The Infrared Frequencies of DNA Bases, as Science

and Art
Susan Alexjander, M.A.
Abstract
In 1988 the author and biologist Dr. David Deamer collaborated on a science/art project which consisted of
measuring the vibrational frequencies of the four DNA base molecules, translating them into 'sound,'
programming them into a Yamaha synthesizer and using this tuning system as the basis for original
compositions entitled Sequencia (1990 and '94 CD). The realization of biological, infrared frequencies into
sound has resulted in unusual insights into the harmonic fabric of DNA, and reactions from listeners suggest
that our bodies may have a way of recognizing their own electromagnetic patterns through the resonance of
tone.
"See deep enough, and you see musically;
the heart of Nature being everywhere music,
if you can only reach it."
Thomas Carlyle

Introduction
If we could hear the body, delve into its rhythms and frequencies, what might it sound like? Would we
recognize patterns pleasing to the ear... consider them beautiful...musical? Is our biology harmonically ordered
in any way? And if so, so what? There are many ways to explore such questions, and one direct way is to
access the frequencies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the primary carrier of genetic information for all living
organisms.
In 1988 the author, a composer, posed these questions to Dr. David Deamer, a cell biologist (now at UC Santa
Cruz). Dr. Deamer is internationally known for his research on the origins of life. Some years before he had
created very interesting music cassettes (DNA Suite and DNA Music) based on the mapping of sequences of
bases in the double helix of DNA. He was intrigued and offered to help.
One significant constraint with this project required that, rather than 'mapping,' or assigning arbitrary pitches to
'hear' patterns, the actual vibrational frequencies were to be collected directly from the molecular realm. These
frequencies would then be arranged as 'scales' of tones, and used as the basis for musical composition. Two
years later, on April, 1990, (Earthday) the cassette version of Sequencia was recorded, and in 1994 the CD
with additional music was produced. Sequencia consists of three performances of original music - Eikos,
Sequencia and Pataphysical Thymine - performed on traditional instruments plus electronic keyboard, based
entirely on a tuning system derived from certain frequencies that occur naturally in DNA.

Methods and Materials: The Science

There are about three billion base pairs in the DNA of each human cell. If they were strung out they would
measure about three feet long. Yet each of these bases remains absolutely consistent in its chemical makeup.
The four DNA bases, adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, consist each of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen. There exists a variety of chemical structures, including C=O, N-H, C-H, O-H, and C-O whose bonds
bend, stretch, and rock upon absorbing infrared light with a specific frequency related to the energy and
strength of the bond and the mass of the nucleus of the atom. A tighter, smaller bond from, say, hydrogen, will
absorb light with a higher wavenumber (number of waves per centimeter), and a higher 'note' in the infrared
spectrum. (The original energy for these motions comes from the sun in the form of infrared radiation. Solar
photons cause heating in the molecule as orbiting electrons jump to a higher energy state). The tuning system
for Sequencia was derived directly from the laboratory chemistry of the four bases, and had nothing to do with
a particular gene, or configuration of bases along a helix.
The process of "collecting" frequencies from the bases of DNA begins with a spectrophotometer, a device

about the size of a breadbox. In this instrument, infrared light with frequencies ranging from 600 to 3000
wavenumbers (in units of cm-1) is passed through the sample, in this case a base molecule of DNA. The bases
of DNA and RNA have certain resonance frequencies related to the absorption of infrared light. This is a
common property of all organic molecules, and in fact infrared spectra are used as a primary diagnostic
characteristic in analytical procedures.
As the light is passed through the sample, it is absorbed by the sample at specific frequencies and the
instrument plots the absorption bands as a spectrum
(Fig. 1), a process analogous to a glass chime sounding when it is struck. For example, the C-H (carbonhydrogen) bond absorbs infrared light with a wavenumber of approximately 2900 cm-1.

[Figure #1] (Spectrophotometer readouts of wavenumbers of the four DNA bases: adenine, guanine, thymine
and cytosine).
Once the wavenumber is known, the following equation is used to convert it to hertz (Hz):
Frequency (Hz) = velocity (speed of light) x wavenumber
If the wavenumber is 2900 cm-1:
F = 3 x 1010cm/s x 2900 cm-1 = 8.7 x 1013 Hz
These gigantic hertz numbers are problematic in two ways. First, they are light frequencies, not sound. And
second, they are too high to be heard, even if they were sound, since our ears can only register frequencies
between 20 - 20,000 Hz. Below 20, vibrations are 'felt' rather than heard, and frequencies above 20,000 belong
to ears more discerning than ours.
The problem of getting the frequencies within hearing range can be solved by recognizing that any hertz
number divided in half or doubled will produce its corresponding lower or upper octave, respectively, whether
it be sound or light. Thus, 8.7 x 1013 Hz can be divided in half, again and again, to create lower and lower
octaves. Finally we derive, after dividing 36 times, a workable frequency which, if it were sound, would fall
within the range of hearing. Thus we would have for the example above 1266, which is a very comfortable
frequency for the ear, corresponding to a (slightly sharp) D#.
The question of 'translating' light into sound is more a philosophical one. Sound sped up can of course never be
light, since the former depends upon molecules to push around while the second derives from electromagnetic
radiation. One could argue that what is important here is not so much the medium but the ratios involved; the
relationships between frequencies. The ears can detect about 10 octaves of sound, while the eyes can only
perceive a little over one octave of light, or color. An octave in light is the same ratio as an octave in sound....
2:1. A perfect fifth, or a relationship of 3:2 is the same proportion in light as in sound (and can be continued
into the world of geometry, architecture, movements of the planets and so forth; anywhere there is a periodic or
regular vibration). By discovering patterns of ratios in light, we are simply translating into a sound medium to
"hear" what information they might contain and how they relate to each other. It could also be argued that both
light and sound refer back to a common archetype which, as yet, is unknown to us, not unlike cousins who
relate back to a common relative.
Again, four base molecules were measured: adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. Each base molecule after

being subjected to light yielded about 15 or 18 frequencies; 60 in all. Once this data was collected, it was
iterized down into a hearing range and programmed into a Yamaha DX7 IID synthesizer which would create
sound banks from any hertz numbers provided as input. A special electronic keyboard was needed because the
tunings that were derived were almost all microtones, or tones smaller than a normal half-step (for instance any
c to c#) on a piano.
The tuning system on ordinary keyboards is an artificial one, based on and adapted from the natural harmonic
series. Around the time of J.S. Bach, equal temperament as a favored tuning system came into being to solve
the problem of modulating through different keys. (Bach did not entirely welcome it. Its sound was inferior to
the sweet concordances of just intonation). Equal temperament divides the keyboard octave into twelve equal
parts, assigning a measurement of 1200 cents to the octave, with each half-step being 100 cents. Half-steps are
of course fixed on the piano, but a violin could play a variety of c#s, anywhere from 50 cents to 99 cents away
from the original C, and then 50 cents above the c#. These are defined as microtones, and are often considered
harsh and out-of-tune to our Western ears, except for the wonderful 'bent' pitches found, for example, in Blues,
Folk, and so on. Other cultures such as those of the Middle East, Asia and India have been creating music with
microtonal scales for centuries.
Using Editor Librarian and Vision software on a Macintosh computer, the DNA tunings were programmed in
as microtonal "scales" for each base:

[Figure #2] (Infrared tunings and musical scales.)

Story: The Art

Before describing what the tunings sounded like, it is of interest to address a rational for doing this at all.
Pythagorus (6thC BC), who is credited with explaining musical harmonics to the Western world, is reputed to
have described a stone as frozen music (1. Homage to Pythagoras). He knew nothing of physics but intuited
that the mathematics of frequency which occur in processes such as planetary rotations, cycles of the seasons,
right down to the atomic world of elemental matter, are not just lifeless pieces of data but reveal movements,
rhythms, relationships and meanings which may be loosely translated as 'stories.' Stories in turn generate
meanings and artistic expression. The word 'mathema' comes from the Old French 'mathein', "to be aware; to
awaken."
The art, then, assists in 'telling the story' of the data. It is mythic as well as 'mathic.' There is a reasonable degree
of certainty that deep within our molecular beings, beauty will show up as a central issue. It can be found in all
other stellar, planetary and natural processes, in the growth of a flower or wanderings of a river; why not
DNA? At another level, if the body recognized itself in sound, might this mean something in terms of health, or
at the very least, inspire the imagination, and help to understand our adaptation to the environment, or to
persistent stimuli? The process unfolds, but really, all we want to know is - will I Iike these sounds?

Microtonal World
A first hearing of these 60 pitches from infrared spectra was discouraging. The scales and clusters they created
sounded so strange and alien that one despairs at first of ever creating a beautiful work of art, or making any
coherent 'sense' out of them. An overall description might be "tight relationships... densely packed microtones,
with curious leaps."

[Figure #3] (Placement of DNA frequencies for each base molecule arranged from 'low' to ' high' on a
keyboard)
The four individual bases - adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine - are very similar in terms of the ratio
relationships, or the distances between the separate 'pitches' within each base. If they are configured like a
musical scale, arranged from lowest frequency to the highest, there is about a 2 and l/2 octave span for all four
with a noticable gap, or distance, of a Major 6th/minor 7th in all bases. Intervals on the keyboard are named
major and minor seconds, thirds, sixths, and sevenths, depending on how many steps they are away from the
beginning note, or tonic. A Major 6th in the scale of C would be C to the sixth note, or A, above, and a minor
7th would be C to Bflat above. (To sing a minor 7th interval, begin Bernstein's "There's a Place For Us" from
West Side Story. "There's a...." = a minor 7th). In addition to major and minor intervals, we also recognize the
Perfect fourth (C to F), the Perfect fifth (C to G) and the tritone (C to F#), the interval which cuts the scale
perfectly in half.
The smaller, microtonal intervals, or ratios, tend to rub against each other when heard, creating beats. Beats
occur when two frequencies are extremely close together...within a few hertz of each other such as 254 and 257
Hz...two very slightly different middle Cs. The frequencies will be heard as the same pitch, C, but slightly outof-phase. The phasing results in occasional louder moments, or "wa-wa" beats, when they do phase together.
To the ear this bears a striking resemblance to the quality of 'aliveness.'......or organic movement found in any
living process.

As these microtones were played over and over on the synthesizer, some arrestingly beautiful combinations
began to appear, but, what to do with them?

Compositional Considerations
Microtones present formidable complications for composers, not to mention performers. First of all it is
virtually impossible to play them on a normal keyboard. Microtonal scales can be mastered, with practice, by
those performing on stringed instruments such as cellos and violins, who can play any pitch on their string,
once they have found it. However, microtones are often too difficult for many 'fixed pitched' instruments such
as clarinets and trumpets. The voice has the easiest time matching microtones. If a singer's ear can hear it, s/he
can produce it. And percussionists, of course, need not worry about them at all.
In addition to difficulty of tone production, microtones play havoc with the idea of 'key,' or tonality. What one
is working with is a clump of 'random' sounds with no seeming tone order or organization at all. However,
something very interesting began to happen. After weeks and weeks of experimenting with different sound
combinations on the synthesizer, a tonal center began to emerge. One pitch seemed to draw other pitches to
it...to lend coherency to the mass. This pitch turned out to be a kind of a C#, common to all the bases:

Adenine: 545.6 Hz

Guanine: 550

Average Hz = 544.2

Thymine: 543.4

Cytosine: 537.8
Most pianos are tuned to around 554 for C#. An acute ear would be able to discriminate between 554 and
544....an approximate 1/4 tone. It is important to emphasize that this discovery was cemented musically in the
compositions first by the ear, and not by the data. The above numbers were only discovered later. If one looks
at the pitch chart (Fig. 2) one can see that this C# is found in all four bases almost exactly in the middle of each
column. Also, it is positioned almost exactly in the center of the absorbency rates, and shows up as the average.
This C# seems to act as a balancer for the entire spectrum of frequencies.
The pitch which shows up the most frequently and ought to have asserted itself as a tonic, or tonal center, is
F#. It is found no less than three times in each base collection. But instead it is its fifth, the C#, which acts as
the organizing force. The first composition, Sequencia, was written for tabla, or tuned drum, with the drum
tuned to C#. The drum keeps a steady rhythm throughout the ensemble sections. While the synthesizer plays an
ostinato, or repeating pattern, with the original sounds of the frequencies, the added instruments- violin, cello
and voice - revolve harmonically around this central stabilizing force and match the tunings with their melodic
shapings.
It is interesting to observe that most of the gongs, bells and drums of the non-Western world are tuned to this
keynote, suggesting further that perhaps we, as a planet (not to mention as a body), may be trying to
collectively tune to something. One theory involves a recently discovered pulsar called Vela X (PSR 0833)
which collapsed into its pulsar state about 11,000 years ago. It is beaming radio waves towards earth with a
period frequency of 11.24Hz, or an F# equivalent (2. Encyclopedia of Science & Technology). Its fifth, or C#,
turns out to be a frequency of 16.86 or 539.52.....exceedingly close to our DNA 544. The emissions, scientists
think, come from a combination of spin and strong magnetic fields. No one knows for sure if these emissions
and their periodicities, which are regular, have an effect upon our energy fields.

Are The Frequencies in DNA Bases Harmonically Ordered?

They most certainly are. By comparing all 60 pitches one can find all of the precise ratios found in the first 16
harmonics of the overtone series: octaves, P5th, P4ths, Major and minor thirds, Major and minor 2nds and
7ths; even a 'flat' seventh. Mathematically, the odds of this happening at random are almost non-existent. This
author has not taken the time to measure the higher harmonics, but Randy Masters of Aptos, California, is
refining this step of the process (3. personal conversation). He is trying to discover a fundamental that could
possibly be generating all of the DNA frequencies as overtones. This finding would be invaluable to all those
involved in sound and the healing arts as well as scientists, and artists.
The compositions did not make particular, conscious use of the simpler, perfect ratios. But the ratios are there,

doing their work, as are all the microtonal relationships. What is more important is the raw sound. Eikos, for
instance, (only on the CD recording) pays extreme attention to the way the violin enters into, explores and
leaves single synthesized tones. Its energy is zen-like; subterranean, with a playful middle section.
It is not known what information is encoded in these ratios, but one particular pattern appears striking. Figure
#3 shows a curious leap in all four bases from the pitch F# up to the D# above, roughly a Major 6th/minor 7th.
The interval in-between, G to D, contains no measurable frequencies at all. Its mirror, the G to D an octave
below, contains a tightly packed cluster of 22 frequencies, over a third of the total frequencies measured.
What is the function of this 'shadow' gap? Is it just a coincidence, or are we looking into some kind of antimatter, fourth dimension? More and more we are finding that things contain their complements; their opposites.
It is almost a given 'law' of the universe. This 'gap' could be important, especially because both are balanced on
their lower and upper edges by D#-F# intervals: nine pitches in the lower cluster and 10 pitches in the upper
cluster. Almost perfect symmetry.

Possible Physiological Manifestations Through the DNA Code

"The trick is to hear the music that is the body.
If we can do so, the meaning of the body can be transformed.
It becomes not a blind, silent, doomed machine
but a glorious composition,
a part of God's oeuvre... 'The Great Tone.'"
Meaning and Medicine, Larry Dossey, M.D.
Again, MATH makes processes visible. It decodes meanings. We can see the self-organizing power of the
universe, and because the universe is a community it is constantly communicating. Are the sounds of DNA
communicating anything to us?
Sequencia first begins to communicate through its concept, that we can hear the hidden beauty of life. This
helps to give us a perspective - to find our place in the "Great Tone." This comes directly out of the ancient
Greek definition of education: the purpose of studying science and the natural world is to find our proper place
in it, allowing us to fulfill our role in the larger pattern. It is truly "student-centered learning," and the natural
world is the primary educator. Art processes which translate directly from nature allow us deeper access into
levels of being. And art is of course a celebration.
The second way Sequencia communicates is simply because it is music. This is more than a casual statement.
We are attracted, often like moths to a flame, to music. One explanation is that composed music can be seen as
a metaphor for life itself.
Music, or organized sound, is just about perfect as a metaphor for life. It is born, goes through a process of
evolution and transformation, perhaps repeats itself or creates new avenues of life, and dies. (If you really
listen, after it is over you can still hear the sounds continuing). The components of music express a yearning
for balance. Energy is gathered together for forward motion, and then is released. Pulses, small ones for
frequencies, larger ones for rhythms, and still larger ones for phrasing all act in concert. Relationships are
constantly forming and re-forming as new tones, rhythms and events come into the picture and others recede.
Music is the active way we live our lives; the way we like our lives to be. It is the very life process itself. If the
music doesn't flow we are deeply disturbed. How long can you tolerate a stuck recording? Bringing physics
into the picture adds to this metaphor. Music (literally) mirrors the essence of nature itself in its chaos patterns
and mathematics.
The same mathematical formula that characterizes the ebb and flow of music has been discovered to exist
widely in nature: the flow of a river, beating of a human heart, the wobbling of the earth's axis. This is more
than just simple pulse. The rhythms closely resemble irregular patterns of coastlines, clouds and mountain
ranges, and other natural scenery. The brain must, then, on some level perceive its reality as a musical, complex
landscape. And turning this around, the music we hear must feel like our earthly home. No wonder we love it.
It is likely that something unusual is being communicated directly through the combinations and ratios of
spectral music. The descriptive adjectives one hears most often are: soothing, comfortable, a feeling of

spaciousness, expansion. Sequencia is not "new age" or demonstration music, nor was it composed it to "heal"
anyone. It was written because that is what a composer does in the world; write music. But after ten years of
hearing unique reactions and virtually no complaints from those who hear these strange tunings for the first
time, one cannot help but wonder what is going on. Some listeners admit that they never (or hardly ever) listen
to music because it 'interferes with what is going on in their heads' or is too invasive. However, they love, even
crave, these DNA sounds. About one in every 4 or 5 persons has a deep, almost devotional response.
Movement teachers love it, saying their students respond deeply. Would people react in the same way to
compositions employing 60 random, microtonal combinations? Who knows? And certainly there are endless
styles of tonal arrangement, given the same musical materials to begin with. But these particular DNA ratios,
originating in light, are profoundly arresting to the ear. This first wakes up the nervous system, puts it on alert.
What follows in sound is then allowed to enter our psyches on a deep level. People report feelings of
connectedness, familiarity. "I feel right at home," they say. It is tempting to speculate that the body is
recognizing itself, and is communicating this to the psyche.

The Impact of Sound Upon The Body

No one knows how sound, the raw stuff of creation, impacts our being; our consciousness. Mysteriously, we
decode meanings which come to us through sonic carrier waves, perceiving these waves as a full-body
experience not only through the ears but directly through the bones, tissue and matter of the body. The body
mass feels sound as pressure. We know that the body is constantly piezoelectric, translating pressure into
electrical signals, such as the way in which the inner ears send signals to the brain. Sound, therefore, impacts
the many realms of the molecular world directly and somehow finds its way to the parts of us that make
meanings.
We know for sure from the work of many medical institutions that sound can affect hormonal levels and other
physiological systems of the body. Dr. Valerie Hunt of Malibu Beach, Ca. (4. Infinite Mind: The Science of
Human Vibrations.), has done extensive work measuring the strengthening effects of sound upon the auric
field, the energy field surrounding the body. Dr. Hunt did most of her research while a professor at UCLA.
And there is no doubt that a sophisticated knowledge of resonance has led many practioners and researchers
throughout the world to use sound in a variety of successful ways. Some introduce sound frequencies directly
into the body with their voices, the client's voice, or by machine. Their methods can often create coherency,
allowing the patient's natural healing ability to take over. This harmonious state can clear up chaos and static.
Communication on all levels, physiological and emotional, often becomes clearer and brighter; healthier. Nature
loves these resonant states where very little energy is wasted.
There is every reason to believe that our psyches and physiologies can recognize the light, infrared patterns of
life through the resonance of sound. What we do with that information is anyone's guess.

Conclusions
The story that presents itself as one works with the spectral tones of DNA is one of underlying beauty and
order...an order suggesting freedom to express and improvise within the matrix. The fact that perfect harmonic
ratios exist within its frequency data could, and should, lead to further stories of interconnectedness with the
rest of life and the universe, since so much of our world is so ordered. We express creatively through harmonic
proportions and their variations in our music, our architecture, paintings, dance - in virtually all that we are and
do down to the design of a pack of cards, using the Golden Rectangle (whose sides have a phi relationship).
Certainly the freedom to express and improvise has been our salvation as a species for thousands of years. Our
music has always reflected these two things: a love for order and spontaneity. DNA, the chemistry of life,
seems naturally at home in a musical venue. For in our inner beings and in our listening there has always been
a deep yearning; a knowingness that music is who we are. The mystic Sufi poet Rumi said it best:
"All day and night, music. A quiet, bright reedsong. If it fades, we fade."
Quatrains, Rumi

Coda: Future Projects

Composition continues into the exploration of the genesis of musical forms from the physical properties of

matter. The author is writing music for a multi-media project called Evolution 2000, using tuning banks from
the frequencies of pulsars, from the magnetic spins of atomic nuclei (Larmor Frequencies) and other natural
phenomena. Dr. David Deamer generously continues to advise and further the research.

Figure Legends:
Spectrophotometer readouts of wavenumbers of the four DNA bases: adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine.
Frequencies (Hz) and wavenumbers programmed into the synthesizer for author's tuning system.
Placement of DNA frequencies for each base molecule arranged from 'low' to 'high' on a keyboard.

References:
Homage to Pythagoras, Rediscovering Sacred Science. Christopher Bamford (Ed): Lindisfarne Press, Hudson,
NY. 1982.
Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 8th ed. Mcgraw-Hill. NY, NY, 1997.
Randy Masters. PO Box 64, Aptos, CA. 95001. 831-662-2594.
Hunt, Valerie. Infinite Mind: The Science of Human Vibrations. Malibu Publishing Co., Malibu, CA. 1989.

Acknowledgements:
The author wishes to thank Dr. David Deamer for his invaluable assistance. The science sections were either
directly written, or edited, by him.

The Music
Sequencia, (cassette and compact disc). Three original compositions by Susan Alexjander, using microtonal
scales derived from the infrared spectra of adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. Performed by voice, tabla,
violin, cello and synthesizer.
DNA Suite: by D.W. Deamer. (Cassette) keyboard realization of direct translations of nucleotide sequences in
the human insulin gene; two satellite DNAs, and Alu Consensus, a 300 nucleotide repeating sequence that
surprisingly comprises over a tenth of the human genome.
Molecular Meditation: by David Deamer. (Cassette) - synthesizer translations of nucleotide sequences in an
antibody gene.
Produced by Science & The Arts:
Susan Alexjander, aka: Susan Alexander
Science & The Arts
PO Box 428
Aptos, Ca. 95001
831-421-0934
xjander@got.net
Dr. David Deamer
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
University of Ca. Santa Cruz
Santa Cruz, Ca. 95064
459-5158 (tel/fax)
deamer@hydrogen.ucsc.edu

BIOS:
Susan Alexjander holds a Masters degree from San Jose State University in Composition and Theory. She has
taught at the university level and is currently an adjunct faculty member of Union Institute in Sacramento,
California. Her compositions have been performed throughout the United States, including collaborations with
dance companies. Sequencia is internationally known and has appeared on CNN, BBC Radio, Wisconsin
Public Radio, and featured at the Boston Museum of Science, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and
the Art Museum of Santa Barbara. In 1995 she received a Fellowship from the Alden B. Dow Creativity
Center in Midland, Michigan, to explore the geometry of the mineral kingdom as musical data.
She is Director of Science & The Arts, a company founded by Dr. David Deamer, which furthers the research
into the 'musical' universe of frequency. Her book, Sound Healing: A Guide To Therapeutic Practices, will be
published by Crossing Press, Freedom, Ca. in Spring of 1999.
Dr. David W. Deamer is professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
His undergraduate B.Sc. degree was in Chemistry, at Duke University, Durham NC (1961) and his Ph.D. in
Physiological Chemistry from the Ohio State University School of Medicine (1965). Following post-doctoral
research with Profs. Lester Packer and Daniel Branton at UC Berkeley, he joined the faculty at UC Davis in
1967.
In 1994 he moved his laboratory and teaching appointment to UC Santa Cruz.
Dr. Deamer's NASA-supported research concerns the role of membranes in the evolutionary events leading up
to the origin of cellular life. His laboratory has been continuously supported by the Exobiology program since
1985. Dr. Deamer's NIH-supported research is related to the discovery that single stranded RNA or DNA
move through a bacterial toxin channel and can be characterized by the resulting blockades in ionic current.