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The document discusses different types of applications. It begins by introducing applications and giving examples like sticky notes, Windows Notepad, WhatsApp, Facebook, and IRCTC portal. It then summarizes the three main types of applications: 1) Desktop applications which run on desktop/laptop computers like Microsoft Paint. 2) Mobile applications which can be downloaded for phones/tablets like Google Wallet and ICICI mobile banking. 3) Web applications which are accessed via a network/internet like ICICI net banking and the Passport Seva portal. Examples are given for each type along with screenshots.

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Java
Q
1.IT Application Overview And Features
Q
2.Need of Programming and Introduction to OOP approach
Q
3.Introduction to Java,JVM,JDK
Q
4.Operators and Variables in Java
Q
5.Introduction to class in java,access specifiers, this and static in Java
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6.Java Library, Packages, Use of import
Q
7.Conditional operations
Q
8.Basic Iterations and Arrays
Q
9.Designing Web Pages Part 1(HTML and CSS)
Q
10.Designing Web Pages Part 2 (JavaScript and JQuery)

Course Completion Quiz

1.IT Application Overview And Features

Objective
Introduction to Application Understanding
Different types of Applications with Examples
Basic Application Architecture

1.1

Introduction to Application Understanding

1.2

Different types of Applications with Examples

1.3

Basic Application Architecture

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1.4

Basic Application Functions - CRUD

1.5

Reference Links & videos

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1.1. Introduction to Application Understanding

If you manage your work without any mess with the help of alarms in a smart phone

Figure 1
Or if you are reading any posts with your tablet,

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Figure 2
You are using Applications/App.
So what exactly does an Application mean?
An application is a type of software that allows you to perform specific tasks which otherwise is very difficult to perform manually.
Before we go any further think about few computer applications you are familiar with.
Sticky Notes
You can use Sticky Notes to write a to-do list, jot down a phone number, or to do anything else that you would you use a pad of paper for.

Figure 3
Windows Notepad
Notepad is a basic text editor that you can use to create simple documents.

Figure 4
Whatsapp
WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform instant messaging subscription service for smart phones.

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Figure 5
Facebook Application
A social utility that connects people with friends and others who work, study and live around them

Figure 6
IRCTC Portal
Online Passenger Reservation System provides booking facility of Railway tickets online

Figure 7
By giving a closer look to these applications you will find that few of the applications are specially designed for Desktop/Personal computer while
few others only work on mobile devices. Similarly you will find that in order to run certain other applications you need a web browser like Internet
Explorer, Chrome etc.

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PRIYANKA
I have just submitted my quiz and on the last question ie. 20th question it was showing 19 out of 20 and when i have
submitted the quiz my score was 70 instead of 78. I cannot understand what actually has happened. Suggestions are highly
helpful.
about 2 months ago

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1.2. Different types of Applications with Examples

Broadly applications are divided broadly into three types
i. Desktop Applications
ii. Mobile Applications
iii. Web Applications
Desktop Applications Desktop Applications are applications that runs stand alone in a desktop or laptop computer.
Eg. Microsoft Paint

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Figure 8

Figure 9
Mobile Applications
Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run applications. You can also download applications for mobile devices like smart
phones and tablet computers, which opens up a lot of new possibilities. Here are a few examples of mobile applications:
Google Wallet : is a mobile payment application

Figure 10
ICICI Mobile Banking Application

Figure 11
Web Applications - are applications that are accessed over a network such as the Internet or an Intranet.
Eg : ICICI Net Banking application

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Figure 12
Passport Seva Portal to deliver passport services to citizens in a timely transparent manner.

Figure 13

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SUMANTA SAHA
According to above study material, "Web applications are applications that are accessed over a network such as the Internet
or an Intranet". Does that make every website a web application?
about 23 days ago

HARIPRASAD R
Not necessarily. Only a site that performs a particular work. A simple static site cant be taken as an application,

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mobile app on the smartphones,it is a mobile application. However when accessed with the desktop or laptop it is
a web application.

7/31/2014

about 23 days ago

VELANTISH V.

Moderator

Layers are a logical separation and tiers are a physical separation. Which means in a layers architecture the
presentation, business logic and data layer are on the same machine where as in tiers they are all located on
different physical machines.

HEMANT MAHANT
What are the examples of system having 2-tier architecture.?
about 25 days ago

ALURI REDDY
The UNIX print spooler is an example of a two-tier client-server architecture.
The client reads a file to be printed and passes the file's contents to the server. The server performs a service by
printing the file.

PALAK PARHI
logical grouping of components? what does components actually refer to?
about 2 months ago

GAMPA SOWMYA
Component actually refers to a reusable part of the software.

ABHISHEK SAH
As stated these are "software" components which are blocks of of instructions(code) each for a different purpose.
Similarly their are hardware components such as mouse,CPU , Display etc.

ANUJ PODDAR
Elements that encapsulate processing and data in a systems architecture are referred to as software
components.
A software component is an architectural entity that
encapsulates a subset of the systems functionality and/or data
restricts access to that subset via an explicitly defined interface
has explicitly defined dependencies on its required execution context
Components typically provide application-specific services.
Put another way, a software component is a locus of computation and state in a system.

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1.4. Basic Application Functions - CRUD

Each application gives the CRUD feature in its own way. CRUD is the acronym for Create, Read, Update and Delete.
Create Adding/Storing any kind of data to the application
Read - There should be a feature where by the data added can be read
Update There should be a facility to update the data created. Which user can perform this operation will depend purely on the application.
Delete There should be a way to remove the data created. Again like Update, who can perform delete operation will vary depending on the
application.

Remember that Application should follow CRUD, but not CURD

ie, Create will happen first, Update and Delete should happen only after the data is Read.

Create
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Lets take example of well-known website Google. When you first time register or create an account in this website, you have to fill certain details
and click on register or sign up button. On clicking on the button, information entered by you will be verified and added into the database and your
account will be created. This is one of the example for CREATE operation.

Similarly, adding a contact in gmail application of your Google account is also an example of create operation.

You can find these kind of options in many other websites. Creating your Facebook, twitter, IRCTC account, registering in naukary.com, even
creating an event in your Facebook account are all examples of create operation.
Whenever a new set of information is added into the database of the system, then it is a create operation.
It results in creation of new entry into the database of that web application.
Read
Lets take the example of Google again. When you log in to your Google account, a home page appears. It is a read operation. In this, the web
application retrieves the information from the application's database, corresponding to the log in credentials which you have provided and displays
it.
Viewing your profile by clicking on view profile is also an example of read operation.

When you are searching a person by their name, it is also a read operation. In this the web application will search for various user profiles with that
particular name and displays the list.
Even viewing your contact list of gmail is an example of read.

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You can relate these examples with options being provided by many other social networks and web applications.
It shows that, read is basically, retrieving data from the database and displaying it to the user.
Update
Think, you want to change some of your basic information in your Google account, then, you will click on the edit button, which will take you to the
edit profile page. It will display all the information which you have already added. You can enter the new information and by clicking on save, the
information will get updated. Old information gets overwritten by the new information in the database.

Editing the contact details in gmail account is another example of update operation.

First time while filling the information, you might have left few non-mandatory fields blank. Filling those information later is also an example of
update operation. Even removing few information (not all) like, phone number from your profile is also an example of update. Here the particular
information will be set to blank.
Basically, update is, first a read operation, which displays the information which is already present in the database of the web application and then
overwrites it with a new information.
Delete
Let us take the example of contacts in gmail. If you want to delete a contact from the contacts list, you can select the particular contact and click on
the delete button. It will delete the contact from the contacts list.

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If in future, you do not wish to use the account which you have created, then you can go for deactivation of the account. This is also an example of
the delete operation.
Now a day most of the websites do not provide direct deletion, they allow you to just deactivate the account. Few websites even have facility to
delete the account.
Delete is basically, deleting the information from the database of the website or making the information inaccessible.

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GANGISETTY VS CHANDANA
Ithink its update oeration performed Whenever a new set of information is added to the database of the sysytem ,as we are
updating the data base with new features but its given as create what is the right answer?
about 26 days ago

YUKTI

Best Answer

Whenever we make any changes to already existing information that is referred to as an UPDATE,while adding
some new information is CREATE.

SUMANTA SAHA
UPDATE is used to modify a single record in a database not the whole database. UPDATE is not applicable for the
whole database. In order to insert a new record(which you meant update) CREATE operation must be
performed.

SUMAN SINGH
When you are creating an entry, you are simply adding a new information or a new entry to the database. Where
as updating refers to changing the values of existing entries.

RIYANKA DIWAKAR
How many courses are there in java lounge?
about 1 month ago

KARTHIK ND
Why most of the websites are not providing direct deletion?
about 2 months ago

ALAMELU N
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Without reading(READ) the information that you want to delete,you cant delete(DELETE) the information.So
delete cannot be performed directly !

PAVAN K
If you perform the direct deletion that content in your account for suppose is a redundant one then it will cause a
user dilemma in selection of content so a read and the next step of deletion makes the best output and its a
reliable method of deletion

UDAYADITYA BORUAH
The point of not providing direct deletion makes the account created by the user to be again accessible in the
nearby future if he/she wishes to. This prevents repeated space allocation to a single user in the database, thereby
preventing complications, if any.

SUMANTA SAHA
PAVAN K, could you please explain about the redundat data you mentioned?

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2.Need of Programming and Introduction to OOP approach

Objective
Introduction to problem solving approach
Why problem solving
Step by step approach to problem solving
Key elements in problem solving
To introduce programming as a means to automate a solution to any problem
To understand the term 'Object-Oriented Programming'
To know about Classes and Objects in the context of Object-oriented programming
To introduce programming as a means to automate a solution to any problem
To understand the term 'Object-Oriented Programming'
To know about Classes and Objects in the context of Object-oriented programming

2.1

Introduction to problem solving approach

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2.2

Step by step approach to problem solving

2.3

Key elements required for problem solving

2.4

Evolution of Programming Approaches

2.5

Elements of Programming

2.6

Characteristics of an object

2.7

Classes and Objects

2.8

Reference Links & videos

2.2. Step by step approach to problem solving

Effective problem solving involves number of steps or stages. They are
i) Problem Identification
This stage involves detecting and recognizing that there is a problem; identifying the nature of the problem; defining the problem. This phase
also involves , structuring the problem. Structuring the problem is all about gaining more information about the problem and increasing
understanding. By spending some time defining the problem will helps to understand it more clearly and it will leads you to the next phase.

ii) Identifying possible solutions and Making Decisions

Once you complete the information gathering in the first phase, the next step is to identify all possible solutions. Once the requirements have
been finalized, we design a solution(s) to the issue. We might note the steps on a piece of paper or we might take a print out of it. Referring to
these artifacts makes our work simpler and gives us a clear idea of how to proceed with a task .Hence design becomes a very important task as
far as any system development is concerned.

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iii) Implementation
Implementation means acting on the chosen solution .This phase deals with the actual process of implementation of our design. In terms of
programming, the code would follow the design and then write code to translate the human-understandable design to a machine understandable
language. During implementation more problems may arise especially if identification of the original problem was not carried out fully.

iv) Test the outcome Testing

The outcome of our implementation needs to be tested before it is actually deployed. Similarly, all code needs to be thoroughly tested to make
sure that bugs are not present in it. If any bugs are identified, they need to be removed and the system needs to be checked again for consistency.
Hence testing is a very important phase of problem solving.
v) Deployment and Maintenance
The developed and tested outcome is finally given to the customer. The deployment phase makes sure that the software that has been
developed works fine in the customer's environment as per the customers requirements. Maintenance phase deals with the periodic updates
that might be required for the application.
Example
Let us take an example of making a cup of tea. This is a minor problem but a problem nevertheless. As a human being , we normally follow
the established process of making tea. Let us assume that we need to automate the system of making tea and we are building a tea-vending
machine. In the beginning, the tea-vending machine does not know what it needs to do and what will be the outcome of its actions. Hence we
program the machine to understand our requirements and work accordingly. Assume that we are going to instruct the machine to make tea. We
need to think of the following things
1. What should be provided as the ingredients
2. What should be done with the ingredients
3. What will be the outcome
Ingredients of tea will normally be milk,water, sugar and tea-leaves. Hence we instruct the machine to take milk, sugar and tea-leaves as the input.

Now once we have the inputs, we need to take the following steps
1.
2.
3.
4.

Boil water
Add tea-leaves
Add sugar
Add milk

We will instruct the machine to perform these steps sequentially. The machine understands this and using the inputs that were provided to it, will
solve the problem.
Finally the outcome of these steps will be tea and in the machines terms, this is called as the output.
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ANKITA SHEKHAR
What is design or a plan? Code, document, blueprint or a pictorial outline?
about 23 days ago

MOHIT SRIVASTAVA
Design is basically the outlay that how we are going to tackle the problem, let me quote an example if a bowler is
bowling a bouncer then the batsman have some shots to tackle this kind of delivery, these so called "some
shots" here is a plan of facing a bouncer ball.
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now coming to your question it can be document, pictorial outline(flow chart) or a code(module functionality will
be defined)

VELANTISH V.

Moderator

Design is a roadmap or a strategic approach for someone to achieve a unique expectation. It defines the
specifications, plans, parameters, activities and processes.

Let us consider an anology of constructing a building, before even starting with the actual construction we have a
blue print (called the plan i.e nothing but the design) which would state whether the contructed house is 2BHK or
3BHK. Where is the entrance of the room and passage. Because if there are any modifications to be done at that
point in time it can be done easily with less cost and time. Where as just imagine the to be done after/during
construction there there would be lot of cost, time and effort incurred. Similar is the case with software
development and the importance of design.
Design consists of components, classes and sequence in which it has to be implemented to arrive at the results.
This is represent by UML (Unified Modelling Language).

PRIYANKA SAWANT
What is the right ans???

about 25 days ago

MOHAMMED RAHIMAN
question:: what is done in 4th step of problem solving??
I answered TESTING......is it wrong answer????
similarly ,what is done in 3rd step of problem solving???
I answerd CODING...is it really wrng answer?????
about 2 months ago

BHAVYA PULIPATI
I also faced the same problem

PRABHAKARAN
It seems that in the question answers, they have included a step in between Identifying possible solutions and
Making Decisions and implementation namely testing the design. One of the reference links also has it like that.

PRIYANKA SAWANT
faced the same problm ..fourth step is implementation..is also wrong

SUVIGYA MITTAL
so whats the correct ans???

SAI KANUPARTHI
Same problem for me too.. This question repeated for me twice and second time I have not attempted it so to
escape from negative marking.

SOURAV CHAKRABORTY
in one of aspire modules, they listed seven steps of problem solving...its confusing

MADDI
Third step is implementing the solution.... not just coding.

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2.3. Key elements required for problem solving

Good Analytical Skills
Analytical skills are the ability to imagine, collect information, arrange it, analyse, solve complex problems, and make decisions. The ability to
organise data and draw proper correlations and then interpreting these trends in terms that are meaningful to others is called Analytical skill.
Let us look a example to understand the good analytical skills
i) Rainfall Data for past thirty years at random are supplied

ii) Organize and arrange the data

By feeding it to excel sheet or any logical approach
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Draw graphs to demonstrate the data

iii) Output
Make reasonable predictions about the extent of rain next year.
This is an example of using analytical skills.
Declarative and Imperative Knowledge
i) Declarative knowledge is factual knowledge or the knowledge of the solution. For example knowing that "A pen is used for writing" is a
declarative knowledge. Declarative knowledge is knowledge or the possession of information that is either true or false. It describes objects and
events by specifying the properties which characterize them; it does not pay attention to the actions needed to obtain a result
Take an example of a jigsaw puzzle

We know that the solution of this problem is

so this knowledge of the outcome is know as declarative knowledge.

ii) Imperative Knowledge
Continuing with the above example, although we know the result, we also need to know how to reach the result. This 'how-to' knowledge
is called as imperative knowledge. Let us consider the steps
1.Arrange the pieces according to their number
2.Turn the pieces fitting to nearby pieces.
3.Join the pieces
As we can see, if this order is followed, the puzzle would be solved. Hence the knowledge of the steps to reach the solution is called as
Imperative knowledge.
Abstraction
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A representation or model that includes the important, essential or distinguishing aspects of something while suppressing or ignoring less
important, immaterial or diversionary details is called as Abstraction. Hence abstraction is a way of managing problem complexity by focusing on
the essential details and ignoring lower level details.
An example can be taken of a refrigerator

As a user, we just need to know that a fridge can be used to preserve food materials by freezing them. Hence the user just needs to open the fridge
and put the items inside.

User does not need to know the internal functioning of the fridge, hence the wiring,electronics and other details are hidden behind the body of the
fridge. This process of hiding the irrelevant data is called as Abstraction.
Abstraction types
i) Functional Abstraction
Let see the above refrigerator example, all refrigerator contains a freezer box which can preserves the food material below zero degree
Celsius temperature. As a user we need to get the food material to be preserved but we don't need how it will be get preserved , this way of
hiding
irrelevant details or process and getting the functionality of preservation to be done is an example of functional abstraction.
ii) Data Abstraction
Let see the above refrigerator example,the inner temperature of the refrigerator is an essential data which is sensed by the sensor and refrigerator
monitors and controls the inner temperature. Here inner temperature is the internal data which is used by the refrigerator to maintain the
temperature of the fridge, which is not controlled or altered by external mechanism and is used by the functionalities of the refrigerator is an
example of data abstraction.
Knowledge in programming language

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A programming language is a computer language programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other set of instructions for a computer to
execute.

Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behaviour of a machine and/or to express algorithms precisely.

Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computer field, with many more being created every year.
Elements of a programming language are i) Syntax: structural elements of the language. Programs must be syntactically correct.
Eg: English as a language has got a certain syntax. We have predefined syllables and words like 'a' or 'cup' or 'welcome'. These words convey a
meaning to the language.
ii) Grammar: defines how syntactical elements need to be combined to form programs
Eg: Continuing the same example, English language has got a certain grammar. The grammar has to be followed to construct a proper
sentence. 'I is a boy' is grammatically wrong although syntactically correct.'I am a boy' is syntactically and grammatically correct.
iii) Semantics: defines meaning of the code
Eg: Continuing the same example, English language has got a certain semantics. 'An elephant is white and has got two legs' is syntactically ,
grammatically correct. But it doesnt make any sense. Hence it is semantically wrong.

Good programming practices

i) Good vs Bad programming

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Superior coding techniques and programming practices are hallmarks of a professional programmer. The coding techniques are primarily those that
improve the readability and maintainability of code,whereas the programming practices are mostly performance enhancements.
ii)

The readability of source code has a direct impact on how well a developer comprehends a software system.
iii) Maintainability

Code maintainability refers to how easily that software system can be changed to add new features, modify existing features, fix bugs, or improve
performance
Although readability and maintainability are the result of many factors, one particular facet of software development upon which all
developers have an influence is coding technique. The easiest method to ensure that a team of developers will yield quality code is to establish a
coding standard, which is then enforced at routine code reviews.
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2.4. Evolution of Programming Approaches

As we have seen in the previous course, for automating the solution of a problem, we need to do programming. Originally when the programming
evolved, the adopted approach was small with complex syntax and machine code. With time, as requirements increased, the logic became much
more complex with increase in the program size.
The following are the different programming approaches which evolved were:
Unstructured Programming
Structured Programming
Procedural Programming
Modular Programming
Object Oriented Programming
The initial evolution methodologies had the following disadvantages
Large volume of code and logic
Lack of information hiding
Poor readability

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Non-maintainable
Reduced reusability
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2.5. Elements of Programming

For programming to be done, we need the following
What is the information that is to be processed in the problem - Data
What are the types or ways to process the information - Logic
How will the processing happen using the logic Methodology
Structured Programming Approach
Structured approach to programming, implements a system as a collection of functions that accepts data, processes it and returns an output. A
function sometimes calls another function, when it wants to make use of the functionality defined in the other function. The flow of program
execution is based on the structure of the program written. There is more dependency between the variables and the program like a chain.
Example: C language
The way of structured programming doesn't relate to real world problem scenarios. The current problem scenarios doesn't call for functions that
operate on data, rather the scenarios have data and their associated behaviour. In such cases, the structured way of programming becomes very
huge and cumbersome. Information has to be manipulated across all functions and an association of varied information in a problem scenario is not
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possible.
Object Oriented Programming Approach
We write programs that make up software to solve a problem in real world. In real world problem domains we do not find any functions that work
on data. We find objects that are described by some state (data) and having some behaviour (functions or routines).
Object Oriented (OO) Approach to programming is about implementing a system as collection of objects that have state and behaviours,
interacting with each other to achieve expected functionalities.
Example: C++ & Java
In OO programming, the program basic entity is object. An object is any real world entity that has a well-defined structure and behaviour.
Forget programming for a while. Think about the Real World and the things that are in it. What things are objects? What things are not objects?
Look around you. You may try to list five objects and list five non-objects.

It is easier to list things that are objects than to list things that are not objects. Just to talk about something seems to make it an object, somehow.
When we observe, the humans view the world in object-oriented terms. The human brain wants to think about objects, and our thoughts and
memories are organized into objects and their relationships. Perhaps non-human brains work differently.
One of the ideas of object-oriented software is to organize software in a way that matches the thinking style of our object-oriented brains.
Look at my list of objects and your own list and try to describe what all objects have in common. What makes an object?

An object is made of tangible material (the pen is made of plastic, metal, ink).
An object holds together as a single whole (the whole pen, not a fog).
An object has properties (the color of the pen, where it is, how thick it writes.).
An object can do things and can have things done to it.

The first item in this list is too restrictive. For example, you can think of your bank account as an object, but it is not made of material. (Although
you and the bank may use paper and other material in keeping track of your account, your account exists independently of this material.) Although
it is not material, your account has properties (a balance, an interest rate, an owner) and you can do things to it (deposit money, cancel it) and it
can do things (charge for transactions, accumulate interest).
The last three items on the list seem clear enough. In fact, they have names:
i. An object has identity (each object is a distinct individual).
ii. An object has state (it has various properties, which might change).
iii. An object has behavior (it can do things and can have things done to it).
iv. This is a somewhat ordinary description of what an object is like. (This list comes from the book Object-oriented Analysis and Design, by Grady
Booch, Addison-Wesley, 1994.) Do not be surprised if other notes and books have a different list. When you start writing object-oriented software
you will find that this list will help you decide what your objects should be.
Every object has its own characteristics. Every object has 5 sets of characteristics Viz. State, Behaviour, Responsibility, Communication and Identity.
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2.6. Characteristics of an object

The five characteristics of an Object are explained below:
States of an Object: The states of an object are known by the various attributes that describe the Object. Example: If Human is an Object,
colour of Hair, number of Teeth, skin tone, etc., describe the object. These form the states of the Object, Human
More Examples:
i. Make of Tyres, Colour, Engine Type, Mileage of a Car Object.
ii. Account Number, Account Holder Name, Deposit Amount, Transaction Details in a Bank Account Object.
iii. Employee ID, Employee Name, Date of Birth, Date of Joining, Number of Dependants in an Employee Object.
Behaviours of an Object: The behaviours of an Object is known by its outcome or reaction whenever there is a change in the states of it. The
changes can also be infused by operations which are performed on the states of the object.
Examples:
Add, Update, Remove dependant information of an Employee object
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Calculate performance of the Car based on engine type and mileage

Print transaction details in a Bank Account
Responsibilities of an Object: The responsibilities of an Object are of two types namely Knowing Responsibility and Doing Responsibility
? Knowing Responsibility Knowledge of the states of the Object
? Doing Responsibility Operations performed on the states of the object
Examples:
The knowledge of the states like knowing the dependant details, retrieving date of birth of an employee are knowing responsibility.
All operational logic performed on the states of the object through its behaviours constitutes the Doing responsibility. Example: Calculate
performance of the car
Communication between Objects: In a typical problem scenario, several objects communicate with each other to perform operations, send
messages and return data.
Example: Employee object has a salary account in a bank. So both objects communicate with each other to perform all bank related transactions of
the employee.
Identity of Objects: Identity of objects as explained earlier relates to the distinctness of the object. We identify the objects in a problem
scenario based on all nouns of the project. The behaviours are identified using the verbs operated upon by the nouns
Example: Employee updating Bank Account information to Corporate Portal.
Distinct Objects: Employee, Bank Account, Portal
Behaviours: Updating the related information among the objects.
To enable understand the characteristics of an object, let us consider the following example
Consider a tube of four yellow tennis balls.

Is the tube of tennis balls an object?

Is each tennis ball an object?
Could the top two balls be considered a single object?
Is the color of the balls an object?
Is your understanding of tennis balls an object?
Answers:
Is the tube of tennis balls an object?
Yes. It has identity (my tube of balls is different than yours), it has state (opened, unopened, brand name, location), and behavior (although not
much).
Is each tennis ball an object?
Yes. It is OK for objects to be part of other objects. Although each ball has nearly the same state and behavior as the others, each has its own
identity.
Could the top two balls be considered a single object?
Not ordinarily. Each has its own identity independent of the other. If they were joined together with a stick you might consider them as one object.
Is the color of the balls an object?
No. It is a property of each ball.
Is your understanding of tennis balls an object?
Probably not, although it is unclear what it is. Perhaps it is a property of the object called "your brain."
Software Objects:
Many programs are written to do things that are concerned with the real world. It is convenient to have "software objects" that are similar to "real
world objects". This makes the program and what it does easier to think about. Software objects have identity, state, and behavior just as do real
world objects. Of course, software objects exist entirely within a computer system and don't directly interact with real world objects.
An object stores its state in fields (variables in some programming languages) and exposes its behavior through methods (functions in some
programming languages).
What are software objects made out of?
Computer Memory.
Its important to ask yourself :
What possible states can this object be in?

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What possible behavior can this object perform?

Think your table lamp may have only two possible states (on and off) and two possible behaviors (turn on, turn off), but your table radio might
have additional states (on, off, current volume, current station) and behavior (turn on, turn off, increase volume, decrease volume, seek, scan, and
tune).These real-world observations all translate into the world of object-oriented programming.
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MOUNIKA
In to how many phases can a checked algorithm can be programmed?

about 28 days ago

SAI KANUPARTHI
I think it depends on the number of steps in the algorithm.

PARIMALA PITCHIKA
Can I have examples of software objects?? Is the entire purpose of a program revolve around object?
about 2 months ago

HEMANKITA
For suppose if you have a class employee and you access it using an object e1 then e1 is a software object here.

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

I will Explain this with Example, Cat is the animals we can see in the real world.
Cat c=new Cat(); here c refers the actual object of Cat i.e new Cat().
here new is a key word which creates new object every time.
The reference c is stored in Stack memory and the actual object new Cat() stored in Heap memory.by using this
object reference we can access all attributes and methods of the class Cat. here class is a template and it acts as a
factory of objects i.e we can create any no of objects from the class.

PARIMALA PITCHIKA
Thank u all of u

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2.7. Classes and Objects

Consider this topic as introduction only. Detailed concept of class will be covered in following chapters. Hence consider code sample shared here for
reference and not implementation.
Classes are generic representations of Objects in problem scenarios. They help in generalization of the object as a template. Each object becomes
an instance or photocopy of this template.
Consider a car, for example:

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Here Car is the template having the generic states and behaviours. The states and behaviour of the template are grouped in the following manner.

class Car {
int speed = 0; //state
int gear = 1; //state
// Behaviour
void changeGear(int newValue) {
gear = newValue;
}
// Behaviour
void speedUp(int increment) {
speed = speed + increment;
}
void applyBrakes(int decrement) {
speed = speed - decrement;
}
void printStates() {
System.out.println("cadence:" + cadence + " speed:" + speed + " gear:" + gear);
}
}
All various types of Cars which follow the generalization become Objects. Example: Maruti, Volkswagen, Audi, etc.,.
Basic difference between Programming Paradigms
Functional/procedural programming:
Program is a list of instructions to the computer
Object-oriented programming:
Program is composed of a collection objects that communicate with each other
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RAJARAJESHWARI S
what is cadence in this program ? It is undefined , right??
about 19 days ago

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ABHISHEK SRIVASTAVA
System.out.print() is defined in java.io package but why we can use System.out.print() without importing java.io package
about 28 days ago

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
The System object has references to java.io.PrintStream objects embedded in it. So you don't need
to explicitly import these - the runtime can derive this information unambiguously since it was embedded at
compile-time. Note also (in case there's any confusion), java.lang is implicitly imported, hence you don't require an
import statement for System .

PALAK PARHI
what does the last function do?
about 2 months ago

MAHADEEP RAY
printStates function displays the values.

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

In last method printStates() having System,out.println() statement in this System is a predefined class
available in java.lang package, out is a static variable available in System class of type PrintStream class, this is
available in Java.io package and println() is the method available in PrintStream class, It is used to
print/display the messages on the console.

VELANTISH V.

Moderator

It displays in the console the current state of the car such as its speed and the gear(1st, 2nd or 3rd etc.) its
running with.

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Q
2.8. Reference Links & videos
Reference links
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving
http://www.mindtools.com/pages/main/newMN_TMC.ht
http://www.wikihow.com/Improve-Analytical-Skills
To know more on programming approach, visit http://www.maths.udsm.ac.tz/mujuni/mt512/Programming%20Approaches.pdf

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3.Introduction to Java,JVM,JDK
Objective

Introduction to Java
History of Java
Brief to Java Platform, JVM, JDK, JRE
Installation of JDK and its configurations
Run a sample program
3.1

What is java

3.2

History of Java

3.3

JVM- Java Virtual Machine

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3.4

JRE- Java Runtime Environment

3.5

Know more on Command Promt

3.6

Different TOOLS TO CREATE JAVA PROGRAM

3.7

Eclipse

3.8

Compileonline.com

3.9

Reference Links & videos

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3.1. What is java

Java is a programming language created by James Gosling from Sun Microsystems (Sun) in 1991. The first publicly available version of Java (Java
1.0) was released in 1995.
Sun Microsystems was acquired by the Oracle Corporation in 2010. Now oracle is owning Java.
Java is Simple:There are various features that makes the java as a simple language. because Java is easy to learn and developed by taking the best
features from other languages mainly like C and C++.
Java is Platform Independent-Java provides the facility to "Write once -Run any where"(Known as platform independent).
Java is Robust-Java has the strong memory allocation and automatic garbage collection mechanism. It carries out type checking at both compile
and runtime making sure that every data structure has been clearly defined and typed. compiler checks the program for any error and interpreter
checks any run time error that every data structure is clearly defined and typed.
Java manages the memory automatically by using an automatic garbage collector.
All the above features makes Java language robust.
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Why Java is important to internet

In a network, two very broad categories of objects are transmitted between the server and your personal computer: passive information and
dynamic, active programs. For example, when you read your e-mail, you are viewing passive data. Even when you download a program, the
programs code is still only passive data. Even when you download a second type of object can be transmitted to your computer: a dynamic, selfexecuting program. Such a program is and the server yet initiates active agent on the client computer. For example, the server to display properly
the data that the server is sending might provide a program.
As desirable as dynamic, networked programs are, they also present serious problems in the areas of security and portability
Let us begin by writing our first Java program that prints a message "Hello, world!" to the display console, as follows:
? Hello World program in java
Step 1: Write the Source Code: Enter the following source codes using a programming text editor (such as TextPad or NotePad++ for Windows
or gedit for UNIX/Linux/Mac) or an Interactive Development Environment (IDE) (such as Eclipse or NetBeans - Read the respective "How-To" article
on how to install and get started with these IDEs to see more about IDE refer the Glossary).
Save the source file as "Hello.java". A Java source file should be saved with a file extension of ".java". The filename shall be the same as the
classname - in this case "Hello".

// Write simple Hello Program in Java

class HelloWorld //Start
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello World program in java");
}// Main methods ends
}// Java class ends
Step 2: Compile the Source Code: Compile the source code "Hello.java" into portable bytecode "HelloWorld.class" using JDK compiler "javac".
Start a CMD Shell (Windows) or Terminal (UNIX/Linux/Mac) and issue this command:
before run java file you should set the path and classpath
path: to instruct compiler that where your JDK is installed
How to set the path:
set PATH=.;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0\bin(for example:
C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0\bin (Provided your jdk installed in the given path)
See the below screen shots in order to run any java program in command prompt mode

Summary:
Java is platform Independent and Portable.
Java is Robust and secured.
Java is pure object oriented language.

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3.2. History of Java

Java is released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Micro system's Java platform. In year 1991 they make a platform independent software called
it Oak. and in early 1995 Java 1.0 is officially released. This is the first version of Java as JDK1.0. After the first version, many classes, packages are
added in Java in future and new version's are released .
Java version releases
Current version of Java is Java SE7. The Key features in Java SE 7:
Strings in switch Statement
Type Inference for Generic Instance Creation
Multiple Exception Handling
Support for Dynamic Languages
Try with Resources
Java nio Package
Binary Literals, underscore in literals
Diamond Syntax
Automatic Null Handling

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Differ Version Available prior to Current Version (Java SE7)

Version

J2SE 1.4

J2SE 5.0

Java SE 6

Year of Release

Description

6-Feb-2002

This was the first release of the

java platform developed under
java community process as JSR
59. The Major Changes areassert Keyword, Regular
Expression, Exception chaining,
Image I/O API for reading and
writing images, Java Web start
included.

30-Sept-2004

New features added areGenerics, Metadata,

Autoboxing, Enumeratations,
Swing, Var args, collections
static imports etc.

11-Dec-2006

New changes are- Scripting

Language support, Improved
web service support trough
JAX-WS , JDBC 4.0 support,
support for pluggable
annotations, JVM
improvements including
Synchronization and compiler
performance optimizations,
Garbaze collection algorithms

Java Platform
JRE and JDK : See the JDK Section in detail
Java Programming Language:
Java Virtual Machines See the JVM Section in detail
Base Libraries
Integration Libraries
User Interface Libraries
Deployment
Java Deployment
Tool Specifications
JDK Tools & Utilities
Platforms

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ALURI REDDY
What is the purpose of diamond box in java?
about 18 days ago

VELANTISH V.

Moderator

Diamond symbol in java is used for generics (<>). Generally collections in java can hold any type of object such
as employee, department, suppliers. But practically we would need to narrow down collection to hold strictly
objects of just a class. That is where generics comes into picture.
You can read more details while learning collections in java.

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PILLI
what is meant by type inference for generic instance creation?????
and also about java nio package??

about 1 month ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

I answered these question in the below post

M REDDY
what is JDBC 4.0 ??
about 2 months ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent connectivity
between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases(DBs).
Features of JDBC 4.0
======================
1.Auto- loading of JDBC driver class
2.Connection management enhancements
3.Support for RowId data type
4.SQL exception handling enhancements
5.SQL XML support
6.DataSet implementation of SQL using Annotations

PARIMALA PITCHIKA
What is Type inference for generic instance creation?
about 2 months ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

In general if we want to create generic type collection we can use below syntax
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
but in java7 there is a future called Type inference in this we no need to specify the generic type String inside the
dymond brakets in the right side of ArryList object creation, we can just specify in the left portion,This is also
known as the diamond operator i.e
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
Exactly only the left side of the statement must specify the type arguments <type>, while the right side will be
inferred from the left side.

S KIRTHIKA
what is nio packagev means????
about 2 months ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

Java NIO (New Input Output) is an alternative IO (Input Output)API for Java.The main difference between Java
NIO and IO is that IO is stream oriented, where NIO is buffer oriented, IO is blocking, while NIO is non-blocking.
stream oriented means that you read one or more bytes at a time from a stream,They are not cached anywhere,
we cannot move forth and back in the data in a stream.
If we need to move forth and back in the data read from a stream, we will need to cache it in a buffer.
Java NIO is buffer oriented approach.Data is read into a buffer,we can move forth and back in the buffer.
Blocking means, that when a thread invokes a read() or write(), that thread is blocked until there is some data to
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read, or the data is fully written. The thread can do nothing else in the meantime.
Non-blocking mode enables a thread to request reading data from a channel, and only get what is currently
available,if no data is currently available. Rather than remain blocked until data becomes available for reading,the
thread can then go on and do something else in the mean time..

ALURI REDDY
Java NIO (New IO) is an alternative IO API for Java.
The differences between Java NIO and IO
1) IO is stream oriented, where NIO is buffer oriented.
2) NIO allows you to manage multiple channels using only a single (or fewer) threads, but the cost is that parsing
the data might be somewhat more complicated than when reading data from a blocking stream using standard
IO.

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3.3. JVM- Java Virtual Machine

A Java virtual machine (JVM), an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine Specification, interprets compiled Java binary code (called bytecode)
for a computer's processor(or "hardware platform") so that it can perform a Java program's instructions. Java was designed to allow application
programs to be built that could be run on any platform without having to be rewritten or recompiled by the programmer for each separate
platform. A Java virtual machine makes this possible because it is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities of the platform.
JVM is:
A specification where working of Java Virtual Machine is specified. But implementation provider is independent to choose the algorithm. Its
implementation has been provided by Sun and other companies.
An implementation Its implementation is known as JRE (Java Runtime Environment).
Runtime Instance Whenever you write java command on the command prompt to run the java class, and instance of JVM is created.
The JVM performs following operation:
Loads code
Verifies code
Executes code

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Provides runtime environment.

JDK - Java Development Kit
A Java Development Kit (JDK) is a program development environment for writing Java applications. It consists of a run time environment that sits
on top of the operating system layer and also the tools and programming that developers need to compile, debug, and run applications written in
the Java language.
The JDK (Java Development Kit) is used for developing java applications. The JDK includes JRE, set of API classes, Java compiler, Webstart and
additional files needed to write Java applications. The JDK (Java Development Kit) contains software development tools which are used to compile
and run the Java program. Both JDK and JRE contains the JVM

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PERABATHINI KIRTI
Can anyone explain what "Both JDK and JRE contains the JVM" means?
about 19 days ago

SUMANTA SAHA
JRE contains JVM & JDK contains JRE. Hence both JRE JDK contains JVM.

ANURAG MODI
Is JVM a sort of document where only specification is given?

about 1 month ago

ABHISHEK SAH
No, JVM is the Java Virtual Machine where the compiled bytecode is run/interpreted. JVM makes the java programs
platform independent. Sun has 5.5billion JVM enabled device. So a java program can be run in 5.5billion devices.
JVMs are platform specific, and they provide same environment to the bytecode for all the devices.

SREE SETTURU
what is API?
about 2 months ago

MUTHU S
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API is Application Programming Interfaces

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

Application Programming Interface (API), in the context of Java, is a collection of predefined packages, classes,
and interfaces with their respective methods, fields and constructors. In Java, most basic programming tasks are
performed by the APIs classes and packages, which are helpful in minimizing the number of lines written within
pieces of code. and it makes programmer's life easy to write code and it is reference for the programmer.

ALURI REDDY
An application programming interface (API) is a particular set of rules ('code') and specifications that software
programs can follow to communicate with each other. It serves as an interface between different software
programs and facilitates their interaction, similar to the way the user interface facilitates interaction between
humans and computers.

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3.4. JRE- Java Runtime Environment

Java Runtime Environment (JRE), also known as Java Runtime, is part of the JDK. JRE provides the minimum requirements for executing a Java
application; it consists of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), core classes, and supporting files. Thus it covers most end-users needs and contains
everything required to run Java applications on our system.
Java Environment Setup
Java installation and environment variable setup steps are clearly described in Video 6. Follow the instructions given in the video and set up the
Java environment.
Download JDK 5 or above setup for installation. Link to download latest version of java, jdk 7 is given below.
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7-downloads-1880260.html
Set the environment variables CLASSPATH and JAVA_HOME after JDK installation.

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SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
Where can i find vedio 6?? There are no vediods in this submodule.Someone do respond please. Thank you.
about 25 days ago

SWATI PARIDA
what are core classes?
about 2 months ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

The classes which are available inside java.lang package are called core classes. because we no need to import
any package to use these classes in the java program.
by default those classes and interfaces are available because java.lang package is a default package which is
known by JVM.
example:- System class, Math

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3.5. Know more on Command Promt

1. What is Command Prompt?
Command Prompt is a feature of Windows that provides an entry point for typing MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) commands and other
computer commands. The most important thing to know is that by typing commands, you can perform tasks on your computer without using the
Windows graphical interface.
When you're using Command Prompt, the term command prompt also refers to the right angle bracket (>, also known as the greater than
character) that indicates the command line interface can accept commands. Other important information, such as the current working directory (or
location) where the command will be run, can be included as part of the command prompt.
For example, if you open the Command Prompt window and see the C:\> command prompt with a blinking cursor to the right of the right angle
bracket character (>), you know that the command you enter will be run on the entire C drive of your computer.
2. How do I get to a command prompt?
Open the Command Prompt window by clicking the Start button Picture of the Start button, clicking All Programs, clicking Accessories, and then

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clicking Command Prompt.

Execute a Sample Java Program using Command Prompt
Steps to run a java program is described in Video 6. We will provide you a sample Java program for execution.
Create a java file TestClass.java and put the sample code given below in it. We will study more on how to write a Java class later in this course.
This is just to understand how to compile a Java program file and how to execute it using command prompt.

class TestClass {
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("TestClass is running fine.");
}
}
After execution of TestClass, you should get the message on the command prompt as "TestClass is running fine". Have you got the output on
command prompt / console.
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Open Doubts

Closed Doubts

GOKULKUMAR V
Where can i find the link for video 6 mentioned above?
Thanks in advance
about 1 month ago

MAHIMA
Someone please provide the link to video 6.

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3.6. Different TOOLS TO CREATE JAVA PROGRAM

Download & Install JDK:
Oracle.com hosts the latest JDK installer and also the archives of older versions of JDK installer. The latest installer could be downloaded from the
link:
http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html

If you need a previous version of Java visit the following link:

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/archive-139210.html

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After the download is complete, double click the installer and follow the installation process. Follow the recommended settings during installation.
Depending on the location that was chosen to install the JDK, you would see the following contents.
The outer most folder that has all the installed contents is generally referred to as Java Home.
So, as the per the below installation, the Java Home directory is C:\jdk1.5.0

The developer frequently needs an access to the java compiler (javac) and java interpreter (java). These tools come along with JDK and you will find
them under the bin folder in Java installation folder.

To enable to developer to use these tools from any directory in the command prompt, we set these values in the operating system environment
variable.
Configure JDK:
Environment variables are key and value pair. PATH is one of the environment variable (key). It's value is a collection of more than 1 directory path.
Operating system uses the PATH variable to scan all the directory when a user want to execute a tool without mentioning the installation path.
eg. PATH = C:\jdk1.5.0\bin; C:\Program Files\Intel\iCLS Client\; C:\Program Files\IBM\Trace Facility\
As you can see, the delimeter (;) is used to separate multiple directory mentioned as a value to the PATH environment variable.
To set and environment variable, right click on Computer icon, and select Properties.

It will open Control Panel Home as shown below:

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Right click on the Advanced system setting, it will open System Properties as shown below.

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Setting up eclipse
Now we need to make sure of certain things before proceeding with the creation of Java Project. We should set up environment for running
programs in eclipse.
2.1 Compiler compliance level
Right click Window and select Preferences.

Preferences window is opened. Now select Compiler from Java

Compiler compliance level can be changed here. Select the appropriate version from drop down and click OK.

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In the above scenario previous version was 1.6 which is now changed to 1.5
2.2 Installed JREs
You can also add/remove JRE definitions using Installed JREs from Java of Preferences tab.

Now the default JRE is already checked in the Installed JREs, you can add new JRE using Add button and to remove, select the existing JRE and
click Remove button.

On clicking Add a window is opened where you need to select JRE Type

Select the type of JRE and click Next. Now you need to add JRE definition, for this you need to click on Directory.

Choose the appropriate folder from the respective location and click OK
Now the library files related to the new definition are added. Click Finish to add it.

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Select default JRE and click OK.

Now the setup is done.

3. Create Java Project

Right click anywhere in the Project Explorer area. Select New Project.

A wizard to create new project will appear. Select Java Project from the list of options available. Click Next.

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It opens a wizard to configure few setting for the new project. Enter the project name of your choice eg. FirstJavaProject. Make sure your have
select the below highlighted options. Click Finish.

Eclipse may ask you to open the associate perspective. Click Yes.

4. Project Directory.

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5. Create Java Class

Right click on src folder. Select New Class

Reconfirm the location where you want the class to be created its is in the src folder.
Enter the package name tcs.ilp
Enter the class name - MyFirstJavaProgram

Eclipse created a package tcs.ilp under the src folder. It also creates a java file MyFristJavaProgram.java. Double click on the
MyFristJavaProgram.java and eclipse opens the contents of the file in a window.

Add the main method and a simple print statement.

6. Execute the Java program

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Right click on the file MyFirstJavaProgram. Select Run As Java Application.

Here you do not need to compile the java file as eclipse does it for us automatically. We just need to run the program. Eclipse provides a console
window where you can see the output of the program that you executed as Java Application.

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Open Doubts

Closed Doubts

SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
What does the following statements mean?
1.Use an execution environment JRE
2.Use a project specific JRE
about 7 days ago

SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
I have installed jdk 1.8.0_11. Now which eclipse package should I install inorder to run java programs? Please help me. I'm
confused.... Thanks in advance.
about 7 days ago

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SAILESH SEERA
windows 64bit it was not opening
about 8 days ago

MEGHA GOYAL
I am unable to find Eclipse Galileo for Windows 64 bit... plz provide link for it...
about 15 days ago

VISHWA DEEPAK
I think Eclipse Galileo is not available for windows 64 bit. is it ? if yes please provide the link for download .
about 18 days ago

ATUL VISWANATH
Download Eclipse Luna ver 4.4 64-bit instead!

ABHISHEK SAH
What is the difference in using Eclipse Galileo, eclipse juno or myeclipse ?
about 20 days ago

SOURAV GHOSH
Eclipse Galileo and Eclipse Juno represent codenames for two different release versions of Eclipse. Instead of using
the traditional version numbers directly for branding, each simultaneous release versions are given code names.
Presently, the versions are named using words whose first letter increments by one with each successive release
version. For example, Eclipse Galileo is followed by Eclipse Helios, Indigo, Juno, Kepler, and the latest version
to-date, Eclipse Luna.

SRIJAN GUPTA
in the given link eclipse galileo for 32 bit windows system can be downloaded.. will it run in 64 bit system also??
about 21 days ago

RAJENDRA LAMROR
no
download for 64 bit

SOURAV GHOSH
Yes, it will run. A 64 bit OS can run both 64 bit software as well as 32 bit software. However, 32 bit OS can only
run 32 bit software. So, if you have 64 bit OS running on your system, you can download either 32 bit eclipse or
64 bit eclipse. Both will run perfectly on your system. However, I'd recommend that you install the same bit
length JDK on your machine, i.e. if you install 32-bit version of eclipse you should link it with a 32-bit version of
JDK, and vice versa.

RIZWANA AHMAD
hey...
i downloaded java from the link provided but i somehow ended up at jdr 1.7 n eclipse dont support that, can anyone plz give
me the correct link of jdk n jre for windows 8.1 64bit...!! im stucked at this point from 2 days..plz help :(

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4.Operators and Variables in Java

Objective
Understand Java Variables
Understand numeric data types, basic operations and expressions and operator precedence.
Perform simple and complex numeric computations
Ability to choose right numeric data types and order of computation
Understanding this keyword
4.1

Java Variables

4.2

Static Variables and Functions

4.3

Numeric Data types

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4.4

Operators

4.5

String

4.6

Reference Links & videos

4.7

Practice Problems

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4.1. Java Variables

In Java, the attributes in classes are called as Variables.
A variable is a container that holds values that are used in a Java program.
Variable is declared with a type of data it stores.
All variables should be declared before they are used in the program.
As shown below, variables have a name, value and type.

Variable declaration

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The basic form of a variable declaration is shown:

<data type> <variable name> = <initial value>
Example:
int age =20;
Here age is a variable of type integer with initial value of 20.

Note:Product.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.

Types of Variables
Member / Instance variables:
Instance variables are declared in a class, but outside a method, constructor or any block.
Access modifiers such as private, public, protected can be specified for instance variables.
They are visible for all methods, constructors and blocks in the class.
Values can be assigned during the declaration or within the constructor.
Example 1:
In this example we can see how to declare and assign initial value to the variables. We can also see the access modifiers used with the variable
declaration. Here we have used private access modifier.

Note:Product.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.
Example 2:
This example demonstrates the default values of instance variables.

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Note:Employee.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.
The default initial values of the data members of Employee class are as shown below:
name is null (as it is a String object reference)
id is 0(as it is primitive type : integer)
basicSalary is 0.0 (as it is primitive type : float)
Local variables
Local variables are declared inside methods, constructors or blocks.
Access modifiers cannot be used for local variables.
They are visible only within the declared method, constructor or block.
There is no default value for local variables. So local variables should be declared and an initialized before its first use.
Example:
This example demonstrates how to declare and use local variables.

Note:Calculator.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.
Here "d" is the local variable created inside the calculation method.
Parameters
Parameters are the list of arguments that come into the function. Parameters are used to pass values to functions and to receive values in a
function.
Example: This example demonstrates to how to use parameters to receive values.

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Here we are using int a, int b as parameters to receive values sent to add method.
Note:Calculator.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.
Example 2:
This example demonstrates to how to use parameters to send values to functions.

In c.add(a,b) a and b act as parameters, which are used to send values to add method.
Note: Until, you will not include import statement or if both programs (Tester.java, Calculator.java)
are not in same package that program will not run.
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Closed Doubts

ORUGUNTA MEGHANA
i am not able to see figure examples for this topic only,,is this happening to anyone else also??
about 1 month ago

VISHNU PRAKASH
Try changing the security settings in your browser.

KRISHNA DHARMARAJ
ya I am also facing the same problem

POORNIMA MURUGESAN
Try in chrome. I had the same problem in mozilla.

NANDHINI R
I too had the same problem..open the image in a new window and you can view it..It worked for me..

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BALAJI PATRO
wat settings do we hav to change?

KALYAN PILLA
The CA certificate provided by campus commune is not identified by most browsers.
If you ever had to "Add Exception" to SSL certificate provided by nextstep, this can be your problem.
Solution:
1. Right click on the place holder for the image
2. Select Open Image in a new tab
3. Add Exception when a Security Warning appears ( Now the images, probably present on a different server,
are allowed)
4. Continue browsing the course in a usual manner. Now, the images will load.
This worked for me with Chrome on Trisquel.

PRIYANKA MUKHERJEE
Open the image in a new window.

PAYAL DASH
i hv nt yet cmpleted my task but it shows dat u r failed n my 2nd chance also faited,....how can it be????
about 1 month ago

ABDUL HAQ
Can any one please tell me what are the access modifiers??

about 2 months ago

VIDHI MITTAL
Access modifiers basically mean the way in which each variable or method can be accessed. java supports public,
protected and private access modifiers.

ABDUL HAQ
Thanks Mittal ji

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

In java there are four Access Modifiers are available
1)public String name;// public is accessible to any where or any package
2)private String name;// private is accessible only with in the class
3)protected String name; // protected is accessible with in the class or with in the same package and the classes
which are inherited even though they are in different packages
4)String name; // this is the default one we can not specify any thing.is accessible with in the class or with in the
same package
the default can access in the same class and other classes which are in same package. it is also calledpackageprivate or default or friendly access? modifier.

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4.2. Static Variables and Functions

Static Variables
i. Class variables also known as static variables, are declared with the static keyword in a class.
ii. These are declared outside a method or constructor.
Eg: public static int count = 0;
iii. The basic concept behind static is, there would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how many objects are created
from it.
iv. That means, for a static field, regardless of the number of instances created, will hold the same data across all objects.
v. If the value in static variable is changed, it is reflected in all objects. On the other hand, non-static fields of objects store their individual state.
The value of a non-static field (also called instance variables) is unique for every instance / object.
vi. Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program stops.
vii. Default values are same as instance variables. For numbers, the default value is 0; for boolean, it is false; and for object references, it is null.
viii. Values can be assigned during the declaration or within the constructor.
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ix. Static variables in a class can be accessed from a second class by calling with the class name of the first. ClassName.variableName. Thus we can
see that the static variables are not called by objects. It is directly called with class name.
Example 1:
Following example demonstrates how to declare and use static variables.

Note: StaticExample.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.

In StaticExample class we have declared a static variable called num.

In TestStatic class we are accessing that variable.
We have created object of StaticExample class in TestStatic class to access the attributes and methods of StaticExample class.
Since num is a static variable, we can access it directly with the class name, before creating object of that class.
Static Functions
Through these courses we have already come across a static function. Can you guess? Yes, its nothing but the main method which we used to test
the classes and functions which we write.
Static methods are conceptually the same as static variables, thus the reasons to use or not use them are similar. They belong to the class, not
specific objects of that class. There is no need of a logical instance variable to call these methods. That is, if a method needs to be in a class, but not
tied to an object, then it make it static. If the method is more logically part of an object, then it should not be static.
Main is static because JVM can call main without creating an object first. It probably simplified the design of the JVM.
Static methods are also accessed by calling the method with the class name. ClassName.methodname.
Example: This example demonstrates use of static methods.

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Note: Calculator.java example which is been given that can not be executed as main method is not there.

Here add is a static method written in calculator class. We are accessing that in TestCalculator class.
Since it is static method we can access it without creating object of that class, directly with the classname.
Points to remember
1. Static methods can't use non-static, instance variables directly.
2. Static methods can't use non-static, methods directly.
That means, if a static method need to access a non-static variable or method, then first create an object and using that object you need to access
the method or variable.
This is because; static members which are related directly to class cannot see instance variable state and behaviour.
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Unary Operators
The unary operators require only one operand. They work with single operands.
Example:
count ++; // Existing value in variable count is incremented by 1.
count --; // Existing value in variable count is decremented by 1.
Binary Operators
Binary operators work with two operands or variables.
Example:
int age = 35; // value 35 assigned to variable age.
int x = 5; int y = 3;
int z = x + y; // adding values of two variables and assigning result to another variable.
Ternary Operators
In ternary operator, takes 3 components: condition, true result, false result. This operator is having a ? and :. It looks like result = condition ? value
1 : value 2
Example:
int a = 10;
int x = a > 0 ? 1: 0; // checking a > 0, if yes returns 1, if no returns 0.
Precedence of Operators
Java has well-defined rules for specifying the order in which the operators in an expression are evaluated when the expression has several
operators. For example, multiplication and division have a higher precedence than addition and subtraction. Precedence rules can be overridden by
explicit parentheses.
Precedence Order:
When two operators share an operand the operator with the higher precedence goes first. For example, 1 + 2 * 3 is treated as 1 + (2 * 3),
whereas 1 * 2 + 3 is treated as (1 * 2) + 3 since multiplication has a higher precedence than addition.
Associativity:
When two operators with the same precedence the expression is evaluated according to its associativity. For example x = y = z = 17 is treated as x
= (y = (z = 17)), leaving all three variables with the value 17, since the = operator has right-to-left associativity (and an assignment statement
evaluates to the value on the right hand side). On the other hand, 72 / 2 / 3 is treated as (72 / 2) / 3 since the / operator has left-to-right
associativity.
Precedence and associativity of Java operators:

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The table below shows all Java operators from highest to lowest precedence, along with their associativity. Here, operators with the highest
precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be
evaluated first.
For more information on precedence and associativity you can visit the following link.
http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/operators.html

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4.5. String
Strings are an incredibly common type of data in computers. Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of characters. In
the Java programming language, strings are objects.
Java string is a series of characters gathered together, like the word "Hello", or the phrase "practice makes perfect". Create a string in the code by
writing its chars out between double quotes.
Following are some of the ways to instantiate a java String
String str1 = "Hello";
String str2 = new String("Apple");
String str3 = new String(char []);
Methods:
There are methods for:
- concatenating two strings - concat() ,+

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Result:

- getting the character at a given position within the string -- charAt() .By using indexOf() method you get get the position of the sepcified string
or char from the given string. You can also get the index strting from a specified position of the string.
ex:
charAt( int index )
@Returns the char value at the specified index

will result as

Combining charAt() with another String method, we can get the final character of any String, regardless of length:

will result as

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- seeing if a character or string exists within a string -- indexOf()

By using indexOf() method you get get the position of the sepcified string
from a specified position of the string.

or char from the given string. We can also get the index strting

Output is

- getting the number of characters in a string -- length()

Example:
Output:

- extracting a substring from a string substring()

The substring begins with the character at the specified index and extends
is given.

to the end of this string or up to endIndex - 1 if second argument

Syntax of this method:

public String substring(int beginIndex)
or
public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
Note:
beginIndex -- the begin index, inclusive.
endIndex -- the end index, exclusive.
Example:

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4.6. Reference Links & videos

Additional videos are listed below

Course Completion Quiz

Q
4.7. Practice Problems
1. Write a program to find the difference between sum of the squares and the square of the sums of 2 numbers?
2. Develop a program that accepts the area of a square and will calculate its perimeter.
3. Utopias tax accountants always use programs that compute income taxes even though the tax rate is a solid, never-changing 15%. Write a
program that calculates net pay of an employee based on number of hours the employee has worked. Assume an hourly rate of $12.
4. An old-style movie theater has a simple profit program. Each customer pays $5 per ticket. Every performance costs the theater $20, plus $.50
per attendee. Develop the program that accepts the number of attendees (of a show) and calculates how much income the show earns.
5. Develop the program which computes the height that a rocket reaches in a given amount of time. If the rocket accelerates at a constant rate g,
it reaches a speed of g t in t time units and a height of 1/2 * v * t where v is the speed at t.
6. Develop a program that accepts the length and width of a rectangular floor and the edge length of a square tile and will compute the whole
number of tiles needed to cover the floor completely.
Click here to download the Solutions

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Open Doubts

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SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
In the solution to the first problem the numbers taken are integers and the result would surely be an integer.Then why is the
result stored in a variable of double data type instead of int data type? Thank You.
about 24 days ago

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5.Introduction to class in java,access specifiers, this and static in Java

Objective
Introduction to Classes
Declaration of Classes
Declaration of instance variables
Declaration of methods
Object and Object creation
Access Modifiers
Constructors
Use of this Keyword
Examples for this keyword
Static keyword
5.1

Introduction to Classes

5.2

Objects or Instances

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5.3

Constructors and Access Specifiers

5.4

Use of this Keyword

5.5

Static Keyword

5.6

Practice Problems

5.7

Reference Links & videos

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Declaration of Methods
A method is a program module that contains a series of statements that carry out a task. To execute a method, you invoke or call it from another
method; the calling method makes a method call, which invokes the called method. Any class can contain an unlimited number of methods, and
each method can be called an unlimited number of times.
The syntax for method declaration is as given below. Java main method is given as an example.

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SHYAM VASANI
What is the last date for completion of Tech Lounge section?
about 17 days ago

SHABU K V

Moderator

Day before you join TCS. In fact ILP will be a continuation of tech Lounge and better you prepare Tech Lounge
easier it is to do ILP

SIDDHARTH GOSALIA
Should a java class name necessarily begin with an upper case letter? Is it a rule?
about 26 days ago

KALYAN PILLA
All PUBLIC class names begin with an upper case letter by "convention".

SAI KANUPARTHI
It is not a rule but we follow to understand conventions easily.

ABHISHEK SAH
It is not a rule,i.e you will not get an error if your class name does not start with upper case letter but Java has some
naming "convention"/recommendations which is followed mostly for the easy of developer too.
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You can get all the Java naming conventions: http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2011/08/java-namingconventions.html

SHANKAR PAUL
Why string is given as arguments to the main function in java?
about 2 months ago

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
Well it is how the method signature is defined for main in jvm. You try as int args. ... it will compile but won't run.
Because main doesn't match the signature as defined in jvm. String is the most common object in java.

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
https://www.google.co.in/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&ei=ZdaFU7uxJMSkkQXTuYGACQ&url=http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10183611/usingint-instead-of-string-public-static-void-main-intargs&cd=1&ved=0CCcQFjAA&usg=AFQjCNFXSz7LpKgUNoCiI2Dux7dcKO1rVA&sig2=kAyqyVw8w1AY7UwW1cyJYw

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

The main method of java takes String array i.e String[] args as parameter not String.
arguments are helpful to pass parameters to the main program
when you are trying to run a java program, JVM will search the main method with String array as argument to
start the execution of the program from there. As the method you are given is not with that signature, so it will
raise an exception No main method found

ABHISHEK SAH
The String []args is an array of string which is passed to main. args is the array name here and basically it is helpful
in taking "command line arguments". Command line arguments are values passed when you type the run
command for the program. Eg: c:/> java Test 23 45
Here 23 and 45 are stored in this String array and can be used in the program.(Test here being the class name.)

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Consider the above start operation for a Car. When the car is started ,it is affecting the state of the engine.

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Creating an Object:

As mentioned previously, a class provides the blueprints for objects. So basically an object is created from a class. In Java, the new key word is used
to create new objects.
There are three steps when creating an object from a class:
Declaration: A variable declaration with a variable name with an object type.
Instantiation: The 'new' key word is used to create the object.
Initialization: The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call initializes the new object.
Example of creating an object is given below:
ClassName ObjectReferenceVariableName = new ConstructorName();
Vehicle

car= new Vehicle();

Refer the below Vehicle class.

We are creating three objects truck, bike and a car from Vehicle class.

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Accessing Instance Variables and Methods using Objects:

/* call a variable as follows */

ObjectReference.variableName;
/* Now you can call a class method as follows */
ObjectReference.MethodName();
How objects communicates each other?

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SHRUTI SINHA
What is meant by 'make' attribute of car class?? What does it actually supposed to store?
about 22 days ago

SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
What does the phrase "Methods of an object" exactly mean? Thank You.
about 24 days ago

LAKSHMI SHANKHWALKER
In a class you define variables and functions. Like class Car above, model is a variable and start() is a function.
these functions are called as methods. when you create an object of the class say Alto, Alto has a model and a
start() method. method is some function an object can do, or can have done to it.

SRIKAVYA PINGALI
Class is a keyword....I marked it as true but marks got deducted.....Please tell me if I m wrong...!!!
about 1 month ago

ASHUTOSH JHA
Its "class"..I guess you did not notice the caps C

SARANYA P
Can we create instance variables without access specifiers? If yes, what is the major difference between creating instance
variables with and without access specifiers??
ie. Instance variable without public or private.
about 1 month ago

AMARDEEP BURNWAL
instance variable without access specifier is considered as 'default' access specified.

ANAND NARLA
Can we create a class without a constructor?
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about 2 months ago

HARISH VALUROUTHU
yes anand we can create a class without a constructor

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

Yes in java we can create a class with out a constructor ...in this case java compiler will provide a default
constructor(a constructor with out having any parameters) at the time of compilation.

ALURI REDDY
YES
If you don't specify a constructor, a default constructor will be generated by the compiler.

SHANKAR PAUL
what is the use of this keyword?
about 2 months ago

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
This keyword is used as a default object reference which refers the current object. This is used in constructor to
initialize variables or in methods to indicate the data with which the method should be executed. Default object
reference to current object is this.

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

The keyword this is always represents the current object,that means inside class Test if i am using this keyword
that represents the object of Test.
example:class Test{
int age;
String name;
public Test(int age,String name){
this.age=age;
this.name=name;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
Test t=new Test(28,"Ramu")
}
}
in the above example age and name are instance varibles.
the constructor Test takes two parameters age and name same as instance varible.
To differentiate the instance variables with constructor parameters we have to specify the current object using
this keyword. that means this.age refers the instance variable age but not constructor parameter age. and also
this.name refers the instance variable name but not constructor parameter name.
hope this one is clear!

ALURI REDDY
In java, this is a reference variable that refers to the current object.
Usage of this keyword
1)this keyword can be used to refer current class instance variable.
2)this() can be used to invoke current class constructor.
3)this keyword can be used to invoke current class method (implicitly)

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ABHISHEK SAH
Which access specifier is most suitable for constant values? (Asked in the quiz.)

about 17 days ago

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MADDI
static is the most suitable one because its value is shared by all the objects.

SIDDHARTH GOSALIA
"Variables that are declared private can be accessed outside the class if public getter methods are present in the class." What
does this statement mean?
about 26 days ago

VAIBHAV CHAUDHARY
As u can see in above example Satellite class can access "number of passengers" variable which is declared private in
Flight class with the help of "getNumberOfPassengers" method in Flight class which is declared public in Flight class.
As per the rule variables declared with private access specifiers can be accessed only with in the class so if some
other class wants to access a private variable they must access that variable using a public method of that class (i.e
in case of above problem using getNumberOfPassengers method ).That means you can not access the private
variable directly but you can access it with the help of public method in the same class.

MOHAMMED RAHIMAN
questn::Which of these is used as default specifier for a member of class if no access specifier is used for it ???
a) private
b) public
c) public, within its own class
d) protected
I answered (a)....since default access specifier for class members is private(strictly speaking package-private)...though it
deduced my marks..
similarly,, questn::Which of these is used to access member of class before object of that class is created?
a) public
b) private
c) static
d) protected
here..i went with (c),,since for static members can be accesed without any object creation and
instantiation,,where we can call the static members prefixed with its classname.....finally it too turned out be
the wrng answer......
are they really wrong answers..plzzz let me kno abt your ideas on those questns.....
THANXin advance...

about 2 months ago

ANBU SELVAM
I also suffered with the same problem...

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

For the first questions there is no suitable answer in that list...as you mentioned private is not a packageprivate, default(no modifier) is the package-private.
For the second question static is the correct answer.

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PRIYANKA SAWANT
the ans to the first q is public ,within its own class.
bcz default access specifier allows a class to be accessed by other classes within the same package.

DIVYA PANICKER
Answer for the first question is "public within its own package". When default specifier is used for the member of a
class it can be accessed from any class within the same package.
Answer for the second question is "static"

SHANKAR PAUL
As mentioned earlier there are four access specifiers in java.What is the fourth access specifier and what are its properties?
about 2 months ago

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
The fourth is simply referred as default. Public private protected and default. But while I was attending a class my
teacher called the default specifier as "friendly"

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
http://javapapers.com/core-java/access-modifiers-in-java-explain/

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

In java there are four Access Modifiers are available
1)public String name;
2)private String name;
3)protected String name;
4)String name; // this is the default one we can not specify any thing.
the default can access in the same class and other classes which are in same package. it is also called packageprivate or default or friendly access? modifier.

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5.4. Use of this Keyword

There can be a lot of usage of this keyword. In java, this is a reference variable that refers to the current object.

Example on this keyword

If there is ambiguity between the instance variable and parameter, this keyword resolves the problem of ambiguity.
Understanding the problem without this keyword

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Let's understand the problem if we don't use this keyword by the example given below:

In the above example, parameter (formal arguments) and instance variables are same that is why we are using this keyword to distinguish between
local variable and instance variable.
Solution of the above problem by this keyword

Solution of the above problem by with out using this keyword

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Ask a doubt

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Closed Doubts

AMALA VANKAYALA
How the problem got solved without using this keyword. what is the function of the value
about 2 months ago

PREETHI PATTABIRAMAN
It's just a variable name. You can even name it x y z etc. And it'll work fine.

TEJASWINI
This is because the instance variables used in the class Vehicle are not same as that of the parameter names in
the constructor Vehicle.

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5.5. Static Keyword

Static variables are also known as Class variables. Static variables are declared with the static keyword in a class, but outside a method, constructor
or a block.
There would only be one copy of each class variable per class, regardless of how many objects are created from it.Static variables are stored in static
memory.
Static variables are created when the program starts and destroyed when the program stops.
Visibility is similar to instance variables. However, most static variables are declared public since they must be available for users of the class.
Default values are same as instance variables. For numbers, the default value is 0; for Booleans, it is false; and for object references, it is null. Values
can be assigned during the declaration or within the constructor.
Static variables can be accessed by calling with the class name . ClassName.VariableName.

Consider the below class Vehicle, here manufacturteName is declared as static and getManufactureName() method also declared as static.
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OUTPUT is:

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SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
The class Vehicle is closed only after main method then the private variables are available to the main method also. Now what
is the need of the method "getManufactureName" in the program? Thank you.
about 24 days ago

KALYAN PILLA
The method getManufactureName() is not of much importance in the given example. However, if you were to
access the variable 'manufactureName' from another class (eg., if your main was in another class) the method
getManufactureName() would be necessary.
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BSANJAYA
anyone completed programs and uploaded??
about 1 month ago

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5.6. Practice Problems

Note:
All attributes to be private for below classes.
Declare public getters and setters as per required.
Declare constructor which takes required parameters.

1. Declare class Calculator with attributes:

double valueOne, double valueTwo
Write below methods in this class and test those methods:
Add() //addes two values
Subtract() //subtracts valueTwo from valueOne
Multiply() // multiplies valueTwo and valueOne
Divide() //Divides valueTwo with valueOne. Returns 0 of valueOne is 0.
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2. Declare class Triangle with below attributes:

double base, double height, double sideOne, doubleSideTwo
Write below methods in this class amd test those methods:
GetArea() // return area of the triangle
GetPeremeter() //return peremeter of the triangle
3. Declare class Cuboid with below attributes:
length, width, height
write below methods in this class and test those methods:
GetSurfaceArea() // return surface area of the cuboid
GetVolume() // return volume of the cuboid

4. Create class BankAccount with below attributes:

customerId, accountId,balance
write below methods in this class and test those methods:
DepositAmonut(double amount) // adds the amount to existing balance and returns new balance
WithdrawAmount(double amount) // deducts the amount from existing balance and returns new balance.
// however, if amount is greater than balance, returns -1
AddInterest(double percent) // adds amount based on interest percentage and returns new balance
5. Declare class Associate with below attributes:
id, grade (can be A/B/C), designation (can be J/M/S), basicPay
//basic pay for designation J = 10000, M = 15000, S = 20000
Write below methods:
PromoteEmployee(char newDesignation) //Check if new designation is not equal to or
less than current. If yes, return -1. else return 1 after promoted.
CalculateSalary()
Guidelines for CalculateSalary():
Grade A: HRA as 15%, DA as 25%
Grade B: HRA as 10%, DA as 20%
Grade C: HRA as 5%, DA as 15%
Designation: S : Add designation pay as 50% of basicPay
Designation: M : Add designation pay as 40% of basicPay
Designation: J : Add designation pay as 20% of basicPay
6. Declare class Time with below attributes:
hour, minute, second
Write below methods:
GetCurrentTime() //return Stirng as hh:mm:ss
Addtime(int hh, int mm, int ss) // adds seconds, minutes and hours to existing time and returns new time in hh:mm:ss format
SubtractTime(int hh, int mm, int ss) // subtracts seconds, minutes and hours to existing time and returns new time in hh:mm:ss format
Click here to download the solutions

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6.Java Library, Packages, Use of import

Objective
a) Introduction to Packages and Imports
b) Understanding Java Libraries
c) More on access specifiers
6.1

Packages

6.2

Import Statement

6.3

More on Access Modifiers and Java Libraries

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Reference Links & videos

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6.1. Packages
A package is a namespace that organizes a set of related classes and interfaces, providing access protection and name space management.
Conceptually packages can be thought of as similar to different folders on the computer. Packages are used in Java to prevent naming conflicts, to
control access, and to make searching/locating and usage of classes easier.
Java platform provides a very large library of classes and interfaces organized into different packages known as Application Programming Interface
or API. Some of the packages in Java API Library are:
java.lang - bundles the fundamental classes
java.io - classes for input, output functions are bundled in this package
Because software written in Java can be composed of hundreds of individual classes, programmers can define their own packages to group related
classes together. It is a good practice to organize by grouping related classes and interfaces into packages so that a programmer can easily locate
and find the classes he needs.
Since the package creates a new namespace there won't be any class name conflicts with other class names in other packages.

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Eg: Both java.awt and java.util packages have a class called List. There is no naming conflict because the two List classes are part of two
different packages.
Using packages, it is easier to provide access control and it is also easier to locate the related classes.
Eg: Consider a scenario where a bank has many employees. New employees are added, some may resign from bank, so those employees need to
be removed from bank. Many customers come to the bank to get services. Customers open account, deposit money to account, withdraw money
from account etc.
Here we have different objects and so different classes need to be created. If it is going to be a large application, it will be difficult to manage all the
files without using packages. Also if we want to set different visibility, like Customer should not see the details of Employee, packages can be used
to organize and set visibility using access modifiers.
Implementation of Packages in Java
The package in Java is represented using the keyword 'package'. The package statement is written with the keyword 'package' followed by the
name of package and ends with a semi colon.
Syntax: package packagename ;
Eg:
package employee ;
package com.tcs.employees ;
The package statement should be the first line in the source file. There can be only one package statement in each source file, and it applies to all
types in the file.
Creating packages in Eclipse IDE
Step1: Create a package in eclipse and provide a name for the package as shown below. Package name can be a one word name or multiple words
separated by a dot.
Eg: com.tcs.employees (or) employee

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Step 2: Create classe(s) inside the employee package. The java class file should have package statement as the first line. In the screenshot below
you can see the employee package. The classes Employee.java and TestEmployee.java are created under this package. You can see that the first
line in Employee.java is the package statement.

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DIVJYOT MAKKAR
Are static members visible outside the package?
What is static import?
What are wrapper classes?Is java.lang.void a primitive wrapper class?
about 16 days ago

SWARNADEEP SAHA
Hi,
Visibility and access does not depend on static keyword. To use the static member outside of the package it must
be public.
like. public static <whatever>

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SWARNADEEP SAHA
The normal import declaration imports classes from packages, so that they can be used without package
reference. Similarly the static import declaration imports static members from classes and allowing them to be
used without class reference. (source : http://javapapers.com/core-java/what-is-a-static-import-in-java/)

A wrapper class wraps primitive data type and give them an object appearence.
I think there are only 8 of that type. Byte, Short, Integer, Long, Float, Double. Charecter and Boolean. If you find
that void is also one of them please let me know.

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6.2. Import Statement

A package is to group related classes or other type of files together. The classes and other types under a package are called as package members.
So as we saw above, we have grouped all files into different packages.
If a class wants to access/use another class/member from the same package, the class need not be imported. Classes/members within the same
package can access each other without importing them.
But in the scenario where the classes belonging to different packages need to access each other, the class belonging to the other package must be
imported into the class that wants to use it.
The classes are imported using import statements. Import keyword is used to import the classes from different packages. Import keyword is
followed by the fully qualified name of the class which includes the package name under which the class is present.
Eg: import java.util.Date ;
In the example below the Employee class is imported into the TestEmployee class.

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You can see in the above example, the TestEmployee class is under the test package. You can also see the import statement to import Employee in
TestEmployee class. This is there because TestEmployee is using Employee class, which is part of a different package employee. However even after
the Employee class is imported into TestEmployee there are still errors in Testemployee class. This is because the Employee class is not visible to
classes outside its package. Earlier when the TestEmployee class was inside employee package, it knew the Employee class. But when it was moved
into a different package, and even after Employee class was imported the Employee class and its constructor are not visible. This is because only
public members of a package/class are visible to classes from other packages. So specify public access specifier to the class, constructor and method
which need to be accessed from outside.
In the below screen, you can see the changes made to access specifiers of Employee class and its constructor and methods. They are all declared
with public access modifier.

To use a public package member from outside its package any one of the following can be used
a) Refer to the class/member by its fully qualified name
b) Import specific class/member in a package
c) Import all members/classes in a package
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Refer to the class/member by its fully qualified name

employee.Employee = new employee.Employee() ;
Import all members/classes in a package:
By using * wild card, we can import all the classes inside employee package.
import employee.* ;
Import specific members/classes in a package:
We can also specify only the needed classes in the import statement.
import employee.Employee ;
If a class in a package has same name as another class in another package and both packages are imported then you must refer to each class by its
qualified name to resolve any name ambiguities.
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Closed Doubts

SURAJ V
Is it possible to import static classes from a package to another package?
about 11 days ago

SOURAV CHAKRABORTY
There isn't any setBasicpay method in Employee class. Is bob.setBasicpay(2500) a correct statement?
about 15 days ago

HALIMA SHAHUL
What is meant by fully qualified name.
about 2 months ago

ABUL M
If you import identically-named classes from different packages, you must use the fully qualified names when
declaring the classes. For example, the Java core libraries contain the classes java.sql.Date and java.util.Date. In
this case, you must write the fully qualified names of java.sql.Date and java.util.Date to use them.
Example : java.lang.* is used any class. but if we have two identical class name in two different
package then we should use java.lang.Classname

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

Fully qualified name means including its package name where that class or interface is available
example:- For String class fully qualified name is java.lang.String;
For OracleDriver class fully qualified name is oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.

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6.3. More on Access Modifiers and Java Libraries

We have discussed about 2 access specifiers in the previous courses. Which are they?
Yes -> public and private.
In Java, there are 4 access specifiers, they are:
Private Access Modifier private
Methods, Variables and Constructors that are declared private can only be accessed within the declared class itself. Private access modifier is the
most restrictive access level.
Variables that are declared private can be accessed outside the class if public getter methods are present in the class. Using the private modifier is
the main way that an object encapsulates itself and hide data from the outside world.
Public Access Modifier public
A class, method or constructor declared public can be accessed from any other class. Therefore attributes or methods declared inside a public class
can be accessed from any other Java class which is inside the same package or inside another package. If the public class which we try to access is in

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a different package, it needs to be imported first.

Default Access Modifier - No keyword
For default access modifier, we do not explicitly declare an access modifier for a class, field, method, constructors etc.
A variable or method declared without any access control modifier is available to any other class in the same package. Such members can be
considered as package private.
We have already seen such a scenario when we discussed about import statements.
Eg: The constructor method in the following Java class is in default access.

class Employee {
private String name;
private String empNo;
private int age;
private double basicPay;
// Constructor
Employee(String name, String empNo, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.empNo = empNo;
this.age = age;
}
}
Protected Access Modifier protected
Protected is related to inheritance (a parent child relation). Protected members in a class can be accessed only by its child classes from
same/different package as well as by any other classes in the same package.
The child class can be anywhere, in other package or within the same package of the parent class.
The protected access modifier can be applied only to methods or fields, not to class. We can see more on it when we go through inheritance.
Java Libraries
Java differs from most other languages in that the number of classes and interfaces in its standard libraries is very large. Many common tasks have
already been implemented by these libraries.
They are generally of high quality and are widely used. Implementing something which already exists in the libraries is probably wasted effort.
Significant changes and additions to the standard libraries occur in each major release of Java, and it pays to keep current.
The most widely used packages are java.lang and java.util. There are other packages used for working with data such as java.sql, javax.sql, java.io
etc.
For graphical applications, see the Swing classes (javax.swing, and so on).
You should go through JDK documentation just to get an idea of what is available. Later, when a specific need arises, you will often know which
packages might be helpful.
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SOLMANRAJU MAGANTI
What are Public Getter Methods ?
about 1 month ago

TEJASWINI
Public Getter Methods are the methods that take 0 parameters and returns a value. The returned value can be
private member present in the class.
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i.e we can access the private members present in a class through another class.

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7.Conditional operations
Objective
Understand conditional constructs, boolean operations and expressions, logical operators and precedence
Perform simple, nested and complex conditional operations
Ability to choose right conditional constructs
7.1

Conditional Operations

7.2

Ternary Operator and Conditional (Logical) Operators

7.3

Practice Problems

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7.1. Conditional Operations

There are many scenarios in our everyday life, where we need to take some decisions based on some criteria or condition. Decision making is one of
the major part of Java also.
Conditional logic is involved when different operations are to be performed based on whether a decision is true or not. Conditional expressions
consists of conditions that results in a boolean value and performs actions based on the boolean result. There are three types of decision making
statements in Java. They are:
1. if This statement is the most basic of all control flow statements. if statement has a certain condition expression. It executes a certain section
of code only if that particular condition is true. If the condition is false, control jumps to the end of the if statement.

if(condition)
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the condition is true.
For example, a=5
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Checking condition if(a>3)

{
This code will be executed because 'a' is greater than 5.
}
*/
}
2. If ... else This statement provides a secondary path of execution when the condition becomes false. There can be nested if then else statement
also.

if(condition)
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the condition is true.*/
}
else
{
/* statement(s) will execute if the boolean condition is false */
}
In the above example, if a=5 and condition is to check if a>6 then it will go to else block.
Flow Diagram:

3. switch A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for equality against a list of values. Each value is called a case, and the variable being
given as input is checked for each case.
This statement helps to select one out of the many choices based on an integer or String value. The conditions will accept only integer, character or
String. The syntax is different from if else statements. Here we are comparing the input value with different cases. We can set a default case for
inputs which does not satisfy any case.
The syntax of the switch statement is as follows.

switch (expression) {
case value_1 :
statement(s);
break;
case value_2 :
statement(s);
break;
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.
.
.
case value_n :
statement(s);
break;
default:
statement(s);
}
Failure to add a break statement after a case will not generate a compile error but may have more serious consequences because the statements on
the next case will be executed.
The following rules apply to a switch statement:
1. The variable used in a switch statement can only be a byte, short, int, char or String(It is allowed from jdk 1.7 version.).
2. You can have any number of case statements within a switch. Each case is followed by the value to be compared to and a colon.
3. The value for a case must be the same data type as the variable in the switch and it must be a constant or a literal.
4. When the variable is found equal to a case, the statements following that case will execute until a break statement is reached. When a break
statement is reached, the switch terminates, and the flow of control jumps to the next line following the switch statement. Not every case needs to
contain a break. If no break appears, the flow of control will fall through to subsequent cases until a break is reached.
A switch statement can have an optional default case, which must appear at the end of the switch. The default case can be used for performing a
task when none of the cases is true. No break is needed in the default case.
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KARMANJOT
There are lot of topics which are being asked in quizzes but are not covered in the study material. So please tell how to
prepare for them.
about 8 days ago

MOHINI GUPTA
The statements before the if block gets executed only if the condition is false
a) TRUE
b) FALSE
What is the answer?
about 22 days ago

SURBHI AGARWAL
false

PRIYANKA SAWANT
The statements above the if block have nothing to do with if condition and so ans is FALSE.

PRIYANKA SAWANT
only statemnts inside if are affected by condition

AMARDEEP BURNWAL
none of these

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SUMAN SINGH
it will always be executed. it has got nothing to do with the if statement

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7.2. Ternary Operator and Conditional (Logical) Operators

Java supports another conditional operator that is known as the ternary operator "?:" and basically is used for an if-then-else as shorthand

boolean expression ? operand1 : operand2;

The "?:" operator evaluates an expression which may also be an operand and returns operand1 if the expression is true; otherwise returns
operand2, if the expression is false. We can understand this thing with the help of a diagram shown as:

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If we analyze this diagram then we find that, operand1 is returned, if the expression is true; otherwise operand2 is returned in case of false
expression.
Lets have an example implementing some Logical operators:

Output of the Program:

value of x is 5
value of y is greater than the value of x
The returned value is 5
Thus we can conclude the ternary operator can be considered as the short hand of if then else statement.
Conditional (Logical) Operators
Conditional operators return a true or a false value based on the state of the variables i.e. the operations using conditional operators are performed
between the two boolean expressions.

I. AND (&) and Conditional-AND (&&) operators:

The AND(&)operator is similar to the Conditional-AND operator (&&).Both of its operands are of boolean type, even these operands may be
boolean expressions. Other Relational operators can also be used with these operators.
Lets use a Truth Table to know the status of an output

If we analyze the table we find that result is always true only in case of first condition where both operands(or expressions) are true. On the other
hand result is always false in other conditions. Note that this table works alike for & and && operators.
In case of "&" operator,if both operands or expressions are true,the result is always true, otherwise it is false if either left-hand or right-hand
operand is false.
In case of "&&" operator, the result is also true, if both operands or expressions are true.
But this operator evaluates only the left-hand operand. It doesn't evaluate the right-hand operand if the left-hand operand is false then it will not
jump to the right-hand operand to evaluate it, and will come out from that statement and read the next statement. That's why this mechanism is
known as short-circuiting. Consider the following statements where the second expression returns false after evaluating only the left-hand operand.

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True && true = true;// both

operands are evaluated
false && true = false;// only leftoperand is evaluated

But the "&" operator always evaluates both of its operands whether the first operand is true or false. Consider the following statements where the
second expression returns false after evaluating the right-hand operand.

true & true = true;// both

operands are true
true & false = false;// both
operands are evaluated

II. OR (|)and Conditional-OR (||)operators:

Likewise, the OR operator(|) is similar to the Conditional-OR operator (||) and returns true, if one or another of its operand is true.
Lets use a Truth Table to know the status of an output that works alike for"|" and "||" operators.

If we analyze the table then we find that, result is always false only if both operands or expression are false. On the other hand, result is always true
in rest of the other conditions.
Still these exists a major difference in their mode of use:
The "|" operator always evaluates both of its operands and returns true if one or other of its operand is true. Otherwise false if both the conditions
are false. Consider the following statements where the second expression returns alse after evaluating the right-hand operand.

true | false = true; // left operand is true but

both are evaluated
false | false = false;//both operands are
evaluated
In case of "||" the result is also true, if one of the both operands is true. Otherwise it evaluates to falseif both operands are false. But this operator
conditionally evaluates the right-hand operand only if the left-hand operands is false. Like the Conditional-AND operator, this mechanism is also
known as short-circuiting. Consider the following statements where the first expression returns true after evaluating the right-hand operand.

false || true = true;// both operands

are evaluated
true || false = true;// only leftoperand is evaluated
III. NOT ("!") operator :
The NOT ("!") operator performs the boolean NOT operation on a single operand or an expression. It checks the boolean status of a current
operand or expression and reverses the value of a boolean expression i.e. if the current value of an operand or expression is true then it reverses as
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false; but if the value of an operand or expression is false then it reverses as true.
Consider the following example:

Ask a doubt

Objective
Understand need of arrays in programming
Understand procedure to declare,initialize and access arrays
Understand and implement solutions involving arrays of primitive and custom types
Understand iterations and loops
Understand and implement solutions involving simple and nested iterations
Understand finite, infinite loops
Understand break and continue conditions
Understand and implement solutions on arrays using iterations

8.1

Arrays

8.2

Loops and Iterations

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8.3

Finite and Infinite loops

8.4

Break & Continue Keyword

8.5

Practice Problems on arrays using iterations

8.6

Reference Links & videos

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8.1. Arrays
We have seen how to declare variable in the previous section. int x; Here x is a variable of type int, so x will be capable of storing an integer value.
At any point of time a variable can hold only a single value.
Few more eg.
int age=20;
int score=70;
Say, I need to store scores of last 5 matches. What kind of data type do I take? May be I will take 5 variables of type int.
int scoreMatch1;
int scoreMatch2;
int scoreMatch3;
int scoreMatch4;
int scoreMatch5;

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Similarly, I need to record no. of kms I drove each day in last 5 days.
int kmsDay1;
int kmsDay2;
int kmsDay3;
int kmsDay4;
int kmsDay5;
Similarly, I need to record the amount spent for each day in last 5 days.
double expenseDay1;
double expenseDay2;
double expenseDay3;
double expenseDay4;
double expenseDay5;
The above approach will not be efficient if the requirement(of recording data for a specific period) changes from just last 5 days to last 30
days.
Array:
It is a single variable, capable of storing multiple values (of same data type). But an array does not store the multiple values directly. It is a
collection of more than one variable, of same data type.
Declaring arrays:
The general syntax to declare an array is : data type variable name[]; The square brackets indicate that the variable is an array of the data
type declared.
Example:
int scores [];
int kmsTravelled [];
double expenses [];
char grades[];
Also, all the above arrays are just declared, and have not yet been initialized(not defined the size).
Here scores is not just an int type variable. scores is an array of type int i.e. It is capable of storing more than one int value.
int score = 70; Here the variable score holds a value 70.

Arrays
Here the array scores do not hold the values directly. It is just a reference (pointing to) to the 5 variables score1 score5. Hence arrays are
called references or objects in Java.
If we do not initialize an int variable, its default value is 0. In case of array (as it does not store value directly), if we do not initialize(do not say
to which list of variables it refers to) it, the default value is null. i.e. it does not point to any list of variables.
Similarly, expenses is not just a double type variable. expenses is an array of type double i.e. it is capable of storing more than one double
value.
Similarly, grades is not just a char type variable. grades is an array of type char i.e. it is capable of storing more than one char value.

Once an array is declared, you can think of multiple variables being generated automatically in a sequential order i.e. if an array double[] expense is

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declared, the variable that stores the first value will be expense[0], the variable that stores the second value will be expense[1] and so on.

Note: While talking about arrays, always remember two key things. One, about the array itself, whether it is initialized or not. Two, about the
element inside the array whether it is initialized or not.
Initializing arrays using {} initializer:
Arrays have a specific length(or size). The length of the array cannot be changed after it has been initialized. The elements in the array are put
at index of the array. The first element in the array is at index 0, and the last element is at the index length-1.
To declare and initialize an array at the same time, refer to the below syntax:
Example 1:
int[] scores = {55,15, 92,107,67}

{} is called an initializer block. The length (or size) of an array is equal to the no. of values declared in the initializer block.
scores is an int array. Its size is 5. The value of first element is 55, value of second element is 15, value of third element is 92, value of fourth
element is 107 and value of fifth element is 67.
Example 2:
int[] expenses = {1000,1500,50,200,0}
expenses is an int array. It's size is 5. The value of first element is 1000, value of second element is 1500, value of third element is 50, value of
fourth element is 200 and value of fifth element is 0.
Example 3:
String[] softDrinks = {"Coca-Cola", "Pepsi", "Sprite", "Mountain Dew"};
softDrinks is a String array. It's size is 4. The value of first element is Coca-Cola, value of second element is Pepsi, value of third element is
Sprite, value of fourth element is Mountain Dew.
All the above examples, declare an array, initialize the array and also insert elements into the array.

Initializing arrays using new operator

int scores[];
The above statement just declares an array. It has not been initialized yet i.e. scores is null. Let us initialize the array.
int scores[] = new int[5];
The above statement now initializes the array to size 5. But no elements are put into array. Hence the elements of the array will have their
default value. As the array is of type int, all the 5 elements in the array have the value of 0.

You don't need to mention the length(or size) of an array in [] if you are using the initializer block.
int scores[] = new int[]{55,15, 92,107,67};

The above statement declares an array, initializes an array (of size 5) and also puts elements into the array. The value of first element is 55,
the value of second element is 15, the value of third element is 92, the value of fourth element is 107 and the value of fifth element is 67.
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Once the array is initialized, the length(or size) of an array can be known by the length property. It is used after the dot operator on the array
variable. Refer the syntax below:
array.length;
eg.
int scores[] = new int[]{55,15, 92,107,67};
System.out.println(scores.length);
You could either store it in an int variable eg. int size = scores.length;
Putting elements into array:
Step 1:
int scores[] = new int[5];

The above statement will declare an int array of length 5. The values in the array will be initialized to the default values as per their data type.
Step 2:
The first value in the array is accessed by the code : scores[0]. To assign values to the first element, use the assignment operator (=). The
below statement assigns a value 55 to the first element in the array. The remaining elements still have the default value.
scores[0] = 55;

Similarly, to assign value 15 to the second element.

scores[1] = 15;

The next line assigns a value 92 to the third element.

scores[2] = 92;

Accessing elements from the array:

int scores[] = new int[]{55,15, 92,107,67};

Assuming that the above array is initialized with the given values. The elements of the array are accessed by their index. The first element of the
array is stored at index 0 and the last element is stored at index which is length-1.
To retrieve the value of the elements at index 0, use scores[0] which will return the value 55.
Similarly,
scores[1] will return the value 15
scores[2] will return the value 92
scores[3] will return the value 107
scores[4] will return the value 67
We can use a variable to store the value we retrieve from the array,

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int x = scores[0]; as scores is an int array, scores[0] is going to return an int.

Creating array of custom types
Consider the case of library where it has list of books as inventory. So library will have attributes like library name, address. It will also have list
of books as an attribute. We could model the Book class and Library class as follow.

The library class has an array of Book, i.e. the array will have multiple objects of Book representing the real books in the library.
> Creating book objects:
Assuming the Book class has parameterized constructor.
Book b1 = new Book(101, Head First Java, Author1);
Book b2 = new Book(102, Head First JSP, Author2);
Book b3 = new Book(103, Java Complete Reference, Author3);
> Creating book array:
Book[] listOfBooks;
The above statement just declares the array variable. It is not initialized so the listOfBooks is still null. Let us initialize the array.
listOfBooks = new Book[3];
The above statement just initialized the array itself, the elements have not yet been initialized. Let us initialize the elements of the array by
assigning the book object value.
> Putting book objects into the book array
listOfBooks[0] = b1;

listOfBooks[1] = b2;

listOfBooks[2] = b3;

The above 3 statement, initializes all the 3 elements to the value of objects b1, b2 and b3 respectively.
> Retrieving objects from the book array
listOfBooks[0] will return the objects b1
listOfBooks[1] will return the objects b2
listOfBooks[2] will return the objects b3
We can use a variable to store the value we retrieve from the array.
Book book = listOfBooks[0]; as listOfBooks is a Book array, listOfBooks[0] is going to return a Book object.
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ATUL VISWANATH
taking the example, int[ ] x, y?
Is y an array or not?
about 1 day ago

KARTHIK SAMPATHKUMAR
What are the other ways to sort the elements of array of objects based on its variables without using Comparator and
Comparable ??
about 17 days ago

NITISH HANDA
Elements cannot deleted from an array???
about 17 days ago

LALITA KUMARI
When I gave the test,there was one qstn whether arrays can be dynamically created?? I marked it as true and i got the
answer wrong.
can anybody help how is it wrong becoz we can create it dynamically and it is known as vector.
about 20 days ago

BHAWNA
hey Lalita
I guess java doesn't support dynamic array.You can go for list and add or remove items from it. So arrays can be
dynamically created would be false.

HARIPRASAD R
I guess u may be logically correct as Vector implements array .Even then i guess the class Array can't be
instantiated dynamically .

PERABATHINI KIRTI
Java does not support the concept of pointers. That could be the reason for not being able to create them
dynamically

SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
Can we initialize arrays like int scores[5]; as in C language? Thank You.
about 22 days ago

PRIYANKA SAWANT
NO,u cannot assign size of array along with its reference.
Bcz the statement int score[]; jst declares an array , array object is not crated until we use new operator.
So we cannot assign a size to areference

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PRIYANKA SAWANT
smthng wrng with my browser...multiple ans pasted

SHWETA NAYAK
Is sorting an array easy or difficult?
about 23 days ago

ABUL M
In the above example they had declared as int[] score & char[] grade .Is this a acceptable form to declare a array?
about 2 months ago

DAGGU SAROJA
Yes,this is an acceptable form to declare an array in Java.
This type of declaration is particularly useful in cases when we need to declare multiple arrays of same datatype.
for example,if we want to declare two different arrays: months and days ,both of integer datatype,then instead of
declaring them as:
int months[],days[];
we can declare them as follows:
int[] months,days;

which is more efficient.

Hope your doubt is clarified.

SYED MEHNDI

One Dimensional Array

Syntax for default values:
int[] num = new int[5];

Or (less preferred)
int num[] = new int[5]

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Syntax with values given:

int[] num = {1,2,3,4,5};

Or (less preferred)
int num[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

Note: For convenience int[] num is preferable because it clearly tells that you are talking here about array. Otherwise
no difference. Not at all.

Multidimensional array
Declaration
int[][] num = new int[5][2];

The flow of execution for a while statement is as follows:
1. Evaluate the condition, whether the result is true or false.
2. If the result is false, exit the while statement and and execute the first statement after the while loop.
3. If the result is true, execute the set of statements within the curly braces, and then go back to step 1.
Example:
/*Program to automate the grade generation of five students based on their percentage using while loop */

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rollNo<percentage.length. We have learned in the previous topic that .length property gives the size of array which is 4 in the above program.
rollNo points to the index of the array. So before entering while loop, the value of rollNo is checked.
4. If the condition is satisfied(if rollNo<percentage.length) go to step 5 else go to step 6.
5. Now control is sent to the body of loop
In the body of while loop, if-else conditions are specified to check the percentage of student marks. Based on those conditions respective grade
is printed.
Increment rollNo.
Go to Step 4.
6. End.

Do... While loop:

It is very similar to the 'while' loop shown above. The only difference being, in a 'while' loop, the condition is checked beforehand, but in a
'do... while' loop, the condition is checked after one execution of the loop. Hence, the body of do... while loop is executed at least once.
Syntax:

do
{
//statements
}while(condition);
Here, while and do are keywords and condition is a boolean expression. Each iteration of the do-while loop first executes the statements
and then evaluates the condition. If the result of this condition is true, the loop will repeat. Otherwise, the loop terminates. Notice, there is
semicolon at the end of while(); in do... while loop.
Let us now write the same program(print first 10 natural numbers) using do... while loop.
Program:

Output:
12345678910
Now you may get a question as why do.. while when we already have while and when both are giving the same output? We shall study
about it in detail.
Why do... while and how it differs from while?
If the condition controlling a while loop is initially false, then the body of the loop will not be executed at all. However, sometimes it is
desirable to execute the body of a while loop at least once, even if the conditional expression is false to begin with. In other words, there are times
when you would like to test the condition at the end of the loop rather than at the beginning.
Fortunately, Java supplies a loop that does just that: the do-while. The do-while loop always executes its body at least once, because its
condition is at the bottom of the loop. Therefore, while is called entry-called loop whereas do...while is called exit-controlled loop.
The difference is best illustrated using the programs below:
/*Program to demonstrate difference between while and do..while*/
Do-while example:

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Output:
do-while: 11
While example:

Output:(no output)
Flow of control(do...while loop):

The flow of execution for a do... while statement is as follows:

1. Execute the set of statements.
2. Evaluate the condition, whether the result is true or false.
3. If the result is false, exit the while statement and execute the first statement after the do... while loop.
4. If the result is true, go back to step 1.
Example:
/*Program to generate the grade for five students of a class based on their percentage using do... while loop */

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Output:
Roll no 1: Grade is B
Roll no 2: Grade is B
Roll no 3: Grade is C
Roll no 4: Grade is A
Roll no 5: Grade is A
Flow of the above program:
1. Initialize an integer array of percentage.
2. Initialize an integer variable rollNo=0; which is used to iterate through the array
3. Execute step 4.
4. Now control is sent to the body of loop
i. In the body of do... while loop, if-else conditions are specified to check the percentage of student marks. Based on those conditions respective
grade is printed.
ii. Increment rollNo.
5. Since we need to generate grades for only those students whose percentage is given, we are specifying the condition in while as
rollNo<percentage.length. We have learned in the previous topic that .length property gives the size of array which is 4 in the above program. So
before proceeding with the next iteration, the value of rollNo is checked.
6. If the condition is satisfied(if rollNo<percentage.length) go to step 3 else go to step 7.
7. End
For loop:
A for loop is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs to execute a specific number of times. A for loop
is useful when you know how many times a task is to be repeated.
Syntax:

for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)

{
//Statements
}
Here,the initialization step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop control variables. Next, the
condition is evaluated. If it is true, the statements are executed, else control comes out of for loop and the next statement after the loop is
executed.

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Increment/decrement is an update statement which gets executed after the execution of body of loop.
Let us now write the same program(print first 10 natural numbers) using for loop.
Program:

Output:
12345678910
Flow of control(for loop):

The flow of execution for a while statement is as follows:

1. Initialize the variable. Initialization step is executed first, and only once.
2. Evaluate the condition, whether the result is true or false.
3. If the result is false, exit the for loop and and execute the first statement after the for loop.
4. If the result is true, execute the set of statements within the curly braces, and then go to increment/decrement statement.
5. Go to step 2.
Example:
/*Program to generate the grades for five students based on their percentage using for loop */

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Output:
Roll no 1: Grade is B
Roll no 2: Grade is B
Roll no 3: Grade is C
Roll no 4: Grade is A
Roll no 5: Grade is A
Flow of the above program:
1. Initialize an integer array of percentage.
2. Declare an integer variable rollNo; which is used to iterate through the array
3. Initial value of rollNo is 0 and this statement is executed only once in the entire cycle of for loop.
4. Since we need to generate grades for only those students whose percentage is given, we are specifying the condition as
rollNo<percentage.length. We have learned in the previous topic that .length property gives the size of array which is 4 in the above program. So
before entering into the for loop, the value of rollNo is checked.
5. If the condition is satisfied(if rollNo<percentage.length) go to step 6 else go to step 7.
6. Now control is sent to the body of loop
i. In the body of while loop, if-else conditions are specified to check the percentage of numbers. Based on those conditions respective grade is
printed.
ii. Increment rollNo.
iii. Go to Step 5.
7. End.
Advanced for loop:
This is an enhanced for loop which mainly used for arrays. Advanced for loop is also called 'for each' loop.
Syntax:

for(declaration : expression)
{
//Statements
}
Declaration: The newly declared block variable, which is of a type compatible with the elements of the array you are accessing. The variable will be
available within the for block and its value would be the same as the current array element.
Expression: This evaluates to the array you need to loop through. The expression can be an array variable or method call that returns an array.
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Let us take the same example of grade generation and see how it works in advanced for loop.
Example:
/*Program to generate the grades of 5 students based on their percentage using advanced for loop */

Output:
Percentage is 50: Grade is B
Percentage is 46: Grade is B
Percentage is 32: Grade is C
Percentage is 98: Grade is A
Percentage is 75: Grade is A
In the above program, eachPercentage is a variable that is of the same data type as array of percentage. In the previous program rollNo takes
the index value whereas here eachPercentage takes value at index. Therefore, initially the value of eachPercentage is percentage[0] which is 50 and
in the second iteration eachPercentage will take the value percentage[1] which is 46 and so on.
Nested loops:
We have seen the advantages of using various methods of iteration, or looping. Now let's take a look at what happens when we combine
looping procedures. The placing of one loop inside the body of another loop is called nesting.
When you "nest" two loops, the outer loop takes control of the number of complete repetitions of the inner loop. While all types of loops
may be nested, the most commonly nested loops are for loops.
Let us look at an example on nested loops:
/*Program to print the following pattern
1
12
123
1234
12345
*/

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Output:
1
12
123
1234
12345
In the above program, outer loop is used to determine the no.of digits to be printed in a line whereas the inner loop is used to print
the digits. We have used print() within the body of inner loop because we want the digits to be displayed in the same line and after the inner loop is
executed, we go to the next line using println() statement.
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SHANKAR PAUL
The program is correct because n is incremented(n++)
about 1 month ago

SHANKAR PAUL
In the example program for do while loop there is no incrementation of the do while loop but still it is printing the list of
numbers as given.How is it possible?
about 2 months ago

SRAVYA SHIVAPURAM
The output given is wrong! The program produces infinite loop as the value of n is not incremented. The output
is infinite number of 0's as the condition is always true (i.e 0<=10).

ANAND GUPTA
I guess they forgot to add an incremental statement while editing from another source

SAGAR JAIN
No its right, Check out the last statement of "do" loop.
Its the increment roll no++ working there.

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8.3. Finite and Infinite loops

A finite loop ends itself i.e control comes out of the loop at certain point of time. For example, the for loop in the previous program that displays
multiples of 3 is a finite loop because the loop exits if n>10.
In other case,a loop becomes an infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. The for loop is traditionally used for this purpose. Since none
of the three expressions that form the for loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the conditional expression empty.
Example for infinite loop:

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Output:
Tata Consultancy Services
Tata Consultancy Services
Tata Consultancy Services
.
.
.
.
This goes on printing until we forcefully stop the execution. The above program is an example of implementing infinite loop using for loop.
Similarly, you can implement an infinite loop using while and do... while as follows.
Infinite loop using while:

while(true)
{
// your code goes here
}
Infinite loop using do... while:

do{
// your code goes here
} while(true);

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8.4. Break & Continue Keyword

The break keyword is used to stop the entire loop. Using break we can leave a loop even if the condition for its end is not fulfilled. It can be used to
end an infinite loop, or to force it to end before its natural end.
Syntax:
break;
Example: Write a program to print a list of numbers until 3 is encountered
Program:

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Output:
x is 1
x is 2
Break the loop
Exit
In the above example if the value of x is 3 then the control enters into the loop and when break statement is encountered, it comes out of the
for loop and executes the first statement after the for loop. The break statement can be used in terminating all three loops for, while and do...while.
Working of break statement:

The continue keyword can be used in any of the loop control structures. Continue statement skips the current iteration of a for, while or do
while loop. It causes the loop to immediately jump to the next iteration of the loop.
In a for loop, the continue keyword causes flow of control to immediately jump to the increment/decrement statement.
In a while loop or do/while loop, flow of control immediately jumps to the condition.

Syntax:
continue;
Example: Write a program to print numbers between 1 to 5 except 3.

Output:
x is 1
x is 2
Continue the loop
x is 4
x is 5

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Exit
In the above example if the value of x is 3 then the control enters into the loop and when continue statement is encountered, it jumps to the
next iteration without executing the rest of the statements within the loop.
Working of continue statement:

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GAURAV GUPTA
If continue; statement is before increment/decrement statement in while or do-while loop then loop will become infinite or it
will terminate...?
about 29 days ago

PRIYANKA SAWANT
infinite

DAGGU SAROJA
Whenever continue is encountered in do-while loop,the control should jump to the test expression.But in the figure shown
above for the working of continue statement in do-while loop,it is shown that the control jumps to the starting of the loop.Is
that right?
about 2 months ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

Dear Saroja..
You are correct...in do-while case after continue the control should jump to test expression. If test expression
True then only it will execute do statements.

9.Designing Web Pages Part 1(HTML and CSS)

Objectives
To get introduced with Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML)
To get introduced with Cascading Style Sheet (CSS).

9.1

HTML Elements

9.2

HTML Links, Images, Division, List

9.3

HTML Table

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9.4

HTML Forms

9.5

CSS

9.6

Inserting CSS into Html

9.7

Different Tools To Create UI

9.8

Practice Problems

9.9

7/31/2014

Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags

Output of the above code may be viewed using a web browser as below:

Various other elements in HTML

The other basic elements that are widely used in HTML are tabulated as below

Sample code and its output:

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HTML Head elements

The elements of the head element with the associated nested tags are listed in the table below

The sample HTML document consisting of these head elements is shown here with associated output screen

HTML formatting elements

The HTML formatting elements have been tabulated here.

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Sample code for some of the formatting tags are given below. The output has also been displayed along with.

HTML Attributes
Attributes in HTML element provide additional information about the element.

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Open Doubts

Closed Doubts

TANAY DAS
need help plz:
1.adding a border to an image help to identify link??frame?? or beauty of the image??? {frame-wrong}
2.<td>...</td> for inserting steps?? column?? row?? table??? {row-wrong}
3.Identify the invalid tag? a) <fontface='verdana'> b) <fontface='verdana,arial'> c) <font_face='verdana'> d)
<font='verdana'> (d-wrong)
4.adding alternative text to images will help user to save image in this name// or to get idea before it loads//or help user
when they wishes to insrt another picture (dnt knw)
about 14 days ago

SUMAN SINGH
1) just for the beauty and nothing else
2)
<td> is used to enter a data field in the tr.
for example in the last table of this page - the html attribute u would use
<tr>
<td>class</td>
<td> Specifies one or more.... </td>
</tr>
In short tr will be used to enter a row and td will be used to enter a data in that row. each td would enter a value
in a different column
3. question not clear. you have already mentioned the wrong answer
4. it will help in the SEO of the image.. it will be displayed when the image is not displayed

SAYANTAN GANGOPADHYAY
1)width of border around image
2)table
3)b
4)get idea before it loads

SAYANTAN GANGOPADHYAY
sorry the ans of ques 2 is column

SHYAM VASANI
When the IRA will be conducted? Will it be on the first day of joining or there will be gap of few days?
about 15 days ago

ATUL VISWANATH
On the second day of ILP.

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9.2. HTML Links, Images, Division, List

HTML Links
The HTML <a> tag defines a hyperlink.
A hyperlink (or link) is a word, group of words, or image that you can click on to navigate to another document.
When you move the cursor over a link in a Web page, the arrow will turn into a little hand. The most important attribute of the <a> element is the
href attribute, which indicates the link's destination.
By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:
An unvisited link is underlined and blue
A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red
Samples for defining HTML link are shown here:

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HTML Images
In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag. The <img> tag is empty, which means that it contains attributes only, and has no closing tag.
Some of the attributes of the image tag are
src Indicates the source or the URL of the image that is to be displayed
alt alternate name or text for the image
height, width attributes describing the size
Below is an example (image will be visible if it is placed in same directory where we have html page created and image file is named as smiley.gif):

HTML Division
The <div> tag defines a division or a section in an HTML document. The <div> tag is used to group block-elements to format them with CSS. The
attributes are
class and style.

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Note: The <div> element is very often used together with CSS, to layout a web page.
A Simple Example to show the <div> usage:

HTML LIST
HTML provides the means for producing three types of lists: unordered (ie., unnumbered) and ordered (ie., numbered) lists, Definition (I.e define
the terms like in glossary).The UL, OL and DL elements are block elements.
Unordered Lists:
An unordered list typically is a bulleted list of items. This is probably the most common type of list on the Web. The <UL> tag opens an unordered
list while </UL> closes it. Between these tags are placed list items with an <LI> tag as follows:
type : Determines the form of bullet which precedes the list item placed within an unordered list. Values are disc,square,circle

OUTPUT
red
yellow
blue
Ordered Lists:
An ordered list is formatted exactly the same as an unordered list, except that <OL> tags are used instead of <UL>. In an ordered list, sequential
numbers are generated automatically, as shown below:
type attribute Determines the form of bullet which precedes the list item placed within an unordered list. Values are 1,a, A,i,I.

OUTPUT
1. red
2. yellow
3. blue

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Definition
This contains a series of terms and definitions, and would typically be used in a glossary.

OUTPUT:

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DIVJYOT MAKKAR
In the first example my paragraph and the next line are enclosed in the<a> tag,then why is the outcome not underlined?

Output:

Headings
You can display headings in a table using the <th> tag. A heading is an emphasized cell in a table. Use the <th> tag just like the <td> tag.

Output:

Captions
A caption is added to a table using the <caption> tag which should be placed right below the <table> tag before the first <tr> tag.

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Output

Aligning table content

You can align table content using the align attribute inside the <td> tag. This attribute can take the values
left - to align content to the left
center - to align content to the center
right - to align content to the right.
Just as you can set the alignment of table content, you can set the alignment of the table itself. This is done the same way as setting the alignment
of table content.
Spanning multiple/rows columns
Table column spanning
Why should all rows have the same number of columns in a table? There may be situations where you need a cell or cells to span more than one
column. This is achieved using the colspan attribute of the <td> tag. The colspan attribute takes a numeric value indicating how many columns a
cell should span.

Output

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Table row spanning

You can make a cell span more than one row using the rowspan attribute of the <td> tag. The rowspan attribute takes a numeric value indicating
how many rows it should span.

Output

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DIVJYOT MAKKAR
In the example of spanning a row <tr> tag has been started twice which is also underlined red.does it have a significance?
about 12 days ago

VSKCHAITANYA CHALAMCHERLA
By giving <tr> , you can observe in the output that gap between the two successive rows is increased..
for more clarity just try by giving 3 to 5 "<tr> " and verify output..

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9.4. HTML Forms

HTML Forms are required when you want to collect some data from the user and process it.
For example registration information: Name, address, date of birth, contact number, mail-id etc.
The <form> tag is used to create an HTML form:

A form will take input from the user using different form controls and form elements and then the data is passed to server for processing.
Users interact with forms through form controls.
Each control has both an initial value and a current value.
A control's initial value may be specified with the control element's value attribute.
The control's current value is first set to the initial value. Thereafter, the control's current value may be modified through user interaction and
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The control's current value is first set to the initial value. Thereafter, the control's current value may be modified through user interaction and
scripts.
A control's initial value does not change. Thus, when a form is reset, each control's current value is reset to its initial value.
HTML defines the following control types:
Buttons
HTML provides three types of buttons:
Submit buttons: When activated, a submit button submits a form.A form may contain
Example for submit button:

more than one submit button.

<input type=submit value=submit> is used to create submit buttons.

reset buttons: When activated, a reset button resets all controls to their initial values.
<input type=reset value=reset> is used to create submit buttons.
push buttons: Push buttons have no default behavior. Each push button may have scripts associated with the element's events attributes.
When an event occurs (e.g., the user presses the button, releases it, etc.), the associated script is executed. e.g:<button name=edit
value=edit> is used to create buttons.
Checkboxes
Checkboxes are on/off switches that may be toggled by the user.
The defaultvalue of checkbox control is off, but when user selects a checkbox, the control becomes on.
checked attribute can be used when we want a default value to be selected.
Checkboxes allow users to select several values from the set. The input element is used to create a checkbox control.
Example:
How the HTML code above looks in a browser:

Radio buttons :
Radio buttons are also on/off switches that may be toggled by the user.
They are similar to checkboxes, but only one option can be selected from the set.
e.g : <input type=radio name=color value=red><input type=radio name=color value=blue> can be used to create a radio
button control with two values as red and blue.
Example:

Menus
Menus are used when we want to choose a option from set of available options.
The select element is used to create a menu, and option element is used to define options of that menu.
e.g: <select> <option> red </option> <option> blue </option> </select> can be used to create a menu with two options as red and blue.
Text Fields & Textareas
When it comes to text controls within forms there are a few different elements available to obtain data. Text fields and textareas are specifically
used to gather text or string based data. This may include data containing passages of text content, passwords, telephone numbers, and so forth.
Text Fields
One of the primary elements used to obtain text from users is the input element. The input element uses the type attribute to determine what type
of information is to be captured within the specific control. The most popular type attribute value is text, which denotes a single line text input.
Along with setting a type attribute it is also best practice to give an input a name attribute as well. The name attribute is used as the name of the

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control and is submitted along with the inputs data to the server.

Textarea
Another element used to capture text based data is the textarea element. The textarea element differs from the text input in that it is for larger
passages of text spanning multiple columns. The textarea also has start and end tags which can wrap plain text. Since the textarea element only
accepts one type of value the type attribute doesnt apply here, however the name attribute is still in effect.

Text input
HTML provides two types of controls that allow users to input text.
The input element creates a single-line input control and textarea element creates a multi-line input control.
Example:

The above HTML code looks in a browser as below:

File select
This control type allows the user to select files so that their contents may be submitted with a form.
The input element is used to create a file select control.
Drop Down Lists:
Drop down lists are a perfect way to provide users with a long list of options in a usable manner. Outputting every state within the country on a
page with radio buttons would create a rather cluttered and daunting list. Drop down menus provide the perfect venue for a long list of options.
To create a drop down menu the select and option elements are used. The select element will wrap all of the different menu options marked up
using the option element. Then you can apply the name attribute to the select element.
Each individual option within the menu needs to be coded using the option element. The option element will wrap the text to be included within
the menu. Additionally, the option element will include the value attribute, specific to each individual option.
As with the checked Boolean attribute with radio buttons and checkboxes, drop down menus can use the selected Boolean attribute to preselect an
option for users.

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Multiple Selections
Using the standard drop down list and adding the Boolean attribute multiple to the select element allows a user to choose more than one option
from the menu. Additionally, using the selected Boolean attribute on more than one option element within the menu will preselect multiple options.
The height and width of the select element can be controlled using CSS and should be adjusted appropriately to allow for multiple selections. It
may also be worth mentioning to users that to choose multiple options they will need to hold down the shift key while clicking to make their
selections.

Form Buttons
After a user inputs the requested information, buttons allow them to put that information into action. Most commonly, a submit button is used to
process the data. A reset button is often used to clear data.
Submit Button
Users click the submit button to process data after filling out a form. The submit button uses the input element with a type attribute of either
submit or image. The submit attribute value is the most common as it is simple to use and provides the most control. The image attribute value is
used specifically to set an image as a submit button, however with the use of CSS the need to use an image has greatly diminished.
To determine the verbiage to be used within the button, the value attribute is used. Using CSS properties such as background, border-radius, boxshadow, and others, the button can then be styled to any specific desire.

Reset Button
To take the complete opposite action from submitting a form, users may also reset a form using the reset button. The reset button code works just
like that of the submit button, however it uses the reset value for the type attribute.
Reset buttons are becoming less and less popular because they offer a very strong action, often undesired by both websites and users. Users may
spend quite a bit of time filling out a form only to click the reset button accidentally thinking it was the submit button. Chances of a user filling out
the form again thereafter are small. Before using a reset button think of any potential consequences.

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Other Inputs
Outside all other previously stated choices the input element does have a few other use cases. Two of which include passing hidden data and
attaching filings during form processing.
Hidden Input
Hidden inputs provide a way to pass data to the server without displaying it to users. Hidden inputs are typically used for tracking codes, keys, or
other information not pertinent to the users but helpful to the website overall. This information is not displayed on the page, however it could be
seen by viewing the source code of a page. That said, it should not be used for sensitive or secure information.
To create a hidden input you use the hidden value for the type attribute. Additionally, you pass along the appropriate name and value.

File Input
To allow users to add a file to a form, much like that of attaching a file to an email, the file value for the type attribute is used. The file input is most
commonly seen to upload pictures or files to social networks or applications.
Unfortunately, stylizing the file input is a tough task with CSS. Each browser has its own default rendering of how the input should look and doesnt
provide much control to override the default styling. JavaScript and other solutions can be built to allow for file input, but they are slightly more
difficult to construct.

Organizing Form Elements

Knowing how to capture data with inputs is half the battle. Organizing form elements and controls into a usable manner is the other half. Forms are
not worth much unless users understand what is asked of them and how to provide the requested information. Using labels, fieldsets, and legends
we can better organize forms and guide users to completing the end task.
Label
Labels provide captions, or headings, for form elements. Created using the label element, labels should include descriptive text, of which describes
the input or control it pertains to. Labels should include a for attribute. The value of the for attribute should be the same as the value of the id
attribute included within the form element the label corresponds to. Matching up the for and id values ties the two elements together, allowing
users to click on the label to get focused within the proper form element.

When using labels with radio buttons or checkboxes the input element can be wrapped within the label element. Doing so allows omission of the
for and id attributes.

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Fieldset
Fieldsets group form controls and labels into organized sections. Much like a div or other structural element, the fieldset is a block level element that
wraps related elements, however specifically within a form for better organization. Fieldsets by default also include a border outline that can be
modified using CSS.

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ABDUL HAQ
Can any please tell the purpose of <label>
about 1 month ago

TEJASWINI
The <label> tag defines a label for an <input> element.
The <label> element does not render as anything special for the user. However, it provides a usability
improvement for mouse users, because if the user clicks on the text within the <label> element, it toggles the
control.

ALURI REDDY
The HTML <label> tag is used to adda label to a form control like text, textarea etc.
it provides a usability improvement for mouse users, because if the user clicks on the text within the <label>
element, it toggles the control.

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9.5. CSS
Introduction
Css stands for cascading style sheets. Styles define how html tags are displayed or formatted in the browser. Styles can be applied to html tags to
format the look and feel of the html pages. By defining CSS based styling, the styling/formatting code can be separated from html code.
Styles are normally defined in an external file called style sheets which have a .css extension. The stylesheets are then imported into the html file.
CSS works by defining rules how a selector (html tag) can be displayed.
CSS Syntax
A CSS rule set consists of a selector and a declaration block. The general syntax of a CSS rule set looks like this:
Selector {property:value; property:value; . . .}
Selector points to the html element that needs to be formatted
Property points to the specific html element's attribute that is being formatted
Value is the value given to the attribute that is used for formatting
More than one attribute/property of the html element can be specified in the CSS ruleset. The different sets of properties/value pairs are separated
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by a semi-colon. To improve the readability the property:value pairs can be written on separate lines.

p{color:blue; text-align:left;}
The ruleset above formats the color of the text to blue inside a html <p> tag and aligns the text to left.

p
{
color:red;
font-style:italic;
font-family:arial;
}
The ruleset above formatted the color of text to red inside a html <p> tag, and formats the text to italics and sets to Arial font.
Grouping Selectors
In style sheets there are often elements with same styling. To minimize code the selectors can be grouped. To group selectors separate each
selector with a comma.
Objective: Group selectors to apply same styling to multiple html elements

html

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More About CSS Selectors

The selectors can be used to find all or specific html elements and apply styling to a single html element or to more than one or the entire html
elements at once.
Id selector
The Id selector uses the id attribute of an html tag to find the specific html element. The id should be a unique in an html page. Using the
unique id then you can find a single html element and apply styling.
In order to use the id selector, first the html element is given a unique id. The id can be a character, string or a combination of characters and
numbers. The id should not start with a number. Then to find the element using the id write hash character followed by the id of the element.

#p1,h1
{
text-align: left;
color:red;
}
The ruleset above will find the html para and heading elements with the specified id values and apply the styling.
Class selector
The class selector uses the html class attribute of an html tag to find the html elements. Unlike id selector class is generally not given a
unique value. Thus the class attribute can be used to apply styling to more than one html element that have the same value for the class
attribute.
In order to use the class selector, first the html element is given a class name. The name of the class can be a character, string or a combination
of characters and numbers. The class name cannot start with a number. Then to find the emelemt using the class name write a period character
followed by the class name.

p.center, tr.center
{
text-align: center;
color:red;
}
The ruleset above finds all the html para and table row elements with class=center and applies the styling.
A class selector can be created free of a tag name in which case all the tags that have the same class name will be styled similarly.

.right
{
text-align:right;
color:blue;
font-family:calibri;
}

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The id selector can be applied to one , unique element compared to the class selector which can be applied to several different elements.
Objective: To apply style using id and class attributes.
'.' in front of each tag defines a class and corresponding class is mentioned in

the element used in HTML page.

We can use '#' to define style for a id and give the corresponding id for the element in HTML page. Id for each element in HTML page is always
unique. No two elements in an HTML file should have the same id.

Output:

Element selector
The element selector selects html elements based on the element name. When styling is applied based on the element name all elements that
have the same name will be applied with the same styling.
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p
{
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
For example the ruleset above will format all the <p> elements in the html document with the styling mentioned in the ruleset.
Objective: Use of tags to apply style in stylesheets

The styling is applied by using the html element name. In this case the style is applied using the style is applied to the html element h3.

Output

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SATYANARAYAN K
Where do we need to write the CSS code?In the same notepad file as the html file or Any Special Software Required??

about 14 days ago

SUMAN SINGH
you can write it in the html code itself using this code in <head> section
<style type="text/css">
your css code
</style>

You can also write the css in another file, save it with .css extension and import this file in your html file

SUMAN SINGH
you can write it in the html code itself using this code in <head> section
<style type="text/css">
your css code
</style>

You can also write the css in another file, save it with .css extension and import this file in your html file

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9.6. Inserting CSS into Html

There are 3 ways of inserting style sheets:
External style sheet
Internal style sheet
Inline style
External style sheet
External style sheet is ideal when applying style to many pages. The styling code is maintained in a single file externally. The look of an entire
website can be changed with changes done to just this single file.
An html page can link to an external style sheet using the <link> tag. The <link> tag is defined under the <head> tag.

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
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The import rule can also be used to import an external css file.

<head>
<style type="text/css">
@import url(mystyle.css);
</style>
</head>
The external style sheet can be written in any text editor. The file should contain only the styling code and should not contain any html tags. The
style sheet must be saved with a .css extension.
Objective: To apply style using an external CSS file and then include it in the HTML page.

Create a CSS file named style.css (or any other name of your choice) and write the code shown in the image below.
'.' in front of each tag defines a class and corresponding class is mentioned in the element used in HTML page.
style.css

Create a HTML file in the same folder where the CSS file is created. HTML file should contain the following code.
The style sheet is imported in the head section using the html link tag.

Output:

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Internal style sheet

Internal style sheets are used when applying unique styles to single documents. Internal styles are written inside <head> tags using <style> tag.

<head>
<style>
.left
{
color:blue;
text-align:left;
font-family:"calibri";
}
</style>
</head>
Objective: To apply internal style to div tags, so that two div tags are displayed side by side. The style applied is present inside style tags in the
head section of HTML file.

Output:

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Inline styles
Inline styles are written as part of the html tag itself. The style attribute of the html tag is used and can contain any css property. This way of
styling should be used only sparingly and when the other two ways of inserting syles is not feasible since it is least flexible.

<p style=color:blue; text-alight:left> This is a paragraph </p>

Objective: To apply styles at the html element/tag level or inline styling.
Html:

Output:

Overriding the Styles

Multiple styles, if applied to same element will reflect in following order:
1. Style attribute applied at element/tag level will have top most preference.
2. Style applied in the head section using style tag of HTML page will be preferred next.
3. External style will have the last preference.
What if I forcefully want to give preference to a style defined for an element in the external style sheet? Code shown below helps us to achieve it.
Objective: Overriding the styles applied

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Output:

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9.7. Different Tools To Create UI

Notepad++
Notepad++ is a free source code editor and Notepad replacement that supports several programming languages.
Download Notepad++:
To download notepad++, open web browser and enter the following URL http://notepad-plus-plus.org/download/v5.9.4.html

Wait till the entire page gets loaded. Though the latest version of Notepad++ is available we recommend you to use version 5.9.4. Click
Notepad++ v5.9.4 zip package.

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You may download and place the archive (zip) at any location of the hard disk of your system. Then the archive needs to be extracted using any of
the archiving tools provided by your OS. The installation of notepad++ is done.
1. Open Notepad++
Open notepad++ from the Notepad++ installation directory. The Notepad++ installation directory will have a notepad++ application as
highlighted below.

Demo Of HTML in Notepad++

Course 1 - We shall now write a sample HTML code. Select HTML from the Language Tab

Course 2 - Write HTML code in the editor area.

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If you observe the code, all the HTML tags are colored in blue and comments in green. This is an advantage with Notepad++. So we can clearly
make out in case of any typing mistakes.
Course 3 - Save this file as .html/.htm type and file name can be anything of your choice. Let us name it MyFirstHTML

To execute the saved HTML file, you can follow two ways:
1. Open from saved location

Course 1 - Now your HTML file is saved and if you open the location where it is saved, the icon of the file would be your default browser icon as
following:

Course 2 - Double click the file. The file is opened with your default browser.

2. Launch from Notepad++

a) Select Run from the Menu Bar and click on Launch in IE/Chrome/Firefox/Safari. Note that you need to save the file before executing it.

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Demo of JavaScript in Notepad++

We shall now see the demo of JavaScript

Here, you can see that attributes of script tag are distinctly colored, if you try to define any other attribute which is not predefined, you will find it in
black.
Save this file as .html/.htm type and execute in the same way as we did for HTML.

Demo of CSS in Notepad++

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Save the program and execute it in the same way as we did for HTML and JavaScript.

Refer the below link which would help you debug your web pages opened with Internet Explorer:
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/gg589507(VS.85).aspx
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9.8. Practice Problems

General Instructions for these exercises:
1. There are total five pages to be created.
2. First one is home page with links to below three pages.
3. From below pages, on successful submit, navigate to welcome page.
4. Welcome page should have link to home page.
5. Place CSS and Javascript code in separate files.
6. Use effective styling as per your choice.
7. Use div tags and table for better layout.
8. Maintain consistency for all pages.
Add a doctor
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Design a UI page / screen to capture the following details when registering a new doctor in HMS.
First name, Middle name Last name, Registration No, Date of Birth , Gender(use radio button), Email, Specialization , Qualification, contact number,
Address, Visiting Time, Visiting Days(multiple selection should be allowed), NoOfPatientsPerDay, DepartmentNo.
Indicate the mandatory fields on the page. All fields except middle name and address are mandatory.
Use below mentioned sample values for drop down/check boxes:
Visiting Days Mon,Tues,Wed,Thurs, Fri,Sat,Sun.
Visiting Time Morning, Afternoon, Evening
Add a department
Design a UI page / screen to capture the following details when adding a new department in HMS.
Department name, Department Description(use text area), No. Of Doctors, Number of general rooms, Number of ac rooms, Number of non ac
rooms , Number of ICU , Cost of general room, Cost of ac room, Cost of non ac room, Cost of each ICU.
All fields are mandatory.
Add a patient
Design a UI page / screen to capture the following details when adding a new patient in HMS.
First Name, Last Name , Date of birth, Gender(Use radio button), Father/Spouse name, blood group(dropdown), Contact number, Visited
earlier(check box)
All fields are mandatory except contact number.
Indicate mandatory fields on the page / screen.
Use below mentioned values in the dropdown :Blood Group O+,O-,AB+,AB-,A+,A-,B+,B-,Others
Click here to download the solutions
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Q
9.9. Reference Links & Videos
Reference Links
To know more on HTML and CSS, visit the URLs:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML
http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/tutorials/html/basics
http://www.htmlgoodies.com/tutorials/html_401/
http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp
http://html.net/tutorials/html/
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/html/what_is_new_in_html4.htm
http://www.w3resource.com/html/doctype-HTML.php
http://www.alternetwebdesign.com/htmltutorial/lesson3.htm
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http://www.w3schools.com/css/DEFAULT.asp
http://learnlayout.com/

Course Completion Quiz

10.Designing Web Pages Part 2 (JavaScript and JQuery)

Objective
This material will take you through concepts of JavaScript. After successful completion of this course the associate should be able to use basic
JavaScript functionality.
jQuery overview and installation
Calling jQuery library functions
jQuery Selectors, CSS and Attributes
jQuery DOM Traversing
jQuery Events

10.1

Introduction

10.2

Conditional Operations

When the browser loads the web page, the scripts are also loaded. Thus in the example above, as soon as the web page is loaded the browser ran
the script and the alert method was executed.
The JavaScript can be included into the web page in two ways.
We can either write the code in script tag or write the code in another external file, save it with .js extension and include in the web page.
For example we can write alert('hello'); in a text file and save it as myfile.js
Then we can include the js file in the web page.
<script src=myfile.js></script>
Variables
Variables are used to store data and manipulate it, just like we had in Java.
A variable in JavaScript is declared as:
var variableName=data;
To declare a variable, var keyword is used. The data type of the variables is determined by the type of data they hold.
eg:
var x=George; //string
x='a';
//char
x=5;
//int
x=4.5
//float
x=true;
//boolean
x=new Array(2,4,6,3); //array of integer

OUTPUT:

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Here we can see that same variable was able to store different values at different times. So java script is type independent.
Events
An event is defined as an action performed over an HTML element.
On various actions performed by mouse or keyboard JavaScript code can be called.
We will discuss about four basic events. onclick, onsubmit, onchange, onselect
onclick event occurs when we click on any HTML element. lets see an example of clicking a button.

OUTPUT:

When we click on a button, onclick event occurrs and the alert method is called as per the code.
onsubmit event occurs when the form is being submitted. Here is a sample code.

OUTPUT:

When submit button is pressed an onsubmit event occurs.

onchange event occurs whenever there is a change in the content of the particular element. For example:

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OUTPUT:

onselect event occurs when text of an input tag is selected. Sample code:

OUTPUT:

When the text in the text box is selected onselect event occurs and according to the code the alert method was called.
Functions
All java script codes written inside script tag gets executed after the page is loaded by the browser. If we want to execute specific functionality on
various events we should put the JavaScript codes inside functions and call those function at the occurrence of events.
You must be familiar with method calling in Java. It is similar to that.
To write a function , the key word function is used, followed by the function name and the arguments.
funciton myFunction(argument1, argument2....){
var value=10;
return value;
}
A variable declared inside a function becomes a local variable and thus can be used within the function only. A variable declared outside a
function becomes a global variable and thus can be accessed by any function.
Sample Code:

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OUTPUT:

In the above example, a logic for calculating area of a circle is placed. Then on the event of clicking on the button, the function was called and a
number 5 was passed as an argument. The area of the circle was shown through an alert box.
A function can call another function and return value to the calling function.
Here is an example.

OUTPUT

In this example add function was called by the calculate function and it returned the sum the numbers.
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10.2. Conditional Operations

To compare between two expressions we need to do conditional operations.JavaScript support conditional operations like if-else, if-esle if and
nested ifelse
Below is an example of if-else if :

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OUTPUT

Here two numbers are compared and it is determined which number is greater.
For Loop
In JavaScript there are many ways to iterate, one of them is to use a for loop.It is used in the same way as in Java.
Sample Code:

OUTPUT

Here we iterated through the array of integers and calculated the sum of those numbers.The alert method showed the result on the screen.
This can also be achieved by placing the code inside a function and then calling the function through an event on HTML element.
PopUp Boxes
In JavaScript we can create small pop-up windows to either show message or get input from user. JavaScript provides three type of popup
boxes:
Alert Box, Confirm Box and Prompt Box.
You have already seen alert box functionality, it is used to show messages as pop up.
Confirm box, as the name suggests, is used for confirmations. It returns either true or false when we click on Ok and Cancel respectively.
Syntax: Event=return confirm(Message);
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when we write return the boolean value returned will determine whether the form will be submitted or not.
Sample Code:

OUTPUT

When you click on Cancel, false will be returned and the form will not be submitted.
When you click on OK, true will be returned and the form will proceed with the submission.

Prompt Box is used when we want an input from the user through the popup box.
Syntax: prompt(Message,default value);
The default value is not necessary to give and can be skipped. The return type is string that we enter in the box.

Sample code:

OUTPUT

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In the code we used inbuilt function parseInt() to convert string into int.
When Cancel is pressed on a prompt box, it returns null.

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Closed Doubts

SASIVINEETHA GATTUPALLE
In the sample code of the prompt box the variables are x and y. Then wat are parseInt(x) and parseInt(y)? Do they specify
anything? Thank You.
about 17 days ago

MADDI
The value that is accepted in the prompt box is a String. In order to change it to the data type needed, we use
the wrapper classes. In the code given above, we need to find sum of integers. So we have used parseInt().to
convert x and y to int.

SWARNADEEP SAHA
Hi.. Maddi,
I think there is no integer datatype in JavaScript. All arithmetic data are shared "number" variable which is a 64
bit floating point. (IEEE-754).

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10.3. Document Object Model and Validations

Document Object Model
When a browser loads a web page, it creates the Document Object Model of the page.
Its a tree of HTML elements and we use it to traverse to various elements of the HTML page.

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In the JavaScript function we can access the elements of the page either by traversing through the elements or by using some of the methods of
these objects.
getElementById:
This method is used to access an element using the unique id we assign to it while creating the page.
Sample Code:

OUTPUT

In the above example var x=document.getElementById("name") was used to access the text field having id=name.
Here the document object's method getElementById was used.
The same could be achieved by writing
var x=document.forms["myForm"]["name"].value where we use the 2D form of document model.
or
var x=document.myForm.firstName.value where we cascade through elements using their names.
getElementsByName:
This method is used to get all the elements with the given name.
Sample code:

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OUTPUT

Here all the elements by that name are stored as array of elements in variable x. After that we can we can iterate through x and get all the elements
and their value.
getElementsByTagName:
This method is used to get all the elements with the name of the tag.
Sample code:

OUTPUT

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Here all the elements by the Tag name input are stored as array of elements in variable x. After that we can we can iterate through x and get all
the elements and check whether they are checked or not.
Validations
We can use JavaScript to validate the data entered by the users. For instance, we can check whether user has entered into the text field or not,
whether user has enter a string in a number field, whether user has exceeded the world limit etc.
In the example below we will be validating a form based on the criteria mentioned above.

OUTPUT

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Here first validations were did to find out whether the fields were left blank or not.
If any field was left blank, proper message would be shown.
Then the mobile number was validated for being a number first. When it is confirmed that its a number only, then its length was checked. If the
length of the number is other than 10 then that means the number was not valid, so the error message was shown in the alert box.
Radio button validation
To check whether a radio button or check box is checked or not, simply first get the element by name, id or tag name and write the following
conditional code:
if(x.checked), where x is the radio element or check box element. Thus we can validate each HTML element using JavaScript.
Sample code:

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OUTPUT

The above sample code that checks whether a radio button is checked or not.
As soon as JavaScript finds that the radio button is selected it return true and the form proceeds with submission otherwise false is returned and
the form is not submitted. A corresponding message is also shown through the alert box.
Select box validation
Now let us see how to validate a select box.

OUTPUT

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In the above example first the select element was fetched through the document object. Then the index of the selected option was checked. The
index starts from 0. So after clicking the submit button if the index of selected option remains same, then that would mean the user did not select
any option.
If the selected index is not 0 then the code would show the value of selected option through alert box. i.e x.value here would give the selected
option value.
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10.4. jQuery Overview

jQuery is a fast and concise JavaScript Library created by John Resig in 2006 with a nice motto: Write less, do more. jQuery simplifies HTML
document traversing, event handling, animating, and Ajax interactions for rapid web development.
jQuery is a JavaScript tool kit designed to simplify various tasks by writing less code. Here is the list of important core features supported by
jQuery:
DOM manipulation: jQuery made it easy to select DOM elements, traverse them and modifying their content by using cross-browser open source
selector engine called Sizzle.
Event handling: jQuery offers an elegant way to capture a wide variety of events, such as a user clicking on a link, without the need to clutter the
HTML code itself with event handlers.
AJAX Support: jQuery helps you a lot to develop a responsive and feature-rich site using AJAX technology.
Animations: jQuery comes with plenty of built-in animation effects which you can use in your websites.
Lightweight: jQuery is very lightweight library - about 19KB in size.
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Cross Browser Support: jQuery has cross-browser support, and works well in IE 6.0+, FF 2.0+, Safari 3.0+, Chrome and Opera 9.0+
Latest Technology: jQuery supports CSS3 selectors and basic XPath syntax.
jQuery Installation
To start using jQuery on your web site, download the jQuery library from jQuery.com. There are two versions of jQuery available for downloading.
Both versions can be downloaded from jQuery.com.
1) Production version - this is for your live website because it has been minified and compressed
2) Development version - this is for testing and development (uncompressed and readable code)
The jQuery library is a single JavaScript file, and you reference it with the HTML <script> tag (notice that the <script> tag should be inside the
<head> section):

How to call jQuery library functions?

You can include jQuery library in your HTML file as follows:

jQuery reads or manipulates the document object model (DOM), we need to make sure that we start adding events etc. as soon as the DOM is
ready.
If you want an event to work on your page, you should call it inside the $(document).ready() function. Everything inside it will load as soon as the
DOM is loaded and before the page contents are loaded.
To do this, we register a ready event for the document as follows:

To call upon any jQuery library function, use HTML script tags as shown below:

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When you click on the text in on the page, following result is seen:

It is better to write our custom code in the custom JavaScript file : custom.js, as follows:

And include custom.js file in your HTML file as follows:

jQuery Selectors
The jQuery library harnesses the power of Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) selectors to let us quickly and easily access elements or groups of elements
in the Document Object Model (DOM).
All type of selectors available in jQuery, always start with the dollar sign and parentheses: $(). A jQuery Selector is a function which makes use of
expressions to find out matching elements from a DOM based on the given criteria. The factory function $() is a synonym of jQuery() function. So
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expressions to find out matching elements from a DOM based on the given criteria. The factory function $() is a synonym of jQuery() function. So
in case you are using any other JavaScript library where $ sign is conflicting with some thing else then you can replace $ sign by jQuery name and
you can use function jQuery() instead of $().
The factory function $() makes use of following three building blocks while selecting elements in a given document:
1) Tag Name
Represents a tag name available in the DOM. For example $('p') selects all paragraphs in the document.
2) Tag ID
Represents a tag available with the given ID in the DOM. For example $('#some-id') selects the single element in the document that has an ID of
some-id.
3) Tag Class
Represents a tag available with the given class in the DOM. For example $('.some-class') selects all elements in the document that have a class of
some-class.
All the above items can be used either on their own or in combination with other selectors. All the jQuery selectors are based on the same principle
except some tweaking.
Following is a simple example which makes use of Tag Selector. This would select all the elements with a tag name p.

The result appear as show below and different alert messages are displayed for every paragraph on the page:

How to use Selectors?

The selectors are very useful and would be required at every step while using jQuery. They get the exact element that you want from your HTML
document.

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Following table lists down few basic selectors and explains them with examples.

Similar to above syntax and examples, following examples would give you understanding on using different type of other useful selectors:
$('*'): This selector selects all elements in the document.
$("p > *"): This selector selects all elements that are children of a paragraph element.
$("#specialID"): This selector function gets the element with id="specialID".
$(".specialClass"): This selector gets all the elements that have the class of specialClass.
$("li:not(.myclass)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that do not have class="myclass".
$("a#specialID.specialClass"): This selector matches links with an id of specialID and a class of specialClass.
$("p a.specialClass"): This selector matches links with a class of specialClass declared within <p> elements.
$("ul li:first"): This selector gets only the first <li> element of the <ul>.
$("#container p"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that are descendants of an element that has an id of container.
$("li > ul"): Selects all elements matched by <ul> that are children of an element matched by <li>
$("strong + em"): Selects all elements matched by <em> that immediately follow a sibling element matched by <strong>.
$("p ~ ul"): Selects all elements matched by <ul> that follow a sibling element matched by <p>.
$("code, em, strong"): Selects all elements matched by <code> or <em> or <strong>.
$("p strong, .myclass"): Selects all elements matched by <strong> that are descendants of an element matched by <p> as well as all elements that
have a class of myclass.
$(":empty"): Selects all elements that have no children.
$("p:empty"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that have no children.
$("div[p]"): Selects all elements matched by <div> that contain an element matched by <p>.
$("p[.myclass]"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that contain an element with a class of myclass.
$("a[@rel]"): Selects all elements matched by <a> that have a rel attribute.
$("input[@name=myname]"): Selects all elements matched by <input> that have a name value exactly equal to myname.
$("input[@name^=myname]"): Selects all elements matched by <input> that have a name value beginning with myname.

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$("a[@rel$=self]"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that have a class value ending with bar
$("a[@href*=domain.com]"): Selects all elements matched by <a> that have an href value containing domain.com.
$("li:even"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that have an even index value.
$("tr:odd"): Selects all elements matched by <tr> that have an odd index value.
$("li:first"): Selects the first <li> element.
$("li:last"): Selects the last <li> element.
$("li:visible"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are visible.
$("li:hidden"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are hidden.
$(":radio"): Selects all radio buttons in the form.
$(":checked"): Selects all checked/selected elements in the form.
$(":input"): Selects only form elements (input, select, textarea, button).
$(":text"): Selects only text elements (input[type=text]).
$("li:eq(2)"): Selects the third <li> element
$("li:eq(4)"): Selects the fifth <li> element
$("li:lt(2)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> element before the third one; in other words, the first two <li> elements.
$("p:lt(3)"): selects all elements matched by <p> elements before the fourth one; in other words the first three <p> elements.
$("li:gt(1)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> after the second one.
$("p:gt(2)"): Selects all elements matched by <p> after the third one.
$("div/p"): Selects all elements matched by <p> that are children of an element matched by <div>.
$("div//code"): Selects all elements matched by <code>that are descendants of an element matched by <div>.
$("//p//a"): Selects all elements matched by <a> that are descendants of an element matched by <p>
$("li:first-child"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are the first child of their parent.
$("li:last-child"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that are the last child of their parent.
$(":parent"): Selects all elements that are the parent of another element, including text.
$("li:contains(second)"): Selects all elements matched by <li> that contain the text second.
You can use all the above selectors with any HTML/XML element in generic way. For example if selector $("li:first") works for <li> element then
$("p:first") would also work for <p> element.

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10.5. jQuery Attributes

Some of the most basic components we can manipulate when it comes to DOM elements are the properties and attributes assigned to those
elements.
Most of these attributes are available through JavaScript as DOM node properties. Some of the more common properties are:

className
tagName
id
href
title
rel
src

Consider the following HTML mark-up for an image element:

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In this element's mark-up, the tag name is img, and the mark-up for id, src, alt, class, and title represents the element's attributes, each of which
consists of a name and a value.
jQuery gives us the means to easily manipulate an element's attributes and gives us access to the element so that we can also change its
properties.
Get Attribute Value:
The attr() method can be used to either fetch the value of an attribute from the first element in the matched set or set attribute values onto all
matched elements.
Example:
Following is a simple example which fetches title attribute of <em> tag and sets it as the content of the div:

You see following output when the page is displayed in the browser:

Set Attribute Value:

The attr(name, value) method can be used to set the named attribute onto all elements in the wrapped set using the passed value.
Example:
Following is a simple example which sets align attribute of first div tag:

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Output appears as below on the screen:

Applying Styles:
The addClass( classes ) method can be used to apply defined style sheets onto all the matched elements. You can specify multiple classes separated
by space.
Example:
Following is a simple example which sets class attribute of a <p> and <em> tags:

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The generated out put appears as below:

Useful Attribute Methods:

Following table lists down few useful methods which you can use to manipulate attributes and properties:

Similar to above syntax and examples, following examples would give you understanding on using various attribute methods in different situation:
$("#myID").attr("custom") : This would return value of attribute custom for the first element matching with ID myID.
$("img").attr("alt", "Sample Image"): This sets the alt attribute of all the images to a new value "Sample Image".
$("input").attr({ value: "", title: "Please enter a value" }); : Sets the value of all <input> elements to the empty string, as well as sets the title to
the string Please enter a value.
$("a[href^=http://]").attr("target","_blank"): Selects all links with an href attribute starting with http:// and set its target attribute to _blank
$("a").removeAttr("target") : This would remove target attribute of all the links.
$("form").submit(function() {$(":submit",this).attr("disabled", "disabled");}); : This would modify the disabled attribute to the value "disabled"
while clicking Submit button.
$("p:last").hasClass("selected"): This return true if last <p> tag has associated classselected.

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$("p").text(): Returns string that contains the combined text contents of all matched <p> elements.
$("p").text("<i>Hello World</i>"): This would set "<I>Hello World</I>" as text content of the matching <p> elements
$("p").html() : This returns the HTML content of the all matching paragraphs.
$("div").html("Hello World") : This would set the HTML content of all matching <div> to Hello World.
$("input:checkbox:checked").val() : Get the first value from a checked checkbox
$("input:radio[name=bar]:checked").val(): Get the first value from a set of radio buttons
$("button").val("Hello") : Sets the value attribute of every matched element <button>.
$("input").val("on") : This would check all the radio or check box button whose value is "on".
$("select").val("Orange") : This would select Orange option in a dropdown box with options Orange, Mango and Banana.
$("select").val("Orange", "Mango") : This would select Orange and Mango options in a dropdown box with options Orange, Mango and Banana.

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Open Doubts

Closed Doubts

SHADAB AZHAR
<body>
<div align="right" id="div">this div is left aligned</div>
<div id="second div">this div is unchanged</div>
</body>
</html>
Above "right " must be written in order to get required answer
about 14 days ago

PARIMALA PITCHIKA
Can a non-IT student get all these things by reading?
about 1 month ago

LAKSHMINADHA PRASAD THOTA

Yes you will get all these concepts by reading..if you have any doubts please share your doubts so that we are
ready to answer your questions..

The find( selector ) method can be used to locate all the descendent elements of a particular type of elements. The selector can be written using
any selector syntax.
Example:
Following is an example which selects all the <span> elements available inside different <p> elements:

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The resulting page gets displayed as below in the web browser:

jQuery DOM Traversing Methods:

Following table lists down useful methods which you can use to filter out various elements from a list of DOM elements:

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Following table lists down other useful methods which you can use to locate various elements in a DOM:

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10.7. jQuery CSS

The jQuery library supports nearly all of the selectors included in Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) specifications 1 through 3, as
outlined on the World Wide Web Consortium's site.
Using jQuery library developers can enhance their websites without worrying about browsers and their versions as long as the
browsers have JavaScript enabled.
Most of the jQuery CSS Methods do not modify the content of the jQuery object and they are used to apply CSS properties on DOM
elements.
Apply CSS Properties:
This is very simple to apply any CSS property using jQuery method css( PropertyName, PropertyValue ).
Here is the syntax for the method:
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selector.css( PropertyName, PropertyValue );

Here you can pass PropertyName as a javascript string and based on its value, PropertyValue could be string or integer.
Example:
Following is an example which adds font color to the third list item.

The results appears as shown below:

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Open Doubts

Closed Doubts

KRISHNA KABI
I am having a problem while running the above codes using notepad++. On clicking on the respective webpage no further
action is being carried out as per the code. Kindly notify me in case I am wrong. Thank you.
about 1 month ago

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SUMAN SINGH
<script src="http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.2/jquery.min.js">
</script>
Insert this code too in your head

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10.9. jQuery Events

We have the ability to create dynamic web pages by using events. Events are actions that can be detected by your Web
Application.
Following are the examples events:
A mouse click
A web page loading
Taking mouse over an element
Submitting an HTML form
A keystroke on your keyboard etc.

When these events are triggered you can then use a custom function to do pretty much whatever you want with the event. These
custom functions call Event Handlers.
Binding event handlers:
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10.10. jQuery Effects

jQuery provides a trivially simple interface for doing various kind of amazing effects. jQuery methods allow us to quickly apply commonly used
effects with a minimum configuration.
This tutorial covers all the important jQuery methods to create visual effects.
Showing and Hiding elements:
The commands for showing and hiding elements are pretty much what we would expect: show() to show the elements in a wrapped set and hide()
to hide them.
Syntax:
Here is the simple syntax for show() method:
[selector].show( speed, [callback] );

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Here is the description of all the parameters:

speed: A string representing one of the three predefined speeds ("slow", "normal", or "fast") or the number of milliseconds to run the animation
(e.g. 1000).
callback: This optional parameter represents a function to be executed whenever the animation completes; executes once for each element
animated against.
Following is the simple syntax for hide() method:
[selector].hide( speed, [callback] );
Here is the description of all the parameters:
speed: A string representing one of the three predefined speeds ("slow", "normal", or "fast") or the number of milliseconds to run the animation
(e.g. 1000).
callback: This optional parameter represents a function to be executed whenever the animation completes; executes once for each element
animated against.
Example:
Consider the following HTML file with jQuery coding to hide the div:

When loaded; page appears as below:

On clicking the Hide button the div disappears as seen below:

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To use these effects you would have to download jQuery UI Library jquery-ui-1.7.2.custom.min.js or latest version of this UI library from jQuery UI
Library (http://jqueryui.com/download).
After extracting jquery-ui-1.7.2.custom.min.js file from the download, you would include this file in similar way as you include core jQuery Library
file.

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10.11. Practice Problems

Javascript problems:
1. Apply below validations to Add doctor page created in HTML and CSS exercise:
i. Display appropriate message in case a mandatory field is left blank or no value is specified.
ii. First and last name cannot be greater than 20 characters. Allow only alphabets.
iii. contact number should exactly have 10 digits
iv. email id should have an @ and a .)
v. NoOfPatientsPerDay and DepartmentNo should be only numbers
2. Apply below validations to Add department page created in HTML and CSS exercise:
i. Department name cannot be greater than 30 characters, no special characters.
ii. Number of doctors should be only numbers.
iii. Department description should be of maximum of 50 characters.
iv. Cost of each bed, Cost of each Cabin, Cost of each ICU should be only decimal numbers up to 2 decimal places.
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3. Apply below validations to Add patient page created in HTML and CSS exercise:
i. Patient name,Father/spouse name cannot be greater than 30 characters, Allow only alphabets.
ii. ContactNumber sould be of 10 digits.
iii. email id should have an @ and a .)
Jquery problems:
1. Create an HTML page and on click of button select an option in a Select Box.
2. Create an HTML page and on click of button change size of div to double.
3. Create an HTML page and on click of button remove all the child elements from div.
4. Create an HTML page and on click of button show (in alert) the number of children of a div tag
5. Create an HTML page and on click of button change all the h2 tag to h3
6. Create an HTML page which contains different divs/paragraphs of text with one buttons. On click of button make the word named 'TCS' appear
as bold in the page.
7. Create an HTML page which contains a table of size 3x3. Table cells contains numbers in it. On click of button change color of every cell which has
number greater than 10. When mouse is hovered on the cell, change the color to red if the cell does not contain numeric value
Click here to download the solutions
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