DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CAM VICE

ABSTRACT
In this project we are fabricate the cam vice. It works in the principle or eccentric
cam mechanism. The main features of the cam vice are promotes mass production, can
hold irregular jobs, more rigidity, reduce fatigue, etc. Cam was designed to hold the job at
high pressure. The other parts were designed to hold the job in rigid condition. Cam vice
is suitable for mass production. It is possible to hold irregular components also, and
similar components can be very quickly.

1. INTRODUCTION
Cam vice is one of the clamping devices used to hold the job in rigid condition.
Cam vice is operated by eccentric cam mechanism. There is a cam lever. The job can be
held tightly in between the jaw. In this, first the job is place in between jaws, and
movable jaw is adjusted by adjusting the screw rod to maintain according to the
eccentricity of the cam with cam profile. After that, cam lever at the top is operated so
that the job is held tightly in the fixture.
This type of fixture is useful for mass production where only similar size of jobs
is to be held. It reduces operators fatigue and also reduces stetting time and cost of
production.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
TYPES OF VISES
Without qualification, "vise" usually refers to a bench vise with flat, parallel jaws,
attached to a workbench.
* A woodworker's bench vise is a more or less integral part of the bench.
* An engineer's bench vise is bolted onto the top of the bench.
Other kinds of vise include:
* hand vises (hand-held),
* Machine vises - drill vises (lie flat on a drill press bed). Vises of the same general
form are used also on milling machines and grinding machines.
* Compound slide vises are more complex machine vises. They allow speed and
precision in the placement of the work.
* Cross vises, which can be adjusted using leadscrews in the X and Y axes; these are
useful if many holes need to be drilled in the same workpiece using a drill press.
Compare router table.

* Off-center vises,
* Angle vises,
* Sine vises, which use solving triangles and gauge blocks to set up a highly accurate
angle,
* Rotary vises,
* die makers' vises,
* Table vises,
* pin vises (for holding thin, long cylindrical objects by one end),
* Jewelers vises and by contrast,
* Leg vises, which are attached to a bench but also supported from the ground so as to
be stable under the very heavy use imposed by a blacksmith's work.
WOODWORKING VISES
For woodworking, the jaws are made of wood, plastic or from metal, in the latter
case they are usually faced with wood to avoid marring the work piece. The top edges of
the jaws are typically brought flush with the bench top by the extension of the wooden
face above the top of the iron moveable jaw. This jaw may include a dog hole to hold a
bench dog. In modern metal woodworkers' vises, a split nut is often used. The nut in
which the screw turns is in two parts so that, by means of a lever, it can be removed from
the screw and the moveable jaw can be quickly slid into a suitable position at which point
the nut is again closed onto the screw so that the vise may be closed firmly onto the work.
METALWORKERS' VISES
For metalworking, the jaws are made of metal which may be hardened steel with
a coarse gripping finish. Quick change removable soft jaws are being used more
frequently to accommodate fast change-over on set-ups. They are also kept for use where
appropriate, to protect the work from damage.

Metalworking bench vises, known as engineers' or fitters' vises, are bolted onto
the top surface of the bench with the face of the fixed jaws just forward of the front edge
of the bench. The bench height should be such that the top of the vise jaws is at or just
below the elbow height of the user when standing upright. Where several people use the
one vise, this is a good guide.
The nut in which the screw turns may be split so that, by means of a lever, it can
be removed from the screw and the screw and moveable jaw quickly slid into a suitable
position at which point the nut is again closed onto the screw. Many fitters prefer to use
the greater precision available from a plain screw vise. The vise may include other
features such as a small anvil on the back of its body.
Vise screws are usually either of an Acme thread form or a buttress thread. Those
with a quick-release nut use a buttress thread.
METALWORKING VISES IN MACHINE SHOPS
In high production machine work, work must be held in the same location with
great accuracy, so CNC machines may perform operations on an array of vises. To assist
this, there are several machine-shop specific vises and vise accessories.
Hard and soft machine jaws have a very important difference between other
metalworking vise jaws. The jaws are precision ground to a very flat and smooth surface
for accuracy. These rely on mechanical pressure for gripping, instead of a rough surface.
An unskilled operator has the tendency to over-tighten jaws, leading to part deformation
and error in the finished workpiece. The jaws themselves come in a variety of hard and
soft jaw profiles, for various work needs. One can purchase machinable soft jaws, and
mill the profile of the part into them to speed part set-up and eliminate measurement. This
is most commonly done in gang operations, discussed below. For rectangular parts being
worked at 45 degree angles, prismatic hard jaws exist with V grooves cut into them to
hold the part. Some vises have a hydraulic or pneumatic screw, making setup not only
faster, but more accurate as human error is reduced.

For large parts, an array of regular machine vises may be set up to hold a part that
is too long for one vise to hold. The vises' fixed jaws are aligned by means of a dial
indicator so that there is a common reference plane for the CNC machine.

For multiple parts, several options exist, and all machine vise manufacturers have
lines of vises available for high production work.
* The first step is a two clamp vise, where the fixed jaw is in the center of the vise and
movable jaws ride on the same screw to the outside.
* The next step up is the modular vise. Modular vises can be arranged and bolted
together in a grid, with no space between them. This allows the greatest density of vises
on a given work surface. This style vise also comes in a two clamp variety.
* Tower vises are vertical vises used in horizontal machining centers. They have one
vise per side, and come in single or dual clamping station varieties. A dual clamping
tower vise, for example, will hold eight relatively large parts without the need for a tool
change.
* Tombstone fixtures follow the same theory as a tower vise. Tombstones allow four
surfaces of vises to be worked on one rotary table pallet. A tombstone is a large, accurate,
hardened block of metal that is bolted to the CNC pallet. The surface of the tombstone
has holes to accommodate modular vises across all four faces on a pallet that can rotate to
expose those faces to the machine spindle.
* New work holding fixtures are becoming available for five-axis machining centers.
These specialty vises allow the machine to work on surfaces that would normally be
obscured when mounted in a traditional or tombstone vise setup.

3. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENTS
3.1. CAM
A cam is a projecting part of a rotating wheel or shaft that strikes a lever at one or
more points on its circular path. The cam can be a simple tooth, as is used to deliver
pulses of power to a steam hammer, for example, or an eccentric disc or other shape that
produces a smooth reciprocating (back and forth) motion in the follower which is a lever
making contact with the cam.
The reason the cam acts as a lever is because the hole is not directly in the centre,
therefore moving the cam rather than just spinning. On the other hand, some cams are
made with a hole exactly in the centre and their sides act as cams to move the levers
touching them to move up and down or to go back and forth.
3.2. LEAD SCREW
A lead screw also known as a power screw or translation screw, is a screw
designed to translate radial motion into linear motion. Common applications are machine
slides (such as in machine tools), vises, presses, and jacks.
A lead screw nut and screw mate with rubbing surfaces, and consequently they
have a relatively high friction and stiction compared to mechanical parts which mate with
rolling surfaces and bearings. Their efficiency is typically between 25 and 70%, with
higher pitch screws tending to be more efficient. A higher performing, and more
expensive, alternative is the ball screw.
The high internal friction means that leadscrew systems are not usually capable of
continuous operation at high speed, as they will overheat. Due to inherently high stiction,
the typical screw is self-locking (i.e. when stopped, a linear force on the nut will not
apply a torque to the screw) and are often used in applications where backdriving is
unacceptable, like holding vertical loads or in hand cranked machine tools.

Leadscrews are typically used well greased, but, with an appropriate nut, it may be run
dry with somewhat higher friction. There is often a choice of nuts, and manufacturers will
specify screw and nut combinations as a set.
The mechanical advantage of a leadscrew is determined by the screw pitch and lead. For
multi-start screws the mechanical advantage is lower, but the traveling speed is better.
Backlash can be reduced with the use of a second nut to create a static loading force
known as preload; alternately, the nut can be cut along a radius and preloaded by
clamping that cut back together.
A lead screw will back drive. A leadscrew's tendency to backdrive depends on its thread
helix angle, coefficient of friction of the interface of the components (screw/nut) and the
included angle of the thread form. In general, a steel acme thread and bronze nut will
back drive when the helix angle of the thread is greater than 20.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
The advantages of a leadscrew are:
Large load carrying capability
Compact
Simple to design
Easy to manufacture; no specialized machinery is required
Large mechanical advantage
Precise and accurate linear motion
Smooth, quiet, and low maintenance
Minimal number of parts
Most are self-locking

The disadvantages are that most are not very efficient.

Due to the low efficiency they cannot be used in continuous power transmission
applications.
They also have a high degree for friction on the threads, which can wear the
threads out quickly.
For square threads, the nut must be replaced; for trapezoidal threads, a split nut
may be used to compensate for the wear.

3.3. FRAME STAND

Frame stand in this device is made up of combination of sheet metal or flat rods
welded together. The frame stand is used to hold the fixed jaw, moving jaw, and lever,
lead screw, handle and cam arrangements in this device.

3.4. LEVER
The lever is used to lock and unlock the cam arrangements in this device. The
liver is an easily operateable device in this equipment.

3.5. HANDLE
The handle is used to adjust operate the lead screw in this equipment. The handle
is fixed one corner of the lead screw.

3.6. FIXED JAW & MOVING JAW

The fixed jaw is stable; the jaw is mounted on the frame stand in this equipment.

The moving jaw is easily adjustable by the lead screw arrangement. We can easily
move the moving jaw on this equipment by rotating the lead screw by handle and
operating the lever in cam arrangement.

4.DESIGN AND DRAWING

4.1. MACHINE COMPONENTS
The DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CAM VICE consists of the following
components to full fill the requirements of complete operation of the machine.
Cam arrangements
Lead screw
Frame stand
Lever
Handle
Fixed jaw
Moving jaw

4.2. Drawing for Design and Fabrication of Cam Vice

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The cam vice consists of fixed jaw, moving jaw, lever, lead screw, handle, cam
mechanism and frame stand. The fixed jaw is fixed on the frame. The moving jaw is
arranged parallel through the fixed jaw. The cam arrangement is placed before the
moving jaw. The cam arrangement consists of lever. The after the cam arrangement the
lead screw is arranged. The lead screw is used to adjust the cam arrangement in the
equipment. The main purpose of the cam vice is used to clamp and unclamp the same size
specimens on it. This vice is used in mass production. The specimen is placed between
the fixed jaw and moving jaw, and then the cam lever is operated by manually. The
specimen is clamped at a perfect stage, and then the lead screw is used to fit the correct
area in the cam arrangement. Now we can easily clamp and unclamp the same size of
specimens in this equipment very easily.

MERITS & DEMERITS

MERITS
Idle time of the machine is reduced
When compared with the mechanical vices, it continues less time for clamping
and unclamping the job
It reduces the clamping time
Hence, production rate is higher
DEMERITS
Limited size of specimens only clamped in this vice

APPLICATIONS
Applicable in workshops
Applicable in small and medium scale industries
FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS
The various factors which determine the choice of material are discussed below.
1. PROPERTIES
The material selected must posses the necessary properties for the proposed
application. The various requirements to be satisfied
Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand environmental attack
from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.
The following four types of principle properties of materials decisively affect their
selection
Physical
Mechanical
From manufacturing point of view

 Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal Conductivity,
specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific gravity, electrical conductivity,
magnetic purposes etc.
The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,
Compressive shear, bending, torsion and buckling load, fatigue resistance, impact
resistance, elastic limit, endurance limit, and modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear
resistance and sliding properties.
The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point of view are,
Cast ability
Weld ability
Surface properties
Shrinkage
Deep drawing etc.
2. MANUFACTURING CASE
Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or surface qualities
obtainable by the application of suitable coating substances may demand the use of
special materials.
3. QUALITY REQUIRED
This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately the material. For
example, it would never be desirable to go casting of a less number of components which
can be fabricated much more economically by welding or hand forging the steel.
4. AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL
Some materials may be scarce or in short supply, it then becomes obligatory for
the designer to use some other material which though may not be a perfect substitute for

the material designed. The delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should
also be kept in mind.
5. SPACE CONSIDERATION
Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the forces
involved are high and space limitations are there.
6. COST
As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of material plays an
important part and should not be ignored.
Some times factors like scrap utilization, appearance, and non-maintenance of the
designed part are involved in the selection of proper materials.

CONCLUSION
This project is made with pre planning, that it provides flexibility in operation.
This innovation has made the more desirable and economical. This project
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF CAM VICE is designed with the hope that it is
very much economical and help full to workshops, small and medium scale industries.
This project helped us to know the periodic steps in completing a project work.
Thus we have completed the project successfully.