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A PriceWaterhouseCoopers consortium dedicated to Results-Oriented Monitoring

Note on analysis and assessment of HIV/AIDS mainstreaming within selected

EU development cooperation projects in Zimbabwe
This Note attempts to assess whether and with what success the issue of
HIV/AIDS is being mainstreamed within 13 EU-funded development projects in
Zimbabwe and, on that basis, to draw some conclusions and make
recommendations. The assessment is based on the findings of a ROM
monitoring team that incorporated the HIV/AIDS criterion into a normal ROM
mission in the period August-September 2006.
Mainstreaming
Like charity and sustainable development, the jargon word mainstreaming
covers many sins and is open to many interpretations.
In this Note,
mainstreaming is taken to mean incorporating the HIV factor as comprehensively
as possible into all development and humanitarian actions of whatever kind and
in whatever sector. It is also understood to imply action, not simply statements
of principle, policy or good intentions.
Mainstreaming has two broad aspects internal mainstreaming, whereby an
organization incorporates the factor in terms of its own structure, staff, workplace
and internal management, and external mainstreaming, in which the organization
takes account of the HIV factor in relation to its external programme strategic
and tactical conception, feasibility, planning, resourcing (human, financial and
temporal), implementation, partner relationships, monitoring and evaluation. The
basic approach followed here is that put forward by the Swiss Development
Cooperation (SDC/DEZA) in their consultative paper Mainstreaming HIV in
practice and in SDC Aids Policy 2002-2007.
In this context, mainstreaming does not refer simply to non-HIV specific actions.
The question must be asked whether HIV-specific actions themselves are
sufficiently mainstreamed to provide or contribute to solutions appropriate to the
scope and volume of the HIV threat. Mainstreaming in this concept presupposes
that the genuine and long-term solution to HIV/AIDS comprises treatment where
needed plus prevention or containment through life style change which includes
the creation of a sustainable livelihood. The spectrum, therefore, ranges from
direct treatment to sustainable development.
Summary of specific findings and recommendations per project monitored1
HIV-specific projects:
1. SANTE/2004/097-238: MdM/FACT: Mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS on
children and young people in Chipinge. (Monitor: Alicia S. Pieterse)
There is no conscious mainstreaming approach. Positive aspects include a
workplace policy (awareness, VCT and treatment for affected staff), nutrition
gardens, inclusion of PLWHAs in project management and a strong
education/training component.
Recommendations: study the benefits of implementing a clear mainstreaming
approach; Strengthen education, skills and income- generation potential
especially of PLWHAs, women and vulnerable groups; Prioritize M&E systems,
share successful practices.
1

Based on Notes supplied by each monitor which are available on request.

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2. SANTE/2004/078-699: CESVI/COSVI/ISPED: From PPTCT to a

comprehensive HIV Treatment and care package and ONG-PVD/2004/065358: DRC/ZRC: Community based HIV/AIDS prevention in Zimbabwe.
(Monitor: Clare Sycamore)
There is no formal policy or strategy of mainstreaming within the workplace.
Neither project incorporated nutritional/food security issues or partnered with
other organizations working in relevant fields. The CESVI project takes little or no
account of promoting and using Zimbabwean expertise, indicating an
underestimation of the value of national knowledge on mainstreaming both in the
workplace and through the projects core activities. The ZRC project maximises
local expertise but does not take advantage of international expertise that could
be available for mainstreaming through the IFRC. Both projects in question
address wide and heterogeneous beneficiary populations, making mainstreaming
and effective targeting difficult. Neither project has formal mainstreaming policies
for gender and environment.
Recommendations: ensure that projects integrate HIV/AIDS factors into their total
working environment; promote multidisciplinary and inclusive approaches;
promote operational partnerships with non-HIV specific projects (e.g. community
development) which have solution-oriented expertise to offer; improve techniques
of identifying and profiling beneficiaries; integrate HIV, gender and environment
(as one exercise) into mainstreaming actions
3. SANTE/2005/100-200: UNFPA/ZNFPC: Increasing utilisation of
comprehensive youth friendly SRH services at district level in Zimbabwe.
(Monitor: Kevin Lyonette)
There is no specific mainstreaming policy but the project does aim to facilitate
treatment, counselling and prevention services for vulnerable youth within the
ZNFPC programme which is itself located within the national system. The longerterm, solution-oriented aspects of livelihood, skill and capacity building or
employment are not dealt with at all. Identification of beneficiaries is generic and
there is no specific policy for mainstreaming gender and environment.
Recommendations: integrate HIV/AIDS into the complete working environment; in
an inclusive approach, find competent operational partners to supplement HIVspecific activities with solution oriented livelihood and income generation
opportunities; improve profiling and targeting of beneficiaries; incorporate HIV,
gender and environment into the mainstream as one inclusive exercise.
4. ONG-PVD/2003/065-376: TdH Italy/FOST: Support to Mazowe and
Guruve commercial farm communities to respond to the needs of orphans
and vulnerable children (OVCs). (Monitor: Chris Hichibala)
Note: this project is included under the HIV-specific category given the likelihood
that the OVCs are the children of parents who have died from HIV/AIDS.
No evidence of internal mainstreaming; treatment and awareness are provided
and a nutritional garden (mini-irrigation scheme) works well but on a limited scale.
Human Rights and Democracy projects
5. DDH/2005/108-341: MISA: Open the airwaves broadcasting campaign in
Zimbabwe. (Monitor: Rea Simigiannis)
No evidence of a specific internal mainstreaming policy and practice. Externally,
HIV/AIDS, given its national and local importance, would logically be a regular

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theme of discussion and analysis on community radio but it is not specifically

planned as such.
Recommendations: implement an internal programme and provide for full and
regular treatment of the issue in radio broadcasts.
6. DDH/2003/075-534: Commonwealth Fund: Zimbabwe Local Democracy
Enhancement. (Monitor. Rea Simigiannis)
Only one municipality has included PLWHAs as a stakeholder or interest group.
The Urban Governance Index (of HABITAT/UN) includes HIV/AIDS but the issue
was not given high priority.
Recommendations: formulate and implement a full mainstreaming policy where
HIV/AIDS is a fundamental aspect of local governance.
7. DDH/2004/088-891: ZLHR: Capacity building of human rights defenders
in Zimbabwe to optimize their basic human rights in the prevailing legal and
socio-political environment. (Monitor: Barbara Ackah-Yensu)
A good internal programme is in place. Externally, ZLHR has set up an HIV/AIDS
and Human Rights Unit in 2004 and is meeting with stakeholders to develop an
HIV/AIDS Charter for Zimbabwe.
Recommendation: continue as planned.
8. DDH/2004/063-999: LRF: Application for the Legal Resource
Foundations Paralegal programme in the Midlands and Masvingo
provinces. (Monitor: Barbara Ackah-Yensu)
Internally, a good workplace programme. Externally, workshops are being
organized on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights and a pamphlet on HIV/AIDS and the
Law has been published.
Recommendation: continue as planned
Community development projects
9. ONG-PVD/2004/ 095-182: AFRICA NOW/DDP: Increasing income
opportunities from smallholder dairy production. (Monitor: Chris Hichibala)
Little evidence of specific mainstreaming. No real attempt to deal substantively
with the issue.
Recommendation: implement a full mainstreaming programme.
10. 9 ACP ZIM 3: NAO/ZDCP: Developing communities programme Phase II.
(Monitor: Kevin Lyonette)
No evidence of any mainstreaming policy and practice despite strong
recommendations from the Final Evaluation of Phase I. The PMU has drawn up
an Action Plan to implement the recommendations but no action has been taken
in regard to HIV, gender or environment.
Recommendation: formulate and implement a full mainstreaming of HIV, gender
and environment as a basically important aspect of feasibility, planning,
implementation and M&E.
11. 9 ACP ZIM 4: NAO/MPP: 13th Microprojects programme. (Monitor: George
Hayford)
Internally, there is a deliberate policy and guidelines. Externally, there is little or
nothing.
Recommendation: formulate a specific and comprehensive policy and Action
Plan which includes the integration of HIV/AIDS, gender and environment.

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12. Stabex 94: NAO/ CTC: Stabex Cotton Training project. (Monitor: George
Hayford)
The Cotton Training Centre understands the HIV/AIDS issue and has put in place
a good and effective plan both internally and externally. Workshops on HIV/AIDS
are an integral part of the training curriculum.
Recommendation: strengthen the existing good practice by a specific and
comprehensive plan incorporating HIV/AIDS, gender and environment.
Commonalities identified
-

With the laudable exceptions of the CTC, LRF and ZLHR projects, there is
little or no evidence of systematic mainstreaming of the HIV/AIDS issue either
internally or externally.
Many project managers pay lip service to the idea. A number say they have a
policy but few show any real understanding of the issue and of how to
address it in a systematic, programmatic and inclusive manner. The intimate
linkages and dependencies between HIV/AIDS, gender and the environment
are not acknowledged.
There seems to be a real lack of operational guidelines on how to
mainstream the issue(s).
Few, if any, of the projects assessed showed a vision of solutions. The
project activities were necessary but insufficient in terms of achieving genuine
long-term solutions.
The HIV-specific projects generally suffered from a lack of specific profiling
and defined targeting of beneficiaries. See 2 above.
No project showed the use of operational, multi-disciplinary partnerships in
pursuit of long-term solutions.

Recommendations
1. National level:
- Acknowledge that, tragically, HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe is as routine and
basic an element of daily life as water, air and energy while being a critical
national issue.
- Recognize that, while all actions connected with preventing or treating
HIV/AIDS may be considered positive, unless they are part of or linked to a
context that provides solutions to the problem, their impact will be limited
and probably temporary. They may well be necessary (e.g. awareness)
but they will also be insufficient. The long-term solution to HIV/AIDS
comprises treatment where needed and prevention or containment through
life style change which includes the creation of a sustainable alternative
livelihood. All programmes and projects should be tested against that
formula and spectrum of activities.
- The Government should legislate that each organization must formulate
and publish a policy and programme for mainstreaming HIV/AIDS within
the workplace as a normal part of Health and Safety Regulations.
- The National AIDS Council should be pushed into action on mainstreaming
HIV/AIDS. (Note: It is scandalous that three members of the ROM team
separately tried to make appointments for interview with the NAC but were
told that they were too busy) The NAC could easily lead the way on

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developing an inclusive approach to HIV/AIDS mainstreaming and,

particularly, on developing M&E systems to achieve that aim.
2. Delegation level:
- Establish regular review of its own internal mainstreaming policy and
practice.
- Externally, develop a policy and comprehensive operational checklist for
use in the normal process of assessing potential projects and of M&E of
existing projects. The checklist should cover the spectrum mentioned
above of treatment where needed and prevention or containment through
life style change which includes the creation of a sustainable alternative
livelihood. Each project proposal or assessment should demonstrate
programmatic components or connections (operational partnerships)
dealing with the various elements of that spectrum, leading towards
solutions rather than incomplete or temporary measures.
- Given the intimate linkages between HIV/AIDS and gender and the equally
intimate linkages / thresholds which exist between Development, Health
and Environment, mainstreaming should aim at integrating all three issues
within one unified exercise. Operational guidelines and M&E systems
should reflect this unity of concept, purpose and practice.
2. Project level:
- Mutatis mutandis, apply the recommendations addressed to the
Delegation.
- Incorporate the detailed mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS, gender and
environment as one exercise into project concepts, baseline data
assessments, feasibility, planning, costing/budgeting, implementation,
management and M&E.
- Be innovative and open to forging pragmatic and effective operational
partnerships with others who have different but complementary skills so as
to cover the solution-oriented spectrum and to have a greater prospect of
providing an inclusive, comprehensive and sustainable range of benefits.
- Be rigorous in self-evaluation and M&E on these issues.

K. J. Lyonette
ROM Mission Leader
October 2006

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References
UN: scaling up HIV/AIDS services for populations of humanitarian concern. July
2006.
SDC/DEZA: AIDS policy 2002-2007
SDC/DEZA: Mainstreaming HIV in practice.
UNAIDS/GTZ: Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS.
UNAIDS: Support to Mainstreaming AIDS in Development.
Expert Think Tank on HIV Prevention: HIV Decline and Behavioural Change in
Zimbabwe: summary of 2005 review findings.
EC: Children PLWHAs in Zimbabwe
USAID: HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe.
UNAIDS: Women, Girls and HIV in Zimbabwe.
Univ. of Pretoria: HIV/AIDS and Human Rights in Zimbabwe.
HAZ report: HIV prevalence falls in Zimbabwe.
EC: The EU confronts HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.

EC/ACP External Monitoring System

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