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1. Embedded system features and issues
2. Embedded system design process
3. Embedded system analysis
Embedded system features and issues

Embedded system definition
any device that includes a programmable computer but is
not itself a general-purpose computer - Wayne Wolf
An embedded computer system includes a microcomputer with mechanical, chemical and electrical devices
attached to it, programmed for a specific dedicated
purpose, and packaged as a complete system - JonathanW.
Valvano
An embedded system is one that has computer-hardware
with software embedded in it as one of its most important
component Raj Kamal
Tnh nang he thong nhng.
Embedded System Features

(HARDWARE FEATURES)
Embedded processor is a heart of the embedded system:

micro-processor: 8086, ARM7/9/11, PowerPC, Nios
micro-controller: 8051, ARM Cortex-M, PIC16F, 68HC11,
LM4F120, STM32F4
B xl nhng l tri tim cua ht nhng
g/tiep n/vi
adc: chuyen doi analog - digital

(SOFTWARE FEATURES)
Operating system
Non-OS
RTOS, LynxOS, RTLinux
Linux, Android, WinCE
Embedded programs
Supported functions
User applications
Software update
User Interface
Command line
Text display
Graphic user interface
Embedded System Issues

(Design Issues)
1. Constraints Rang buoc
cost may matter more than speed

long life cycle
Reliability/safety
Low-power
2. Functions Chuc nang

safety-critical applications
damage to life, economy can result
3. Real-time
Not only right output but at the right time
processing time is the most important one.

4. Concurrency
System and environment run concurrently
multi-functional
interface with other systems
5. Reactive systems
Once started run forever
Continuous interaction with their environment
termination is a bad behavior
An embedded system example - 1
Quiz
1. What is an embedded system?
2. What are embedded system features?
3. What are issues of embedded system design?
4. What are five basic requirements of embedded system?
5. What are common characteristics of an embedded system?
6. What are optimizing design metrics?
7. What is the most importance step of embedded system design
process?
8. What are three key technologies for embedded systems?
9. Design features for the following design:
Digital door lock

Digital clock
3D LED cube
Embedded System Design Process
System Specification
System architecture development

Partitioning the system into three parts:
Interface design
Hardware design
Software development
Methodology
Block diagram
Waveform
Function description
Coding guideline

Software diagram: flowchart, state diagram
Use a rectangle for a process
Use a rounded rectangle for a terminator
Use a diamond shape for a decision
Use a parallelogram for data
Use a rectangle with two vertical lines for
predefine process

Software block diagram - Example
Integration and Testing

Integration process
Configuration
Define configurations, parameters, versions
Hardware integration
integrate microprocessor, peripherals, sensors,
actuators, user interfaces
Software integration
integrate OS, drivers, functions,
System integration
Integration and Testing

Testing process
Hardware testing
CPU
Peripheral interface
Sensor
Actuator
User interface
Software testing
Operating system, drivers
Applications/functions
User interface
Hard/soft co-testing
Test cases
Embedded System Analysis

1. Technology selection
2. System optimization
3. Cost analysis
Technology Selection
Technology
A manner of accomplishing a task, especially using
technical processes, methods, or knowledge
Three key technologies for embedded systems

Processor technology: general-purpose,
application-specific, single-purpose
IC technology: Full-custom, semi-custom, PLD
Design technology: Compilation/synthesis,
libraries/IP, test/verification
Technology Selection
Processor selection
number of IO pins required

interface required
memory requirements
number of interrupts required
real-time considerations
development environment
processing speed required
Processor technology
IC technology
The manner in which a digital (gate-level)
implementation is mapped onto an IC
IC: Integrated circuit, or chip
IC technologies differ in their customization to a
design
ICs consist of numerous layers (perhaps 10 or more)
IC technologies differ with respect to who builds each layer
and when
System Optimization
Hardware / software partitioning
which functions should be performed in
hardware, and which in software?
the more functions in software, the lower will be
the product cost
System Optimization
System Optimization
The performance design metric

Widely-used measure of system, widely-abused
Clock frequency, instructions per second not good measures
Digital camera example a user cares about how fast it processes
images, not clock speed or instructions per second
Latency (response time)

Time between task start and end
e.g., Cameras A and B process images in 0.25 seconds
Throughput
Tasks per second, e.g. Camera A processes 4 images per second
Throughput can be more than latency seems to imply due to
concurrency, e.g. Camera B may process 8 images per second (by
capturing a new image while previous image is being stored).
Speedup of B over A = Bs performance / As performance

Throughput speedup = 8/4 = 2
System Optimization
Improving productivity
Cost Analysis
Losses due to delayed market entry
Losses due to delayed market entry (cont.)
NRE and unit cost metrics
NRE and unit cost metrics
Class assignment
Class assignment
1.
2.
3.
4.
Consider the following embedded systems: a pager, a computer printer,

and an automobile cruise controller. Create a table with each example as
a column, and each row one of the following design metrics: unit cost,
performance, size, and power. For each table entry, explain whether the
constraint on the design metric is very tight. Indicate in the performance
entry whether the system is highly reactive or not.
List three pairs of design metrics that may compete, providing an
intuitive explanation of the reason behind the competition.
The design of a particular disk drive has an NRE cost of $100,000 and a
unit cost of $20. How much will we have to add to the cost of the
product to cover our NRE cost, assuming we sell: (a) 100 units, and (b)
10,000 units.
(a) Create a general equation for product cost as a function of unit cost,
NRE cost, and number of units, assuming we distribute NRE cost equally
among units. (b) Create a graph with the x-axis the number of units and
the y-axis the product cost, and then plot the product cost function for
an NRE of $50,000 and a unit cost of $5.
Class assignment
Consider the project car door mechanism
Write system specification for this project

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Quy trnh thit k h thng

Embedded system features and issues

Tnh nang he thong nhng.

Embedded System Features

Embedded System Features

Embedded processor is a heart of the embedded system:

B xl nhng l tri tim cua ht nhng

Embedded System Features

adc: chuyen doi analog - digital

Embedded System Features

Embedded System Issues

cost may matter more than speed

2. Functions Chuc nang

Embedded System Issues

Embedded System Issues

An embedded system example - 1

An embedded system example - 2

An embedded system example - 2

An embedded system example - 2

An embedded system example - 2

An embedded system example - 2

Digital door lock

Embedded System Design Process

System architecture development

System architecture development

System architecture development

System architecture development

System architecture development

System architecture development

System architecture development

System architecture development

Integration and Testing

Integration and Testing

Embedded System Analysis

Three key technologies for embedded systems

number of IO pins required

The performance design metric

Latency (response time)

Speedup of B over A = Bs performance / As performance

Losses due to delayed market entry

Losses due to delayed market entry (cont.)

NRE and unit cost metrics

NRE and unit cost metrics

Consider the following embedded systems: a pager, a computer printer,

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