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International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science

Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

Original Article

A Review- Formulation of Mouth Dissolving tablet

P. Ashish 1*, M.S. Harsoliya2, J.K.Pathan1, S. Shruti1
1. Swami Vivekanand College of Pharmacy, Indore
2. Research Scholar, JJT University, Rajasthan
Received 31 May 2011; accepted 16 June 2011
Abstract
Mouth dissolving tablets are solid dosage forms containing drugs that disintegrate in the oral cavity within less than one minute
leaving an easy-to-swallow residue. In the recent trend the development of mouth dissolving tablets formulation is emerging
and gaining popularity because it is easy to administer and leads to better patient compliance. These dosage forms are placed in
the mouth, allowed to disperse or dissolve in the saliva. The release the drug as soon as they come in contact with the saliva,
thus obviating the need for water during administration. The aim of this article is to review the progress of the evolving
technologies and super disintegrating agents in the formulation, manufacturing and evaluation of these tablets.This article also
discusses the new evaluation methodologies for these orally disintegrating tablets. Various modifications in the conventional
evaluation and use of specialized instruments are found to be essential in the testing of these dosage forms. In the present
review the formulation techniques and different technologies are discussed.
2011 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Key words: Mouth dissolving tablet, Conventional techniques, Rapid Disintegration
Introduction
In recent decades, a variety of pharmaceutical research has
been conducted to develop new dosage forms. Considering
quality of life, most of these efforts have been focused on
ease of medication. Among the various dosage forms
developed to improve the ease of administration, the mouth
dissolving tablet (MDT) is the most widely preferred
commercial products 1. The oral cavity is an attractive site for
the administration of drugs because of ease of administration.
Various dosage forms like Tablets, Capsules, Liquid
preparations are administered by oral
route 7. During the
last decade, mouth dissolving tablet (MDT) technologies that
make tablets disintegrate in the mouth without chewing and
additional water intake have drawn a great deal of attention.
The MDT is also known as fast melting, fast dispersing, rapid
dissolve, rapid melt, and or quick disintegrating tablet. All
MDTs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
are classified as orally disintegrating tablets. Recently, the

European Pharmacopeia adopted the term orodispersible

tablet for a tablet that disperses or disintegrates in less than 3
minutes in the mouth before swallowing. Such a tablet
disintegrates into smaller granules or melts in the mouth from
a hard solid to a gel-like structure, allowing easy swallowing
by patients. The disintegration time for good MDTs varies
from several seconds to about a minute 2,3,4. Orally
disintegrating tablets provide an advantage particularly for
pediatric and geriatric populations who have difficulty in
swallowing conventional tablets and capsules. Additionally,
pediatric patients may suffer from ingestion problems as a
result of underdeveloped muscular and nervous control.
Moreover, patients traveling with little or no access to water,
limit utility of orally administered conventional tablets or
capsules. Mouth dissolving of tablet results in quick
dissolution and rapid absorption which provide rapid onset of
action. Moreover, drug candidates that undergo pre-gastric
absorption when formulated as MDTs may show increased

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

oral bioavailability. It provides good stability, accurate

dosing, easy manufacturing 5,6.
Ideal Properties7,8 :
An ideal MDT should:
Require no water for oral administration.
Have a pleasing mouth feel.
Have an acceptable taste masking property.
Be harder and less friable.
Leave minimal or no residue in mouth after
administration.
Exhibit low sensitivity to environmental conditions
(temperature and humidity).
Allow the manufacture of tablet using
conventional processing and packaging equipments.

Advantages7,8:
Administration to the patients who cannot swallow,
such as the elderly, bedridden patients, patients
affected by renal failure & patients who refuse to
swallow such as pediatric, geriatric & psychiatric
patients.
Rapid drug therapy intervention.
Achieve increased bioavailability/rapid absorption
through pre-gastric absorption of drugs from mouth,
pharynx & esophagus as saliva passes down.
Convenient for administration and patient compliant
for disabled, bedridden patients and for travelers and
busy people, who do not always have access to water.
Good mouth feel property helps to change the
perception of medication as bitter pill particularly in
pediatric patients.
The risk of chocking or suffocation during oral
administration of conventional formulations due to
physical obstruction is avoided, thus providing
improved safety.
New business opportunity like product differentiation.

Salient Features7:
Ease of administration to patients who refuse to
swallow a tablet, such as pediatric and geriatric
patients and, psychiatric patients.
Convenience of administration and accurate dosing as
compared to liquids.
Rapid dissolution of drug and absorption which may
produce rapid, onset of action.
Some drugs are absorbed from the pharynx and
oesophagus as the saliva passes down into the
stomach, in such cases bioavailability of drugs is
increased.
Ability to provide advantages of liquid medication in
the form of solid preparation.

Pre-gastric absorption can result in improved

bioavailability and as a result of reduced dosage,
improved clinical performance through a reduction of
unwanted effects.

Disadvantage8:

Fast dissolving tablet is hygroscopic in nature so must

be keep in dry place.
Some time it possesses mouth feeling.
MDT requires special packaging for properly
stabilization & safety of stable product.
Technology for Mouth dissolving Tablets:
Conventional Techniques 7:
Disintegrates addition:
Disintegrate addition technique is one popular techniques for
formulating Fast-dissolving tablets because of its easy
implementation and cost-effectiveness. The basic principle
involved in formulating Fast-dissolving tablets by
disintegrates
addition
technique
is
addition
of
superdisintegrants in optimum concentration so as to achieve
mouth dissolving along with the good mouth feel.
Molding:
In this method, molded tablets are prepared by using watersoluble ingredients so that the tablets dissolve completely and
rapidly. The powder blend is moistened with a hydroalcoholic solvent and is molded into tablets under pressure
lower than that used in conventional tablet compression. The
solvent is then removed by air-drying. Molded tablets are
very less compact than compressed tablets. These possess
porous structure that enhances dissolution.
Freeze drying:
A process in which water is sublimated from the product after
freezing. Lyophilization is a pharmaceutical technology
which allows drying of heat sensitive drugs and biological at
low temperature under conditions that allow removal of water
by sublimation. Lyophilization results in preparations, which
are highly porous, with a very high specific surface area,
which dissolve rapidly and show improved absorption and
bioavailability.

Sublimation:
The slow dissolution of the compressed tablet containing
even highly water-soluble ingredients is due to the low
porosity of the tablets. Inert solid ingredients that volatilize
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

Marketed Products3:
Table 1: Marketed product of MDTs
Brand name
Active ingredient
Claritin RediTabs
Loratadine

Application
Antihistamine

company
Scherig corporation

Feldene Melt

Piroxicam

NSAIDs

Pfizer

Maxalt -MLT

Rizatritpan benzoate

Migrane

Merck

Femotidene

Anti-ulcer

Merck

Zyperxa
Zofran ODT

Olazepine
Olandansetron

Psychotropic
Antiemetic

Eli Lilly
Galaxo Smith kline

Resperdal M-TabTM

Resperidone

Schizophrenia

Janssen

Zubrin (Pet drug)

ZelaparTM

Tepoxelin
Selegiline

Canine NSAIDs
Parkinsons disease

Scherig corporation
Elanl Amarin corporation

Klonopin wafer

Clonazepam

Sedation

Roche

Childrens Dimetapp ND

Loratadine

Allergy

Wyeth consumer
Healthcare

Imodium Istant Melts

Propulsid
Quicksolv

Loperamide HCL
Cisapride Monohydrate

Antidiarrheal
Gastrointestinal
prokinetic Agent

Jannsen
Jannsen

Tempra Quicksolv

Acetaminophen

Analgesic

Bristol-Mters squibb

Mirtazapine

Anti-dipression

Organon Inc.

Triaminic Softchews

Various combination

Pediatric cold
cough,Allergy

Novartis consumer Health

Zomig-ZMT and
Rapimelt

Zolmitriptan

Anti-migraine
AstraZeneca

DuraSolv Alavert

Loratadine

Allergy

Wyeth Consumer
Healthcare

NuLev

Hyoscyamine sulfate

Anti-ulcer

Schwarz Pharma

Kemstro

Baclofen

Anti-spastic
analgesic

Schwarz Pharma

sinus pressure relief

Pfizer

Anti-emetic
Anti-ulcer
Pain reliever

Yamanouchi
Yamanouchi
Bristol-Myers Squibb

Pepeid ODT

TM

Remeron Soltab

Benadryl Fastmelt
Nasea OD
Gaster D
Excedrin QuickTabs

Diphenhydramine
citrate
Ramosetoron HCl
Famotidine
Acetaminophen

readily (e.g. urea, ammonium carbonate, ammonium

bicarbonate, hexa methelene tetramine, camphor etc.) were
added to the other tablet ingredients and the mixture is
compressed into tablets. The volatile materials were then

AstraZeneca Alavert
Loratadine Allergy

removed via sublimation, which generates porous structures.

Additionally, several solvents (e.g. cyclohexane, benzene)
can be also used as pore forming agents.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

Table No.2: Relationship between % compressibility and flow ability

% Compressibility
Flow ability
5 12
Excellent
12 16
Good
18 21
Fair Passable
23 35
Poor
33 38
Very Poor
< 40
Very Very Poor
Table No.3: Angle of Repose as an Indication of Powder Flow Properties

Sr. No

Angle of Repose ()

Type of Flow

1
2
3
4

< 20
20 30
30 34
> 34

Excellent
Good
Passable
Very Poor

Table No.3: Weight Variation Specification as per IP

Average Weight of Tablet

% Deviation

80 mg or less
More than 80 mg but less than 250 mg
250 mg or more

10
7.5
5

Spray-Drying:
Spray drying can produce highly porous and fine powders
that dissolve rapidly. The formulations are incorporated by
hydrolyzed and non hydrolyzed gelatins as supporting agents,
mannitol as bulking agent, sodium starch glycolate or cross
carmellose sodium as disintegrating and an acidic material
(e.g. citric acid) and or alkali material (e.g. I sodium
bicarbonate) to enhance disintegration and dissolution. Tablet
compressed from the spray dried powder disintegrated within
20 seconds when immersed in an aqueous medium.
Mass-Extrusion:
This technology involves softening the active blend using the
solvent mixture of water soluble polyethylene glycol, using
methanol and expulsion of softened mass through the
extruder or syringe to get a cylinder of the product into even
segments using heated blade to form tablets. The dried
cylinder can also be used to coat granules of bitter tasting
drugs and thereby masking their bitter taste.
Direct compration:
Direct compration method is the easiest way to manufacture
tablets. Conventional equipment, commonly available
excipients and a limited number of processing steps are
involved in direct compression. Also high doses can be

accommodated and final weight of tablet can easily exceed

that of other production methods. Directly compressed
tablet's disintegration and solubilization depends on single or
combined action of disintegrants, water soluble excipients
and effervescent agent.
Patented Technology3,7:
Flashtab Technology:
Prographarm laboratories have patented the Flashtab
technology. Tablets prepared by this system consist of an
active ingredient in the form of micro crystals. Drug micro
granules may be prepared by using the conventional
techniques like coacervation, micro encapsulation, and
extrusion spheronisation. All the processing utilized
conventional tabletting technology.
Wowtab Technology:
Wowtab Technology is patented by "Yamanouchi
Pharmaceutical Co. " WOW means "Without Water ". In this
process, combination of low mouldability saccharides and
high mouldability saccharides is used to obtain a rapidly
melting strong tablet. The active ingredient is mixed with a
low mouldability saccharide and granulated with a high
mouldability saccharide and compressed into tablet.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

Flash Dose Technology:

Flash dose technology has been patented by "Fuisz". Nurofen
meltlet, a new form of ibuprofen as melt-in-mouth tablets,
prepared using flash dose technology is the first commercial
product launched by" Biovail Corporation". Flash dose
tablets consists of self binding shearform matrix termed as
"floss". Shearform matrices are prepared by flash heat
processing.
Orasolv Technology:
Orasolv Technology has been developed by "CIMA" labs. In
this system active medicament is taste masked. It also
contains effervescent disintegrating agent. Tablets are made
by direct compression technique at low compression force in
order to minimize oral dissolution time. Conventional
blenders and tablet machine is used to produce the tablets.
The tablets produced are soft and friable and packaged in
specially designed pick and place system.
Durasolv Technology:
Durasolv is the patented technology of "CIMA" labs. The
tablets made by this technology consist of a drug, fillers and a
lubricant. Tablets are prepared by using conventional
tableting equipment and have good rigidity. These can be
packed into conventional packaging system like blisters.
Durasolv is an appropriate technology for products requiring
low amounts of active ingredients.
Zydis Technology:
This technology involves softening the active blend using the
solvent mixture of water soluble polyethylene glycol, using
methanol and expulsion of softened mass through the
extruder or syringe to get a cylinder of the product into even
segments using heated blade to form tablets. The dried

Fig.1: Mechanism of superdisintegrants by swelling

cylinder can also be used to coat granules of bitter tasting

drugs and thereby masking their bitter taste.
Criteria for Drug Selection9:
The ideal characteristics of a drug for in vivo
dissolution from an MDT include: No bitter taste.
Dose lower than 20mg.
Small to moderate molecular weight.
Good stability in water and saliva.
Partially non-ionized at the oral cavities pH.
Ability to diffuse and partition into the epithelium of
the upper GIT.
Ability to permeate oral mucosal tissue.
Unsuitable drug characteristic for MDT: Short half-life and frequent dosing.
Very bitter or otherwise unacceptable taste because
taste masking cannot be achieved.
Required controlled or sustained release.
Super Disintegrants Used in MDTs8,10:
As days passes, demand for faster disintegrating
formulation is increased. So, pharmacist needs to formulate
disintegrants i.e. Superdisintegrants which are effective at
low concentration and have greater disintegrating efficiency
and they are more effective intragranularly.
This superdisintegrants act by swelling and due to swelling
pressure exerted in the outer direction or radial direction, it
causes tablet to burst or the accelerated absorption of water
leading to an enormous increase in the volume of granules to
promote disintegration.

Fig.2: Mechanism of tablet disintegration

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

Various

types of Super disintegrants used are as follows

Crosspovidone
Microcrystalline cellulose
Sodium starch glycollate
Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose or cross carmelose
sodium
Pregelatinzed starch
Calcium carboxy methyl cellulose
Modified corn starch. Sodium starch glycollate has
good flowability than crosscarmellose sodium.

Factors to be considered for selection of superdisintegrants:

It should produce mouth dissolving when tablet
meets saliva in the mouth
It should be compactable enough to produce lessfriable tablets.
It can able to produce good mouth feel to the patient.
Thus, small particle size is preferred to achieve
patient compliance.
It should has good flow since it improve the
flowability of the total blend.
Preformulation Studies
Bulk Density11,12:
Apparent bulk density was determine by pouring the 5 gram
of powder
into a 100 ml
V = Vb - Vp
granulated
cylinder. The
bulk volume (V) poured drug was determined. The bulk
density was calculated using the formula.
b = M / V
Were : b - bulk density,M- is the weight of powder, V- is the
volume of powder.
= Tan-1 ( h / r )
Tapped Density11,12:
Weight 5 g. of powder and placed in a measuring cylinder.
Measuring cylinder containing known mass (5 gm) of powder
was tapped for 100 times or fixed time. The minimum
volume (Vt) occupied was measured. The tapped density was
calculated using following formula.
t = M / Vt
12,13

Compressibility Index :
The simplest way for measurement of free flow of powder is
compressibility, a indication of the ease with which a material
can be induced to flow is given by Compressibility Index.

The value below 15% indicates a powder with give rice to

good flow properties, whereas above 25% indicate poor
flowability. Which is calculated follows.
% C.I. = t - b t

100

Hausner ratio12:
Hausner ratio is an indirect index of ease of powder flow.
Hosner ratio is the ratio of tapped density to bulk density.
Lower the value of Housner ratio better is the flow property.
Powder with Housner ratio less than 1.18, 1.19, 1.25, 1.3- 1.5
and greater the 1.5 indicate excellent, good, passable, and
very poor, respectively. It is calculated by following formula.
Hausner ratio = t t
Porosity11,14:
Percent relative porosity () was obtained using the
relationship between apparent density (app) and true density
(true) which is calculated by following formula.
= ( 1 - app / true) 100
Voide Volume11:
Voide volume(V) was obtained by difference between bulk
volume(Vb) and tapped volume (Vp).Voide volume can be
calculated by following formula.

Angle of repose12,14:
The angle of repose was determined using funnel method.
Funnel that can be fit vertically with stand at 6.3 cm. height.
The opening end of funnel are closed with thumb until drug
are poured. The 5 gm of powder was poured into funnel that
can be raised vertically until a maximum cone hight (h) was
obtained. Radius of the heap (r) was measured and the angle
of repose () was calculated using the formula.
Evaluation of Mouth dissolving Tablets ByThickness15:
Tablet thickness can be measured using a simple procedure. 5
tablets were taken and their thickness was measured using
Varnier calipers.
Hardness13,16:
It is the force required to break a tablet by compression in the
radial direction, it is an important parameter in formulation of
mouth dissolve tablets because excessive crushing strength
significantly reduces the disintegration time.In the present

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

study the crushing strength of the tablet was measured us-ing

Pfizer hardness testers. An average of three observations is
reported.
Uniformity of weight17,13:
I.P. procedure for uniformity of weight was followed, twenty
tablets were taken and their weight was determined
individually and collectively on a digital weighing balance.
The average weight of one tablet was determined from the
collective weight. The weight variation test would be a
satisfactory method of determining the drug content
uniformity.
Disintegration time17
The test was carried out on 6 tablets using the apparatus
specified in I.P.-1996 distilled water at 37C 2C was used
as a disintegration media and the time in second taken for
complete disintegration of the tablet with no palatable mass
remaining in the apparatus was measured in seconds.
In-vitro drug release17:
The development of dissolution methods for ODTs is
comparable to the approach taken for conventional tablets,
and is practically identical. Dissolution conditions for drugs
listed in a pharmacopoeia monograph, is a good place to start
with scouting runs for a bioequivalent ODT. Other media
such as 0.1N HCl and buffers (pH - 4.5 and 6.8) should be
evaluated for ODT much in the same way as their ordinary
tablet counter parts.
The USP 2 Paddle apparatus is used for this purpose which is
the most suitable and common choice for orallydisintegrating tablets, with a paddle speed of 50 rpm
commonly used. Typically the dissolution of ODT is very fast
when using USP monograph conditions; hence slower paddle
speeds may be utilized to obtain a profile. The USP 1 Basket
apparatus may have certain applications but sometimes tablet
fragments or disintegrated tablet masses may become trapped
on the inside top of the basket at the spindle where little or no
effective stirring occurs, yielding irreproducible dissolution
profiles.
Friability test18,13:
Friability of the tablets was determined using Roche friability
(Electrolab, Mumbai). This device subjects the tablets to the
combined effect of abrasions and shock in a plastic chamber
revolving at 25 rpm and dropping the tablets at a height of 6
inches in each revolution. Preweighed sample of tablets was
placed in the friabilator and were subjected to 100
revolutions. Tablets were de dusted using a soft muslin cloth
and reweighed. The friability (f) is given by the formula.
f = (1- W0 / W) 100
Where, W0 is weight of the tablets before the test and W is
the weight of the tablet after the test.

In-vitro dispersion time test15:

To determine dispersion time 10 ml measuring cylinder was
taken in which 6 ml distilled water was added and tablet was
dropped in it. Time required for complete dispersion was
determined.
Wetting time 15,17:
Five circular tissue papers of 10 cm diameter are placed in a
petridish with a 10 cm diameter. Ten millimeters of watercontaining Eosin, a water-soluble dye, is added to petridish.
A tablet is carefully placed on the surface of the tissue paper.
The time required for water to reach upper surface of the
tablet is noted as a wetting time.
Water absorption ratio17:
A piece of tissue paper folded twice was placed in a small
Petri dish containing 6 ml of water. A tablet was put on the
paper & the time required for complete wetting was
measured. The wetted tablet was then weighed. Water
absorption ratio (R), was determined using following
equation,
R = 10 ( Wa /Wb)
Where- Wb is weight of tablet before water absorption & Wa
is weight of tablet after water absorption.
Accelerated Stability study17:
The Orally disintegrating tablets are packed in suitable
packaging and stored under the following conditions for a
period as prescribed by ICH guidelines for accelerated
studies.
(i) 40 1 C
(ii) 50 1c
(iii) 37 1 C and Relative Humidity= 75% 5%
The tablets were withdrawn after a period of 15 days and
analyzed for physical characterization (Visual defects,
Hardness, Friability, Disintegrations, and Dissolution etc.)
and drug content. The data obtained is fitted into first order
equations to determine the kinetics of degradation.
Accelerated stability data are plotting according Arrhenius
equation to determine the shelf life at 25 C.
Packaging8
Packaging special care is required during manufacturing and
storage to protect the dosage of other fast-dissolving dosage
forms. Quick-dispersing and/or dissolving oral delivery
systems, the system can be packaged using various options,
such as single pouch, blister card with multiple units,
multipleunit dispenser, and continuous roll dispenser,
depending on the application and marketing objectives.
Conclusion:
Mouth dissolving Tablets is the general form of nomenclature
for tablets that disintegrate rapidly or instantly in the oral
cavity. MDTs have better patient acceptance and compliance

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8

and may offer improved biopharmaceutical properties,

improved efficacy, and better safety compared with
conventional oral dosage forms. MDTs can be prepared in
different ways and product performance depends upon the
drug suitability and excipients selections in the delivery
system. In combination with other technologies such as
modified release and microencapsulation, MDTs will
continue to provide enhanced commercial and therapeutic
benefits. MDT is a growing technology, offering considerable
benefits for lifecycle management16, development timelines,
patient convenience and market share. By paying close
attention to advances in technologies, pharmaceutical
companies can take advantage of MDTs for product line extensions or for first-to-market products. With continued
development of new pharmaceutical excipients, one can
expect the emergence of more novel technologies for MDTs
in the days to come. The successful marketed MDTs have
good taste and rapid release properties. With rapid acceptance
of MDTs by patients and pharmaceutical companies, the
market for this dosage form is promising, and the product
pipeline continues to grow rapidly.

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

11.
Acknowledgement(s):
Mr. Sohel Harsoliya would like to acknowledge the support
during this review from Research Scholar, JJT university,
Rajasthan & J.K.Pathan for its esteemed support and
encouragement.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared

International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Science 2011; 1 (1): 1-8