Carl Scully - Vaccination Report
Carl Scully - Vaccination Report
Carl Scully - Vaccination Report
By Carl Scully, MP
State Member for Smithfield
October 1992
Childhood mortality from measles and whooping�cough. 1871� 1971 England and Wales.
2.000
1.000�
Whooping�cough \
\\ Sulphonamide
100
Whooping�cough
immunization
I\ Measles
10� immunization
— i
1871 1891 І9П 19.11 1951 1971
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"First, do no harm"
� Hippocrates
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CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW 3
3. COMPULSORY IMMUNISATION 18
1. Proof of Immunisation 18
2. Who should be excluded? 18
3. What happens now? 20
4. Is there a real "free" choice? 21
5. How can parents make a proper
assessment of the risks and
benefits of vaccines? 23
6. What are the consequences of
exclusion? 25
7. Should individual citizens pay
for the cost of a public health
measure? 27
8. Is the rationale for the
legislation questionable? 29
9. What more should be done? 31
p^\
8. DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS 135
1. Diphtheria 135
(a) How Serious is it now? 135
(b) The History of Diphtheria 136
2. Tetanus 142
MEASLES 147
1. The Risks of serious consequences
from Measles 147
2. The Historical Experience 152
3. Measles Vaccine: Adverse Reactions
from the vaccine 155
4. Measles Vaccine: Does it cause
degenerative diseases? 157
5. Does the Vaccine give immunity? 166
6. Measles Vaccine: Conclusion 171
10. MUMPS 174
Conclusion 175
IV
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1. INTRODUCTION
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
virtues of immunisation:
"The greatest threat of childhood disease lies in i
the dangerous and ineffectual efforts made to }
prevent them through mass immunisation.
Щ
I know, as I write that line, that this concept is
one that you may find difficult to accept. i
Immunisations have been so artfully and aggressively m
marketed that most patients believe them to be the
"miracle" that has eliminated many once feared
diseases. Consequently, for anyone to oppose them ¿J
borders on the foolhardy. For a Pediatrician to H
attack what has become the * bread and butter' of J
pediatric practise is equivalent to a priest denying ']
the infallibility of the Pope. И
Knowing that, I can only hope that you will keep an
open mind while I present my case. Much of what m
you have been led to believe about immunisations
simply isn't true. I not only have grave
misgivings about them; If I were to follow my deep
convictions in writing this chapter, I would urge H
you to reject all inoculations for your child. I J
won't do that, because parents in about half the
States have lost the right to make that choice. "4
Doctors, not politicians have successfully lobbied \
for laws that force parents to immunise their !
children. as a prerequisite for admission to я
school. '
&Щ
justify it. I
All I ask is that in reading this paper you keep an open mind
I
and at least consider the possibility that what you have been
told, and not learnt, may in fact be wrong or misleading.
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CHAPTER 2
SUMMARY AND OVERVIEW
The State Government proposes to legislate so as to ensure
that each child in this State is immunised prior to being
enrolled at a school or a child care centre.
ibid
Barrie H., "Campaign of Terror", American Journal of
the Dissabled Child", Vol. 137, Sept 1983, pp. 922-
923;
Davis, et al, "Microbiology", 3rd edition, Harper
International, p. 700.
Mendlesohn R., "How to Raise a Healthy Child in
Spite of your Doctor".
•»
Moskowitz R., "Immunisation: A Dissenting View", in
Dissent in Medicine, p. 152;
Burnet Sir M., op. cit., pp. 232-233.
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7
period of time.12 This persistence has been linked to
arthritis, chronic diseases and possibly even cancer.13 An
eminent U.S. Surgeon, Dr. George Crile has even gone so far as
"Щ 14
to state:
12
. Ronne, T "Measles Virus infection without Rash in
pi Childhood is related to disease in Adult Life" the
Lancet, Sat 5 Jan 1985 at pp. 1�5;
Chantier J.К., et al, "Persistent Rubella Virus
infection Associated with Chronic Arthritis in
Children" The New England Journal of Medicine, Oct
31, 1985, Vol. 313 No. 18 at pp. 1117�1123;
Щ
Bottiger M., Heller L., "Experiences from
vaccination and revaccination of teenage girls with
three different Rubella vaccines", Journal of
Biological Standardisation, 1976, 4 at pp. 107�114
at p. 113
13
. Moskowitz R., "Immunisation a Dissenting View" in
Dissent in Medicine, Contemporary Books, Chapter 8,
pp. 133�167;
Mendlesohn R., "Immunisation Against Disease: A
га Medical time bomb?" in How to Raise a Healthy Child
.. in spite of your Doctor, Contemporary Books, 1984
Chapter 19 pp. 209�230
Crile G., Letter to Dr. Mendlesohn referred to in
14
.
"The People's Doctor", Vol. 8, No. 12, p. 6.
is Centre for Disease Control, "DPT Vaccination and SID
� Tennessee", Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1979: 28: 131�2;
Barra f'y L.J., et al, "Possible Temporal Association
between Diphtheria�Tetanus Toxoid�Pertussis Vaccine
and Sudden Infant Death" Paediatric Infectious
Disease Vol. 2 No. 1;
гп
8
either rejected such a link16or conceded that it may be a
contributing factor.17
n
. Mendlesohn R., "Confessions of a Medical Heretic pp.
234-253.
23
. NSW Department of Health, Public Health Extracts,
1991, Vol. 2 No. 3;
Hussey^G.D., Klein M., "A Randomised Controlled
Trial of Vitamin A in Children with severe Measles",
New England Journal of Medicine 1990, 323, 3, at pp.
160-164
11
incidence of whooping cough and low socio�economic status.24
A vitamin С deficiency has also been linked with the incidence
of disease.25 The correlation between the incidence of disease
and poor health with low socio�economic factors is well
known.26 Further, a recent study in Denmark demonstrated
I
that vigorous physical exercise substantially lowered the risk
of early death.27
32
. Davis, A., et al, Microbiology, 3rd edition, p. 700.
33
. ibid
34
. ibid
35
. Gustafson T., et al "Measles Outbreak in a fully
immunised Secondary School population", New England
Journal of Medicine Vol. 316 No. 13 at p. 771.
36
. Menser M.A., et al, "Rubella Vaccination in
Australia: 1. A five year follow up of Vaccinated
Schoolgirls", Medical Journal of Australia, Sat July
29th, 1978 Vol. 2 No. 3 pp. 83-85
37 Immunisation Practices Advisory Committee, Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 38 No. 509, Dec 29,
1989;
Frances B.H., et al "Rubella Screening and
Vaccination Program at a Melbourne Maternity
Hospital, The Medical Journal of Australia, June 12,
1982 pp. 502-504
14
immunisation the higher the proportion of those contracting
the disease who have been immunised.38 That ought to be
proof enough that vaccinations do not provide a "brave new
world" of 100% guaranteed immunity against infectious disease.
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3. COMPULSORY IMMUNISATION
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CHAPTER 3
COMPULSORY IMMUNISATION
1. Proof of Immunisation:
The New South Wales Government has foreshadowed legislation
requiring proof of vaccination before a child is allowed
admission to a School, a Preschool, or a Child Care Centre.
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Sick leave is onïy supposed to be used for paid leave when the
individual concerned is unable to attend work owing to his or
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26
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obtained so that some remuneration would still be received by
the parent.
Taking leave from work for this length of time required for a
H)
measles or whooping cough outbreak could place a parent's job
3Ì
in jeopardy particularly for casual or part�time employees.
Recreational leave may not be available to such parents and
even if it were, why should they be penalised for complying
with a Public Health Exclusion policy.
i
27
healthy child being excluded. If a parent is a casual
employee or one with no leave entitlement, then minding a
quarantined child can be quite financially prohibitive. If
the fees are not paid then the child's place at that centre is
placed in jeopardy and as a consequence, also the parents
ability to continue in employment.
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4. THE mSTORY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
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CHAPTER 4
THE HISTORY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
1. Diseases Generally
The claim that is often made that modern society is virtually
rid of the fatalities and great suffering of infectious
diseases because of vaccines is simply not true. It is also
historical revisionism at its best.
6.000
s.ooo.
pi
1.000.
v . 1900
Figure V . l . Childhood mortality trom measles and whooping�cough. 1871� 1971 England and Wales.
1
2.000
'1
1.000 !
[ Measles
РЩ
Whooping�cough \
Sulphonamide
drugs
100
с
TI
Whooping �cough ЯЩ
immunization
Measles
10� &Щ,
immunization
1
1871 1891 1911 1931 19S1 1971
Year
1000« �,
�• Notifications
/
160� •———• Deal lis
140�
120�
Routini
Vaccinano1�
z loo- �1000
;Ą
s' 80�
V ! �800
с
60� �600 Q
; с
i
ao� �400 z
Ì-. i Гч
Л
20 « \ �200
! 1 1 1 1 =� Г— I�U
1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980
Years
V.(I).8. Figure V.2 shows the annual statutory notifications and deaths in
England and Wales from 1945 to the present. Although notifications are far from
complete and clinical diagnosis is not always accurate, changes in the numbers
probably reflect the changing incidence of the disease. In the immediate post�war
years around 140.000 to 160.000 cases were notified annually in England and
Wales. By the mid�1950s the number fell to around 80.000 — 90.000 per annum.
Over the same period deaths fell a lurther tenfold, to about 100 annually bv the
mid�1950's.
ibid p. 86
35
Diagram 4: Decline in notifications and deaths from
Whooping Cough.4
Notifications 2400
Oeatns
�2200
�2000
180 �1800
160�1 �1600
140 1400
D
120 и 1200 "5
Whooping cough vaccination
introduced on a national scale
= 100 1000 Z
i 80H Г 800
60� r�600
40�1 400
20� �200
1940 I960
ibid p. 177.
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36
5
m . The first three paragraphs of the Minister's letter
are a direct unacknowledged quote from The National
Health & Medical Research Council "Immunisation
¡iïn)
Procedures", 4th edition, 1991 p. 1.
37
2. Smallpox:
The smallpox vaccine is given a glowing reference in the
Minister's letter as the sole means by which the disease was
eradicated. However, an Australian medical practitioner Dr.
Archie Kalokerinos has disputed the role played by the
vaccine:6
"... did they actually wipe smallpox out? . No, they
didn't. Smallpox was a vanishing disease before
vaccine came on the market. It would have been
history with or without the vaccine.
This is not unusual. In Tudor time in England
there was a disease called 'black fever' . It
didn't just decimate populations, it wiped out
entire populations. But over a period of one
hundred years or so it disappeared from sight and
hasn't been seen since".
The smallpox vaccine was never completely safe and not
infreguently resulted in serious side effects and even death.7
The removal of the vaccine occurred partly because the risk of
receiving it outweighed the benefits of not contracting a
diminishing disease.
8
. Allen H., "Don't Gut Stuck! The Case against
Vaccinations & Infections", National Hygiene Press
1985 p. 119.
9
. Kalokerinos A., "Immunisation: There are Two
Sides".
10
. ibid
11
. Mendlesohn R., "AIDS linked to Smallpox" in Health &
Healing Vol. 7, No. 2, Dec-Feb 1988 p. 17.
12
. Douglass W.C., "WHO Murdered Africa", Health &
Healing^Vol. 7, No. 3. April-June 1988, p. 29-33;
Buttram H.E., "AIDS Immunisation - Related
Syndrome", Health & Healing December-February 1988,
Vol. 7, No. 2 p. 36.
39
Dr. Kalokerinos had this to say:13
"My studies of the smallpox vaccine rather
frightened me because I realised that introducing
these viruses into the body could trigger off a
chain of events that would cause all sorts of
disease.
And sure enough, the Sydney Morning Herald, 12.5.87
stated, 'The AIDS epidemic may have been triggered
by the mass vaccination campaign which eradicated
smallpox, according to an adviser to the World
Health Organisation suggesting that immunisation
using the smallpox vaccine awakened the unsuspected
dormant human immune deficiency virus infection HIV,
in other words AIDS'. This means that they claimed
that they wiped out smallpox, which they didn't do,
but. what they did do was introduce a disease far,
far more terrible".
Dr. Robert Gallo a US medical practitioner who has worked on
the AIDS virus said in 1987:"
"The link between the WHO programme and the epidemic
in Africa is an interesting and important
hypothesis. I cannot say that it actually
happened, but I have been saying for some years that
the use of live vaccine such as that used for
smallpox can activate a dormant infection such as
HIV. "
Dr. Mendlesohn provides evidence of a possible link between
the smallpox vaccination program and AIDS by noting that the
highest incidence of AIDS is where the program was most
intense:15
"WHO information indicates that the AIDS table of
Central Africa matches the concentration of smallpox
vaccinations, i.e., the greatest spread of HIV
infection coincides with the most intense
immunisation programs. Thus, Zaire, at the top of
the AIDS list, had 36 million people immunised with
the smallpox vac-fne. Next is Zambia, with 19
million, foliowe. by Tanzania with 15 million,
Uganda with 11 million, Malawi with 8 million,
13
. Kalokerinos A., "Immunisation: There are Two Sides".
14 Galló R*, London Times, 11th May, 1987.
IS Mendlesohn R., "AIDS linked to Smallpox", op. cit.
p. 17.
40
Ruanda with 3.3 million and Burundi with 3.2
million. Brazil, the only South American country
covered by the smallpox eradications campaign has
the highest incidence of AIDS in that part of the
world.
This theory - that the AIDS epidemic in Africa may
have been triggered by the smallpox immunisations
program - has sparked intense debate among
scientists ... Dr. Laurence Gerlis, a clinical AIDS
researcher, states, 'Previous circumstantial
evidence looks more persuasive alongside the latest
research that shows AIDS can be stimulated by
smallpox vaccination' .
... This theory also provides an explanation of how
AIDS infection is spread more evenly between males
and females in Africa than in the west.
While in no way diminishing the role certain
lifestyles play in AIDS causation, isn't it high
time that we turn the spotlight on the possibility
that modern medical miracles - immunisation included
- can help cause modern medical plagues?"
Rappenport16 has gone one step further and alleged that as the
smallpox vaccine is cultured in the belly of a calf it is
guite possible that the vaccine could be contaminated with
animal viruses. He claims that if the calf being used to
culture the vaccine was suffering from a well known cattle
immune deficiency disease known as Bovine Immune Deficiency
Virus (BIV) then people vaccinated with such a contaminated
vaccine could have effectively been given the human immune
deficiency virus (HIV) rather than the vaccine itself
triggering an already present but dormant virus.
F*
17
1
. Mowle .A.F., "Infectious Diseases: A matter for
immunisation or a matter for further Inquiry",
Health & Healing, Dec 81 - Feb 82 pp. 29-35 at pp.
31-32 reprinted from The Australasian Nurses
Journal, May 1981.
42
succeeding centuries it adopted unusual patterns as
to where it would strike next, but as time passed it
was found to leave the more well to do classes, then
the villages and provincial towns to centre itself
in London. At the same time smallpox was leaving
the age of infancy and childhood.
Other infectious diseases have shown a like tendency
to change or limit their incidence, but whatever the
reason, the final epidemic of smallpox in England
was between 1900�1905 and after this the annual
death rates reached a very low figure indeed.
There is mixed opinion as to the part vaccination
has played in the decline of smallpox both in
England and elsewhere. It is important though, to
make some distinction in one's mind between
vaccination as a means of protecting an individual
against smallpox and general vaccination as a public
health measure designed to protect a community
against epidemics of the disease.
It would seem that vaccination repeated at intervals
of approximately five years does give a •measure' of
protection to 'some' individuals against a
particular viral strain that manifests itself in
what we recognise as smallpox but this measure in
itself could well have caused considerable illness
and death from such diseases as syphilis and
hepatitis because of the introduction of
contaminated material from one person to another.
3. Scarlet Fever:
Scarlet Fever is a good example of an infectious disease which
disappeared long before any vaccination was developed for it.
It caused thousands of deaths during the middle of the last
century. By early this century it was not a significant
cause of death at all•and now hardly rates a mention even as a
disease, let alone as a cause of death.
45
4. Tuberculosis :
Tuberculosis like most other infectious diseases was a
significant cause of death in the latter part of the last
century and the early part of this century.
1
Like most other infectious diseases the dramatic fall in the
fatalities occurred prior to the introduction of an
"appropriate" vaccine. This is graphically illustrated in
diagram 5.
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Borléis С, "Vaccination A c r u e l Deception" 1991 щ
46
Sir Macfarlane Burnet gives a very interesting account of the
history of tuberculosis:21
"Тле decade 1950�60 was a turning point in the
history of tuberculosis. In every advanced country
of the world sanatoria for tuberculosis began to
close their doors and public health authorities
began to feel that full eradication of the disease
had become a legitimate objective. This was only
the last step in a process that began about a
hundred years earlier.
In 1850 the mortality from tuberculosis in England
and Wales was about fifty times what it was in 1959.
Roughly speaking, the rate has been successfully
halved six times for females, five times for males,
and the periods needed for each successive reduction
to half are illuminating. They are
For females 4 0 � 3 0 � 2 2 � 8 � 4 � 4 years
For males 55 �26�18�5 �5 years
In every advanced country the fall during the period
1946�59 has been to unprecedentedly low levels. It
is interesting to look at the possible reasons for
these changes in mortality since 1850. In the light
of present day�knowledge it is more unlikely that
medical treatment as such had anything to do with
the slow but persistent fall in mortality up to
1939. It is doubtful whether treatment ever did
more than delay the fatal event in those who would
have died without treatment. The steady fall shown
in nearly all western countries must have been due
to other factors. There is no reason to believe
that any changes have occurred in the tubercle
bacillus itself. The improvement must be sought in
social or biological factors on the human side. In
all probability the diminution resulted mainly from
the steady advance in the standard of living over
the period. By 1939 the average person in a
civilised community was eating more and better food,
was housed in greater comfort, had more opportunity
for fresh air and sunlight, and was more cleanly in
his habits than in the nineteenth century. A
higher proportion of people with active tuberculosis
were being cared for in sanatoria and those under
ambulant treatment had been given enough training in
elementary hygiene to diminish their likelihood of
infecting others. The net result was probably that
on the whole children when they were infected
received a smaller dose of bacilli on the average
and could deal more effectively with the primary and
22
NSW Department of Health, "BCG Vaccination not Cost
effective", Public Health Extracts '99' Vol. 2, No.
3, p. 23;
And also, Conway S.P., "BCG Vaccination in
Children", British Medical Journal 1990, 301, pp.
1059-1060.
fr 48
Tuberculosis does still occur occasionally in our community.
But the fact that "the highest rates of infection were [in
1986] in people migrating from South East Asian countries"13
simply confirms the overwhelming importance of primarily
Pi
L H
. Department of Health "Tuberculosis still a problem
I in Australia", Public Health Extracts 1991, Vol. 2
No. 3 p. 23;
Plant A,J., et al, "Tuberculosis in NSW", Medical
I Journal of Australia 1991, 154, pp. 86-89.
Щ
2б
. Dr. D. Powles in Kalokerinos A., and Dettman G.,
"Second Thoughts about Disease: A Controversy and
Bechamp Revisited", pp. 10�11.
50
A well known critic in the united States of immunisation Dr.
Richard Moskowitz has stated:27
"The incidence and severity of whooping cough, for
example, had already begun to decline precipitously
long before the pertussis vaccine was introduced, a
fact which led the Epidemiologist C.C. Dauer to
remark as far back as 1943
'If mortality (from pertussis) continues to decline
at the same rate during the next 15 years, it would
be extremely difficult to show statistically that
(pertussis immunisation) had any effect in reducing
mortality from whooping cough'
Much the same is true not only of diphtheria and
tetanus, but also of T.B., cholera, typhoid and
other common scourges of a bygone era, which began
to disappear towards the end of the 19th century,
perhaps partly in response to improvements in public
health and sanitation."
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CHAPTER 5
THE THEORY OF GERMS
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1. The Cause or Conditions of Disease:
To fully appreciate the guestion of immunisation, it is vital
� to have a reasonable understanding of the orthodox verses
f alternative view of the cause of disease.
p�|
If it is true that a particular disease is the result of
"catching" a particular bug or virus, then the theory of
vaccinations holds firm. A specific vaccine directed at that
Щ
specific virus would eradicate the disease. If only life
^
were that simple. But modern medicine is based on this very
I concept. It is known as Pasteur's germ theory of disease and
P surprisingly still has a fascinating grip over almost all
doctors and probably all public health bureaucrats.
PI
A However, not all doctors have accepted this teaching and have
sought to present an alternative view. An interesting
F* comparison between Pasteur's germ theory of disease and the
creation of disease conditions as the cause of lack of well
i
ibid at p. 12.
57
Two alternative health practitioners in the US have even gone
f^S so far as to regard germs as the demons of the modern era just
as witches were of the middle ages. This is somewhat an
•i
R emotional and exaggerated claim but it provides an interesting
7
manner in which to compare causes and conditions of disease:
! "For most of the years of his existence on earth,
man blamed his bodily ills on demons: malignant
_ spirits, spirits of the dead, witches, sorcerers or
§ the evil eye. Today, germs have taken over the
i demon's role. Illness is still spoken of as if it
were a form of possession; it is something one
ffa
'catches' or 'has'. The belief that a 'bug' causes
any given illness has a certain attractive
simplicity, because it carries its recommendation
for therapy with it; exorcise the bug with drugs".
Vaccines and many prescription drugs are often the lazy means
щ by which a population is deceived into believing that health
can be improved or guaranteed without altering the conditions
fWf
of disease: the food they eat, the guality of the water they
drink, the air they breathe, the level of sleep, exercise,
leisure and recreation undertaken, the consumption of alcohol
or the smoking of cigarettes, general hygiene and cleanliness
and the management of stress and emotional trauma. These are
the factors which, if not properly managed by each and every
СЩ individual, will create the specific conditions in which
disease will develop. Drugs or a particular vaccination may
I assist the symptoms (and possibly create others much worse)
L
1
. Dubos R., and Pines M., Health & Disease, Life
F» Science'^ Library New York Times, Inc. 1965 in Allen
I H., "Don't Get Stuck!", The Case Against
Vaccinations & Injections, Natural Hygiene Press,
� 1985, p. 14.
58
disease conditions are also removed.
8
. Mendlesohn R., "How much Science is there in Modern
Medicine - A Dissenting View" in "Dissent in
Medicine" p. 16.
ibid p. 22.
62
are . . . living microbes which can grow and multiply
in the body. They posses similar antigens to the
virulent microbe, but are genetically changed so as
to be harmless. Technically, we term these live,
attenuated vaccines. These are the most effective
forms of vaccine because they imitate a natural
infection most closely. The most important live
vaccines are the Sabin-type, oral polio myelitis
vaccine, smallpox, yellow fever, measles, german
measles and tuberculosis vaccines.
The second sort of vaccine consists of bacterial
antigens rendered harmless through simple chemical
treatment, the best examples being diphtheria and
tetanus.
The third variety consists simply of the original
virulent microbe killed through formalin treatment.
Many killed vaccines give only partial protection,
such as typhoid or influenza".
ibid p. 142.
64
immune system.
such illnesses are in fact the decisive
experiences in the normal physiological maturation
of the immune system as a whole in the life of a
healthy child. For not only will the child who
recovers from the measles never again be susceptible
to it; such an experience also cannot fail to
prepare the individual to respond even more promptly
and effectively to any infections he may acquire in
the future. The ability to mount a vigorous acute
response to organisms of this type must therefore be
reckoned among the most fundamental requirements of
general health and well being".
(b) Vaccinated Measles:
Dr. Moskowitz then compared the above with the measles
vaccine:16
"In contrast, when an artificially attenuated virus
such as measles is injected directly into the blood,
bypassing the normal portal of entry, at most a
brief inflammatory reaction may be noted at the
injection site, or in the regional lymph nodes; but
there is no "incubation period" of local contact at
the normal portal of entry and consequently very
little possibility of eliminating the virus via the
same route.
... the virus has been artificially "attenuated", so
that it will no longer initiate a generalised
inflammatory response, or indeed any of the non
specific defence mechanisms that help us to respond
to infections generally. By "tricking" the body in
this fashion we have accomplished what the entire
immune system seems to have evolved in order to
prevent: we have placed the virus directly into the
blood, and given it free and immediate access to the
major immune organs, without any obvious way of
getting rid of it. The result is, indeed, the
production of circulating antibodies against the
virus; but the antibody response now occurs as an
isolated technical feat, without any generalised
inflammatory response, or any noticeable improvement
in the general health of the organism. Exactly the
opposite in fact: the price we pay for these
antibodies is the persistence of virus elements in
the blood for prolonged periods of time, perhaps
permanently; which in turn presupposes a systematic
weakening of our ability to mount an effective
ibid
Ì- response not only to measles; but also to other
acute infections as well".
щ
j_' If Dr. Moskowitz is right then not only are vaccinations
m reducing our ability to fight the designated disease, but also
f
*" places us at greater risk of succumbing to other diseases
«П because of an artificially impaired immune system. This may
i explain the report in the media last year of a New South Wales
|_' schoolboy who had been immunised again measles but contracted
i
ibid.
ì
pr-.
ft
Ш'\
pj�
Lì
67
CHAPTER б
IMMUNISATION; A RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS
These are some of the questions which all parents should ask
and properly explore prior to making a determination as to
whether or not to proceed with a vaccination for their child.
Most literature in support of immunisation commences with the
conclusion that the "benefits always outweigh the risks" and
then seek to find arguments to support that conclusion.1
»
3
. Burnet Sir M., "The Natural History of Infectious
Disease", op. cit., pp. 232-233.
69
4
diphtheria.
...'
Mendlesohn R., How to Raise a Healthy Child in Spite
of your Doctor, Comtemporary Books Inc. 1984, p.
f
222. "»
6
. See for example, Department of Health, Benefits and
Risks of Immunisation, 1991.
1
. See far example Stewart G. and Bassili W. ,
"Epedemiological evaluation of Immunisation: Other
factors in the Control of Whooping Cough", The
Lancet, Feb. 28, 1976, pp. 471-476.
ra
pp
71
рт^
[ We are not told how they were treated or whether or not they
would have died anyway. By way of example, in the U.K. in
V 1961 one half of the 132 reported measles fatalities were of
8
T children with pre�existing chronic disease or disability. it
L
is likely they would have died shortly anyway irrespectively
p'
j' of contracting measles. This is certainly often the case in
_, third world countries where measles, might be the final illness
i
9
before a death which would have occurred anyway. However,
j
10
* emphasis still seems to be on immunising against the disease
j rather than attacking all the factors which cause the high
fatality rate for infectious disease in the developed world
late last century and earlier this century: sanitation,
L hygiene, nutrition, housing, water supply and general
j5* standards of living.
i
Stewart and Bassili found great variance in the incidence of
whooping cough during an epidemic in Glasgow in 1974." They
found a much stronger correlation between disease incidence
and socio�ecomonic conditions than with the vaccination rate
per live birth.
E* 8
The Lancet, Aug 1, 1981, pp. 236�237.
Г 9 Kalokerinos A., "Immunisation by Vaccination There
are Two Sides", Natural Health, July, 1987, pp. 5�9;
and also The Lancet, August 1, 1981, pp. 236�237.
10 UNICEF, "Immunisation for all by 1990", AFAR, Dec.
1985, pp. 1173�1176.
7. WHOOPING COUGH
b
77
CHAPTER 7
WHOOPING COUGH
1. The symptoms of the disease:
Dr. Robert Mendlesohn has provided a good description of this
disease:1
Whooping cough (pertussis) is an extremely
contagious bacterial disease that is usually
transmitted through the air by an infected person.
The incubation period is 7-14 days. The initial
symptoms are indistinguishable from those of a
common cold; a runny nose, sneezing, listlessness
and loss of appetite, some tearing in the eyes, and
sometimes a mild fever.
As this disease progresses, the victim develops a
severe cough at night. Within a week to 10 days
after the first symptoms appear the cough will
become paroxysmal. The child may cough a dozen
times with each breath, and his face may darken to a
bluish or purple hue. Each coughing bout ends with
a whooping intake of breath, which accounts for the
popular name of the disease. Vomiting is often an
additional symptom of the disease.
Whooping cough can strike within any age group, but
more than half of all victims are below two years of
age. It can be serious and even life-threatening,
particularly in infants. Infected persons can
transmit the disease to others for about a month
after the appearance of the initial symptoms, so it
is important that they be isolated, especially from
other children.
... if an infant contracts the disease, you should
consult a doctor because hospital care may be
reguired.
The primary threats to babies are exhaustion from
coughing and pneumonia. Very young infants have
even been known to suffer cracked ribs from the
severe coughing bouts.
Immunisation against pertussis is given along with
vaccines for diphtheria and tetanus in the DPT
inoculation. Although the vaccine has been used
for decades, it is one of the most controversial of
immunisations. Doubts persist about its
3
ibid ppf 654, 656.
*
A
ibid p. 656.
щ
79
serious reaction observed following pertussis
Í- immunisation".
m
The authors of this study then reviewed the findings of other
researchers in this field and found considerable variance in
reported convulsion rates following pertussis injection:5
1956 1: 11,000 shots
1974 1: 2,200 immunised children
1967 1: 6,500 immunised children
1978 1: 2,750 immunised children
^7)
1978 1:800,000 shots
The study of Cody et al found convulsions in 9/15752 shots or
01
6
1/1750 but still came under severe attack. Coulter and
Fisher claimed that the study of Cody et al assessed the
reaction rate per shot and not per immunised child and as a
result:7
"The rate for serious neurological reactions was
�Я\ made to appear an innocuous 1 in 1750 shots".
Coulter and Fisher then claimed that if a rate per child and
not the number of shots is given, then a substantially higher
risk of convulsion would be revealed. The number of children
is not revealed in the study of Cody et al but is estimated by
ibid p. 657.
ibid p. 247.
*
ibid
80
Cody et al in their study attempt to explain the possible
cause of pertussis related side effects:9
"the vaccine is known to contain potentially
reactogenic components including adenylate cyclase,
endotoxin, and a factor capable of producing
lymphocytosis, sensitisation to histamine, and
changes in glucose-insulin homeostasis^ One or
more of these may be responsible for the more
serious reactions"
Despite the original findings with respect to convulsions, the
authors were still able to conclude that:10
"This study supports the conclusion that the
benefits of pertussis immunisation far outweigh the
risks"
Approximately 7 years later, 16 of the 18 children who had
been diagnosed as having suffered convulsions were followed up
and:
"none had suffered any permanent neurological damage
and all had IQs within the expected normal range""
Griffen et al12 investigated the risk of seizures and
encephalopathy (brain damage) following DTP vaccine in
Tennessee. This involved 38,171 Medicaid children who
received 107,154 DTP immunisations in their first 3 years of
life.
"356 children (0.9%) had a medical encounter for a
seizure and 2 children were hospitalised with
10
ibid p. 658.
11
Paediatrics (1988) 81; 789-94 referred to in
Communicable Diseases NZ (1988) 88-8; 4-5.
12
. Griffen M.R., et al, "Risk of Seizures and
Encephalopathy after Immunisation with the
Diphtheria - Tetanus - Pertussis Vaccine", JAMA
March 23-30 1990 Vol. 26 No. 12 pp. 1641-1645.
81
pH
encephalopathy between their first DPT immunisation
and 36 months of age. The 2 children with
encephalopathy both had their onset of illness more
than 2 weeks following DTP immunisation and neither
had permanent sequelae ... an additional 359
children had screening codes that were consistent
with a possible seizure. "l3
This study does have methodological flaws in that it relies on
I
SSV;
the records of children admitted to hospital under a free
medical service as a means of drawing certain conclusions.
The fact that a parent did not seek medical attention for a
child does not mean that a seizure or other reactions to the
vaccine did not occur.
13
ibid p. 1643.
14
ibid p. 1642.
15
ibid p. 1645.
i6
Pollock"�* T.M. , et al., "Symptoms after primary
immunisation with DTP and with DT Vaccine", The
Lancet July 21, 1984 pp. 146�149.
82
They compared 6,004 infants who had DTP vaccine with 4,024
infants who had DT vaccine only. They found that convulsions
and neurological disorders were no more apparent in the DTP
vaccine than with the DT vaccine.
17
4 ibid p. 148.
18 Pollock, T.N., and Morris T., "A 7-year Survey of
Disorders attributed to Vaccination in North West
Thames region", The Lancet April 2, 1983 pp. 753-
757. \
19 ibid p. 753.
20
ibid p. 757.
83
"The DTP febrile convulsion rate in the Hospital
Activity Analysis (HAA) was no greater than that
among children of a corresponding age. However,
taking into account the recurrence of three febrile
convulsions 24 hours after vaccination in the HAA,
we are left with the impression that DTP may
sometimes provoke a febrile convulsion."
22
ibid p. 514-515
84
endotoxin may also play a part in the pathogenesis"
Predictably, Dr. Feery was still able to reassuringly find:23
"that the benefits of pertussis vaccination exceed
the risks"
A retrospective study was conducted in the U.K. of 50 cases of
serious reactions suspected of being caused by immunisation in
that country from 1956 to 197624
ibid p. 515.
и
.
Advisory Panel on Serious Reactions to Vaccines, in
24
.
"Whooping Cough", Department of Health and Social
Security (U.K.) pp. 6�15.
ibid p. 40.
и
.
26
ibid p. 4.
85
may exist."
Barkin and Pichichero in a survey of 1,232 children in four
medical practices found that within 48 hours of vaccination,
7% had no reaction, 27.3% had mild reactions, 58.6% had
moderate reaction and 7.1% had severe reactions. In at least
50% of children temperatures rose to at least 100 degrees F
after vaccination and in 80% behavioural changes were noted by
their parents. 72.2% had local reactions and 12.9% suffered
prolonged screaming after immunisation.27
This was a very small study from which conclusive proof is now
drawn that infantile spasms and the pertussis vaccine only
have a chance relationship.38
Melchior did not prove that no such link exists and even said:
"... there may be an occasional connection between
immunisation and infantile spasms. "39
Melchior's study does not mean that infantile spasms are not
or are never caused by the pertussis vaccine. This is the
very position which has been taken in a report of the Advisory
Panel to the Committee on the Safety of Medicines in the
U.K.:40
"Melchior's study on infantile spasms has been
37
Cherry J.D., op. cit. pp. 324-325.
38
Bowie, op. cit. p. 398 and
*
See also Communicable Diseases New Zealand (1988)
88-8: 4-5.
39
Melchior op. cit. p. 134.
40
Report from the Advisory Panel to the Committee on
Safety o*f Medicines, "The Collection of Data
Relating to Adverse Reactions to the Pertussis
Vaccine" in "Whooping Cough", op. cit. pp. 27-75.
89
widely quoted in the pertussis controversy. This
study leaves little doubt that infantile spasms may
begin within 2 weeks of immunisation with DT as well
as DTP. This certainly suggests that considerable
caution should be exercised in attributing cases of
infantile spasms specifically to pertussis vaccine.
Melchior's own comment is 'a casual connection
between whooping cough immunisation and infantile
spasms is very unlikely except in a few cases'.
Attention should, however, be drawn to one aspect of
Melchior's data which is rarely cited ,:but which
suggests pertussis vaccine may sometimes cause
infantile spasms. Melchior recorded the ages at
onset of infantile spasms over two periods of time
during which two immunisation schedules were
employed. The earlier schedule included pertussis
vaccine (as triple vaccine) given at five, six and
fifteen months of age. In the later schedule,
pertussis vaccine was given at five and nine weeks
and at ten months. Melchior comments that there
was no overall change in the age of onset of
infantile spasms which would have been expected
following the change in immunisation schedule, if
there were a casual relationship. However,
restricting attention to the early months of
infancy, precisely the stage at which there is the
greatest temporal difference between the two
immunisation schedules, the data do show what could
be quite a marked change to an earlier age onset.
The change is not significant at a conventional
level, but it should not be overlooked. Bearing in
mind the small number of cases studied and the
likelihood that infantile spasms have more than one
aetiology. Melchior data are comparable with the
view that pertussis vaccine is one of the causes. "41
In other words, infantile spasms have multiple causes one of
which may be the pertussis vaccine. Melchior's data simply
establish that the vaccine is not the only cause rather than
the prevailing view that it is not a cause at all.
August 1978
to March 1979 33 5 4
These figures would strongly suggest that Lot 64201 may have
been a contributing factor in at least four cases of sudden
infant deaths. Coulter and Fisher43 claim there was only a 3
in 100 statistical chance that 4 or more deaths would occur at
M
. ibid p. 240.
45
. ibid pp. 236-243.
46
. ibid p. 240.
47
. Mendlesohn R., "The People's Doctor", Vol. 18 No.
12, pp. 6-7.
48
. Bernier R.H., et al, "Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoids-
Pertussis Vaccination and Sudden Infant Deaths in
Tennesee", Journal of Pediatrics 101(5) 1988 pp.
419-421.
92
temporal association between DTP vaccination with
[lot 64201] and SIDS . . . whether or not this
temporal association reflects a causal relationship
remains undetermined; we found no evidence to
support such a causal relationship."
Roberts acknowledged that the evidence did establish a causal
link but then dismissed this with what must be regarded as
quite a novel approach:49
"the cluster in Tennesee was. real and was an example
of the 5% of occasions in which associations will be
found, by chance, to be significant"
In other words, a statistical causal link with the vaccine was
established but that causal link was only a chance one and
would not be repeated if similar studies were undertaken
again. Dr. Roberts is employed with the Welcome Research
Laboratories in the U.K. Welcome is one of the three
manufacturers of whooping cough vaccine in the U.K. Welcome
was added as a Defendant, at its own request, to the
proceedings commenced in the U.K. against a doctor alleged to
have caused brain damage to a young woman following the
administration of the DTP vaccine. It resolutely defended
the action and was singularly successful in that the Court
found no causal connection between the pertussis vaccine and
permanent brain damage.
49
. Roberts » s.C. , "Vaccination and Cot Deaths in
Perspective", Archives of Disease in Childhood 1987,
62, pp. 754-759.
93
of research where no such link was found.
ibid p. 7.
ibid.
ibid p. "¿0.
ibid p. 11.
95
methodoligically flawed, retrospective and statistically
unsound.58 He relied on Mortimer et al59 and Fulginiti60 to
support his attack. However, even Fulginiti, a very strong
devotee of immunisation,61 had this to say about the study of
Barraf et al:62
"In the search for biological truth we�� must not
disregard or scorn potential clues to enlightenment.
This study and others like it should be neither
discarded nor guoted as proof. They serve as
possible hypothesis for others to challenge or
extend. In summary, we do not know what causes
SIPS: we do not know if DTP does. We should
attempt to find out: it is not a trivial question."
Barraf responded to these attacks in the following manner:63
"In fact one could postulate that the reason the
modal age of SIDS is 2 months, that this is the time
that DTP is given, unmasking brain stem immaturity
in a predisposed child as we suggested. If one is
to look at frequency distribution of SIDS by age and
argue that our results are consistent with this age
distribution and are not due to DTP immunisation,
then one must use a base population of infants who
have not received DTP immunisation for other than
medical reasons. Unfortunately this population
does not exist."
The last point made by Barraf is an extremely important one.
To establish that there is no causal link between DTP and cot
58
Roberts, op. cit, pp. 757�758.
59 Mortimer E.A., et al, "DTP and SIDS" Paediatric
Infectious Disease 1983: 2: 492.
Fulginiti V., "Sudden infant death Syndrome,
м
.
Diphtheria�Tetanus Toxoid Pertussis Vaccination and
Visits to the Doctor: Chance Association or cause
and Effect?" Paediatric Infectious Disease 1983: 2:
5�6.
6i
See Coulter and Fisher op. cit. p. 226.
*
62
Fulginiti op. cit. p. 6.
ö
. Barraf L., "In Reply", Paediatric Infectious
Disease, 1983: 2: 492-493 p. 493.
96
death the rate of sudden infant death in an immunised
population must be compared to a similar population which has
not been immunised. If the rate of the latter group is
significantly greater than the former, then a statistical link
between DTP and cot death will have been established. It is
this very type of study which I have suggested to the Sudden
Infant Death Association as being one which it should urgently
take up.
M
. ibid p. 193.
65
. ibid
w
. Scheibnep V. , and Karlsson L., "Coth Death and
Vaccination Link", Natural Health, Vol. 4, No. 5,
Aug/Sept 1991 pp. 2-5.
97
"The authors of these papers had little idea what
they were looking at or what to look for. Most
researchers arbitrarily accept that only deaths
within 24 hours of administration of the vaccine can
be attributed to the effect of the vaccine. Yet,
babies may and do die for up to 25 or more davs
after vaccination. and still as a direct consequence
of the toxic effect of the vaccine. How do we know
this? Because of the observed repetition of the
pattern of the flare ups of stress-induced breathing
in a number of babies over a long period- of time. "61
Despite the alarming level of cot deaths which occur each year
in New South Wales there has been no serious consideration
given to questioning the desirability of the DTP shot at such
an early stage in a young infants life.
67
ibid p. 3
68 ibid
69 ibid p. 2.
TO ibid at p.
71
ibid
98
"that the timing of 80% of the cot deaths occurring
between the 2nd and 6th month is due to the
cumulative effect of infections, timing of
immunisations and inherent specifics in the babys
early development"
Scheibner and Karlsson also raised the question of
inconsistency in the amount of toxin in each vaccine:
"the toxicity of vaccines varies widely and
unpredictably, a DTP vaccine containing from 1 to
26.9 micrograms of endotoxin per millilitre"72
An infant which received the larger end of that range of
endotoxin may well be a candidate for cot death if it were in
a susceptible state.
72
. ibid p. 3.
99
the rate of cot deaths amongst unimmunised children who were
breast fed exclusively for at least six months following a
drug free pregnancy and birth and with a mother who, from
prior to conception, has followed a natural diet free or
virtually free of saturated fats, processed food, poor quality
water, cigarette smoke or alcohol.
ibid p. 991.
100
siblings of SIDS victims, suggests that non specific
physical stresses increase the severity and
freguency of apneas. "
75
75
ibid p. 993.
76
Barraf et al, op. cit.
77
ibid p. 7.
78
ibid at p.10
*
Drasch G.A., et al, "Lead and Sudden Infant Death",
79 European Journal of Pediatrics 1988 147: pp. 79�84.
The Australian Newspaper, "Study finds an asbestos
80 link in death of infants", Friday 3rd June, 1988.
*
81 Hassall I.В., "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome � "ANZ
Factor", The Medical Journal of Australia Vol. 151,
Oct 2, 1989, p. 361.
101
air,82 sleeping position,83 poor social conditions and low
standards of parental care,84 and, of course, vaccination.
89
. ibid
90
. ibid
105
In my view it is simply unwise to dismiss categorically the
notion that the DTP vaccine could not be any possible cause or
contributing factor in some sudden infant deaths.
The simple fact is that the pertussis vaccine does not give
100% guaranteed immunity against this disease to all children
for the rest of their lives. A distinction must be made here
between initial vaccine failure where no protection is given
whatsoever and waning immunity where the vaccine gives initial
immunity but fades and disappears over time.
106
92
Stewart and Bassili used the "limited epidemic in Glasgow in
1974 ... to examine .. . the efficacy of the .. . vaccine"
comparing the general incidences of whooping cough in the
92
. ibid
93
. ibid at p. 472.
94
. ibid at p. 73.
95
Mendlesohn R., "How to Raise a Healthy Child in
Spite of your Doctor", p. 222. pa
98
Hewlett E., "Old & new Vaccines and the Future
Control of Pertussis", The Western Journal of
Medicine, March, 1989, Vol. 150, No. 3, pp. 319-328 tmãj
at p. 326.
99
Lambert H.J., Epidemiology of a small pertussis
outbreak in Kent County, Michigan, Public Health awl
101
Hewlett E. , op. cit., p. 326.
1
109
Clinical pertussis is well documented in adults ..."
Hewlett, rather than expressing concern at the ineffectiveness
of the pertussis vaccine uses this data to justify the call
for vaccinating all age groups. This is a traditional
medical response and still does not tell us just how many
people are given immunity after vaccination and if it is
given, how long does the immunity last.
Vaccination is generally promoted as the means by which
immunity is given against a particular disease. A jab in the
arm is supposed to allow a person to be exposed to slight or
repeated infection without contracting the disease. The
inoculation is supposed to generate sufficient antibodies in a
vaccinated person to prevent the disease taking hold.
This means that 22% of fully vaccinated 1-4 year olds and 64% <ч
of children four years and older do not have protection
against whooping cough. Why do parents bother running the
risk of all the possible side effects of this vaccine if the
odds of vaccine failure and waning immunity are so high? J
103
. Burgess M. , "Immunisation: indications and *ч
contraindications. Modern Medicine of Australia,
May 1986, pp 76�83 at p. 78. J
Ill
grounds :
"The vaccine was studied in a large clinical trial
of acellular pertussis vaccines which was finished
in the autumn of 1987. The Division of Drugs
judges that the efficacy of the vaccine may be lower
than that of whole cell vaccines. The uncertainty
about a possible association with deaths due to
serious bacterial infections, which occurred among
vaccinated children, has also contributed to the
recommendation made by the Division of Drugs of
comparative trials between acellular pertussis
vaccines and well known whole cell vaccines. "l0S
104
. Hewlett, op. cit.
"Licence Application for Pertussis Vaccine Withdrawn
105
.
in Sweden", The Lancet, Jan 14, 1989, p. 114.
Burgess M., "Immunisation Update: Risk and
106
.
Benefits", in Current Paediatric Practise, Ed.
Procopis P.G., & Kewley G.D., pp. 12�20 at p. 14.
112
(d) Does a decline in the uptake of vaccine lead to the
higher incidence of Whooping Cough?
Most commentators who support the pertussis vaccine use as an
argument the example in the U.K. in the mid 1970s where a
widespread concern about the safety of the vaccine caused a
substantial downturn in the number of children who were
vaccinated. As an epidemic followed it was then claimed that
the significant reduction in the number of children vaccinated
was the sole and direct cause of the epidemic. Accordingly
it was then argued that vaccination programmes should be
vigorously promoted to ensure an increased vaccination rate
and therefore reduced incidence of the disease.
i
СЩ 113
I Dr. Margaret Burgess uses a similar argument although the
inflated death figure from the Department of Health was
substantially different:108
[I "Vaccination uptake fell from approximately 80% to
less than 30% of the eligible population by 1978.
¡SS)
The incidence of pertussis began to increase in the
U.K., culminating in a large outbreak in 1977-79 of
102,500 cases . . . and 28 deaths were reported."
This is repeated by a Melbourne General Practitioner, Dr.
i!
Peter Tribe:
"During the epidemic in England 1977-79, whooping
cough notifications were inversely correlated with
vaccine acceptance rate".109
щ
These bold assertions directly linking a reduced level of
щ vaccination as the cause of a subsequent epidemic are neither
3 scientific nor statistically sound. The argument that one
ì
m
. Burgess M., "Immunisation: indications and
contraindications", Modern Medicine of Australia,
pf
May 1986 pp. 76�83 at p. 76.
,09
. Tribe P., "Why Pertussis immunisation", Australian
f> Family Physician, Vol. 18, No. 8, Aug 89 pp. 985�970
'Ц at p. 985.
114
explained away as chance and in no way connected .with the
vaccine.
Fine and Clarkson found that the interval between the peak
notifications of one whooping cough epidemic to the next over
a thirty two year period was generally three to four years.
It should be noted that a national pertussis vaccination
programme began in 1957. Their findings are as follows:111
110
. Fine P.E.M., Clarkson J.A., "The recurrence of
Whooping Cough: Possible Implications for Assessment
of Vaccine Efficacy", the Lancet, March 20, 1982 pp.
666-669.
ni ibid p. 666.
pr.
116
unaltered by the decline in the vaccination rate after 1974. ��
38%
40
30% 1978 65,957 12
1979 34%
112
Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
(U.K.) in Department of. Health and Social Security
Whooping Cough, 1981, p. 170.
из ibid p. 172.
117
epidemic.114 This may apply to infectious diseases generally
but it certainly does not apply to whooping cough.
114
. See Anderson R.M., May R.M., "Vaccination and Herd
Immunity to Infectious Disease", NATURE Vol. 318 No.
28 Nov 1985 pp. 323-329.
115
Fine P.E.M. and Clarkson J.A., op. cit. p. 667.
116
. ibid
118
"... the near-constant intervals between epidemics
since 1953 could be taken as evidence that the rate
of influx of new susceptibles did not alter greatly
during this period, not even in nlassociation with the
fall in vaccine uptake in 1974."
The Department of Health assertion that whooping cough
epidemics are caused by a fall in vaccination rates is not
only wrong but demonstrably wrong.
117
. ibid
"8. Cherry J., op. cit., p. 320.
119
epidemics. It will be shown later that the vaccine failure
rate in measles is approximately 5% whereas with the whooping
cough vaccine failure rate is significantly higher.
к
120
reduced vaccination rate. But this presupposes the vaccine is m
effective which should in turn affect the interepidemic
Rl
period.
psi
ibid p. 174.
122
Щ
No. of cases for
Year No. of Notifications Deaths each death
1940 53,545 678 79
1941 173,249 2383 73
1942 65,986 799 83
1943 96,105 1114 86
1944 93,944 1054 89
1945 62,663 689 91
1946 92,892 808 115
1947 92,657 905 102
r^j
1948 146,372 748 195
1949 102,801 527 195
1950 157,726 294 536
1951 169,343 453 373
1952 114,868 181 634
1953 157,829 243 649
F^í
1954 104,901 139 761
1955 79,092 87 909
1956 92,396 92 1004
1957* 85,004 87 977
1958 33,384 27 1236
1959 33,208 25 1328
1960 58,030 37 1568
1961 24,469 27 906
1962 8,343 24 347
1963 34,733 36 964
1964 31,609 44 718
1965 12,903 21 614
fSã
1966 19,386 23 843
1967 33,530 27 1315
E?~
122
. Malleson P. and Bennett J. "Whooping Cough
admissions to a Paediatric Hospital over ten years -
The protective value of immunisation", The Lancet
29th January 1977, pp. 237 ff.
124
It is noted that in 24 of the 188 cases of immunisation,
immunisation status was not known and so I have excluded
these. The attack rates of those in the study of Malleson and
Bennett in respect of immunised or nonimmunised people is
summarised as follows:
Malleson and Bennett have shown that 38% of hospital cases are
amongst children who have been fully immunised. Given the
risks associated with the vaccine, its failure ra: and
substantial waning effect over time, parents really should
seriously consider whether or not to use it.
m
. Miller C.L. and Fletcher ' D. "Sever-zy of notified
Whooping Cough", Briti Medical Journal, 17
January, 1976, pp. 117-11.
123
l22
. Malleson P. and Bennett J. "Whooping Cough
admissions to a Paediatric Hospital over ten years -
The protective value of immunisation", The Lancet
29th January 1977, pp. 237 ff.
124
It is noted that in 24 of the 188 cases of immunisation,
immunisation status was not known and so I have excluded
these. The atcack rates of those in the study of Malleson and
Bennett in respect of immunised or nonimmunised people is
summarised as follows:
Malleson and Bennett have shown that 38% of hospital cases are
amongst children who have been fully immunised. Given the
risks associated with the vaccine, its failure rat and
substantial waning effect over time, parents really should
seriously consider whether or not to use it.
123
. Miller C.L. and Fletcher ' D. "Sever-zy of notified
Whooping* Cough", Briti Medical Journal, 17
January, 1976, pp. 117-11.
г
ш 125
less likelihood of hospitalisation in the case of a vaccinated
child than an unvaccinated one. However, their research
confirmed that the effectiveness of the vaccine wanes
considerably over time. in the 12 months immediately
. Щ" following vaccination there was a noticeable difference in
incidence and severity as measured by hospitalisation.
с Rf
Not vaccinated
í
Щ
Total % of Treated Hospita (%)
total at home (%) lised
cases
i
Fully vaccinated 2862 66% 2824 98% 28 2%
Not vaccinated 1481 44% 1338 90% 143 10%
* 4343
124
. Grob P.R., et al, "Effect of Vaccination of Severity
and dissemination of Whooping Cough", British
Medical Journal Vol. 283, 13 June 1981, pp. 1925-
1928.
127
Similarly, a mild cough (0-8 coughing spasms per 24
hours) was experienced by 48% of the vaccinated
group and 32% of the non vaccinated group. *'125
I find these figures and conclusions unconvincing. If the
vaccine was the panacea it is promoted as being then the
percentage difference would surely be much greater. Some of
the data collated by Grob et al is set out below126 which
demonstrates the alarming rate at which vaccinated children
contract whooping cough. I do not regard the figures as
significantly different so as to allow the vaccine to be
treated as a means of reducing the severity of whooping cough.
125
ibid p. 1927-1928.
126
. ibid p. 1926.
127
ibid
R
128
ps;
Status Number 4
Vaccinated 281 43%
Not vaccinated 377 57%
658
h^f
The late Dr. Robert Mendlesohn often claimed that many
reported cases of whooping cough were nothing of the sort and
of those which were confirmed the incidence of the disease was
negligible in areas with no overcrowding and good nutrition.
Dr. Mendlesohn believed that once a whooping cough scare was
under way that any respiratory problem in a child was notified
128
Stewart G. and Bassili W., op. cit., p. 43.
129
ibid
ГЩ
129
as whooping cough and few of these were actually confirmed by
laboratory tests. The findings of Stewart and Bassili
confirm tha the incidence of whooping cough has far more to
do with socio�economic conditions than vaccinations. They
found that there was a:130
"strong association between attack rates of
whooping cough and adverse socio�economic
conditions: attack rates were strongly correlated
with overcrowding in the central city area
[Glasgow). In the epidemic of 1974 notification of
whooping cough were significantly higher in crowded
households .. . there was considerable variation
(124�1384/100,000) in attack rates in time and
locality"
Dr. Gordon Stewart, then Head of the Department of Community
Medicine at the University of Glasgow said later in 1978 in a
news conference:131
"as with many other infectious diseases, there was a
great decline in the rate of pertussis mortality
before any vaccine was available ... the decline ..
was 80% before any vaccine was ever used.
the key factor in controlling the disease is
living conditions. As long as overcrowding in
homes and schools continue, the danger of pertussis
will continue.
. .. now in Glasgow ... 80% of our whooping cough
cases are occurring in vaccinated patients. This
leads one to believe that the vaccine is not all
that protective"132
Barkin and Pichichero133 have said:
130
ibid at p. 471.
ш Stewart G., reported in Elliott J. , "Pertussis
Vaccine issues unsettled", Medical News, December 1,
1978.
132 Dr. G. Stewart reported in J. Elliott "Pertussis
Vaccine issues unsettled" � Medical News December 1,
1978.
ІЗЗ Barkin R.M. and Pichichero M.E., op. cit. p. 260.
130
"the efficacy of pertussis vaccine remains
controversial. Social, cultural, nutritional, and
therapeutic changes occurred concomitantly with
vaccine introduction and partially account for
declining incidence. However, most authors agree
that the vaccine is protective, although the
relative contribution to control remains
undocumented.
... the acceptance of significant risks associated
with pertussis vaccine is further complicated by
evidence that immunity is not sustained.
Susceptability to pertussis 12 years after
immunisation may be as high as 95% as noted in an
epidemic among hospital personnel in Cincinnati."
At the time of vaccinating their child for whooping cough
parents are not told that bordetella pertussis is only one of
four possible causes of clinical whooping cough. Davis et al
have provided an interesting insight into why the pertussis
vaccine may often fail to prevent whooping cough:134
"Bordetella parapertussis is a less common cause of
whooping cough ... bordetella bronchiseptica
rarely causes whooping cough in man ...
Adenoviruses have been isolated from some patients
with clinical whooping cough who have no evidence of
bordetella infection, and who develop a rise in Ab
titer against adenoviruses.
... Like natural disease, pertussis vaccine does not
produce permanent immunity nor does it provide
protection against bordetella parapertussis.
Prevention of disease in susceptible contacts is not
likely to be accomplished by isolation of the
patient with overt whooping cough, since the period
of maximum communie ability will already have passed.
Nevertheless, isolating the patient from infants
under 2 years of age is warranted."
134
. Davis B.D., Microbiology, Third Edition, Harper
International Edition pp. 700-701.
ШГ\
131
an interesting account of the hysterical media beat�up which
usually occurs after an alleged "outbreak" and the usual
га
predictions of gloom, doom and death which emanate from Health
Departments as a means of frightening a cowering populace into
vaccinating their children. The emotional hysteria on this
occasion arose out of the claimed 1982 epidemic of whooping
cough where there were an alleged 65,000 cases and 14 deaths.
m
135
Dr. Barrie had this to say:
"the awesome words "whooping cough is a killer" were
Г
оп everybody's lips. All believed their children to
be in imminent danger of death or brain damage.
All thought that whooping cough was an infectious
Ш
disease that only young children caught, and
vaccination would confer protection for life. It
had not occurred to them that, like flu, it could be
had repeatedly, that adults had it too, and that
Fl immunity rarely exceeded two to three years. In
fact, there was little evidence of an epidemic in
London, and admissions for whooping cough to my
~1 wards remained something of a rarity. I can
honestly say I have never knowingly seen brain
damage caused by this disease � in contrast with a
few cases of vaccine damage � and have encountered
only two deaths, both preventable, in 25 years.
Pertussis today is an eminently treatable condition.
A course of erythromycin or sulfamethoxazole�
trimethoprim will curb the growth and spread of the
organism, and when necessary, a short course of
steroids will stop severe coughing spells.
pil
... most of my patients, even infants aged only a
few weeks, are home inside two weeks, and few are
^ admitted anyway. Why all the fuss about a dozen
possibly mismanaged whooping cough deaths, when we
have an annual toll of 1500 cot deaths, 2000 child
deaths from accidents and 2500 avoidable perinatal
deaths".
Health authorities rightly point out that even 14 deaths is
3
unacceptable but in doing so they miss the point. Were these
Щ
deaths the result of whooping cough itself or because the
How many parents are told of the alarming failure rate of the
vaccine, its waning effect over time, the possible link with
sudden infant death and the other suspected serious side
effects. Parents are simply not in a position to undertake a
proper risk benefit analysis so as to enable them to make an
informed choice.
»
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135
CHAPTER 8
DIPHTHERIA AND TETANUS
1. Diphtheria;
(a) How serious is it now?
This disease is now virtually nonexistent in our community.
The Department of Health has provided the following summary:1
"Diphtheria, caused by corynebacterium diptheriae,
is an accute infectious disease which mainly affects
the upper respiratory tract. It is characterised
by an inflammatory exudate which forms a membrane
that causes acute respiratory obstruction. The
major complications of diphtheria are cardiac
dysfunction and neuropathy."
The Department then gives an alarming death rate figure of
3500-12000/100,000 cases which might apply to some third world
countries but certainly not to New South Wales.
¿i 137
«И
4
. Feery B. , "Impact of Immunisation on Disease
patterns in Australia", Medical Journal of
Australia, Aug 22, 1981, pp. 172�175 at p. 173.
ШТ) 5
. Burgess M., "Complete Guide to Immunisation",op.
cit., p. 68.
6
¡* . Burnet, op. cit. p. 285, 288-289.
138
Burnet does not even consider the possibility that improved
living conditions prior to the introduction of a vaccine may
have also contributed to only 5-10% of children in the same
period contracting the di-ease when many more were exposed to
it. It simply does not make sense to isolate the impact of
living conditions to mortality to only that period prior to
the vaccine. Mendlesohn's comment in respect of scarlet
fever which declined in severity long before the introduction
of a vaccine is quite apt to diphtheria:7
"If a vaccine had been developed for it, doctors
would undoubtedly credit that with the elimination
of the disease."
The traditional view of the "miracle" of the diphtheria
vaccine on the incidence and mortality of the disease is by no
means universal.
2. Tetanus ;
The Department of Health describes this disease also in
typical dramatic fashion:15
"Tetanus is an acute, often fatal, disease caused by
the toxin produced by the bacterium, Clostridium
tetani. Muscle rigidity with superimposed painful
spasms occurs. Complications of tetanus include
respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary embolus,
hypertension, hypotension and myocarditis."
Even the Department concedes that tetanus has become a rare
condition but can still assure the public of a possibility (if
not probability) of death if vaccination does not occur:16
"In NSW tetanus has become a rare condition. All
recent cases have occurred in unimmunised adults.
Severe cases of tetanus have a case fatality rate of
44%. "
The disease is now so rare that there have been only five
reported cases in the last seven years and ten reported cases
in thé last ten years.17
21
Lovett L.A., op. cit. p. 15.
22
Feery B.,op. cit., p. 150.
23
ibid
*
24
Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, "CDT Vaccine", Oct
1986.
145
General reactions have been noted in 10% of infants
receiving CDT vaccine. These are usually mild and
transitory. The commonest reported reactions are
irritability, malaise and fever. Serious and
persisting reactions are extremely rare."
Mendlesohn has provided an historical list of cases of serious
consequences following the tetanus vaccine.25 These are:
state of shock (1940); paralysis of right arm (1966);
••y' '
4. Conclusion:
The side effects of the diphtheria-tetanus vaccine are milder
than the full DTP vaccine. However, they should not be
lightly dismissed.
While these two vaccines have not received the same attention
as those administered for whooping cough, measles and rubella,
careful consideration should still be given to the
possibilities of immune suppression which was raised by
Moskowitz and the doubts expressed by Mendlesohn as to whether
or not we really still need to routinely vaccinate for these
diseases.
>
n
9. MEASLES
pi
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147
CHAPTER 9
MEASLES
Measles is a contagious viral disease which is characterised
by fever and rash. This disease along with mumps and rubella
was considered up to about 25 years ago as a typical childhood
disease which when contracted normally gave lifelgng immunity.
11
. NSW Department of Health, Public Health Abstracts
Vol. 2 No. 3 p. 23.
12
. NSW Department of Health Benefits and Risks of
Immunisation p.8.
13
. Nossal, G.J.V., " Vaccines as History's Most Cost -
Effective Public Health Tools" in Highlights in
Science*edited by H. Messel, Pergamon Chapter 11 pp.
140-148 at p. 143.
153
"which had little impact on the rate of decline in
deaths"1*
Dr. Brian Feery has demonstrated the decline in deaths from
measles in Australia prior to the introduction of vaccines in
1969 as follows:15
18
. ibid p. 526.
19
. Mendlesohn R., "How to Raise a Healthy Child in
Spite of your Doctor", p. 216.
155
cases by 1974 to 1976 but the death rate remained the same.20
20
. See Moskowitz, R., "Immunisation: A Dissenting View"
op. cit., p. 37; and Cherry, J.t "The New
Epidemiology of Measles and Rubella", Hospital
Practice" July, 1980 at pp. 52-54
21
. Bloch, A.B., et al, op. cit. p. 529.
22 ibid p. 529-530.
156
were normal at one year, except for two cases with
minor residue. "23
Bloch et al then compared the rate of encephalitis from wild
measles (586.8 per 1 million reported cases) with the rate of
encephalitis following the vaccine. They then argued that
this combined with the disappearance of symptoms after 12
months indicated that:24
"the risk of neurologic disorders following measles
vaccine is far less than the risk following measles
disease."
23
ibid p. 530.
24 ibid
25 See NSW* Department of Health "Benefits and Risks of
Immunisation .z p.7.
157
have been reported"26
McEwen has found the following adverse reactions shortly after
measles vaccination:27
"Cyanosis (blueness of the skin), coughing, vomiting
and impaired central nervous function (drowsiness,
hypertonia or lethargy)"
McEwan found that acute changes in skin colour; and coughing
were the most common adverse reactions shortly after
vaccination together with breathing disturbances. He
concluded:28
"Cyanosis and disturbances of respiration are
important symptoms and medical attendants should be
in a position to take active measures if prompt
spontaneous resolution does not occur."
Cyanosis has been defined as follows:
"a blue appearance of the skin and mucus membranes
which may be general but is most prominent in the
extremities, hands and feet and in the superficial
highly vascular parts such as the lips, cheeks and
ears. It is due to deficient oxygenation of the
blood in the minute blood vessels and depends upon
the absolute amount of reduced haemoglobin
present"29
30
. Moskowitz R. , op. cit. p. 144.
31
. Golden I . , "Vaccination A Campaign of Fear?", Simply
Living p. 20.
32
. Moskowitz R., op. cit. at pp. 144-145
See also Hayflick, L., "Slow Viruses", Executive
Health Èeport, Feb 1981 at p. 4, and
Davis, В., et al, "Microbiology" 2nd Edition
г
г 159
"It has long been known that live viruses . . . are
capable of surviving or remaining latent within the
host cells for years, without continually provoking
acute disease. They do so simply by attaching
тгг^
their own genetic material as an extra particle or
"episome" to the genome of the host cell, and
L replicating along with i t , which allows the host
| cell to continue its own normal function for the
most part but imposes on it additional instructions
ад
M
. ¿.appenport J., "Exploring Alternative theories of
AIDS", Health & Healing Vol. 7, No. 2, Dec-Feb,
1988, pp. 25-29.
35
. Burgess M.A. , op. cit. p. 71.
36
. Golden I., op. cit.
37
. Tove Ronne "Measles Virus Infection Without Rash in
Childhood is related in Disease in Adult Life", The
Lancet Sat 5 Jan 1985 pp 1-5
161
or by not developing a rash after infection:38
"Adults who have not had measles have either escaped
exposure, or have responded without manifesting the
pathognomonic rash. In general the presence of
measles virus antibodies is taken as evidence of
past infection, in the present investigation, it was
regarded as evidence of viral infection, but not
necessarily of clinical measles"
Ronne found that almost all people who had a.negative history
of clinical measles tested positive for measles antibodies.39
38
. ibid p. 1.
39
. ibid p. 2
40
. ibid pp. 1-2
See also Olding-Stenkvist E. and Bjorvat N.B.,
"Rapid detection of Measles Virus in Skin Rashes by
Immunofluroescence" J. Infect. Dis. 1976; 134: 463-
469
And Burnet Sir M., "Measles as an Index of
Immunological Function, Lancet 1968; ii pp. 610-613
162
"The pathogenesis of the measles rash is not
completely understood, although certain facts have
been established .. . Measles virus antigen has also
been shown to disappear from skin cells 3-4 days
after onset of the rash. It is assumed, therefore,
that the rash is caused by a cell-mediated immune
reaction, which damages cells infected with measles
virus. If this assumption is correct, absence of a
rash may imply that intracellular virus escapes
neutralisation during the acute infection, and this,
in turn, might give rise to the development of
diseases subseguently. Absent rash might also be
an early expression of congenital impairment in
cell-mediated immunity which itself causes disease
later in life"
ibid at*p. 4
ibid p. 3.
163
of a measles vaccine develop a rash and, even in those cases,
it is nowhere near the extent of those people who are infected
naturally. The possible persistence of the measles virus in
the body after vaccination and Ronne's assessment of what this
can do to the immune system may explain why some vaccinated
children have an adverse response to exposure to-.wild measles.
49
. Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report Vol. 38, Dec 29,
1989, p'* 2.
50
. ibid p. 3.
167
These outbreaks have occurred in all parts of the
country, including areas that had not reported
measles for years. ....A substantial number of
cases occur among persons who previously have been
vaccinated. Theoretically, vaccine failures may
either be primary, i.e., an adequate response to
vaccination never developed or, secondary, i.e., an
adequate response initially developed, but immunity
was lost over time"
In Hobbs, New Mexico in early 1984 there were, 47 confirmed
••¡* "'
cases of measles amongst students attending local schools.
"The school system reported that 98% of students
were vaccinated against measles before the outbreak
began ... and ... all but one of the 47 patients had
histories of measles vaccination. "il
Between June and December 1990 there was a measles "outbreak"
in the Hunter region of New South Wales with 253 recorded
cases. 15 3 of these, which occurred in the Port Stephens
area, were investigated:52
"About 60% of the cases were children who had never
been immunised against measles, 18% had documented
immunisation and 22% were said to have been
immunised"
The findings in respect of this outbreak posed the following
obvious question:
"Does this mean that the vaccine does not work?"53
In all seriousness but stretching credibility and credulity to
breaking point the answer provided is as follows:54
Many very serious concerns have been raised about the use of
173
live viruses and these are simply not brought to the attention
of the public. Time and time again the measles live virus
vaccine is promoted as the panacea against death, encephalitis
and ill health but it is never revealed that this very vaccine
may also be a possible cause of just as much disability,
suffering and lack of well being as the disease but much later
in life.
I
fis)
ГЩ
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ij
V
io. MUMPS
! !
F!
174
CHAPTER 10
MUMPS
This disease causes swelling of one or both of the salivary
glands with typical symptoms of temperatures 100-104 F, loss
of appetite, headache and back pain. It does not cause death
and is not a notifiable disease in New South Wales.
I nii�l
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177
CHAPTER 11
RUBELLA fGERMAN MEASLES)
1. Is it a serious disease?
This is a trivial childhood disease which if it were not
linked with causing abnormalities when pregnant women are
exposed in the first trimester, a vaccine may never have been
introduced.
Vaccinated Unvaccinated
Females % Males %
No immunity 10 4.6 52 27
Total 220 191
i —
Vaccinated Unvaccinated %
Females % Males
Immune 191 86.8 139 73
No immunity 29 13.2 52 27
10
Francis et al at p. 503 and 504
See also Best, J.M. et al Rubella Vaccines - Lancet
1979: 2:690
And Forrest, J.M. et al Clinical Rubella 11 months
after vaccination - Lancet 1972: 2:399
u Menser, M.A. et al Rubella Vaccination in Australia;
2, Experience with the RA 27/3 Rubella Vaccine and
results of a double dash blind trial in schoolgirls,
The Medical Journal of Australia, July 29th, 1978
pp. 85-88 at p. 87
182
table:
Unvaccinated Unvaccinated %
Females % Males
Immune 16 73 139 73
Not immune 6 27 52 27
Total 22 191
Horstman et al found:13
"... that after the epidemic of rubella ..had gone
through the company .. . antibodies *"of the 15
vacinees had risen so that it was similar to that of
the 26 men who had experienced primary infection ...
and also similar to the levels shown by the
naturally immune group, whose titers remained stable
throughout. "
Horstman et al raised some serious concerns about rubella
vaccination programs:14
"On the basis of marked HAI (hemagglutination -
inhibiting) and CF (complement fixing) responses,
80% of recently vaccinated young adults were
reinfected when exposed during a rubella epidemic,
in contrast to less than 5% of naturally immune
persons .. . the magnitude of the antibody response
of vaccinées suggests that they must have
experienced virus multiplication and not simply
limited replication at the portal of entry.
... if vacinees can be readily infected a few months
after successful immunisation what are the long term
prospects for durable protection of the young woman
in the childbearing age who was successfully
vaccinated at six?
. . . when reinfection occurs in persons who have lost
naturally acquired immunity the epidemiologic
evidence is that they experience inapparent
infections rather than clinical rubella, but they
respond with virus shedding and antibody rises in a
manner similar to that of the patient with primary
infection.
... if naturally immune subjects can lose detectable
HAI and CF antibodies, vacinees would seem to be
more vulnerable to the eventuality .. . one might
question the decree and quality of protection that
the young population with vaccine induced immunity
ibid p. 775.
ibid pp. 776-777.
184
alone miaht have in 10 to 15 years. "
Horstman et al then raises the possibility that the risk of
reinfection by immune people is a serious risk of congenital
rubella syndrome. They develop an interesting argument that
as there is an approximately 85% "immune" population in the
child bearing age g.oup, the reduced circulation of the virus
infecting non-immune people and that as rubella virus can
spread rapidly through a population in which 85% possess
antibodies, the potential risk of foetal rubella might be
increased rather than decreased by vaccination.
"With so many 'ifs' in the picture, one is tempted
to re-examine the priorities of vaccination, and
consider whether a main target should not be the
susceptible adolescent or young adult woman
there would be advantage in inducing immunity in
young women whose serum antibodies might then be
expected to have a greater chance of persisting at
high enough levels during the child bearing period
to block viremia should reinfection occur. ",s
This study confirms the dubiousness of rubella vaccination at
15 months of age. It is most unlikely a significant number
of \ -.en would have immunity by child bearing age. It is for
this reason that the vaccine is given to young adolescent
females at puberty. However, the fact that the vaccination
is given at the time a female is biologically capable of
having children is certainly no guarantee that she will be
immune at the time of her first pregnancy.
16
. Mendlesohn fi., "How to Raise a Healthy Child in
spite of your Doctor", p. 218.
186
that immunity wane ' over time exposing them at the very time
immunity is needed.17
p!£!>
population will not reduce the incidence of-rubella disease
amongst non-immune unvaccinated people as well as those who
are vaccine failures or who have had waning immunity over
time. Despite vaccine failure and waning immunity, the lack
of herd immunity for rubella is then promoted as the reason to
be vaccinated against the disease so as to prevent congenital
rubella syndrome.23
¡
; 1
188
pubertal recipients"24
The New South Wales Department of Health advises as follows:
"Reactions to the rubella component of the combined
measles/mumps/rubella vaccine include fever, sore
throat, enlarged lymph nodes, rash and arthritis"25
The Department of Health Bulletin makes a mention of arthritis
without in any way indicating the severity, the risk or the
duration of this condition. In most cases, no mention is
made whatsoever of arthritis as a risk of vaccinated rubella.
24
. Burgess, M.A., "The Complete Guide to Immunisation"
Part II; Infants and Children" in Caratheraputics
September, 1989, pp. 65-75 at p.74
M
. NSW Department of Health, NSW Public Health
Bulletin, Immunisation - Benefits outweigh the Risks
Vol. 2 No. 5, May 1991 \at p. 43.
26
. Merck Sharp & Dohme "Australia" Pty. Limited -
Product Information Pamphlet MMR Vaccine
NB the incidence rates for arthritis in children and
women is referred to in the Product Information
Pamphlet as being from "Unpublished data from the
files of Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories"
189
Bolliger and Heller27 found in their study of 3000 schoolgirls
vaccinated with three different rubella vaccines that the
antibody response varied between one quarter and one half of
natural immune girls.
ibid p. 'J.117
ibid at p. 1117
191
Our studies have concentrated on isolation of virus
from cells of the lymphoreticular system, it is
possible that this is not the primary site of long
term viral persistence. A study of rabbits
congenitally infected with rubella virus showed by
immunofluorescence that virus concentrated in
chondrocytes of hyaline cartilage, delaying
ossification and thus retarding bone growth. The
investigators speculated that a similar pathogenic
mechanism might explain growth retardation in the
congenital rubella syndrome and also the arthritis
that freguently accompanies rubella infection or
immunisation in adults. Moreover, chondrocyte
cultures are known to support rubella virus
replication in vitro without resulting in cell
death, making chondrocytes ideal targets for
persistent virus. Persistence of virus in
chondrocytes, with only periodic reactivation and
infection of synovial and lymhoreticular cells, may
explain the difficulties that we and many other
groups have had in detecting a viral agent in
rheumatoid arthritis, since in most cases the
studies have not included an examination of
underlying cartilage.
In conclusion, the results reported here showing the
presence of rubella virus in lymphoreticular cells
from 35 per cent of our patients with juvenile
rheumatoid arthritis provide circumstantial evidence
that the virus has a role in the pathogenesis of
disease."
Ogra and Herd32 as early as 1971 found a strong association
between rubella vaccination and childhood arthritis. Their
study was conducted in New York after a large number of
children developed various joint symptoms after immunisation
with rubella virus vaccines.
33
ibid p. 812.
34
ibid
«
35
Spruance S.L. and Smith C.B., "Joint Complications
associated with derivative of HPV-77 Rubella
Vaccine", American Journal of the Disabled Child
122: 1971.
193
received the HPV-77DK12 rubella vaccine developed
joint symptoms."
In a later study of these children conducted 8 months after
vaccination Spruance et al36 found that in 225 of the original
287 children complaining of joint symptoms contacted 8 months
later, only 11 still had recurrent attacks of pain and
stiffness of knees after being vaccinated wi£h the HPV-77DK12
rubella vaccine.
"In each child the symptoms first appeared 2 to 7
weeks after vaccination; these were recurrent
attacks at 1 to 3 month intervals, and these lasted
1 to 7 days. The severity of the symptoms was
generally less with each attack; however recurrent
symptoms usually interfered with school attendance
and other activities. This syndrome was
infrequent, occurring in only 3 of 255 children who
initially had joint symptoms following the
vaccine. "31
"... these 3 children represent 1.3% of those with
joint symptoms after vaccination and 0.13% of the
original group of vaccinated children who were
surveyed. и 3 8
Spruance et al believed that the recurrent condition was
probably temporary but observed that:39
"long term follow�up will be necessary to assure
that these children will not develop chronic
arthritis"
Spruance et al also concluded:40
"It is possible that abnormal immune mechanisms play
ibid p. 417
194
a rol e. "
And in reference to the work of Ogra and Herd they said
that:41
"The fact that rubella vaccine virus could be
recovered from joint fluid as late as 3 to 4 months
after vaccination, and in the presence of rubella
antibodies in serum and joint fluid, suggests this
virus may have potential for producing chronic
infection of synovial tissue."
The vaccine used in Australia for rubella is RA 27/3 which has
a reported failure rate of up to 5%.42 This vaccine is used
in preference to HPV-77 because of that vaccine's even higher
failure rate.
ibid
Tingle A.J., et al, "Failed Rubella Immunisation in
Adults: Association with Immunologic and Virologicai
Abnormalities", The Journal of Infectious Diseases
Vol. 1 , No. 2, Feb 1985, pp. 330-336.
Orenst,in W.A., et al, Rubella Vaccine and
susceptible Hospital employees Poor Physician
Participation, JAMA, Feb 20, 1981 - Vol. 245, No. 7
pp. 711-713.
195
at 12, 24 and 31 months respectively after
immunisation. In addition, rubella virus antigens
were detected in mononuclear cell cultures from a
fourth patient . .. ',44
Tingle et al's assessment of the implications of vaccine
failure, persistence of rubella virus, chronic arthritis, auto
immune disease and its implications for mass vaccination
programs should be carefully considered by health bureaucrats,
doctors and especially parents about to "immunise" their
child.
"Despite the widespread acceptance of current
rubella virus vaccine programs, difficulties have
remained over the interpretation and significance of
vaccine failure in both pediatric and adult
populations. Specific areas of concern have
included the lack of a clear understanding of the
mechanisms underlying the failure of rubella virus
vaccine, unresolved questions regarding the
protection present in vaccine failures against
reinfection with wild or vaccine strains of rubella
virus and the potential development of adverse
reactions after reinfection with rubella virus.
The present study of 13 adults who failed to
seroconvert . . . after single or repeated courses of
rubella virus vaccine has provided evidence
supporting altered or abnormal host immunologic
reactivity to rubella virus as the principal
mechanism underlying vaccine failure in this age
group.
Additional support for altered host immunologic
responses in the failed immunisation group included
the observation of persistent infection with rubella
virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in three
members of the group. Previous reports have
documented the isolation of rubella virus in
mononuclear cells of congenital rubella syndrome, in
adults during the acute stages of infection with
both wild and vaccine strains of rubella virus, in
adults with prolonged rubella-associated arthritis.
However, persistence of rubella virus has not been
detected in adult control groups seronegative for
HAI antibody to rubella virus, and the isolation of
rubella varus in members of the present failed
47
. ibid p. 713
48
. Forrest J.M. and Mens- M.A., "Failure of Rubella
Vaccination to preve. congenital rubella", The
Medical Journal of Austzalia, Jan 15th, 1977, p. 77.
199
rash after a rubella outbreak at the woman's workplace. The
child developed normally but by 9 months was assessed as
suffering from profound deafness:49
"The aetiologic diagnosis of congenital rubella was
confirmed by the presence of rubella HI antibodies
in the child's serum at 13 and 15 months of age,
when maternally transmitted antibodies would have
disappeared. "
Forrest and Menser were unable to explain congenital rubella
following rubella vaccination and offered the following:50
"This woman's rubella antibody titre of 1 in 640, 24
days after her rash, was high: in our experience
vaccination with Cendevax does not give titres as
high as this. She may have failed to respond to
the vaccine and then have suffered a primary attack
of rubella when 10 weeks pregnant. Alternatively,
she may have responded to the vaccine with only a
low antibody level, which boosted with a clinical
reinfection at 10 weeks. The former possibility
appears more likely, since rubella vaccination has
been associated with a failure rate of up to 5%
particularly when the vaccine has been improperly
stored."
In other words, they just did not know why this had occurred.
Could it be that the rubella virus had persisted in the
woman's body well after vaccination and that this left her
less protected to further exposure than she might have been
without the vaccination?
ibid
200
congenital rubella, this case highlights the fact
that it is possible for a woman to think she is
protected because she has been vaccinated against
rubella, and yet to have a rubella affected child".
Bott and Eizenberg52 have also reported on a rubella
vaccinated woman being infected in the first trimester of
pregnancy and delivering a baby suffering from congenital
rubella.
The woman had been vaccinated nearly three years before her
pregnancy "with proven sero conversion from a rubella
haemagglutination-inhibition titre of 1:10 to 1:80". When
she booked for pregnancy in December 1975, "her rubella HAI
titre at that date was 1:640". The baby was born small the
following July suffering from a range of problems which
ultimately caused its death some 3 months later.
"The baby's rubella HAI titre measured on August
29th, 1976 was 1:320. The baby died on October
28th, 1976 from an upper respiratory tract infection
and post mortem examination confirmed the diagnosis
[of congenital rubella] ...
Transmission of rubella virus to the foetus must
have taken place in the first trimester despite what
it regarded as an adequate HAI titre level ...
The evidence presented suggests that infection with
rubella virus occurred, despite adequate levels of
immunity. Infection after successful rubella
vaccination is rare but the foetus may occasionally
be affected. "S3
This unfortunate woman had not displayed symptoms of rubella
and is regarded as having had a subclinical rubella infection.
52
. Bott L.M. and Eizenberg D.H., "Congenital Rubella
after successful vaccination", The Medical Journal
of Australia, June 12, 1982, pp. 514-515.
53
ibid
201
Bo-tt and Eizenberg also noted:54
"subclinical reinfection with the wild rubella virus
is more common in those with vaccine immunity than
with natural immunity."
Qujtte clearly, rubella vaccine does not give a guarantee that
yo-u will neither contract rubella nor will your child be born
wi-thout congenital rubella. This is something which should
be carefully considered when deciding whether or not to
va ccinate.
6. Conclusion;
Given the vaccine failure rate, the extremely high rate of
naturally acquired immunity and the risk of arthritis and slow
virus auto-immune diseases, this vaccination should be
di spensed with.
54
. ibid p. 514.
202
without vaccine.
2. The insignificant consequences of naturally acquired
rubella in children.
3. If the vaccination is not given, then the ease with which
immunity from natural rubella can be detected at puberty.
4. If no immunity at puberty then whether or not the vaccine
should be jnly given to females.
5. What are the risks of arthritis and slow virus auto-
immune diseases from the rubella vaccine?
6. Is the risk of congenital rubella syndrome far greater
than any adverse consequences from the vaccine?
7. Is immunity obtained from 100% of vaccine recipients?
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12. POLIOMYELITIS
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203
CHAPTER 12
POLIOMYELITIS
1. The disease and its History.
The Department of Health has provided a good description of
this disease:1
"Poliomyelitis is an acute illness resjtøLting from
the invasion of the gastrointestinal tract by
poliovirus. The infection may be clinically
inapparent or range in severity from a fever to
aseptic meningitis or paralysis and possible death.
Symptoms include headache, gastrointestinal
disturbance, malaise and stiffness of the neck and
back, with or without paralysis.
The most important complications of polio are
respiratory failure caused by paralysis of the chest
muscles, pneumonia and pulmonary embolus."
There is no doubt that polio caused much suffering and
disability prior to its effective disappearance from our
midst. This disease was the only infectious disease that
actually increased in incidence after living conditions and
hygiene were improved:2
unlike every other infectious disease,
poliomyelitis has responded to improving standards
of comfort and hygiene not by disappearing but by
becoming increasingly prevalent."
"... in 1947 there was a steep rise in disease
incidence ... poliomyelitis ... seemed now to affect
the relatively well to do and not merely the nations
poor"3
This is rather a strange outcome given that improved hygiene,
sanitation, nutrition and general living conditions had a
dramatic impact on all other infectious diseases.
The only explanation which has been given for this phenomena
is one linked to diet and nutrition.
7
. Lovett L.A., op. cit. p. 11.
Borléis �С. ,
8
. op. cit. p. 15.
9
. Mowle A., op. cit. p. 32.
207
"An interesting observation has been made linking
the tendency to contract poliomyelitis10 with intakes
of refined sugars and carbohydrates. Apparently
there was a campaign in the State of North Carolina
in 1949 to drastically cut down the intake of sugar
and carbohydrates among young children. The result
was that the number of reported incidences of
poliomyelitis in the State dropped 90% in 1949
compared to the 1948 season."
The increased consumption of sugar and carbohydrate and the
insufficient intake of vitamins provides an attractive
explanation as to why improved sanitation and living
conditions did not reduce the incidence of polio. In other
words, as the polio virus was widespread irrespective of
improved community health generally, it was more important how
each individual maintained his own health by way of diet and
exercise. This is really no different from diseases
generally.
2. The vaccine.
"The vaccine is prepared from three antigenic types
of live attenuated polio viruses propagated in
monkey kidney tissue."*2
The decline in the incidence of the disease following .
introduction of the vaccine is generally given as the reason
for the virtual eradication of polio.
The vaccine does not guarantee that a recipient will not get
polio and may even be the cause of it.
The Salk killed polio vaccine has also not been without
incident. It has been claimed that many cases of paralytic
polio occurred in people vaccinated with the salk killed
vaccine.17 But of perhaps most concern is the contamination
of the Salk injectable vaccine with simian virus 40 commonly
known as SV-40.
Dr. Howard Buttram has claimed that in the early 1960s that
SV-40 virus was obtained from 10 of 35 children vaccinated
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214
CHAPTER 13
MEDICINE AS A MEANS OF SOCIAL CONTROL
The safety and effectiveness of vaccines and why people so
readily submit themselves or their children to immunisation
invites a wider discussion.
consumption.2
The strong sense of loyalty to a regular doctor,
which was characteristic of the behaviour of our
sample population was not matched by any widespread
critical assessment of the performance of the
practitioner. "3
Lloyd et al found that:
"Far from demonstrating consumerist behaviour
(especially the considered selection and evaluation
of services) the survey population was strongly
attracted to the traditional model of medical care,
which is characterised by the trusting and dependent
relationship of patients with their doctors."4
The importance of our state of health, the social position of
doctors in our society and patient loyalty and unwillingness
to adopt consumerist behaviour to medical services are all
factors which dramatically increase the role of medicine in
our daily lives.
"Medicine is becoming a major institution of social
control, nudging aside, if not incorporating, the
more traditional institutions of religion and law.
It is becoming the new repository of truth, the
place where absolute and final judgements are made
by supposedly morally neutral and objective experts.
And these judgements are made, not in the name of
virtue or legitimacy, but in the name of health.
Moreover, this is not occurring through the
political power physcians hold or can influence, but
is largely an insidious and often undramatic
phenomenon accomplished by 'medicalising' much of
daily living, by making medicine and the labels
'healthy' and 'ill' relevant to an ever increasing
chain" -16
"... recent studies still find inappropriate drug
prescribing and use causes a significant amount of
morbidity and mortality.""
Non-compliance with what has been prescribed can be a source
of ill health1" but incorrect prescription is the much greater
concern.
"... there are major gaps in our current knowledge
about the effects of drugs, drug-drug relationships,
and drug disease interactions, especially in older
people; and even where there is good information,
doctors may not know it; even when they are aware,
they may not necessarily use that information when
prescribing. "X9
Criticism of the infallibility of doctors has come from within
the profession itself. I have referred at length throughout
this paper to the views of Drs. Mendlesohn, Moskowitz,
Kalokerinos and Stewart. There are a number of other
doctors, particularly in the United States, who have grave
concerns at the level of medical fallibility.
15
ibid P- 50.
16
ibid P- 42.
17
ibid P- 37.
18
ibid P. 49.
" 19
ibid P- 44.
220
Dr. George Crile of the United States has said:20
"The values of ultra radical surgery, of routine
postoperative irradiation, and of adjuvant
chemotherapy have been grossly exaggerated to the
public".
Dr. Crile considers that radiation and chemotherapy do have a
place in the treatment of cancer but the abilities of these
treatments to combat cancer is not anywhere "near as effective
as most doctors would have their patients believe. Dr. Crile
even believes that in many cases the real battle with cancer
is won or lost before the patient ever sees the doctor .2,But:
"if you don't send a patient for chemotherapy, you
may get controversy among your colleagues. "22
Dr. Alan Levin, Associate Professor of Immunology and
Dermatology at the University of • California, School of
Medicine, has expressed strong concerns with respect to the
promotion of prescription drug use by pharmaceutical
companies, amongst the medical profession, and the ineffective
or even wrong treatments prescribed by doctors:23
"one glaring example is cancer chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy is lifesaving treatment for leukemias,
lymphomas and several rare carcinomas, but
chemotherapy does not work for the majority of
cancers. Documented evidence, existing for over a
decade, shows that chemotherapy does not eliminate
breast, colon and lung cancers. Documented
evidence has shown that studies reporting positive
effects of chemotherapy in these tumors have been
manipulated to such an extent that the possibility
Dr. Levin then argues that these physicians who are themselves
24
. ibid p. 82�83.
25
. ibid p�. 82.
26
. ibid p. 84.
222
over the years by modern medicine for almost every conceivable
ailment.27
Dr. Spodick argues that over the years many "obvious cures"
for disease were not supported by scientifically controlled
trials which would have established objectively the value of
the treatment and then allowed the medical profession to
justifiably claim it as a "cure". He gives as an example an
imaginary vaccine for heart disease and his comments in this
regard apply equally to the whole of this paper generally:28
"... the death rate ... of coronary disease ...
rises in all categories of the population until
roughly 1967. Then there is a sharp break and
death rates come sharply down. Coronary disease
mortality - the death rate - has been falling,
falling, falling and it is still falling. It is
about 40% now below the peak.
Now consider this: If, in the middle 1960s you
had developed your own pet treatment, an
immunisation, lets say, for coronary disease, you
could have administered it to the vast majority of
the population, and if you'd gone around and done
that just before the death rates sharply turned
around, you would have earned the Nobel Prize.
You'd have been "responsible" for the "breakthrough"
- all that unless you had done a controlled study, a
study in which half your patients couldn't get your
treatment. Then half of your patients would have
had exactly the death rate that the "immunised" half
31
ibid p. 92.
32 Turkington R.W. and Weindling H.K., "Insulin
Secretion in the Diagnosis of Adult - Onset Diabetes
Mellitus", Journal of the American Medical
Association, 24 (1978): 833-836.
33
. Mendlesohn R., Confessions of a Medical Heretic, pp.
21-50.
225
treatment used for illness, then why would it not be just as
fallible when it comes to the question of immunisation.
F 226
j organisations such as the Council for Civil Liberties and
MR}
The Council for Civil Liberties has had this to say on the
matter:34 ,,
"A review of the scientific evidence indicates that
1
the case for immunisation is so overwhelming and
conclusive that it is difficult to proceed with an
argument against immunsation.
4
34
. NSW Council for Civil Liberties "Immunisation", ed.
Alvarez P., April 1988.
35
. Mendlesohn R., "Confessions of a Medical Heretic",
p. 250.
227
not be possible.36 For example in the introduction to the
report readers are greeted with the following:37
"Immunisation is one of the most effective, safe and
low-cost methods of primary health care available in
the world ...
Yet in Australia today health authorities are
becoming increasingly anxious that a proportion of
our community seems to be missing out on this basic
opportunity to safeguard one of our most precious
assets - our health.
There is a whole cocktail of reasons why in recent
years immunisation has somewhat fallen by the
wayside. These reasons vary from dangerous
complacency to genuine concern about risks versus
benefits, laced with sheer ignorance ..."
The debunking of opposition to immunisation generally and the
wholesale supporting of vaccines is then presented in the body
of the report:38
"Most . .. anti immunisation arguments can be easily
rebutted...
Vaccines ... offer you the chance to jump
straight into immunity without having to pass
through disease."
Mendlesohn would probably also explain the puzzling position
taken by Choice Magazine as being caused by its subscription
also to the religion of modern medicine.
36
Choice, August 1990, pp. 8-14.
37
ibid p. -8.
38
ibid p. 11.
228
Liberties.39 Journalists who normally go to great lengths to
present both sides to an issue almost always give a one-sided
version from the Department of Health or public health doctors
concerning the death and suffering that will follow if
vaccination rates are not kept up. This sort of media
coverage typically follows a small number of measles cases
which are played up as if every child is potentially on deaths
door if not vaccinated. The failure of the media to
adequately present the two sides of the immunisation debate
leaves it open to the claim that its members too have been
indoctrinated with the infallibility of medicine as much as
the community in general.
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229
CHAPTER 14
CONCLUSION
When I commenced research for this paper I started with a
general concern that the side effects of vaccines generally
may have been seriously understated. My fears were
completely confirmed.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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APPENDIX A
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NEW SOUTH WALES
ANO COMMI ir Л1Y SERVII T S
Immunisation has prevented more suffering and saved more lives than any other medical
intervention in this century. It is one of the safest and most effective procedures in modern
medicine. It is also the most cost efficient.
In the 1970s, smallpox was eradicated by a rational, coordinated vaccination campaign; this
remains one of the miracles of modern medicine. The World Health Organization (WHO) had
considered the possibility of eradication in 1948. organised a program to start in 1959. consolidated
the campaign in January 1967 and officially announced eradication in December 1979.
This relatively recent success has stimulated health authorities to attempt eradication of other
common viral diseases which cause widespread morbidity and considerable mortality. Poliomyelitis,
measles, mumps and rubella could be eradicated with vaccines introduced 20�35 years ago.
Immunisation programs in New South Wales have been extremely effective in reducing the risk of
disease. However, vaccine�preventable viral and bacterial diseases, such as measles and
whooping cough, continue to occur in the community, indicating that immunisation levels are not
optimal.
On 29 January 1992. I announced that the New South Wales Health Department would develop a
proposal which would require parents to provide documented evidence of age�appropriate
immunisation on enrolment to day care centres, preschools and schools. This is not compulsory
immunisation. Exemptions on medical, religious and conscientious objection grounds will be
incorporated in this proposal. However, in the event of an outbreak of an infectious disease in a
day care centre, preschool or school, unimmunised children would be excluded for the specified
incubation period of the disease, for their own protection.
I have written to relevant organisations inviting them to become involved in the extensive
consultation process that will be undertaken by the Department prior to the implementation of the
proposal, planned for the start of the 1993 school year.
If you have any inquiries regarding this proposal or on immunisation please contact Ms Sue Jobson.
Immunisation Program Coordinator (NSW) on (02) 391 9217.
Yours faithfully,
Г? tj.li»� Strom NrvlH Ч�rlnov NSW ?060 LockTl Ma« Вяа 951 North Syrln»y NSW ÎOS"1 T-i-pi-v«. "??. 1?1 • « « r.,.,, о •"•> °Ł=� " г л
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APPENDIX В
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Recommended Minimu m
Exclusion Periods from
School, Pre�school and
Child Care Centres of
Infectious Diseases Cases
and Contacts
І I
NATIONAL HEALTH
AND MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM PERIODS OF EXCLUSION FROM SCHOOL, PRESCHOOL
AND CHILD CARE CENTRES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES CASES AND CONTACTS
(1992)
Important Notes
These guidelines have been drawn up on the premise that
children who have been ill with an infectious disease will
not return to school until they have fully recovered. The
only exception to this rule is that children with certain
skin diseases may return once appropriate treatment has
commenced (see below).
[EHB)PHC2660
Condition Cases Contacts
ГЕИВ1РНС2Е60
3.
Condition Cases Contacts
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