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    Quant Ization

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Kemp
    The document discusses sampling a signal y(t) which is the sum of two cosine signals x1(t) and x2(t) at different frequencies. It provides two sampling rates, fs = 40 and fs = 12 samples/sec, and asks to: 1) Plot the magnitude spectrum from -π to π radians for each sampling rate. 2) Determine the new frequencies of x1(t) and x2(t) when sampled at fs = 12. 3) Observe what happens when sampling at fs = 12. It is noted that aliasing occurs, with x1 retained but x2 aliased to a frequency of 4Hz instead of the original 8Hz.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Quant Ization

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Kemp
    31 views9 pages
    The document discusses sampling a signal y(t) which is the sum of two cosine signals x1(t) and x2(t) at different frequencies. It provides two sampling rates, fs = 40 and fs = 12 samples/sec, and asks to: 1) Plot the magnitude spectrum from -π to π radians for each sampling rate. 2) Determine the new frequencies of x1(t) and x2(t) when sampled at fs = 12. 3) Observe what happens when sampling at fs = 12. It is noted that aliasing occurs, with x1 retained but x2 aliased to a frequency of 4Hz instead of the original 8Hz.

    Original Description:

    quantization

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    The document discusses sampling a signal y(t) which is the sum of two cosine signals x1(t) and x2(t) at different frequencies. It provides two sampling rates, fs = 40 and fs = 12 samples/sec, and asks to: 1) Plot the magnitude spectrum from -π to π radians for each sampling rate. 2) Determine the new frequencies of x1(t) and x2(t) when sampled at fs = 12. 3) Observe what happens when sampling at fs = 12. It is noted that aliasing occurs, with x1 retained but x2 aliased to a frequency of 4Hz instead of the original 8Hz.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    31 views9 pages

    Quant Ization

    Uploaded by

    Stephen Kemp
    The document discusses sampling a signal y(t) which is the sum of two cosine signals x1(t) and x2(t) at different frequencies. It provides two sampling rates, fs = 40 and fs = 12 samples/sec, and asks to: 1) Plot the magnitude spectrum from -π to π radians for each sampling rate. 2) Determine the new frequencies of x1(t) and x2(t) when sampled at fs = 12. 3) Observe what happens when sampling at fs = 12. It is noted that aliasing occurs, with x1 retained but x2 aliased to a frequency of 4Hz instead of the original 8Hz.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Ex) A signal, y t , is shown below and it is going to be sampled based on the given

    sampling rate
    x1 t cos 10 t

    y t x1 t x2 t

    x2 t 2 cos 16 t

    a) Given the two sampling rates, f s 40 and f s 12 samples/sec, plot the


    magnitude spectrum from 2 to 2 , your answer must be in terms of radians on
    the x axis.
    b) When you sample with the f s 12 , what is the new frequency corresponding
    frequency of x1 t and x2 t .
    c) What can you observe if you use f s 12 .
    f1 5, f 2 8
    fs 40

    .25 0.4

    fs 12

    2
    3

    5
    6

    b)
    x1 5Hz
    x2

    2
    x6 4 Hz
    3

    c)
    The aliasing happens. The x1 signal is kept but the x2 signal is aliased and it is
    shown as 4Hz signal instead of 8Hz signal

    Quantization

    R
    Quantization step
    or
    Resolution

    Quantization step: The gap between the levels


    Q

    R
    2N

    R : is the full scale analog range (min to max).


    N : is the number of bits used for the quantization.

    Quantization error = Quantized value Actual value.


    Unipolar:
    Bipolar:

    Analog data varies zero to positive maximum.


    Analog data varies between negative minimum to
    positive maximum.
    2

    Quantization error are determined by the size of the quantization


    step
    Dynamic range: # of levels it can distinguish in noise
    dB 20 log10 X

    # of distinct levels that can be identified without error is


    R
    2N
    Q

    Dynamic range of quantizer in dB is


    20 log10

    R
    20 log10 2 N
    Q
    N 20 log10 2
    N 6.02 dB

    Dynamic range improves as the number of bits N increases.


    Dynamic range is connected to the concept of signal to noise ratio
    Signal power

    Noise power

    SNR=10 log

    Signal amplitude

    Noise amplitude

    SNR=20 log

    Decibels

    Decibel is a comparison of two quantities expressed on a logarithmic scale.


    The power can be expressed in decibel (dB) as

    P watts
    dB or dBW

    1 watt

    10 log

    as the reference is 1 watt

    Power in dB or dBW can be converted to watts as

    P watt
    P dB =10 log10

    1
    watt


    Example: Convert 5W into dB.

    5W dB =10 log 5 =6.9897 dB


    We can convert from dBs to watts as
    dB

    10

    dB

    P watt =log
    =10

    10
    -1

    Example: Convert 12 dB into watts.


    P dB
    -1 P 12

    =log
    =15.8489 W
    10
    10

    P watts =log -1

    V 2

    Power is proportional to the square of the voltage P


    R

    10log V 2 2 10 log V 20 log V

    25
    17.78 V
    20

    Voltage log 1

    dBm:
    a. The dBm is used extensively in communication systems, specifically in cases
    where we are dealing with lower powers. The spectrum analyzers represent a
    signal in the frequency domain. The horizontal axis represents frequency while
    the vertical axis represents power in dBm. The dBs and dBm are used in cascaded
    systems and path loss equations.
    b. The letter that follows dB is used as a reference. The letter m refers to milliwatt. The given power in watts is being compared with 1 milli-watt. We must
    know how to convert watts into dBm and dBm into watts.

    2N

    R
    Q
    R

    log 2 2 N log 2

    R
    Q
    N log 2
    log 2
    Q
    log

    Bit rate: A measure of the rate at which bits are generated.


    Bit rate = N f s

    where f s : Sampling rate.

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