepneys, train
Weighing scale, measuring tape
See-saw, chinning bars, slide
Bell, microphone, overhead proje
Boatship
Computer, photocopier machine,
Weighing scale, stethoscope, X-
1.
astronomy
2.
geology
3.
meteorology
4.
biology
5.
physics
6.
nuclear physics
25
B.
C.
1.
Gregorio Zara
2.
3.
Galileo Galilei
4.
Albert Einstein
5.
Isaac Newton
6.
Agapito Flores
Lesson 2
Lets Think About This (page 16)
1.
Yes, the early settlers in the Philippines showed knowledge of scientific concepts
and principles. They applied this knowledge in fishing, farming, mining,
metalwork, ship building and navigation.
2.
Filipinos learned much about science, arts and letters from the Spaniards.
Agricultural industries like the tobacco industry flourished during the Spanish rule.
On the other hand, physics-related technology started during the American
regime. The means of transportation were vastly improved. New industries like
pineapple canning, sugar refining, rope making and copra making were
introduced.
The inventions of the steam engine and the transistor led to the development of
physics and technology.
2.
progress in medicine
Household chores are now easier and life has become more comfortable.
2.
People can relate and communicate with other people in other places.
Diseases are detected and diagnosed faster. There are also better methods
of treating certain diseases.
Students spend more time on computer games, surfing and chatting on the
Internet, causing them to earn poor grades.
Interaction among people is lessened because they can now work right
inside their homes.
There are now plenty of congested roads with smoke-belching cars, trucks,
buses and jeepneys.
Family ties have weakened due to lesser interaction among members of the
family.
Scientific
Concepts
heat
Sound
Tricycle
TV
Computer
mechanics
electricity, light,
sound
electronics
Cell phone
radiation
E
Makes work easier an
Makes life pleasurabl
create noise pollution
Mobilizes people
Provides entertainme
enjoyable and relaxin
Makes work faster an
information; efficient
communication
Communication beco
27
2.
a.
Check if other electrical appliances and devices are functioning. If they are,
you can rule out brownout as the reason for the radios failure to function.
b.
Principles of physics:
a.
b.
D.
Example
Development of jeepneys, cars, tru
fast craft, ships, jet planes and spa
Global communication through sat
cable TV and cell phones, fiber op
Use of ultrasound, laser beams, m
imaging, X rays, radioisotopes, fib
Application of genetic engineering
tracers
Electronic banking, robotics, finge
optics
Use of computer-aided instructions
Internet, use of fax machines and
messages, information and knowle
Set B
Set C
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
3.
3.
3.
4.
4.
4.
5.
5.
5.
28
Glossary
Life science The branch of science that deals with the study of living things.
Physics The physical science that deals with the study of matter and energy and the
transformation of energy.
Physical science The branch of science that deals with the study of nonliving things.
Science A systematized body of knowledge based on observation and experimentation.
Scientific method An orderly method that is effective in gaining, organizing and applying
new knowledge.
Technology A method of solving practical problems by applying or implementing scientific
findings.
References
Capistrano, Phondora S., et al. New Physics: Science and Technology for Fourth Year.
Philippines: Philippine Book Company, Inc., 1990.
Department of Education, Culture and Sports. Science and Technology IV. SEDP series.
Philippines: Book Media Press, Inc., 1992.
Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics. 7th ed. New York: Harper Collins College
Publishers, 1993.
Portugal, Hideliza L. and Emma F. Fondevilla. Science and Technology: Physics Metro
Manila: Vibal Publishing Books, Inc., 1993.
Salmorin, Lolita M. Science and Technology Today: Physics. Metro Manila: Abiva
Publishing House, Inc., 1990.
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