Academic and Research Publications

Volume 3, Issue 2, 2014
August, 2014
ISSN: 2319-8796
International Journal
Of
Nano
Science & Technology
This Journal is an academic and peer-reviewed publication (Print ISSN 2319-8796 )

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IJNST
Of
Nanoscience & Technology
Volume 3, Issue 2, 2014
August, 2014
This Journal is an academic and peer-reviewed publication (Print ISSN 2319-8796 )
is journal is Indexed/abstracted in Indian Science Abstract

along with National/or International abstracting /Indexing
services if covered in these secondary publications
Journal on Nanoscience and Technology. All rights reserved. No portion of material can be reproduced in part or
full without the prior permission of the Editor.
Note : The views expressed herein are the opinions of contributors and do not reflect the stated policies of the
Academic And Research Publications.

of
Issue 2, 2014
August, 2014
Volume 3, 2014
Editorial Board
Chief Editor
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Manik Sinha
Prof. Dr. techn. Murthy CHAVALI S.S.S. Yadav
Former Dean, Faculty of Law,

Dr R.M.L Awadh University, Faizabad (UP),
Senior Advocate, Govt Of India, High Court, Lucknow
Email: manik.sinha@ymail.com
M.Sc. Tech., P.G.D.C.A., C. Ger. (Austria), Ph.D. Tech. (Austria), Post-doc. Fellow (USA, Japan, Taiwan),
C. Jap. (Japan), M.A.C.S., M.A.I.A.A.,M.I.L.A., M.S.A.E., M.I.S.A.S., M.O.S.A., M.I.F.S.A., M.E.A.C.R.,
PROFESSOR - Analytical Chemistry & Nanotechnology,
RESEARCH COORDINATOR (DSH),Div. of Chemistry, Dept. of Sciences and Humanities,VIGNAN
University,Vadlamudi 522 213, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
E-mail : ChavaliM@gmail.com
Members of Editorial Board

Prof. Javier RodriguezViejo
Nanomaterials and Microsystems Group
Professor
Department of Physics Universitat Autonoma de
Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory
Barcelona 08193 - Bellaterra. Barcelona Spain
Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division
School of Advanced Sciences VIT University
E-mail: javier.rodriguez@uab.es
Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
Prof. Fumio Watari
E-mail: mbadal1963@gmail.com
Dr. Badal Kumar Mandal
Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait
Associate Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering Indian
Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Guwahati - 781039 Assam (INDIA)
Email :mihir@iitg.ernet.in
in Hokkaido University, Japan

Email; watari@den.hokudai.ac.jp
Prof. Yang-Kyu Choi
Department of Electrical Engineering Korea

Advanced ,Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu ,Daejeon
305-701 Republic of Korea
E-mail: ykchoi@ee.kaist.ac.kr
Associate Editors
Prof. Dr. Wu, Ren-jang

Department of
Applied Chemistry, Providence
,University, 200 Chung-Chi Rd.,
Shalu, 43301 Taichung, Taiwan
ROC ,TAIWAN, ROC
Email:
wurenjang@gmail.com
Prof. M. SRIDHARAN,
Dept. Electronics & Communication Engn. / SEEE ,
Prof. Mandava V. Basaveswara Rao
SASTRA
UNIVERSITY
Professor, Department of Chemistry, Krishna
Thanjavur
613
401, Tamil Nadu.
Dr.P.Sujata
Devi,
University . Machilipatnam -521 001,
(INDIA)
Nano-Sericulture
Materials
Diagram,
Central
Krishna Dist Andhra Pradesh, India.Email;
Email:
Glass ,Research Institute,196 Raja S C Mallik
vbrmandava@yahoo.com ;
m.sridharan@ece.sastra.edu
Roas, Kolkata-700032.
professormandava@gmail.com
Email: psujthadevio@gmail.com
Dr. Masanori Kikuchi
Dr. Maqsood Ahmad,
International Center for Materials
Assistant Editors
Asst.Professor,King Abdullah institute for
NanoArchitectonics (MANA),
Dr.
Khushwinder Kaur
Nanotechnology,King Saud University, BOXNational Institute for Materials Science,
Department of Chemistry Punjab
2454,Riyadh - 11451,Saudi Arabia.
1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044,
University, Chandigarh Email :
Email ; maqsood@gmail.com ;
Japan
:makkarkhushi@gmail.com
mahamed@ksu.edu.sa
Email: KIKUCHI.Masanori@nims.go.jp
Publication Editor
Er. Manisha Verma, B. Sc., B. tech.
Publication Editor(Chief Executive)

22, Gaur Galaxy , Plot No 5, Sec-5, Vaishali ,
Ghaziabad (U.P.)- 201010(INDIA)
Email : manisha_npp@yahoo.com,
www.manishanpp.com.
Mrs Laxmi Upadhya,
MNNIT, Allahabad. U P
Email : laxman7mnnit@gmail .com
Coordinating Editor
Dr. Kavyanjali Shukla
FLAT-E, 5/F, BLOCK - 13,

SOUTH HORIZONS, AP LEI CHAU,
HONG KONG
E-mail: shuklakavyanjali@yahoocom
drkavyanjali@gmail.com
Dr. Pervinder Kaur ,
Department of Agronomy Punjab

Agricultural,University,
Ludhiana, Punjab.
Email : pervi_7@yahoo.co.in
Dr. Archna Srivastava,
Asso. Prof. Rungta College of

Engg & Tech Bhilai (C.G.)
Email:
archana2176@rediffmail.com
Journal on Nanoscience and Technology. All rights reserved. No portion of material can be reproduced in part or full without
the prior permission of the Editor.
Note : The views expressed herein are the opinions of contributors and do not reflect the stated policies of the Academic And Research Publications.. Correspondence: All enquiries, editorial, business and any other, may be addressed to: The Editor-in-chief,
International Journal of Nanoscience and Technology (IJNST), H.Office: EC 41, Maya Enclave, New Delhi -110064.
E-mail : manisha_npp@yahoo.com, www.manishanpp.com.
ISSN : 2319-8796
of
Volume No. 3
August, 2014
Contents
Issue No. 2, 2014
S. No. Title
1.
Review on Medical Applications of Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC)
Page No.
Aravinthan Gopanna , Mohammed N. Alghamdi and Murthy Chavali
2.
Review on Biogenic Synthesis of Iron Oxide (Fe2o3), Zinc Oxide (Zno) and Copper
Oxide (Cuo/Cu2o) Nanoparticles
07
Kiran Kumar H. A. and Badal Kumar Mandal
3.
A Classical Approach To The Melting

of a Nanorod
21
Himanshu Kumar Pandey , Sandeep Kumar Singh, Pramendra Ranjan Singh
4.
Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine and Health Care: An Overview

Tabrez Ahmad, Newton Paul and Kavyanjali Shukla
28
www
is
n
a
.m
p.c
p
n
a
om
Journal on Nanoscience and Technology. All rights reserved. No portion of material

can be reproduced in part or full without the prior permission of the Editor.
Int. J. Nano. Sci. & Tech. Vol. 3 (2) 2014, pp. 1-6
ISSN: 2319-8796
Aravinthan Gopanna, Yanbu Research Center, Royal Commission - Yanbu Colleges and Institutes,
P.O. Box 30436, Yanbu Aisinaiya, SAUDI ARABIA.
b
Mohammed N. Alghamdi,, Yanbu Research Center, Royal Commission - Yanbu Colleges
and Institutes, P.O. Box 30436, Yanbu Aisinaiya, SAUDI ARABIA.
c
Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences and Humanities, Vignans Foundation for Science,
Technology and Research University (VFSTRU; Vignan University), Vadlamudi,
Guntur 522 213 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA.
*
(Date of Receipt : 24-05-2014;
Email: chavalim@gmail.com
Date of Acceptance for Publication : 05-07-2014)
he challenges in medical sector inspire for the invention of new medical grade polymers. Polymer provide improved robustness against breakability and better ergonomic, while delivering for many product an adequate stability performance level regarding water/gas permeability as well as extractible/leachable. Cyclic Olefin Copolymers
(COC) provides an impressive array of physical and chemical properties that are attractive to medical applications. Cyclic Olefin Copolymers unique characteristics bring
a true benefit as well as viable alternative for materials like glass, PVC and PC in medical applications. Cyclic Olefin Copolymers can be used for medical products, diagnostic products, medical device packaging, pharmaceutical blister packaging etc .
Key Words : Cyclic Olefin Copolymers, Biocompatibility, Plasma Surface Modification And Blister Packaging
Pages : 8
References : 35
INTRODUCTION
to Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) apCyclic olefin copolymers (COC) are co- peared. In the 1980s, first commercial
polymers of ethylene and a ring-shaped COC made via Ziegler-Natta catalysis
norbornene groups, typically derived became available. In the 2000s, first
from dicyclopentadiene. The incorpo- commercial metallocene-based COC
started. Cyclo olefin copolymers
rated ring structure gives the cyclo-ole- plant
m
o
c
.
p
fins their stiffness, while its size prevents
n p (COC) are copolymers of ethylene and
a
h
s
the molecules from becoming
n i ordered a ring-shaped norbornene groups, typia
m
.
cally derived from dicyclopentadiene.
enough to crystallize.
www
The content of ethylene is between 30
and 95% and the content of norbornene
In the 1950s, first literature references is between 5 and 70%.
1
ISSN: 2319-8796
The incorporated ring structure gives

the cyclo-olefins their stiffness, while its
size prevents the molecules from becoming ordered enough to crystallize;
the copolymer becomes amorphous,
clear and colorless thermoplastic polymers and shows the properties of high
glass-transition temperature (Tg). Glass
transition temperature of COC can be
varied over a wide range (from 65 0C to
178 0C), depending on comonomer ratio; the bulky norbornene comonomer
stiffens the chain, and thus increasing
the norbornene content results in copolymers with higher glass-transition
temperature. Like many other thermoplastics, COC can be extruded, injection
molded, thermoform and machined.
PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING

Cyclic olefin copolymers exhibit unique
combination of properties, including very
high transparency (92 % in visible range
400-800nm), High purity (Extremely low
extractable), Good Moldability (High
flowability), Gloss, low specific gravity
(1.02 or less), low shrinkage, very low water absorption, outstanding water-vapor
barrier capabilities ( less than 0.01 % per
24 hours), excellent aroma barrier, high
ha
s
i
n
heat resistance (100 C to m
160
C),
good
. UVa transmisw
w
electrical insulation,
high
w
sion, low auto fluorescence (less than PC
or PS), low birefringence (1/3 of PC), good
compatibility with most polyolefins, bio-
compatibility and inertness. These properties, together with the unique mechanical characteristics, such as dimensionally
stable, high rigidity, low creep, Good tensile and hardness, and chemically resist
hydrolytic degradation, aqueous acids
and bases, fragrances, most polar organic chemicals and oxygenated solvents.
MEDICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC

PRODUCTS
Cyclic olefin copolymers are suitable
for medical and diagnostic products
because of their benefits like high
break-resistance, consistent breakloose and glide force, silicone-oil
free, low exposure to extractables
and leachables, low particulate levels, minimum adsorption and absorption, Improved drainability, excellent
low temperature characteristics, high
transparency, clarity, moisture barrier and chemical resistance. COC
withstand all common sterilization
regimes, including gamma radiation,
steam, and ethylene oxide. They are
exceptionally pure and have excellent
biocompatibility.
Tests show that no substances leach
from them within the limits of detection during immersion in water or
isopropanol after 24 hours at 70C.
Given their better shatter resistance
than .glass,
o mCOC can replace glass in
c
p
p filled syringe bodies, serum vinpreals, blood containers, petri dishes,
test tubes, and bottles of various sizes, as well as other diagnostic and
biomedical containers. COC cuvettes
and multi-well microtiter plates of-
fer resistance to such common polar

organic solvents as dimethyl sulfoxide, as well as high light transmission
through the near UV. These COC devices provide low haze and low chromatic aberration for sensitive and accurate spectrophotometer readings.
In pharmaceutical bottles, their high
moisture barrier can extend drug shelf
life longer than commodity plastics,
either keeping moisture out or preventing moisture loss during storage.
COC resins can also lengthen the life
of moisture-sensitive medications in
other drug-delivery systems such as
injector pens and inhalers.
ISSN: 2319-8796
and brittleness.
Surfaces modified with a glass like

surface could thus be used to perform bioassays where the induction
of blood coagulation via the intrinsic
pathway is required. Cyclo olefin copolymer with glass like surface properties is an excellent way to create
hybrid materials with the beneficial
of both. Modified cyclo olefin copolymers to form silica like surface
by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Plasma-enhanced
chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)
is an inexpensive and completely
dry surface engineering technique
Glass surfaces and materials have for the deposition of pinhole free,
been widely used for many years organic and inorganic coatings. In
in medical applications due to their addition to wettability, hardness,
many beneficial properties. Like the and chemical inertness, biocompatcharacteristic of glass and glass like ibility can also be tailored by such
surfaces is their ability to accelerate deposition process. In addition, the
the blood clotting process. Indeed, low deposition temperature allows
the collection of blood in glass con- the coating of thermally sensitive
tainers has to be protected from substrates such as polymers. Films
clotting by the addition of calcium generated by PECVD offer several
chelators such as citrate or throm- advantages over films produced by
bin inhibitors such as heparin. It is conventional chemical and physical
believed that the highly negatively vapor deposition techniques. These
charged silicon dioxide surface re- thin layers are highly coherent and
sembles the exposed vasculature adherent to a variety of substrate
(collagen) following vascular injury films and may be prepared from
and initiates the coagulation cas- monomers not polymerizable by
cade via the intrinsic pathway. This conventional means. Organic monophenomenon has been widely ex- mer vapors containing silicon alone
ploited in many blood coagulation or in a mixture of other gases such
assays where glass or other analo- asc O
o2mare used to create such films.
.Silica-like
p
p
go u s si l i c at es su ch a s cel i t eaand
thin films deposited by
h n
k a o l i n a r e a dded t o blao n
o di ssa mple s PECVD offer several advantages in
.m
t o a c c e l e rw
a t ew w
cl o t t i n g. Ho weve r, that they are not only colorless and
G l a ss su f fer s di sa dva n t a ges in- optically transparent but are also inc l u di n g t h e mea n s o f pr o ces sing soluble and thermally stable.
3
ISSN: 2319-8796
Reduction in clotting time (CT) values over polystyrene control, as induced by the
SiOx-coated COC substrates after 3 days, 1, 2, 3, and 8 weeks following SiOx modification.
CT on glass is used as a positive control. CT of polystyrene was taken as 100%
The creation of a plasma surface modification of COC substrate, with silica-like

characteristics has been successfully
demonstrated and extensively characterized by atomic force microscopy, infrared
spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. Variations in vapor deposition
conditions led to significant differences
in terms of film properties with regard to
contact angle, stability, and lateral flow
properties. An optimized surface modification resulted in a silica-like surface with
a thickness of 44nm and roughness of 1
nm, which showed significantly reduced
hydrophobicity (40-500) compared to the
unmodified polymer (1000). Contact anha
s
i
gle measurements showed increase
and
n
. m a of the
w
stabilization of the
hydrophobicity
w
w
film after several weeks at 640. These stabilized films exhibited reproducible lateral
flow of plasma when the substrates pos-
sessed micropillar structures and also

showed reduction in plasma clotting time
of 54%, compared to 66 % for glass, as
evidenced using a thrombin assay. The
combination of reproducible and hydrophilic lateral flow and clotting time acceleration on a polymer-based technology
illustrate the potential for this substrate
modification to form the basis of a bioassay device platform.
MEDICAL
DEVICE
AND
PHARMACEUTICAL
BLISTER
PACKAGING
om
c
.
p
p
olefin
nCyclic
copolymers may be combined with polyethylene (PE) in monolayer blend films or used in multilayer
films in flexible packaging for food, drugs,
cosmetics, personal care, and consumer
products. In multilayer structures, lami-
nated and coextruded films are made

with a COC core and outer layers of other resins. COC provide a higher moisture barrier than that available with
other common film materials. In fact,
they have roughly doubled the moisture
barrier of high density PE, three times
that of low density PE, seven times that
of unoriented PP, and ten times that of
polyvinyl chloride (PVC). COC coextruded with PE usually needs no tie layer
because the two are highly compatible.
Medical-grade blister-packaging films
protect prescription and over-the-counter drugs against moisture and other
environmental factors. Such films must
thermoform easily and be compatible
with commercially available lidding materials. Although many thermoformable
films are used in pharmaceutical blister packages, those made with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are most common. A
drawback of PVC is that some consumers perceive it as posing environmental
risks. COC are viable alternative to PVC.
COC flat films are nearly 10 times less
www
nis
a
m
.
ISSN: 2319-8796
permeable to water vapor than PVC

films. COC absorbs less than 0.01%
moisture. They are also less controversial environmentally since they are halogen-free. COC creates clear, colorless
films that thermoform easily on existing
machines at temperatures comparable
to those used for PVC. For blister packaging, it is thermoformed at relatively
low temperatures (110 C to 130 C) on
existing machinery and with 10 % to
20 % shorter cycle times than PVC/PVdC
film. The COC-based film forms blisters
with more uniform wall thickness than
those made of competitive materials,
and the improved wall uniformity provides a more effective moisture barrier.
These COC-based multilayer films are
cost competitive with those made of
PVC/PVdC.
PE/COC blends is developed for medical device packaging application and
provides good forming properties, excellent dimensional stability, excellent
stiffness and cost-effective solution
such as down gauging and reclaim.
p.c
p
n
a
om
ISSN: 2319-8796
CONCLUSION
801814, 2005.
Cyclic olefin copolymers (COC) materials have recently attracted both academic and industrial interest as well as the
market for COC is growing every year. Its
unique properties make them well-suited
to use in the medical, drug-delivery systems, pharmaceutical packaging sectors, etc. Engineers have tapped its key
characteristics of toughness, rigidity, and
strength for critical device applications in
which safety and performance are vital.
REFERENCES
7. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 213 (2004) 8187

8. Polymer Letters Vol.5, No.1 (2011) 2337
9. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics,
202, 2001
10. http://www.topas.com
11. http://www.ticona.com
12. http://www.zeonex.com
1. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, Volume No.1, Issue

No.2 Page: 222-228
13. http://www.pmpnews.com
2. Langmuir 2009, 25(18), 1115511161
14. http://www.medicalplasticsindia.
com
3. Plastics Technology, November 2002
15. http://www.plastemart.com
4. Plastics Technology, May 2011

5. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, DOI
10.1002/app.36861, (2012)
6. Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 77, No. 5, pp.
16. http://www.sciencedirect.com
17. http://www.wikipedia.com
18. http://www.wiley.com
om
np
isha
p.c
n
a
m
.
w
ww
ISSN: 2319-8796
Trace Elements Speciation Research Laboratory, Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division,
School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore 632014, India
Email: badalmandal@vit.ac.in
he synthesis of nano structured materials, especially metal and metal oxide nanopar-
ticles (NPs), has accrued utmost interest over the past decade due to their advanced
properties which makes them an important tool for various applications in different
areas of science and technology. Green synthesis is the best alternative to the conventional methods which have been widely employed towards the synthesis of metal
oxide NPs which includes both chemical and physical methods with various drawbacks such as toxicity, high energy, cost effective and purity. Synthesis and characterization of Fe2O3, ZnO and CuO have been studied extensively due to their advanced
applications in various fields. Different naturally available prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organisms have been used as reducing and stabilizing agents for the bio-fabrication
of the above mentioned metal oxide NPs. This review comprises of information from
different reports available on the green synthesis of oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of iron,
zinc and copper.
Key Words : Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, Conventional Methods, Applications,

Green Synthesis.
Pages :14
References : 101
INTRODUCTION
gaining great momentum due to its abilPresent research has been widely fo- ity to produce materials in nanoscale
cused on nanotechnology because of and their applications in different fields,
its potential involvement in various sec- hence there is a notable research attors such as environment, health, ag- tention in the synthesis of various metal
riculture and energy. Researchers be- andometal
m oxides NPs. Metal oxide nanc
.
p
longing to various disciplines suchnas
p oparticles (MO NPs) have unique physia
h
s
chemistry, physics, biotechnology,
and cal and chemical properties due to their
ani
m
.
w in great demand small size and high surface area which
electronics etc.,
w w are
of nano structured materials because is absent in bulk. Metals at nano scale
of inter disciplinary applications. Syn- will have high percentage of surface atthesis of metal and metal based NPs is oms when compared to that of bulk. In
7
materials where strong chemical bonding is present, delocalization of valence

electrons can be extensive. The extent
of delocalization can vary with the size
of the system, structure also changes
with size. The above two changes can
lead to different physical and chemical
properties such as optical properties,
band gap, magnetic property, melting point, specific heat and surface reactivity. For semiconductors such as
ZnO the band gap changes with size.
For magnetic materials such as Fe3O4
magnetic properties are size dependent
and the coercive force (or magnetic
memory) needed to reverse an internal magnetic field within the particle is
size dependent. NPs exhibiting different
colors is one of the important property,
in bulk state metal wont exhibit colour
due to absence of surface plasmonic
resonance (SPR) because on smooth
metal surfaces light is totally reflected
by the high density of electrons but in
small particles light is absorbed, leading to some color. For example, Au and
Ag NPs exhibit different colors depending on particle size. Melting point is another important property which is dependent on size of the material as the
size goes to nano melting point is drastically decreased. Based on the above
mentioned differences in the properties
of nano than that of bulk materials, NPs
have been used in wide range of applications. MO NPs have recently gained
enormous interest in various processes
such as electron transistor devices, gas
sensors, solar cells, pigments and waste
ha
s
i
n
a unique
water treatment etc., due. to
mtheir
w
w
optical, magneticwand electronic properties. Above mentioned properties hold
promises for remarkable performance in
several important fields of applications
ISSN: 2319-8796
including catalytic, magnetic, mechanical and biological applications. Several

methodologies have been established
to synthesize MO NPs including both
physical and chemical methods among
which physical methods such as template assisted synthesis, hydrothermal
synthesis and solgel process are employed whereas these methods require
special equipment, high temperature
and templates which encounter difficulties with prefabrication and post-removal of the templates and usually result in
impurities. On the other hand chemical
procedures form toxic byproducts due
to the uses of harsh reducing agents
which are dangerous to the environment. Controlling the size and morphology of the NPs through conventional
process is difficult. Though physical
techniques produce well defined nanomaterials than chemical methods,
these methods are expensive and time
consuming. Formation of metal nanoparticles by chemical methods require
short period of time with large quantity
of nanoparticles, but this method is concerned with stability issues in aqueous
solutions and requires additional stabilizing agents. Without stabilizing agent
nanoparticles aggregation is noticed
due to van-der Waals forces of attraction. Hence numbers of synthetic stabilizing/capping agents, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and sodium polyacrylate
have been used, but these stabilizing
agents leads to particle deformation
o m activity growth inhibic
andp . reduced
p of the nanoparticles and also in
ntion
many cases the reducing agents used
for reduction and capping agents for
protection leads to production of toxic
and non-ecofriendly byproducts. However, environmental contamination is
ISSN: 2319-8796
a major concern in the chemical syn- cals, microorganisms and plants as rethesis of metal and MO NPs. To avoid ducing and stabilizing agents and the
the environmental contaminations, de- applications of green synthesized MO
velopment of low cost, non-toxic and NPs in various aspects.
eco-friendly processes are needed in
synthesizing MO NPs. Biosynthesis of Importance of Fe, Zn and Cu oxide NPs
MO NPs using green reducing agents
such as prokaryotic and eukaryotic Metal oxide NPs have found extensive
organisms are considered as sim- range of application in various disciple, green and cost-effective methods. plines such as catalysis, water purificaGreen synthesis (synthesis using natu- tion, solar cells, data storage and medirally available reducing agents such as cine etc. Hence synthesis of oxide NPs
microorganisms and plants) of metal with desirable properties are in great
and MO NPs is a major breakthrough demand for selective and high potential
in the nanoparticle research. Different applications.
metal nanoparticles such as Ag, Au, Pt,
Pd and Cu have been successfully syn- Applications of iron oxide nanoparticles
thesized using green reducing agents.
Different green reducing agents (plants, Iron oxide NPs are widely used as catabacteria, fungi and yeast) have been lysts in several oxidation/reduction and
employed for the synthesis of metal na- acid/base reactions [1]. Recent synthetnoparticles among which plant extract- ic advances have resulted synthesis of
mediated synthesis of nanomaterials iron oxide NPs and are considerably
is one of the most stable and suitable more effective for the oxidation of caralternatives in comparison to those pro- bon monoxide [2]. Magnetic property of
duced by physical, chemical and mi- iron oxide NPs have explored their pocrobial methods. On the other hand MO tential application as high-density magNPs have gained lot of importance and netic data storage and have also play
have been intensively studied because key role in various biomedical applicaof their potential technological and bio- tions such as contrast agent in maglogical applications. Hence there is a netic resonance imaging [3]. Iron oxide
growing need to move towards green NPs are also used as reducing agents
protocols. The synthesis of MO NPs us- in the removal of toxic waste and in deing plant extracts has been found to be composition of various toxic chemicals
faster than the microbial synthesis. The and compounds [4, 5]. Other applicagreen method has been growing sig- tions of iron oxide NPs include biosepnificance due to its simplicity and eco- aration [6], waste water treatment [7],
friendliness. Green synthesis of MO NPs magneto
o m optical switches [8], sensors
c
.
p
is advantageous over other conventionn p [9], photonic crystals [10], and electron
a
h
s
n i non toxic transistor devices [11]. In addition, iron
al methods because of a
their
m
.
and environmental
w w w friendly protocols. oxide NPs have extensive applications
Present review provides a summary of as pigments, catalysts, coatings, lubriexisting works on the green synthesis cation, ion exchangers, sorbents, and
of different MO NPs using green chemi- gas sensors [1217].
9
ISSN: 2319-8796
Applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles

When compared to other metal oxide
NPs zinc oxide is attracting tremendous
attention and also considered as one of
the best metal oxide that can be used at
a nanoscale due to its interesting properties like wide direct band gap of 3.3
eV at room temperature and high exaction binding energy of 60 meV [18] with
its unique optical and electrical properties [19]. Zinc oxide NPs have been used
in various potential applications such as
solar cells, UV light-emitting devices, gas
sensors, photo catalysts, pharmaceutical
and cosmetic industries [20-24] because
of its high catalytic efficiency, strong
adsorption ability, manufacture of sunscreens [25], ceramics and rubber processing, wastewater treatment, and as a
fungicide [26,27]. ZnO NPs is highly toxic
to various bacterial strains, but its stability
during harsh processing conditions and
relatively low toxicity has favored its applications in agricultural and food industries
[28-32]. Other applications of ZnO NPs include personal care products, ultraviolet
(UV) light emitters, chemical sensors, piezoelectric devices, spin electronics, coating and paints [3335].
Applications of copper oxide nanoparticles
Recently, copper oxide (CuO) nanoparti-
www
ish
n
a
m
cles have gained significant importance

in different areas due to their physical and
chemical properties. Cu and Cu complexes have been used in various purposes for
centuries, such as water purifiers, algaecides, fungicides, antibacterial, antifouling
agents, coatings, plastics and textiles [36,
37]. Copper exhibits a broad-spectrum of
biological activity and effectively inhibits
the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses and
algae [38-40]. This transition metal oxide
with a narrow band gap (Eg 1.2 eV) has
been widely used as giant magneto resistance material [41], superconductors
[42], gas sensors [43], catalysts [44], battery [45] and solar cells [46]. Copper oxide NPs are very important in medicinal
field in which they act as antioxidant [47],
antibacterial [48] agents. During the last
5 years, nanoscale copper has gained
much attention due to its remarkable antibacterial activity [49], and products with
copper-containing surfaces may be used
for sterilization processes in hospitals [50].
Conventional methods used for the

synthesis of Fe, Zn and Cu oxide
nanoparticles
Different methods followed for the synthesis of MO NPs have been listed in Figure 1.
Both physical and chemical methods have
been used for the synthesis of MO NPs.
.co
npp
Figure 1: different conventional methods used to synthesize Cu, Fe and Zn oxide NPs.
10
GREEN SYNTHESIS
ISSN: 2319-8796
within 30 min and also studied the effect

Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles of pH on the size of the NPs. Based on
is advantageous over other conventional the results authors found that at neutral
synthesis process which includes both pH size of the NPs was small [68]. Further
chemical and physical methods. Green Gao et al. used biopolymer, sodium alsynthesis mostly involves the use of dif- ginate as reducing and stabilizing agent
ferent organisms such as bacteria, fungi, for the synthesis of Fe2O3 NPs. The synand plants etc., sometimes green chemi- thesized NPs were spherical with avercals which are nontoxic such as gal- age particle size of 24.5 nm [69]. Similarly,
lic acid and tannic acid in the synthesis Lu et al. reported the synthesis of highly
of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) NPs, urea in crystalline and spherical Fe2O3 NPs usthe synthesis of iron oxide NPs, citric acid ing -D-glucose as reducing agent and
0
mediated synthesis of Ag NPs, starch has gluconic acid as stabilizing agent at 60 C
been used to synthesis platinum NPs etc. with an average size of synthesized NPs
Synthesis of NPs using above mentioned of 12.5 nm [70]. Green synthesis of soya
reducing agents such as phytochemi- bean sprouts (SBS)-mediated superparacals, proteins and vitamins present in mi- magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles under amcrobes and plants makes the synthesis bient temperature was reported by Cai et
ecofriendly and cost effective, also elimi- al. Synthesized Fe3O4 NPs were spherical
nates the need to use harsh chemicals shaped with an average diameter of 8 nm
which makes the nanomaterials toxic. formed simultaneously on the epidermal
Green synthesis has been widely em- surface and the interior stem wall of SBS.
ployed in the field of nanotechnology and Probable mechanism for the formation of
nanobiotechnology in the past decade by Fe3O4 NPs has been demonstrated [71].
researchers to obtain different metal NPs, Magnetite NPs with tunable sizes and
among which reports on plant mediated morphologies was reported by Yang et al.
synthesis of metal NPs, are more com- [72]. In this report NPs were synthesizheating an aqueous solution of
pared to microbial synthesis. Use of plant ed2+by 3+
extracts based synthesis is advantageous Fe /Fe (1:2 0molar ratio) in the presence
over microbial synthesis because of its of urea at 85 C and examined that in absimplicity and also avoids the lengthy pro- sence of other additives such as polyvinyl
cedures such as maintaining cultures in alcohol (PVA) the particle size was 300 nm
sterile media to avoid contamination and whereas in presence of additive the size
monitoring the reaction. The reports avail- decreased to ~100 to ~280 nm. Authors
able on the biological synthesis of metal also suggested that size of the NPs can
be tuned using PVA [72]. Ahmmad et. al.
oxide NPs have been discussed below.
reports the synthesis of mesoporous heGreen synthesis of iron oxide
matite
c o m(-Fe2O3) NPs using camellia sin.ensis
p
nanoparticles
p
leaf extract. Synthesized NPs were
an
h
s
i
n
almost
spherical with the size of 80 nm.
Notable efforts have been
a made to synm
.
w
thesize iron oxide
via green Authors also studied the photocatalytic
w wnanoparticles
route. Initially Raul et. al., reported the syn- activity of synthesized NPs [73]. Demir et
thesis of spherical iron oxide NPs using al. reported green synthesis of superparaalfalfa plant extract at room temperature magnetic Fe3O4 NPs using maltose as re 11
ducing and stabilizing agent and the reaction was carried out in autoclave at 180 oC
for 48 hours. The NPs were spherical with
average size of 12.1 2.1 nm. Authors also
proposed possible mechanism for the
formation of iron oxide NPs [74]. Mahdavi
et. al., used aqueous extract of seaweed
(Sargassum muticum) for green biosynthesis
of magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs within
60 min under ambient conditions. Authors
also reported that water extract containing sulphated polysaccharides acted as
reducing agent and efficient stabilizer.
The characterization results revealed that
synthesized NPs were crystalline in nature with cubic shape and average particle size was found to be 18 4 nm [75].
Bardajee et al synthesized biocompatible
superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs/hydrogel based on salep (Salep is a source
of glucomannan obtained from dried
tubers of certain natural terrestrial orchids) at room temperature. The synthesized NPs were evaluated for their drug
loading and releasing capacity followed
by cytotoxicity evaluation [76]. Recently
Mohanraj et. al., synthesized anisotropic
Fe2O3 NPs with average particle size of
61 nm using Murraya koenigii leaf extract
under ambient conditions in short time.
Synthesized iron oxide NPs were tested
towards fermentative hydrogen production with respect to C. acetobutylicum [77].
Darroudi et. al. synthesized superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs where the covalent binding of starch onto the surface
of magnetic Fe3O4 NPs was happened by
a green coprecipitation method. Synthesized NPs were irregular shaped with
hthea
s
i
n
average size of 40 nm. Authors
. m aalso studw
w
w
ied a dose dependent
toxicity of Fe3O4
NPs and a nontoxic effect of concentration below 62.5g/mL was observed in
the studies by in vitro cytotoxicity on neuro
ISSN: 2319-8796
2A cells [78]. Hao et. al., have reported

additive-free synthesis of irregular spherical shaped iron oxide NPs at 75 oC for 12
hours. Synthesized NPs were used as efficient adsorptive removal of Congo red
and Cr (VI) [79].
Green syn t h esis of zin c oxide

n an op art icles
Sangeetha et. al. have reported the green
synthesis of zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs) by
aloe barbadensis miller leaf extract. Effect of
extract concentration and time required
for the 100 % conversion of metal precursor to its nano form was evaluated. On
the other hand characterization studies
reveled that synthesized NPs were of different shapes ranging from spherical to
hexagonal with the size ranging from 2555 nm. Different phytoconstituents such
as flavonoids, proteins and other functional groups present in the leaf broth
of plant extract are responsible for the
formation of zinc oxide NPs. Authors also
studied the antimicrobial activity of green
synthesized ZnO NPs against bacterial
and fungal pathogens. Authors have reported that size plays major role in the effective antimicrobial activity towards different organisms. Smaller sized NPs show
better activity due to high surface area
[80, 81]. Darroudi et. al. have reported the
synthesis of ZnO NPs using gum tragacanth
at 80 oC in 12 hours. Synthesized NPs was
spherical in shape with the average size
of 50 nm. Further the cytotoxicity of ZnO
m
oevaluated
NPs
was
using 3-(4,5-dimethylc
.
p
p
nthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenylte-trazolium
bromide (MTT) assay [82]. Bio-fabrication of
highly crystalline spherical and hexagonal
ZnO NPs using different concentrations
of Parthenium hysterophorus leaf extract was
reported by Rajiv et. al.,The sizes of spheri-
12
ISSN: 2319-8796
cal and hexagonal NPs were 27 5 nm dal pyrazolines [86]. Gnanasangeetha et.
and 84 2 nm respectively. The synthe- al., have reported the green synthesis of
sized NPs were evaluated for its size- ZnO NPs using Acalypha indica leaf extract
dependent antifungal activity against in 2 hours under ambient conditions. The
plant fungal pathogens [83]. Synthesis synthesized NPs were cube shaped with
of ZnO NPs using Poncirus trifoliate fruit the size ranging from 100-200 nm. Based
extract was studied by P.C. Nagajyothi et. on the FTIR results authors tried to sort
al. Based on FTIR reports authors con- out various functional groups present in
firmed the role of alcohols, phenols, 11 the plant extract that are responsible for
amines, aromatic and aliphatic amines the reduction and stabilization of ZnO
in the synthesis of ZnO NPs. Synthesized NPs [87]. Synthesis of spherical ZnO NPs
NPs were spherical in nature with size using gelatin was investigated and the
ranging from 8.48 - 36.2 nm. Catalytic ef- formation of NPs was completed in 12
ficiency of the synthesized ZnO NPs was hours at 60 oC. Cytotoxic effects of syntheevaluated in the Claisen Schmidt con- sized NPs were also evaluated [88]. Azizi
densation of 3, 4-dimethyl benzaldehyde et. al. have reported the synthesis of zinc
with acetophenone [84]. Nagarajan et. al. oxide NPs through green process using
reported the synthesis of ZnO NPs using the brown marine macro algae Sargassum
three different sea weeds namely Caul- muticum aqueous extract. FTIR spectra
erpa peltata, Hypnea Valencia and sargassum revealed the involvement of sulfate and
myriocystum. Synthesized NPs were in dif- hydroxyl moieties of polysaccharide in
ferent shapes (spherical, triangle, radial, the formation of ZnO NPs. Pure ZnO NPs
hexagonal, rod and rectangle) with the were obtained after calcination of S. mutisize ranging from 76 - 186 nm. Authors cum formed ZnO at 450 oC. FESEM analyalso reported the effect of different pa- sis shows that the pure ZnO NPs syntherameters such as concentration of sea sized have hexagonal wurtzite structures
weed, pH and temperature on the syn- and the average size ranged from 30 to
thesis of ZnO NPs. It was observed that at 57 nm [89]. Abdul Salam et. al. have
lower concentration of extract formation reported the synthesis of hexagoof ZnO NPs was increased with the in- nal shaped ZnO NPs using Ocimum
creasing absorbance at 380 nm, whereas basilicum var. purpurascens Benth leaf
at higher concentration of extract led to extract and size of synthesized NPs
the aggregation. Other parameters such were less than 50 nm [90]. Singh et
as pH and temperature were also studied al have reported the synthesis of
and maximum conversion of metal salt spherical shaped ZnO nanoparticles
to its nano form was observed at higher with average size of 80 nm using the
pH (pH - 9) and 80 oC [85]. Shamsuzza- cell extract of the cyanobacterium.
man et. al. used Candida albicans as eco- Additionally,
authors also have re. c o m the formation
p
p
friendly reducing and capping agent
for
ported
of conjugate
n
a
h
s
i
the synthesis of ZnO NPs.
of ZnO NPsshinorine which may
a nSynthesized
m
.
w spherical with par- be useful in the formulation of nonZnO NPs were
quasi
ww
ticle size ranging from 15-25 nm. Further toxic sunscreen agent and also in
authors checked the effect of ZnO NPs other photochemically stable prodas a catalyst for the synthesis of steroi- ucts [91].
13
Green synthesis of copper oxide

nanoparticles
Yu et. al. synthesized Cu2O NPs using glucose as reducing and protecting agent
and the authors observed that addition of
external stabilizing agents such as CMC/
CTAB results in the decrease in particle
size [92]. Usha et. al. reported the synthesis of stable CuO and ZnO NPs using
Streptomyces Sp under ambient conditions
and antimicrobial activity of the synthesized NPs were checked on different bacterial strains by coating the NPs onto the
fabric [93]. Synthesis of Cu2O NPs using
Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces cultures at
60 oC within 20 min was reported and NPs
obtained were spherical in nature with
the particle size ranging between 10 20
nm [94]. Valodkar et. al., have reported the
synthesis of Cu2O NPs at 180 oC in 3 hrs
in sealed tube. Synthesized NPs were in
the form of dendrites with the size of 50
nm [95]. Gopalakrishnan et. al. have reported the synthesis of surface functionalized Cu2O NPs using Tridax procumbens
leaf extract and the synthesized NPs were
hexagonal and cubic in nature with the
particle size of 60 80 nm. The obtained
NPs were evaluated against E. coli as a
model for Gram-negative bacterium by
using disc-diffusion method [96]. Gunalan et. al. have reported green synthesis of
CuO NPs at 130 oC in 7 hours using Aloe
barbadensis Miller extract after centrifuging
followed by drying at 120 oC for 12 hours.
The synthesized NPs were crystalline and
spherical in nature with average particle
hona
size ranging from 15 30 nm. Based
s
i
n
a
the FTIR results the authors
that
. mreported
w
w
w
the stability of the NPs was due to surface
capping of free amino and carboxylic
groups onto NPs surface [97]. Fabrication
of spherical CuO NPs embedded with the
ISSN: 2319-8796
gum matrix by using gum karaya as reducing agent was investigated by Vinod
et. al., Based on the different concentrations used obtained NPs were in the size
ranging from 4.8 7.8 nm. Synthesized
NPs showed potential antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and gram
negative bacterial strains [98]. Sankar et.
al., reported the synthesis of CuO using
Carica papaya leaf extract at room temperature and the formation of NPs was
confirmed after 48 hrs. The synthesized
CuO NPs were in rod shaped and crystalline in nature with average particle size
of 140 nm. Authors also reported that the
bioactive molecules present in the C. papaya leaves extract reduce precursor and
formation of CuO NPs [99]. Recently Sivaraj et. al., reported the synthesis of CuO
NPs using Tabernaemontana divaricate leaf
extract by stirring the precursor and leaf
extract at 100 oC for 78 h. NPs obtained
were spherical and highly crystalline with
average size of 48 4 nm. Synthesized
CuO NPs were tested against the urinary
tract infection (UTI) causing pathogen
[100].
POSSIBLE MECHANISM
INVOLVED IN
THE
GREEN
SYNTHESIS OF MO NPS USING
NATURAL REDUCING AGENTS
Understanding the chemistry involved
in formation of stable MO NPs by green
synthesis using natural reducing agents
such as plant extracts, microorganisms
om
c
.
is
very
important
and interesting topic.
p
p
nVarious
reports are available on the
green synthesis of metal NPs such as
Au and Ag but till now there is no clear
information regarding the reduction and
stabilization of NPs by phytochemical.
Hence mechanisms involved in reduc-
14
Int. J. Nano. Sci. & Tech. Vol. 3 (2) 2014, pp.7-20
ISSN: 2319-8796
tion and stabilization during the synthe- CONCLUSION

sis of NPs need to be explored. Based
on the available literature the synthesis Synthesis of metal oxide NPs using bioand stabilization of MO NPs using mi- logical substances is an attractive and
croorganisms occurs by the proteins promising area in the nanotechnology
secreted by these organisms. The ami- research. Various biological entities have
no acid residues in the proteins secret- been exploited in the biosynthetic routes
ed by microorganisms play important for synthesis of metal and metal oxide NPs.
role in the synthesis and stabilization of Nanomaterials of different metals such as
NPs. Plant mediated synthesis has be- Ag, Au, Cu Pd and Pt have been reported
come important area for the research- till date using different prokaryotic and euers in the field of nanoparticle synthesis karyotic organisms. Among these biologibecause of its simplicity, which includes cal forms plants are regarded as potential
single step reaction to obtain stable and renewable nanofactories for the synNPs. The mechanism involved in this thesis of NPs because of their simplicity
process has been explained by various and eco-friendly nature. Large scale progroups during the synthesis of different duction of different metal NPs using biometal NPs. General idea involves that logical entities is still not under progress
the plant phytochemicals such as phe- though this route eliminates uses of toxic
nols, tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids chemicals and also makes the proceetc. take part in the reduction of metal dures simple. Scientists should focus on
ion to its nano form and itself under- this particular issue to make biological
goes oxidation. Further oxidized form of synthesis as alternative to conventional
the phytochemicals will take part in the methods in large scale industrial producstabilization by capping on to the sur- tions. Metal oxide NPs such as Fe2O3, ZnO
face. The reduction of metal occurs due and CuO/Cu2O have wide range of applito the hydroxyl groups present in the cations as mentioned earlier. It is noted
polyphenols, but at the same time the that from past decade there has been an
polyphenols undergo oxidation to form increased interest in biological synthesis
their respective quinine forms. As a re- of metal nanomaterials whereas most of
sult carbonyl groups present in the oxi- the reports are based on the synthesis of
dized polyphenols help in stabilization Ag and Au NPs. Fabrication of oxide NPs
by coordinating with the NPs via elec- using natural reducing agents is little hard
trostatic interaction. Based on HSAB when compared to individual metal NPs
principle it has been reported that when because optimizing the conditions such
hard ligands come in contact with soft as pH, incubation temperature, time, conmetal, resulting soft metal ion under- centration of metal ions, and the amount
goes reduction because complexation ofcbiological
o m material required for the syn.
p
p
is not preferential. Whereas at the a
same
n thesis of MO NPs is difficult on the other
h oxidas
i
n
time hard ligands undergoes
m a which in turn hand synthesis of MO NPs involves pro.
w
tion to form w
soft
ligands,
w
longed time and high temperature which
makes coordination with NPs synthe- effects the size and morphology of the
sized as soft ligands and makes them NPs. Considerable efforts have been put
stable by preventing aggregation [101]. forward to synthesis different metal ox 15
ISSN: 2319-8796
ide NPs using both microorganisms and

plants, researchers successfully reported
the synthesis of ZnO, CuO and Fe2O3 NPs
with different sizes, shapes and morphologies followed by their applications in
definite areas. Most of the reports conclude the dual role of reducing agents
used in synthesis. Hence understanding
the mechanism involved in reduction and
stabilization in single step without adding
additional reagents would be interesting
which has to be studied clearly. Synthesis of metal oxide NPs by biocompatible
agents with exclusive chemical, optical,
electrical and physical properties are of
great importance for wider applications in
the areas of chemistry, electronics, medicine and agriculture. Overall, the green
synthesis is an electrifying area in nanotechnology which makes momentous impact on future advancements in different
disciplines.
5. S. Lefebure, C. Mnager, V. Cabuil, M.

Assenheimer, F. Gallet and C. Flament
(1998), J. Phys. Chem. B 102 27332738.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
10. X. Xu, G. Friedman, K. D. Humfeld, S. A.

Majetich and S. A. Asher (2002), Chem.
Mater. 14 12491256.
The authors are grateful to VIT University,

Vellore 632014 for the help and platform
given to do this work.
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www
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ISSN: 2319-8796
Dept. of Physics, Patna Womens College, Patna- 800001*, Research Scholar,

Dept. of Physics, J.P. University, Chapra-841301**
Jagdam College,(J.P. University), Chapra- 841301***
Email: simeshi_123@rediffmail.com
Melting
point depression and enhancement of nanomaterials have been found to

depend on size, dimension and surface properties of the nanomaterials. Ours is a
phenomenological model based on classical considerations regarding melting of nanomaterials.We have considered a nanorod and using a simple minded approach
of cohesive binding energy observed that the melting point of the nanorod gets depressed as the size goes down. Further, to illustrate the phenomena, we have adopted
a classical thermodynamic approach which is mainly based on Gibbs energy of a
nanorod. We have minimized the Gibbs energy for the nanosystem in different phases and calculated and analyzed the results for the melting point of the nanorod. The
results of our models are consistent with both of experimental results and other thermodynamic models.
Key Words : Nanomaterials, Nanoparticles , Microelectronics.

Pages : 8
References : 35
INTRODUCTION
search is of special importance for the

The physical properties of nanopar- study of initial stages of thin film growth
ticles are a subject matter of intense in the area of microelectronics. Among
contemporary interest. As the size of the above counted special properties of
low-dimensional materials decreases nanocrystals, the melting point of nato nanometer size regime, electronic, nocrystals is one of the important thermagnetic, optic, catalytic and thermo- modynamic characteristics which dedynamic properties of the materials are termines many properties of materials.
significantly altered from those of either Thus, a thorough understanding of the
the bulk or a single molecule.[1] Ow- thermal properties of low dimensional
ing to the change of the properties, the materials
m is of importance due to their
o
c
.
p
fabrication of nanostructural materials
n p potential applications in the field of mia
h
s
and devices with unique n
properties
in croelectronics, solar energy utilization
i
a
m
.
atomic scale has
become
an emerging and nonlinear optical materials also.
ww
w
interdisciplinary field involving solid This may allow the use of a greater vastate physics , chemistry , biology and riety of substrates or the formation of
materials science. Also, this field of re- laminar thin films without thermal dam 21
age to the underlying features. The most

striking example of the deviation of the
corresponding conventional bulk thermodynamic behavior is probably the
depression of the melting point of nanostructures. A relation between the size
of nanostructures and melting temperature was first established by Pawlow in
1909 and Takagi in 1954 demonstrated
experimentally for the first time that ultrafine metallic particles melt below
their corresponding bulk temperatures.
[2,3 ]
Further studies revealed that isolated and substrate-supported nanoparticles with relatively free surfaces usually
exhibit a significant decrease in melting
temperature as compared to the corresponding conventional bulk materials.
The physical origin for this phenomenon is that the ratio of the number of
surface to volume atoms is enormous,
and the liquid/vapor interface energy is
generally lower than the average solid/
vapor interface energy.[4] Therefore as
the particle size decreases, its surface
to volume atom ratio increases and the
melting temperature decreases as a
consequence of the improved free energy at the particle surface. Moreover,
the metallic and organic nanocrystals
can exhibit not only a decrease of the
melting point, but also a superheating
, depending on their surrounding environments. [5,6,7]
It is widely believed that the melting
temperature Tm of nanostructures
goes down with decreasing size. The
ha
s
i
n
theory for this claim is usually
based
a
w . m shaped
by consideringw w
spherical
nanostructures. The methodology
used ranges from a variety of classical approaches to the first principle
ISSN: 2319-8796
quantum mechanical calculations.
[8,9]
We shall study a novel nanosystem

namely a nanorod. We adopt a classical
thermodynamics approach in which we
shall minimize the Gibbs energy.
An elementary approach (Weizsaker

Model)
Let us first adopt a simple minded approach based on calculating the cohesive energy for a nearest neighbour interacting nanorod. Figure 1 depicts such a
nanorod.
Fig. 1 Schematic nanorod of length l and radius R.

We can write

ETot =
NJ + 2 R
..(1)

Where J represents the energy per bond

and is a surface energy term. Note that
we consider only the curved surface area
to be significant. If the total energy per
atom be E then we can also write
ETot
=
R 2
a03
.(2)
where a
o0 mis the interatomic 2distance
c
.
p
(Note
that
the volume V is, V = R )
np
Hence, the total number of atoms N is
N=
R 2
3
a0

22
..(3)
whereby the total energy per atom can be

written as
=
ETot .
2 R 3
a
= J +
N
R 2 0
which implies = J + 2 a03
It is reasonable to assume that the melting temperature Tm is related to the binding energy per atom. The greater the binding energy the greater the melting point.
Hence Tm
which implies Tm J 2 a03
The melting temperature Tm is then

Tm= T0
2 3
a0 C1
R
.(5)

The above expression indicates that if R

goes down the second term on the right
hand side of eqn (6) increases thereby decreasing the melting temperature Tm. We
must note that R scales with l. A similar argument has been advanced by C.F. Von
Weizsaker to explain the nature of binding in a nucleus. It goes under the name
of the famous Weizsaker semi empirical
mass formula.
Table-I; Describes the various quantities used in the analysis

Table-I
www
.(6)
where T0 is the bulk melting point and C1

is a constant.
.(4)
ISSN: 2319-8796
nis
a
m
.
p.c
p
n
a
om
23
Gibbs energy based analysis of a nanorod

Figure 2 depicts a thin nanorod with R its
radius of cross section and the length
(R<< ). Melting of the rod is considered
only on the curved surface. The surface
properties especially the surface energies
in various phases play significantly besides others when the study of melting of
a nanorod is undertaken. Surface energy
quantifies the disruption of intermolecular bonds that occurs when a surface is
created. In the physics of solids, surface
must be intrinsically less energetically favorable than the bulk of a material; otherwise there would be a driving force for
surfaces to be created and surface is all
there would be. The surface energy may
therefore be defined as the excess energy
at the surface of a material compared to
the bulk. We can start with equating the
mass of the melted cylindrical shell in the
solid and liquid phases as
Mass of the melted shell in solid
phase=mass of the melted shell in liquid
phase.
i.e.
ISSN: 2319-8796
Whereby we can further write

1
Re
=[1 ( 1) B( B 2) ] 2 .(8)
R
Taylor expanding the R.H.S of eqn.(8) and

rearranging to order B2 (i.e. ignoring terms
of order B3 and higher) we obtain
( 1) B( B 2) 1 1 2 B 2 B 2 2
R
~1
(
) (
)
2
8
R
( 1) 2
We thus have R R 1 + B ( 1)
B
2
..(9)
We now differentiate the above expression to obtain

dR
( 1) ( 1) 2 B
R
2
d s
R
R
=
( note B
Therefore
dB
1
=
and hence
)
R
d s
R
dR
( 1) [1 B ]
d s
.(10)
Differentiating eqn. (7) we have
i.e
d ( R2 )
= 2 R [ ( 1)(1 B) ]
d 6S
..(11)
The central part of this analysis is to

equate Gibbs energy in various phases.
Note that the Gibbs energy is
(The symbols used in the analysis are explained in Table I)
R2 ( R S ) 2
s R 2 ( R S ) 2=
a
nish
Here our aim is to define

inaterms of s
l
w .Rm
ww
Thereby
R2= R 2 1 ( 1) B ( B 2 )
.(7)
G =(U + PV TS ) s + (U + PV TS ) + 2 s ( R s )
om
c
.
p
n +p2 {R ( R ) } +
sv
( R s ) 2 (12)
where the symbols have their usual

meanings.
We minimize the Gibbs energy with re-
24
ISSN: 2319-8796
spect to S which gives

dG

=0
d s
..(13)
which gives L 1 Tm 2 s R (1 B )
T
2 s + 4 R (1 B) v ( 1) + v sv =
0 ..(14)
This lengthy exercise finally is
Tm
1 s
2R
=
1
( v sv ) .(15)
T0
R s L (1 B)
Fig.(6 ) Tm functions of four organic nanorods: Benzene, Chlorobenzene, heptane

and nepthaline. The solid lines of theoretical
predictions and the symbols denote the
experimental results of Benzene, Chlorobenzene, heptane and nepthaline respectively.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

We can now summarize the above discussion for the melting point of the nanorod. At nanoscales, particles exhibit
many thermophysical features distinct
from those found at microscales. As the
size decreases due to the increase in
surface to volume ratio the melting temperature deviates from the bulk values
and becomes a size-dependent property. This change in melting point is primarily caused besides others because
nanoscale materials have a much larger surface to volume ratio than bulk materials, drastically altering their thermodynamic and thermal properties. This
decrease may be of the order of the
order of tens to hundreds of degrees
for metals with nanometer dimensions.
Surface atoms bind in the solid phase
with
less cohesive energy because
.com
Fig. (5) Tm function of Al and In nanopartip
p
n
they have fewer neighboring atoms in
cles the solid lines are theoreticali predictions.
sha
n
a
Symbols () denote the. m
experimental results close proximity compared to atoms in
w
w
w
of Tm values of Al nanoparticles. Symbols () the bulk of the solid. Each chemical
denote the experimental results of Tm values bond an atom shares with a neighborof In nanoparticles.
ing atom provides cohesive energy, so
25
ISSN: 2319-8796
atoms with fewer bonds and neighboring atoms have lower cohesive energy.
Therefore, the atoms located at or near
the surface of the nanoparticle have reduced cohesive energy due to reduced
number of cohesive bond. It is well established that the melting temperature
of Au(1064K) decreases when the particle dimensions are reduced to the nanoscale. Therefore, at 3 nm diameter, Au
particles can melt at temperature ~ 500
K. Similarly, the melting temperature of
B4C (2450K) lowered to ~ 764 K range
with spherical-shaped and ~ 495K ranges with cylindrical nanorods .Also, GaN
(2770 K) nanorods are observed to melt
at the temperature ~ 1553 K range.
As an elementary approach we observe
through eqn.(6) that if R goes down the
second term on the right hand side of eqn
(6) increases thereby decreasing the melting temperature Tm. We must note that R
scales with l. A similar argument has also
been advanced by C.F. Von Weizsaker to
explain the nature of binding in a nucleus. It goes under the name of the famous
Weizsaker semi empirical mass formula.
The expressions for the melting point of

the nanorod as discussed by eqn (15)
suggests us that
(i)
If the size of the nanorod R and / or
L be large, the denominator of the coefficient of the second term on the right hand
side of eqn. (15) goes smaller and can be
approximated to zero which provides If
the density of the solid nanorod is larger
than Tm is once again closer to the bulk
temperature T0. The undetermined parameter is s i.e., the melted thickness.
We have
Tm= T0
R Where
1
s
Fig. 9
www
ish
n
a
m
Therefore , we observe that as the size R

goes down, Tm goes down. We also note
m
that the
depends inversely
ocoefficient
c
.
p
p the latent heat L. Clearly, as the latent
non
heat L decreases, Tm decreases. If is
positive, we obtain the Tm vs 1/R plot
as shown in fig.-9, which clearly indicates
that Tm decreases as 1/R increases.
26
(iii) We have assumed that is positive.

However, the possibility of being negative cannot be ruled out. This would imply a superheating. Considering the three
terms within the box of the second term
on the right hand side of eqn. (15) (note
<1), the possibility of superheating can
arise.
It should be noted that when the surface
atoms of the particles is smaller than that
of the interior atoms due to the coherent
interfaces between the particles and the
matrix , the superheating of the nanorod
is evident. Tm decreases as r decreases.
Clearly it is observed that the melting temperature decreases when the particle size
reduces.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by the National
Initiative of Undergraduate Science(NIUS),
undertaken by the Homi Bhabha Centre
for Science Education(TIFR), Mumbai.
We thank Prof. Vijay A. Singh for useful
discussions.
REFERENCES
1. H.Gleiter,Acta Mater.(2000),48,1.
ISSN: 2319-8796
2. P.Pawlow, Z. Phys. Chem. 65, 545 (1909).

3. M.Takagi, J Phys. Soc. Jpn. (1954), 9,
359.
4. O. Gulseren, F. Ercolessi, E. Tossati,
Phys Rev. (1995), B51, 7377.
5. H.Saka, Y. Nishikawa, and T. Imura,
Phil. Mag. A 57, 895 (1988).
6. D.L. Zhang and B. Cantor, Acta Metall.
Mater. 39, 1595 (1991).
7. H.W. Sheng. G. Ren. L.M. Peng. Z.Q.
Hu, and K.Lu, Philos. Mag. Lett. 73, 179
(1996).
8. V.K. Semenchenko, Surface Phenomena in Metals and Allys (Pergamon,
Oxford, United Kingdom), (1961)p,281.
9. J.R. Sambles, Proc. R. Soc. A 324, 339
(1971).
10. Ph. Buffat and J.P. Borel, Phys. Rev. A 13,
2287 (1976).
11. P.R. Couchman and W.A. Jesser, Nature 269, 481 (1977).
12. G.L. Allen, W.W. Gile, and W.A. Jesser,
Acta, Metall. 28, 1695 (1980).
www
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p.c
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ISSN: 2319-8796
*Department of Zoology, BSNV PG College, Lucknow

** PG Department of Zoology, IT PG College, Lucknow.
Email: drkavyanjali@gmail.com
Nanomedicine is the application of nanobiotechnologies to medicine. This article starts

with the basics of nanobiotechnologies, its applications in molecular diagnostics, nanodiagnostics, and improvements in the discovery, design and delivery of drugs, including nanopharmaceuticals. It will improve biological therapies such as vaccination,
cell therapy, cancer therapy and gene therapy. A nanobiotechnology forms the basis
of many new devices being developed for medicine and surgery such as nanorobots.
It has applications in practically every branch of medicine and such as cancer (nanooncology), neurological disorders (nanoneurology), cardiovascular disorders (nanocardiology), diseases of bones and joints (nanoorthopedics), diseases of the eye
(nanoophthalmology), and infectious diseases. Nanobiotechnologies will facilitate the
integration of diagnostics with therapeutics and facilitate the development of personalized medicine, i.e. prescription of specific therapeutics best suited for an individual.
Many of the developments have already started and within a decade a definite impact
will be felt in the practice of medicine.
Key Words : Nanomedicine, Vaccination, Nanobiotechnology, Nanorobots,
Drugdelivery.
Pages : 8
INTRODUCTION
References : 35
Nanomedicine research is receiving
funding from the US National Institute
of Health. Of note is the funding in 2005
of a five-year plan to set up four nanomedicine centers. In April 2006, the journal Nature Materials estimated that 130
nanotech-based
drugs and delivery sysom
c
.
p
tems
were
being
developed worldwide
np
(Ratner&Ratner, 2002).
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine

ranges from the medical applications of
nanomaterials, to nanoelectronic biosensors, and even possible future applications of molecular nanotechnology
(Wagner et. al., 2006). Current problems
ha
s
i
n
a
for nanomedicine involve
. munderstandw
w
w to toxicity and en- OVERVIEW
ing the issues related
vironmental impact of nanoscale materials. One nanometer is one-millionth of Nanomedicine seeks to deliver a valua millimeter (Freitas Jr., 1999).
able set of research tools and clinically
28
useful devices in the near future. The

National Nanotechnology Initiative expects new commercial applications in the
pharmaceutical industry that may include
advanced drug delivery systems, new
therapies, and in vivo imaging. Neuroelectronic interfaces and other nanoelectronic-based sensors are another active
goal of research (Mozafari, 2006). Further
down the line, the speculative field of molecular nanotechnology believes that cell
repair machines could revolutionize medicine and the medical field.
ISSN: 2319-8796
DRUG DELIVERY
Nanomedical approaches to drug delivery

center on developing nanoscale particles
or molecules to improve drug bioavailability. Bioavailability refers to the presence of
drug molecules where they are needed in
the body and where they will do the most
good. Drug delivery focuses on maximizing bioavailability both at specific places
in the body and over a period of time. This
can potentially be achieved by molecular
targeting by nanoengineered devices. It
Nanomedicine is a large industry, with na- is all about targeting the molecules and
nomedicine sales reaching 6.8 billion dol- delivering drugs with cell precision. More
lars in 2004, and with over 200 companies than $65 billion are wasted each year due
and 38 products worldwide, a minimum of to poor bioavailability. In vivo imaging is
3.8 billion dollars in nanotechnology R&D another area where tools and devices are
is being invested every year. As the nano- being developed. Using nanoparticle conmedicine industry continues to grow, it is trast agents, images such as ultrasound
expected to have a significant impact on and MRI have a favorable distribution and
improved contrast. The new methods of
the economy (Robinson, 1996).
nanoengineered materials that are being
developed might be effective in treating
MEDICAL USE OF NANOMATEillnesses and diseases such as cancer.
RIALS
This might be accomplished by self assembled biocompatible nanodevices that
Two forms of nanomedicine that have al- will detect, evaluate, treat and report to
ready been tested in mice and are await- the clinical doctor automatically.
ing human trials are using gold nanoshells
to help diagnose and treat cancer, and Drug delivery systems, lipid- or polymerusing liposomes as vaccine adjuvants based nanoparticles, can be designed to
and as vehicles for drug transport. Simi- improve the pharmacological and theralarly, drug detoxification is also another peutic properties of drugs(Allen and Culapplication for nanomedicine which has lis, 2004).The strength of drug delivery
shown promising results in rats. A benefit systems is their ability to alter the pharmaof using nanoscale for medical technolo- cokinetics
m and biodistribution of the drug.
o
c
.
gies is that smaller devices are less invan p pWhen designed to avoid the bodys dea
h
sive and can possibly be implanted
n i s inside fence mechanisms, nanoparticles have
a
m
the body, plus biochemical
reaction times beneficial properties that can be used to
w w.
w
are much shorter. These devices are fast- improve drug delivery. Where larger parer and more sensitive than typical drug ticles would have been cleared from the
delivery (Boisseau and Loubaton, 2011).
body, cells take up these nanoparticles
29
because of their size. Complex drug delivery mechanisms are being developed,
including the ability to get drugs through
cell membranes and into cell cytoplasm.
Efficiency is important because many diseases depend upon processes within the
cell and can only be impeded by drugs
that make their way into the cell. Triggered response is one way for drug molecules to be used more efficiently. Drugs
are placed in the body and only activate
on encountering a particular signal. For
example, a drug with poor solubility will
be replaced by a drug delivery system
where both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
environments exist, improving the solubility (Cavalcanti et. al., 2008). Also, a drug
may cause tissue damage, but with drug
delivery, regulated drug release can eliminate the problem. If a drug is cleared too
quickly from the body, this could force a
patient to use high doses, but with drug
delivery systems clearance can be reduced by altering the pharmacokinetics
of the drug (Bertrand and Leroux, 2011).
Poor biodistribution is a problem that can
affect normal tissues through widespread
distribution, but the particulates from drug
delivery systems lower the volume of distribution and reduce the effect on non-target tissue. Potential nanodrugs will work
by very specific and well-understood
mechanisms; one of the major impacts
of nanotechnology and nanoscience will
be in leading development of completely
new drugs with more useful behavior and
fewer side effects (Bertrand et. al., 2010).
APPLICATIONS AND REPORTEDa

h
RESEARCH STUDIES a n i s
.m
1.
Abraxane, approved
w w w by Food and
Drug Administration to treat breast cancer, is the nanoparticle albumin bound
paclitaxel.
ISSN: 2319-8796
2.
In a mice study, scientists from
Rice University and University of Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center reported enhanced effectiveness and reduced toxicity of an existing treatment for head and
neck cancer when using the nanoparticles to deliver the drug. The hydrophilic
carbonic clusters functionalized with polyethylene glycol or PEG-HCC are mixed
with the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (Taxol) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeted Cetuximab
and injected intravenously(Peiris et. al.,
2012). They found the tumors were killed
more effectively with radiation and the
healthy tissue suffered less toxicity than
without the nanotechnology drug delivery. The standard treatment contains Cremophor EL which allows the hydrophobic
paclitaxel to be delivered intravenously.
Replacing the toxic Cremophor with carbon nanoparticles eliminated its side effect and improved drug targeting which
in turn required a lower dose of the toxic
paclitaxel (Radovic-Moreno et. al., 2012).
3.
Researchers at Case Western Reserve University reported using nanoparticle chain to deliver doxorubicin to
breast cancer cells in a mice study (Hollmer, 2012). Three magnetic, iron-oxide
nanospheres were chemically linked to
one doxorubicin-loaded liposome and
formed a 100 nm long nanoparticle chain.
After the nanochains penetrated the tumor, radiofrequency field was generated
that caused the magnetic nanoparticles
to vibrate and rupture the liposome, disothemdrug in its free from throughc
persing
.
p
p the tumor. The result showed that the
nout
nano treatment was more effective in
halting tumor growth than the standard
treatment with doxorubicin. It is also less
harmful to healthy cells since only 5% to
10% of the standard doses of doxorubicin
30
ISSN: 2319-8796
location of obstruction, the dose used is

were used.
4. Nanoparticles made of polyeth- less than 1/50th of the normal dose. The
ylene glycol (PEG) carrying payload of nanotherapeutics will greatly reduce the
antibiotics at its core could swift charge severe side effect of bleeding, commonly
thus allowing them to target bacterial in- found in standard treatment of thrombofection more precisely inside the body, a sis.
The X-shaped RNA nanoparticles
group of MIT researchers reported. The 6.
nanoparticles, containing a sub-layer of capable of carrying four functional modpH sensitive chains of the amino acid ules were created by researchers in the
histidine, carry a slightly negative charge University of Kentucky. These RNA molewhen circulating in the blood stream, can cules are chemically and thermodynamievade detection and clearing by the im- cally stable, able to remain intact in the
mune system. When they encounter an mouse body for more than 8 hours and to
infection site the particles gain a positive resist degradation by RNase in the blood
charge provoked by the slightly acidic en- stream. With its four arms attached with a
vironment at the infection sites, allowing combination of different active agents, for
them to bind to the negatively charged example, iRNA (for gene silencing), mibacterial cell walls and release antibiotics croRNA (for gene expression regulation),
at locally high concentration. This nano aptamer (for targeting) and ribozyme (as
delivery system can potentially destroy catalyst), the X-shaped RNA can achieve
bacteria even it has developed resistance therapeutic and diagnostic functions by
to antibiotics because of the targeted regulating gene expression and celluhigh dose and prolonged release of the lar function, and binding to cancer cells
drug (Haque et al., 2012). Although a lot with precision, enhanced by its polyvaof work is still needed, the researchers lent nature and synergistic effects by
believe that it points to a new direction of design(Nesa,2012).
using nanotechnology to treat infectious
disease.
5.
Using the biomimetic strategy, re- PROTEIN AND PEPTIDE DELIVsearchers in the Harvard University Wyss ERY
Institute demonstrated in a mouse model
that the drug coated nanoparticles can
dissolve blood clots by selectively bind- Protein and peptides exert multiple bioing to the narrowed regions in the blood logical actions in human body and they
vessels just like the platelets do. Ag- have been identified as showing great
gregates of biodegradable nanoparticles promise for treatment of various diseases
coated with tissue plasminogen activa- and disorders. These macromolecules
m biopharmaceuticals. Targeted
tor (tPA), each about the size of a plate- are
c ocalled
.
p
p
and/or
controlled delivery of these bilet, were injected intravenously. In the
nrea
h
s
n i stresses opharmaceuticals using nanomaterials
gion of vessel narrowing,ashear
m
.
w
dissociate the
aggregates
and release like nanoparticles and Dendrimers is an
ww
the tPA-coated nanoparticles which bind emerging field called nanobiopharmaand degrade the blood clots. By prcised ceutics, and these products are called
targeting and concentrating drug at the nanobiopharmaceuticals(Nie et. al.,2007).
31
ISSN: 2319-8796
CANCER
Molecural imaging & therapy
Fig 1: A schematic illustration showing how nanoparticles or other cancer drugs might be
used to treat cancer.
The small size of nanoparticles endows

them with properties that can be very
useful in oncology, particularly in imaging. Quantum dots (nanoparticles with
quantum confinement properties, such
as size-tunable light emission), when
used in conjunction with MRI (magnetic
resonance imaging), can produce exceptional images of tumor sites. These nanoparticles are much brighter than organic
dyes and only need one light source for
h ofa
excitation. This means that the iuse
s
n
m a produce
. could
fluorescent quantum dots
w
w
a higher contrastwimage and at a lower
cost than todays organic dyes used as
contrast media. The downside, however,
is that quantum dots are usually made of
quite toxic elements.

Another nanoproperty, high surface area
to volume ratio, allows many functional
groups to be attached to a nanoparticle,
which can seek out and bind to certain
tumor cells. Additionally, the small size of
nanoparticles (10 to 100 nanometers), allows them to preferentially accumulate
at tumor sites
m (because tumors lack an
o
c
.
lymphatic drainage system). A
pp
neffective
very exciting research question is how
to make these imaging nanoparticles do
more things for cancer. For instance, is it
possible to manufacture multifunctional
nanoparticles that would detect, image,
and then proceed to treat a tumor? This
32
question is under vigorous investigation; the answer to which could shape

the future of cancer treatment. A promising new cancer treatment that may one
day replace radiation and chemotherapy
is edging closer to human trials. Kanzius
RF therapy attaches microscopic nanoparticles to cancer cells and then cooks
tumors inside the body with radio waves
that heat only the nanoparticles and the
adjacent (cancerous) cells.
Sensor test chips containing thousands
of nanowires, able to detect proteins and
other biomarkers left behind by cancer
cells, could enable the detection and diagnosis of cancer in the early stages from
a few drops of a patients blood.
The basic point to use drug delivery is
based upon three facts: a) efficient encapsulation of the drugs, b) successful delivery of said drugs to the targeted region
of the body, and c) successful release of
that drug there.
The nanoshells can be targeted to bond
to cancerous cells by conjugating antibodies or peptides to the nanoshells
surface. By irradiating the area of the tumor with an infrared laser, which passes
through flesh without heating it, the gold
is heated sufficiently to cause death to the
cancer cells.
ISSN: 2319-8796
ed with light from the outside. The light

gets absorbed by the particle and if the
particle is metal, energy from the light
will heat the particle and surrounding tissue. Light may also be used to produce
high energy oxygen molecules which will
chemically react with and destroy most
organic molecules that are next to them
(like tumors). This therapy is appealing for
many reasons. It does not leave a toxic
trail of reactive molecules throughout the
body (chemotherapy) because it is directed where only the light is shined and
the particles exist. Photodynamic therapy
has potential for a noninvasive procedure
for dealing with diseases, growth and tumors.
SURGERY
At Rice University, a flesh welder is used
to fuse two pieces of chicken meat into
a single piece. The two pieces of chicken
are placed together touching. A greenish
liquid containing gold-coated nanoshells
is dribbled along the seam. An infrared
laser is traced along the seam, causing
the two sides to weld together. This could
solve the difficulties and blood leaks
caused when the surgeon tries to rest itch
the arteries that have been cut during a
kidney or heart transplant. The flesh welder could weld the artery perfectly.
VISUALIZATION
Nanoparticles of cadmium selenide Tracking movement can help determine

(quantum dots) glow when exposed to how well drugs are being distributed
ultraviolet light. When injected, they seep orc how
o m substances are metabolized. It
.
p
p
is
difficult
to track a small group of cells
into cancer tumors. The surgeon can
nsee
a
h
s
the glowing tumor, and use
a nitias a guide throughout the body, so scientists used
m
.
to dye the cells. These dyes needed to be
for more accurate
tumor removal.
www
excited by light of a certain wavelength in
In photodynamic therapy, a particle is order for them to light up. While different
placed within the body and is illuminat- color dyes absorb different frequencies of
33
light, there was a need for as many light

sources as cells. A way around this problem is with luminescent tags. These tags
are quantum dots attached to proteins
that penetrate cell membranes. The dots
can be random in size, can be made of
bio-inert material, and they demonstrate
the nanoscale property that color is sizedependent. As a result, sizes are selected
so that the frequency of light used to make
a group of quantum dots fluoresce is an
even multiple of the frequency required
to make another group incandesce. Then
both groups can be lit with a single light
source.
NANOPARTICLE TARGETING
It is greatly observed that nanoparticles
are promising tools for the advancement
of drug delivery, medical imaging, and
as diagnostic sensors. However, the biodistribution of these nanoparticles is still
imperfect due to the complex hosts reactions to nano- and microsized materials and the difficulty in targeting specific
organs in the body. Nevertheless, a lot of
work is still ongoing to optimize and better
understand the potential and limitations
of nanoparticulate systems. For example,
current research in the excretory systems
of mice shows the ability of gold composites to selectively target certain organs
based on their size and charge. These
composites are encapsulated by a dendrimer and assigned a specific charge
and size. Positively-charged gold nanoparticles were found to enter the kidneys
while negatively-charged gold nanoparha
s
i
n
ticles remained in the liver
and
spleen.
. m a surface
w
w
It is suggested that
the
positive
w
charge of the nanoparticle decreases the
rate of opsonization of nanoparticles in
the liver, thus affecting the excretory path-
ISSN: 2319-8796
way. Even at a relatively small size of 5

nm, though, these particles can become
compartmentalized in the peripheral tissues, and will therefore accumulate in the
body over time. While advancement of
research proves that targeting and distribution can be augmented by nanoparticles, the dangers of nanotoxicity become
an important next step in further understanding of their medical uses (Minchin,
R., 2008).
NEURO-ELECTRONIC INTERFACES
Neuro-electronic interfacing is a visionary
goal dealing with the construction of nanodevices that will permit computers to be
joined and linked to the nervous system.
This idea requires the building of a molecular structure that will permit control and
detection of nerve impulses by an external computer. The computers will be able
to interpret, register, and respond to signals the body gives off when it feels sensations. The demand for such structures
is huge because many diseases involve
the decay of the nervous system (ALS and
multiple sclerosis). Also, many injuries
and accidents may impair the nervous
system resulting in dysfunctional systems
and paraplegia. If computers could control the nervous system through neuroelectronic interface, problems that impair
the system could be controlled so that
effects of diseases and injuries could be
overcome. Two considerations must be
o m selecting the power source
made. cwhen
p
p such applications. They are refuelable
nfor
and nonrefuelable strategies. A refuelable
strategy implies energy is refilled continuously or periodically with external sonic,
chemical, tethered, magnetic, or electrical sources. A nonrefuelable strategy im-
34
plies that all power is drawn from internal

energy storage which would stop when
all energy is drained.
One limitation to this innovation is the fact
that electrical interference is a possibility. Electric fields, electromagnetic pulses
(EMP), and stray fields from other in vivo
electrical devices can all cause interference. Also, thick insulators are required
to prevent electron leakage, and if high
conductivity of the in vivo medium occurs
there is a risk of sudden power loss and
shorting out. Finally, thick wires are also
needed to conduct substantial power levels without overheating. Little practical
progress has been made even though
research is happening. The wiring of the
structure is extremely difficult because
they must be positioned precisely in the
nervous system so that it is able to monitor and respond to nervous signals. The
structures that will provide the interface
must also be compatible with the bodys
immune system so that they will remain
unaffected in the body for a long time. In
addition, the structures must also sense
ionic currents and be able to cause currents to flow backward. While the potential for these structures is amazing, there
is no timetable for when they will be available.
ISSN: 2319-8796
propose an agenda for future inquiry. The

proposed elements of molecular nanotechnology, such as molecular assemblers and nanorobots are far beyond current capabilities.
NANOROBOTS
The somewhat speculative claims about
the possibility of using nanorobots in
medicine, advocates say, would totally
change the world of medicine once it is
realized. Nanomedicine would make use
of these nanorobots (e.g., Computational
Genes), introduced into the body, to repair or detect damages and infections.
According to Robert Freitas of the Institute
for Molecular Manufacturing, a typical
blood borne medical nanorobot would
be between 0.5-3 micrometres in size,
because that is the maximum size possible due to capillary passage requirement.
Carbon could be the primary element
used to build these nanorobots due to the
inherent strength and other characteristics of some forms of carbon (diamond/
fullerene composites), and nanorobots
would be fabricated in desktop nanofactories specialized for this purpose (Freitas
et. al., 2005).
Nanodevices could be observed at work

inside the body using MRI, especially if
MEDICAL
APPLICATIONS
their components were manufactured
OF MOLECULAR
using mostly 13C atoms rather than the
NANOTECHNOLOGY
natural 12C isotope of carbon, since 13C
Molecular nanotechnology is a specula- has a nonzero nuclear magnetic moment.
tive subfield of nanotechnology regarding Medical nanodevices would first be injecto ma human body, and would then go
ed
. c into
the possibility of engineering molecular
p
p
n to work in a specific organ or tissue mass.
h are-orassemblers, machines which could
s
i
n
m aor atomic scale. The doctor will monitor the progress, and
der matter at a molecular
.
w
ww
Molecular nanotechnology
is highly theo- make certain that the nanodevices have
retical, seeking to anticipate what inven- gotten to the correct target treatment retions nanotechnology might yield and to gion. The doctor will also be able to scan
35
a section of the body, and actually see the

nanodevices congregated neatly around
their target (a tumor mass, etc.) so that
he or she can be sure that the procedure
was successful.
CELL REPAIR MACHINES

Using drugs and surgery, doctors can only
encourage tissues to repair themselves.
With molecular machines, there will be
more direct repairs. Cell repair will utilize
the same tasks that living systems already
prove possible. Access to cells is possible
because biologists can insert needles
into cells without killing them. Thus, molecular machines are capable of entering
the cell. Also, all specific biochemical interactions show that molecular systems
can recognize other molecules by touch,
build or rebuild every molecule in a cell,
and can disassemble damaged molecules. Finally, cells that replicate prove
that molecular systems can assemble
every system found in a cell. Therefore,
since nature has demonstrated the basic
operations needed to perform molecularlevel cell repair, in the future, nanomachine based systems will be built that are
able to enter cells, sense differences from
healthy ones and make modifications to
the structure(Gobin et. al., 2005).
The healthcare possibilities of these cell
repair machines are impressive. Comparable to the size of viruses or bacteria,
their compact parts would allow them to
be more complex. The early machines will
be specialized. As they open and close
ha
s
i
n
a tissue
cell membranes or travel. m
through
w
w
and enter cells and
wviruses, machines will
only be able to correct a single molecular disorder like DNA damage or enzyme
deficiency. Later, cell repair machines will
ISSN: 2319-8796
be programmed with more abilities with

the help of advanced AI systems.
Nanocomputers will be needed to guide
these machines. These computers will
direct machines to examine, take apart,
and rebuild damaged molecular structures. Repair machines will be able to
repair whole cells by working structure
by structure. Then by working cell by cell
and tissue by tissue, whole organs can be
repaired. Finally, by working organ by organ, health is restored to the body. Cells
damaged to the point of inactivity can be
repaired because of the ability of molecular machines to build cells from scratch.
Therefore, cell repair machines will free
medicine from reliance on self repair
alone.
NANONEPHROLOGY
Nanonephrology is a branch of nanomedicine and nanotechnology that seeks
to use nano-materials and nano-devices
for the diagnosis, therapy, and management of renal diseases. It includes the following goals:
1.
The study of kidney protein structures at the atomic level
2. Nano-imaging
approaches
to
study cellular processes in kidney cells
3.
Nano medical treatments that utilize nanoparticles to treat various kidney
diseases
Advances in Nanonephrology are expected to be based on discoveries in
the above
o mareas that can provide nanoc
.
p
p information on the cellular molecunscale
lar machinery involved in normal kidney
processes and in pathological states. By
understanding the physical and chemical
properties of proteins and other macromolecules at the atomic level in various
36
cells in the kidney, novel therapeutic approaches can be designed to combat

major renal diseases. The nano-scale artificial kidney is a goal that many physicians dream of. Nano-scale engineering
advances will permit programmable and
controllable nano-scale robots to execute
curative and reconstructive procedures in
the human kidney at the cellular and molecular levels. Designing nanostructures
compatible with the kidney cells and that
can safely operate in vivo is also a future
goal. The ability to direct events in a controlled fashion at the cellular nano-level
has the potential of significantly improving the lives of patients with kidney diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
Nanotechnology will radically change
the way we diagnose, treat and prevent
cancer to help meet the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer. Nanotechnology can provide the technical
power and tools that will enable those developing new diagnostics, therapeutics,
and preventives to keep pace with todays
explosion in knowledge. With nanomedicine, we might be able to stop cancer
even before it develops.
With such technology, nanomedicine has
the potential to increase the life span of
human beings.
ISSN: 2319-8796
pense of an increased aged population.

In addition, as nanotechnology improves
cancer treatment in terms of efficiency
and quality. There waits to see if the costs
of health care would rise or fall. In reality,
nanomedicine, especially in the diagnostic realm should reduce diagnosis charges as more cost-efficient diagnostic tools
are developed. However, there is always
the danger of charging exorbitant prices
for this new technology and cause health
care to rocket up sky high.
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www
nis
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39
www
is
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.m
www
p.c
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nis
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om
p.c
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Prof. T.R.C Sinha a true lover of science and

always concerned about the environment. It was his
dream to publish scientific journals and he started this
project with the same enthusiasm as he had done for every project he undertook.We are guided by the vision
of Prof. Sinha and endeavour to make his dream
of promoting science and help young scientists, publish
their articles and encourage them in their research.
Manisha Verma
Int. J. Nano. Sci. & Tech. Vol. 3 (2) 2014, pp.
ISSN: 2319-8796
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ISSN: 2319-8796
Guidelines to Authors
International Journal of Nanoscience & Technology
This journal is published by the Academic And Research Publications(ARP), New Delhi twice in a year. The emphasis
is to involve a large community of scientists specially JUNIOR SCIENTISTS and scholars from India and abroad in developing a framework of discussion and debate on conservation and sustainable development. Research articles , Review
articles Book reviews, Interviews, Short communication , Letters to the Editor ,Case reports and News items related to
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In the 1st Part:
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References
The literature cited should list the authors name, year of publication, title of the paper, and the Journal titles(bold letters) which should be cited in full (no abbreviation) with volume number and page numbers, as indicated below:
A. For articles in a Journal:-Walsh, J.E. (2008) Climate of the Arctic Marine Environment. Ecological Applications. 18. pp. 3-22.
B. For Books:-Ward, D.R. (2002) Water Wars: drought, floods, folly and politics of thirst: River head Books. New
York. p. 12.
C. Chapter in a book:-Andrews, T.J., Clo ugh, B.F. and Muller, G.J. (1984). Photosynthetic gas exchange properties and carbon
isotope ratios of some mangroves in North Queensland. In: H.J. Teas (Ed.), Physiology and Management of Mangroves. W. Junk.
The Hague. pp. 15-23.
From website:-National Oceans and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 1995. Regional Perspectives: Indian
Ocean. www.ncdc.noaa.gov /paleo.outreach /coral/sor/sor_indian.html , accessed on July 13, 2008.
While giving reference of more than two authors in the text, after, the name of the first author, et.al., should be used, followed by the
year of publication.
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Authors are requested to keep a copy of the Mss. till it is published in the Journal.
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For quick reply, please note the address and contact them directly by Post or email:-a) For publication of your article,
Acceptance letter, Invoice, sending of Cheques/Drafts, for sending Review Reports ,Status Report about your article ,
and all other queries related to your articles, should be sent directly to the Editor-in-Chief , whose address is as follows:
Prof.M.C. Sinha-THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, H.Office: EC 41, Maya Enclave, New Delhi -110064.
Email:manik.sinha@ymail.com, manisha_npp@yahoo.com. www.manishanpp.com.

47
Volume No. 3, Issue No. 2, 2014
August, 2014
Co n t e n t s
Reviewed Articles
1.
Review on Medical Applications of Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC)
Aravinthan Gopanna , Mohammed N. Alghamdi and Murthy Chavali
2.
Review on Biogenic Synthesis of Iron Oxide (Fe2o3), Zinc Oxide

(Zno) and Copper Oxide (Cuo/Cu2o) Nanoparticles
07
Kiran Kumar H. A. and Badal Kumar Mandal
3.
A Classical Approach To The Melting of a Nanorod
21
Himanshu Kumar Pandey , Sandeep Kumar Singh, Pramendra Ranjan Singh
4.
Application of Nanotechnology In Medicine and Health Care:
28
An Overview
Tabrez Ahmad, Newton Paul and Kavyanjali Shukla
ACADEMIC & RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS
Email :manik.sinha@ymail.com ,
manisha_npp@yahoo.com
arp@manishanpp.com
www.manishanpp.com

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Volume 3, Issue 2, 2014

This Journal is an academic and peer-reviewed publication (Print ISSN 2319-8796 )

ABOUT THE JOURNAL

and peer-reviewed Journal published by ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS. It was

CALL FOR PAPERS

COVERAGE OF THE JOURNAL

21. Computational Nano-Science Simulation Design and

TYPES OF PAPERS ARE INVITED

M anisha Verma, B.Sc., B.Tech.(Electronics)

Publication Editor (Chief Executive Director)

H.Office: EC 41, Maya Enclave, New Delhi -110064

is journal is Indexed/abstracted in Indian Science Abstract

Academic And Research Publications.

An International Refereed Journal

Academic And Research Publications

Prof. Dr. techn. Murthy CHAVALI S.S.S. Yadav

Former Dean, Faculty of Law,

Members of Editorial Board

Dr. Mihir Kumar Purkait

in Hokkaido University, Japan

Prof. Yang-Kyu Choi

Department of Electrical Engineering Korea

Prof. Dr. Wu, Ren-jang

Academic And Research Publications

Mrs Laxmi Upadhya,

FLAT-E, 5/F, BLOCK - 13,

Dr. Pervinder Kaur ,

Department of Agronomy Punjab

Dr. Archna Srivastava,

Asso. Prof. Rungta College of

Issue No. 2, 2014

Review on Medical Applications of Cyclic Olefin Copolymers (COC)

Aravinthan Gopanna , Mohammed N. Alghamdi and Murthy Chavali

Kiran Kumar H. A. and Badal Kumar Mandal

A Classical Approach To The Melting

Himanshu Kumar Pandey , Sandeep Kumar Singh, Pramendra Ranjan Singh

Application of Nanotechnology in Medicine and Health Care: An Overview

Journal on Nanoscience and Technology. All rights reserved. No portion of material

(Date of Receipt : 24-05-2014;

Date of Acceptance for Publication : 05-07-2014)

The incorporated ring structure gives

PROPERTIES AND PROCESSING

MEDICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC

fer resistance to such common polar

Surfaces modified with a glass like

The creation of a plasma surface modification of COC substrate, with silica-like

sessed micropillar structures and also

nated and co- extruded films are made

permeable to water vapor than PVC

7. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 213 (2004) 8187

1. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, Volume No.1, Issue

2. Langmuir 2009, 25(18), 1115511161

3. Plastics Technology, November 2002

4. Plastics Technology, May 2011

(Date of Receipt : 16-04-2014;

Date of Acceptance for Publication : 27-05-2014)

Key Words : Metal Oxide Nanoparticles, Conventional Methods, Applications,

materials where strong chemical bonding is present, delocalization of valence