Draft 150 5325 4c Industry Commmentenabled

U.S.
Department
of Transportation
Federal Aviation
Administration
Subject: Runway Length

Recommendations for Airport Design
Advisory
Circular
Date: Draft
Initiated by: AAS-100
AC No: 150/5325-4C
Change:
1
2
3
1. What is the purpose of this AC? This Advisory Circular (AC) provides guidelines for
airport designers and planners to determine recommended runway lengths for new runways or
extensions to existing runways.
2. Does this AC cancel any prior ACs?
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This AC cancels AC 150/5325-4B, titled Runway Length Requirements for Airport Design,
dated 7/1/2005.
3. To whom does this AC apply?
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We recommend the standards and guidelines contained in this AC for use in the design of civil
airports. Do not use the guidelines, airplane performance data curves and tables, and the
referenced airplane manufacturer manuals as a substitute for flight planning calculations as
required by airplane operating rules. You must use this AC for all projects funded with federal
grant monies through the Airport Improvement Program (AIP) and/or with revenue from the
Passenger Facility Charges (PFC) Program. See Grant Assurance No. 34, Policies, Standards,
and Specifications, and PFC Assurance No. 9, Standards and Specifications.
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4. Are there any related documents?
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Related documents to this AC are indicated in Appendix 2.
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5. What are the principal changes in this AC?
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We revised the AC to provide guidance to determine runway lengths for planning purposes. We
now recommend using manufacturers airport planning manuals to determine basic
recommended runway lengths for all large (over 12,500 lbs. maximum takeoff weight) airplanes
and jets.
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Michael J. ODonnell
Director of Airport Safety and Standards
Draft AC 150/5325-4C
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Chapter 1.
Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
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28
29
30
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33
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
Background. ............................................................................................................ 1
Definitions............................................................................................................... 1
Procedure and Rationale for Determining Recommended Runway Lengths. ........ 2
Primary Runways. ................................................................................................... 2
Crosswind Runways................................................................................................ 2
Minimum Runway Lengths. ................................................................................... 3
Runway Length Based on Declared Distances Concept. ........................................ 3
34
Chapter 2.
Runway Lengths for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes ................................... 5
35
36
37
38
39
40
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201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
Design Guidelines. .................................................................................................. 5

Design Approach. ................................................................................................... 5
Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of Less Than 30 Knots. 5
Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of 30 Knots or More but
Less Than 50 Knots. ............................................................................................... 6
Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of 50 Knots or More. .. 6
Development of the Runway Length Curves. ......................................................... 6
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Chapter 3.
Runway Lengths for Large Airplanes and Light Jets ..................................... 11
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51
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301.
302.
303.
304.
Design Airplane(s). ............................................................................................... 11

General Design Procedure. ................................................................................... 11
Airport Planning Manual (APM). ......................................................................... 12
United States Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) and European Joint Aviation
Regulations (JAR) or Certification Specifications (CS). ...................................... 12
Airplane Manufacturer Websites. ......................................................................... 12
Recommended Landing Lengths. ......................................................................... 12
Recommended Takeoff Lengths. .......................................................................... 13
Final Recommended Runway Length. .................................................................. 15
Example 1. ............................................................................................................ 15
Example 2. ............................................................................................................ 20
Example 3. ............................................................................................................ 25
305.
306.
307.
308.
309.
310.
311.
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Appendix 1. Websites of Airplane Manufacturers ................................................................ 33
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57
Appendix 2. Selected Advisory Circulars, Orders, and Regulations Concerning Runway

Length Requirements ......................................................................................... 35
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1. Determination of Runway Length for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Fewer
than 10 Passenger Seats ...................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2-2. Determination of Runway Length for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes Having 10 or
More Passenger Seats ......................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3-1. Generic Payload/Range Chart .................................................................................... 14
Figure 3-2. Landing Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)* ..................... 18
Figure 3-3. Takeoff Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)* ...................... 20
Figure 3-4. Landing Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)* ..................... 22
Figure 3-5. Payload/Range for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)* ..................................... 24
Figure 3-6. Takeoff Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)* ...................... 25
Figure 3-7. Landing Runway Length for Embraer 120 Brasilia RT* ........................................... 29
Figure 3-8. Climb Limited Takeoff Weight Embraer 120 Brasilia RT* ................................... 31
Figure 3-9. Takeoff Runway Length for Embraer 120 Brasilia RT* ........................................... 32
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LIST OF TABLES
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Table 1-1. Runway Length for Additional Primary Runways ........................................................ 3

Table 1-2. Runway Length for Crosswind Runway ....................................................................... 3
Table 2-1. Families of Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes for Runway Length Recommendations 5
Table 3-1. Relationship between Airport Elevation and Standard Day Temperature .................. 13
Table 3-2. Design Conditions ....................................................................................................... 15
Table 3-3. Boeing 737-900 General Airplane Characteristics * ................................................... 16
Table 3-6. Embraer 120 General Airplane Characteristics* ......................................................... 27
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* Boeing and Embraer granted permission for use of their charts.
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Chapter 1.
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Introduction
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101.
Background.
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The runway length necessary for any particular airplane operation will depend on many factors,
including the airport elevation, temperature, wind velocity, airplane operating weight, takeoff
and landing flap settings, runway surface condition (dry or wet), runway elevation range,
presence of obstructions in the vicinity of the airport, and, if any, locally imposed noise
abatement restrictions or other prohibitions. Local lawmakers can establish zoning ordinances to
prohibit the introduction of man-made obstructions and require the removal of trees that
penetrate existing or planned runway approach and departure surfaces within their jurisdictions.
Effective zoning ordinances can help prevent the need to displace runway thresholds or reduce
takeoff runway lengths. The selection of the design airplane(s) is a planning decision that may be
based on anticipated demand, and is beyond the scope of this AC.
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102.
Definitions.
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a.
Crosswind Runway. An additional runway that compensates for primary runways that
provide less wind coverage than desired.
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102
b.
Design Airplane(s). The airplane (or family of airplanes) that results in the longest
recommended runway length.
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c.
length.
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d.
Family of airplanes. For the purposes of this AC, a group of airplanes having similar
performance characteristics with respect to takeoff or landing.
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e.
Large Airplane. An airplane of more than 12,500 pounds (5,670 kg) maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
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f. Maximum Certificated Takeoff Weight (MTOW). The maximum certificated weight

for the airplane at takeoff, i.e., the airplanes weight at the start of the takeoff run.
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g.
Primary Runway. For the purposes of this AC, a runway constructed strictly to meet
airport capacity needs. Such runways are generally aligned as closely as possible to the
prevailing wind, usually parallel to one another.
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h.
Regular Use. Federally funded projects require that design airplanes be based on a
minimum number of annual operations, except for touch and go operations, (landings and
takeoffs are considered as separate operations) of an individual airplane or a family grouping of
airplanes with similar runway length requirements. See FAA Order 5100.38, Airport
Improvement Program Handbook, for guidance on requirements for the minimum number of
operations.
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i.
Runway Elevation Range. The difference between the highest and lowest elevations
of the runway centerline.
Effective Runway Gradient. The runway elevation range divided by the runway
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j.
Small Airplane. An airplane of 12,500 pounds (5,670 kg) or less maximum
certificated takeoff weight.
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103.
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Perform the following steps, then proceed to Chapter 2 or Chapter 3 as appropriate,
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a.
Step #1. Identify the design airplane(s) that will require the longest runway at
maximum certificated takeoff weight (MTOW) and at maximum landing weight (MLW). For
federally funded projects, see paragraph 102.h regarding the selection of the design airplane(s).
For other projects, the airport owner must select the design airplane(s) based on many factors
such as economics, environmental concerns, and community needs.
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b.
Step #2. Determine the mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month of the
year. This information can be obtained from the publication Monthly Station Normals of
Temperature, Precipitation, and Heating and Cooling Degree-Days (Climatography of the
United States No.81). This is the official source for the mean maximum temperature for the
hottest month. The latest data, averaged over a period of thirty years, may be obtained from
NOAAs National Climatic Data Center, Veach-Baley Federal Building, 151 Patton Ave.,
Asheville, North Carolina 28801. Phone: (828) 271-4800; fax: (828) 271-4876; or website:
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/customer-support.
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c.
Step #3. For small propeller-driven airplanes, see Chapter 2. For large airplanes and
light jets, see Chapter 3.
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104.
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Most airports provide a single primary runway. In some cases, two or more primary runways are
needed to achieve airport operational objectives. Additional primary runways for an increase in
capacity are usually parallel to and equal in length to the existing primary runway, unless they
are intended for smaller, slower airplanes. Refer to AC 150/5060-5, Airport Capacity and Delay,
for additional discussion on runway usage for capacity gains. It is common to assign individual
primary runways to different airplane classes. Separating smaller, slower airplanes from larger,
faster airplanes will often increase the airports efficiency. The design objective for a primary
runway is to provide a runway length that will not result in operational weight restrictions. For
federally funded projects, the criterion for regular use applies (see paragraph 102.h) Guidance
on additional primary runways is provided in Table 1-1. The table takes into account the
separation of airplanes into airplane families with similar performance to achieve greater airport
utilization. Follow the guidelines in paragraph 103 to determine the recommended runway length
for the first primary runway. For additional primary runways, apply Table 1-1.
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105.
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It is not always possible to achieve the design objective to orient primary runways to provide the
95 percent crosswind component coverage recommended in AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design. In
cases where this cannot be done, we recommend a crosswind runway. Even when the 95 percent
crosswind coverage standard is achieved for the design airplane or airplane family, certain
airplanes with lower crosswind capabilities may not be able to use the primary runway under all
Procedure and Rationale for Determining Recommended Runway Lengths.
Primary Runways.
Crosswind Runways.
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conditions. For airplanes with lesser crosswind capabilities, you may build a crosswind runway.
For federally funded projects, the criterion for regular use applies to the design airplane needing
the crosswind runway (see paragraph 102.h). Follow the guidelines found in Table 1-2 to
determine the recommended runway length for a crosswind runway.
Table 1-1. Runway Length for Additional Primary Runways
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Runway Service Type, User
Runway Length for Additional Primary

Runways
Capacity Justification, Noise Mitigation
100% of the primary runway
Separating Airplane Classes Smaller,

slower vs. larger, faster airplanes
Recommended runway length for the less

demanding design airplane or airplane family
Table 1-2. Runway Length for Crosswind Runway
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Runway Service
Runway Length for Crosswind Runways
Scheduled 1
Such as Commercial Service Airports
100% of the primary runway length when built

for the same individual design airplane or
airplane family that uses the primary runway
Non-Scheduled 2
Such as General Aviation Airports
100% of the recommended runway length

determined for the lower crosswind capable
airplanes using the primary runway
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Notes:
1. Transport service operated over routes pursuant to published flight schedules that are openly advertised
with dates or times (or both) or otherwise made readily available to the general public or pursuant to mail
contracts with the U.S. Postal Service (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Department of Transportation
(DOT)).
2. Revenue flights, such as charter flights that are not operated in regular scheduled service, and all nonrevenue flights incident to such flights (Bureau of Transportation Statistics, DOT). For Federally funded
projects, see paragraph 102.h.
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106.
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The need to conduct operations on the runway during periods of Instrument Meteorological
Conditions (IMC) may require a minimum runway length of more than calculated by airplane
performance. The need for this capability is highest among airplanes used for business, air taxi,
and cargo purposes. See AC 150/5300-13 regarding minimum runway lengths for various
instrument operations.
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107.
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Do not apply the declared distances concept to overcome safety deficiencies for new runways or
runway extensions. See AC 150/5300-13 for information related to declared distances.
Minimum Runway Lengths.
Runway Length Based on Declared Distances Concept.
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Chapter 2.
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Runway Lengths for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes
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201.
Design Guidelines.
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The design procedure for small propeller-driven airplanes requires the following information: the
design airplane(s) to be accommodated, V REF or approach speed, number of passenger seats,
airport elevation above mean sea level, and the mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest
month at the airport. Apply the guidance from paragraph 203, 204, or 205, as appropriate, to
obtain the recommended runway length. For this airplane category, no further adjustment to the
length obtained from Figure 2-1 or Figure 2-2 is necessary.
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202.
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For purposes of design, we group small propeller-driven airplanes according to approach speed.
We further divide the highest approach speed group into those airplanes having fewer than 10
passenger seats and those having 10 or more passenger seats. See Table 2-1. When designing a
runway for airplanes having fewer than 10 passenger seats, you may choose to accommodate 95
percent of the fleet or 100 percent of the fleet, as explained in paragraph 205. For these
airplanes, Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 show only a single curve for each combination of airport
elevation and temperature that takes into account the most demanding operations. You can
determine the recommended runway length from airplane flight manuals for the airplanes to be
accommodated by the airport in lieu of the runway length curves in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2.
This design procedure may be desirable when considering some operational requirements.
Design Approach.
Table 2-1. Families of Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes for Runway Length

Recommendations
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205
Airplane Weight Category

Maximum Certificated Takeoff Weight (MTOW
Location of Design
Guidelines
Approach Speeds less than 30 knots
Paragraph 203
Approach Speeds of at least 30 knots but less than 50 knots
Paragraph 204
Approach Speeds of 50
knots or more
With Fewer than 10 Passengers

With 10 or more Passengers
Paragraph 205
Figure 2-1
Paragraph 205
Figure 2-2
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203.
Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of Less Than 30 Knots.
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We consider propeller-driven airplanes with approach speeds of less than 30 knots to be short
takeoff and landing or ultralight airplanes. Their recommended runway length is 300 feet (92
meters) at mean sea level. Increase the length of runways located above mean sea level at the rate
of 0.03 x the airport elevation above mean sea level.
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204. Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of 30 Knots or More but
Less Than 50 Knots.
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The recommended runway length is 800 feet (244 meters) at mean sea level. Increase the length
of runways above mean sea level at the rate of 0.08 x the airport elevation above mean sea level.
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205.
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Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2 provide the recommended runway lengths based on the seating
capacity and the mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month of the year at the airport.
The fleet we used in the development of the figures consisted of small propeller-driven airplanes
certificated in the United States. Figure 2-1 provides curves for two design conditions for small
propeller-driven airplanes with fewer than 10 passenger seats - 95 and 100 percent of the fleet.
The differences between the two percentage categories are based on the airports location and the
amount of existing or planned aviation activities. The selection of percentage of fleet is a
planning decision and beyond the scope of this AC. Figure 2-2 provides curves for small
propeller-driven airplanes with 10 or more passenger seats. For airports above 3,000 feet (900 m)
MSL, use the 100 percent of fleet chart of Figure 2-1 instead of Figure 2-2. Both figures provide
examples that start with the horizontal temperature axis, then proceed vertically to the applicable
airport elevation curve, followed by proceeding horizontally to the vertical axis to read the
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206.
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Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 23, Airworthiness Standards: Normal, Utility, and
Acrobatic Category Airplanes, prescribes airworthiness standards for the issuance of small
airplane type certificates. Individual airplane flight manuals contain the performance information
for each airplane (for example, as defined in Section 23.51, Takeoff; Section 23.75, Landing; and
Section 2.1587, Performance Information). The flight manuals provide this information to assist
the airplane operator in determining the runway length necessary to operate safely. We
selectively grouped performance information from those manuals to develop the runway length
curves in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2. Figure 2-1 is based on required takeoff and landing
distances. Figure 2-2 also includes accelerate-stop distances required for operations conducted
under14 CFR Part 135, Operating Requirements: Commuter and On Demand Operations and
Rules Governing Persons on Board such Aircraft. We used the following conditions in
developing the curves:
Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of 50 Knots or More.
Development of the Runway Length Curves.
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Zero headwind component.
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Maximum certificated takeoff and landing weights.
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Optimum flap setting for the shortest runway length.
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Variable airport elevation and temperature.
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Other factors, such as relative humidity and runway elevation range, also have a variable effect
on runway length but are not accounted for in certification. However, we accounted for these
other factors in the runway length curves by increasing the takeoff or landing distance
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(whichever was longer) of the groups most demanding airplane by 10 percent for the various
combinations of airport elevation and temperature in Figure 2-1 and Figure 2-2. These curves are
based on the best information available at the time, but may not be accurate for all airplanes at all
temperatures and elevations. If the fleet mix to operate at the airport is known, consult the
manufacturers' literature to determine actual runway length requirements.
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Airport Elevation
95 Percent of Fleet100
(feet)
Percent of Fleet
Example:
Temperature (mean day max hot
month): 59F (15C)
Airport Elevation: Mean Sea
Level
Note: Dashed lines shown in the
table are mid values of adjacent
solid lines.
Recommended Runway Length:
For 95% = 2,700 feet (823 m)
For 100% = 3,200 feet (975 m)
Mean Daily Maximum Temperature of the Hottest Month of

Year
(Degrees F)
Figure 2-1. Determination of Runway Length for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with
Fewer than 10 Passenger Seats
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Runway Length Curves

6000
Airport
Elevation (FT)
aL
Se
ev e
4000
Runway Length (FT)
00
30
0
2 00
00
10
5000
3000
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Mean Daily Maximum Temperature of

the Hottest Month of the Year
(Degrees F)
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Figure 2-2. Determination of Runway Length for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes Having
10 or More Passenger Seats
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Example: Temperature (mean day max hot month) 90F (32C)

Airport Elevation (MSL)
1,000 ft. (328 m)
Recommended Runway Length
4,400 ft. (1,341 m)
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Note: For airport elevations above 3,000 feet (915 m), use the 100 percent of fleet grouping in Figure
2-1.
(Excludes Pilot and Co-pilot)
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Chapter 3.
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Runway Lengths for Large Airplanes and Light Jets
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301.
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The recommended runway length obtained for this category of airplanes is based on using the
performance charts published by airplane manufacturers (APMs) for individual airplanes. While
airlines do interchange airplane models, performance characteristics of airplanes with similar
seating capacity vary too widely to allow runway lengths to be designed based on similarities
between airplane models. It is wise to consult with airlines regarding possible airplane
substitutions.
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302.
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The recommended runway length for large airplanes and light jets is a function of the design
airplanes performance.
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Design Airplane(s).
General Design Procedure.
a.
Take-off Weights.
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(1) Long-haul routes. Use the maximum certificated takeoff weight.
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(2) Short-haul routes. The length of haul will determine the operating takeoff
weight for the design airplane(s). For federally funded projects, take into account the length of
haul that is flown by airplanes on a regular use basis. Determine whether to use MTOW by
considering the payload break point shown in Figure 3-1 in conjunction with the payload-range
charts provided by APMs. Figure 3-1 illustrates a generic payload-range chart with range and
payload axes, the payload break point, and the boundary parameters. For length of haul ranges
that equal or exceed the payload break point, set the operating takeoff weight to the MTOW. For
all the other cases, set the design operating takeoff weight to the actual operating takeoff weight.
AC 120-27, Aircraft Weight and Balance Control, provides average weight values for passengers
and baggage for payload calculations for short-haul routes.
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(3) Weight adjustments. In some cases, a lower weight than indicated by (1) and
(2) above must be used, based on a tire speed limit. This limit will usually be built into APM
charts. The takeoff weight may also be decreased to the climb limited takeoff weight or the
obstacle clearance takeoff weight.
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(a) Climb limited takeoff weight. The operating takeoff weight may be
limited by the ability of the airplane to climb at a certain rate. However, designing based on the
lower takeoff weight corresponding to a high temperature will result in a shorter runway than
necessary for higher weights on cooler days. Use the STD for such situations.
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(b) Obstacle clearance takeoff weight. Information necessary for runway

length design based on obstacle clearance is not provided in APMs. If there are obstacles
beyond the departure end of the runway that may affect the operating takeoff weight, consult
with airplane operators.
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b.
Landing Weight. Use the maximum certificated landing weight.
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c.
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Flap Setting. Use flap settings that result in the shortest necessary runway lengths.
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305
d.
Necessary information includes the airport elevation, the mean daily maximum
temperature of the hottest month at the airport, dry or wet runway conditions, and the runway
elevation range. The runway elevation range may not be known until a preliminary runway
length is determined, so the design procedure may take several iterations.
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307
e.
Apply the procedures in this chapter to each APM to obtain separate takeoff and
landing runway length recommendations.
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f.
lengths.
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303.
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317
Each airplane manufacturers APM provides performance information on takeoff and landing
runway length requirements for different airplane operating weights, airport elevations, flap
settings, engine types, and other parameters. Airplane manufacturers do not present the data in a
standard format. However, there is sufficient consistency in the presentation of the information
to determine the recommended runway length as described in paragraphs 306, 307, and 308.
Airport Planning Manuals (APMs) provide basic runway length requirements. Aircraft operators
may justify additional runway length.
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304. United States Federal Aviation Regulations (FAR) and European Joint Aviation
Regulations (JAR) or Certification Specifications (CS).
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a.
Certification specifications have replaced the European JARs that were previously
issued by the Joint Aviation Authorities of Europe. Today the European Aviation Safety Agency
(EASA) issues all CS.
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b.
Some APM charts provide curves for both FAR and JAR (or CS) regulations. For air
carriers under the authority of the United States, use the curves labeled FAR. For foreign air
carriers who receive approval from their respective foreign authorities, such as EASA, use the
curves authorized by the foreign authority, i.e., curves labeled JAR, CS, or FAR.
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305.
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329
Appendix 1 provides the website addresses of the various airplane manufacturers to assist in
obtaining APMs or for further consultation.
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306.
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For the airplane model with the corresponding engine type (if provided):
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334
Airport Planning Manual (APM).
Airplane Manufacturer Websites.
Recommended Landing Lengths.
a.
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Apply any takeoff and landing length adjustments, if necessary, to the resulting
Locate the landing chart with the highest landing flap setting.
b.
Enter the horizontal weight axis with the operating landing weight equal to the
maximum certificated landing weight.
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c.
Proceed vertically to the airport elevation curve, sometimes labeled pressure
altitude. Interpolation between curves is allowed. Some charts show both the dry runway and
wet runway curves. Use the wet runway curve only for turbojet-powered airplanes. See
paragraph 306.e below for turbo-jet powered airplanes when the chart only provides dry
runway curves.
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d.
Proceed horizontally from the wet runway curve to the length axis to read the landing
runway length.
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e.
Address wet, slippery runway surface conditions only for landing operations and only
for turbojet-powered airplanes. Many airplane manufacturers APMs for turbojet-powered
airplanes provide both dry runway and wet runway landing curves. If an APM provides only the
dry runway condition, then increase the obtained dry runway length by 15%.
f.
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It is not necessary to adjust the landing length for a non-zero runway elevation range.
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307.
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For the airplane model with the corresponding engine type (if provided):
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a.
Determine the design temperature, using an airport temperature of the mean daily
maximum temperature of the hottest month at the airport. APMs provide takeoff runway lengths
as a function of airport elevation and standard day temperatures (SDT). Table 3-1 shows how
APMs correlate SDTs with airport elevations. Many airplane manufacturers provide at least two
takeoff runway length requirement charts, one at SDT and one at SDT plus some additional
temperature, for example, SDT + 27F (SDT + 15C). Use the chart based on SDT when the
mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month at the airport is equal to, or no more than
3F (1.7C) higher than, the temperature used in the chart. For example, a SDT+ 27F (SDT +
15C) chart could be used when airport temperatures are equal to or less than 59F + 27F + 3F
= 89F (15C + 15C + 1.7C = 32C) at an airport at sea level. If no SDT chart is available for
the recorded airport temperature, consult the airplane manufacturer directly to obtain the takeoff
length requirement under the same conditions outlined in this paragraph.
361
Table 3-1. Relationship between Airport Elevation and Standard Day Temperature
362
363
Recommended Takeoff Lengths.
Airport Elevation 1
Standard Day Temperature 1 (SDT)
Feet
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
F
59
52
45
38
31
Note:
1. Linear interpolations between airport elevations and between SDT values are permissible.
13
364
365
366
367
7/30/2013
b.
Locate the takeoff chart with dry runway conditions for the appropriate temperature.
Zero wind is used, as it is the wind condition requiring the longest runway length. If the chart
does not indicate the zero wind or zero effective runway gradient conditions, assume they
are equal to zero.
c.
368
Enter the horizontal weight axis with the operating takeoff weight.
369
PAYLOAD
BREAK
MZFW
POINT
MLW
Note 1
MTOW
P
A
Y
L
O
A
D
Note 1: Some charts show a 4th boundary

parameter, MLW, that slopes downward.
In such cases, use the right side
intersection as the Payload Break point.
FUEL
CAPACITY
RANGE (increasing)
MLW maximum design landing weight
MTOW maximum design takeoff weight (some APMs label it Brake Release)
MZFW maximum design zero fuel weight (some APMs label it Maximum Design Payload)
370
Figure 3-1. Generic Payload/Range Chart
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
d.
Proceed vertically to the airport elevation curve without exceeding any indicated
limitations, such as maximum brake energy limit, tire speed limit, etc. Interpolate between
curves, if necessary. A takeoff chart may contain under the Notes section the condition that
linear interpolation between elevations is invalid. Because the application of the takeoff chart is
for airport design and not for flight operations, interpolation is allowed. Some airport elevations
curves show various flap settings along the curve. In such cases, continue to use the same airport
elevation curve.
378
379
e.
Proceed horizontally from the airport elevation curve to the runway length axis to
read the takeoff runway length.
380
381
f. Adjust the obtained takeoff runway length for runway elevation range by increasing
the length by 10 feet (3 m) per foot (0.3m) of runway elevation range.
14
7/30/2013
382
308.
383
384
The final recommended runway length is the longest resulting length after all adjustments for all
design airplanes.
385
309.
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
Final Recommended Runway Length.
Example 1.
a.
General.
Use published information in the airplane manufacturers Airport Planning Manual (APM). The
airport designer will determine the separate length requirements for takeoff and landing, make
necessary adjustments to those lengths, and then select the longest length as the recommended
runway length. This example also assumes that the length of haul is of sufficient range so that the
takeoff operating weight is set equal to the MTOW.
b.
Design Conditions.
The calculations will use the following design conditions (see also Table 3-3).
Table 3-2. Design Conditions
394
Airplane
Boeing 737-900 (CFM567B27 Engines)
Mean daily maximum temperature

of hottest month at the airport
84 Fahrenheit (28.9C)
Airport elevation
1,000 feet
Maximum design landing weight
146,300 pounds
Maximum design takeoff weight

(long haul)
164,000 pounds
Runway Elevation Range
20 feet
15
Table 3-3. Boeing 737-900 General Airplane Characteristics *
395
Characteristics
Units
Max design
Pounds
Model 737-900, -900 with winglets

164,500
174,700
74,616
79,243
164,000 2
174,200
74,389
79,016
146,300 3
147,300
66,361
66,814
138,300
140,300
Kilograms
62,732
63,639
Pounds
94,580
94,580
Kilograms
42,901
42,901
Pounds
43,720
45,720
Payload
Kilograms
19,831
20,738
Seating capacity 1
Two-class
177
177
All-economy
189
189
1,835
1,835
Cubic meters
52.0
52.0
Us gallons
6875
6875
Liters
26,022
26,022
Pounds
46,063
46,063
Kilograms
20,894
20,894
Taxi weight
Kilograms
Max design
Pounds
Takeoff weight
Max design
Max design
Kilograms
Pounds
Zero fuel weight

Operating
Empty weight 1
Max structural
Max cargo
Cubic feet
- Lower deck
Usable fuel
Notes: 1.
396
397
398
399
Kilograms
Pounds
Landing weight
400
7/30/2013
2.
3.
Operating empty weight for baseline mixed class configuration.

Consult with airline for specific weights and configurations.
Maximum takeoff weight (used in example).
Maximum landing weight (used in example).
* Embraer granted permission for use of this chart.
16
7/30/2013
401
402
403
404
c.
Calculations.
The steps used in the calculations are those provided in paragraphs 306, 307, and 308, noting
applicable conditions. Figure 3-2 and Figure 3-3 are used for the calculations.
(1) Recommended Landing Lengths.
405
406
407
(a) Locate the landing chart with the highest landing flap setting. The
Boeing 737-900 APM provides only one landing chart: for a flap setting of 30-degrees. This
chart is reproduced as Figure 3-2.
408
409
410
411
412
413
(b) Enter the horizontal weight axis with the operating landing weight
equal to the maximum certificated landing weight (MLW). The MLW = 146,300 pounds. Note
that this APM does not provide landing length curves for the MLW of an airplane with winglets.
It is not acceptable to use the lower MLW shown in the chart for an airplane with winglets, as
this would result in a shorter runway than necessary. In such a case, it is necessary to contact the
airplane manufacturer.
414
415
416
(c) Proceed vertically and interpolate between the airport elevations

wet curves of sea level and 2,000 feet for the 1,000-foot wet value. Wet curves are selected
because the airplane is a turbo-jet powered airplane.
417
418
(d) Proceed horizontally to the length axis to read the landing runway
length of just under 7,000 feet.
419
420
(e) Do not adjust the obtained length since the wet runway curve was
used. See paragraph 306.e if only dry curves are provided.
421
422
(f) The length recommendation is 7000 feet. Lengths of 30 feet and over
are rounded to the next 100-foot interval.
17
7/30/2013
423
424
425
F.A.R. LANDING RUNWAY LENGTH REQUIREMENTS - FLAPS 30

MODEL 737-900
426
Figure 3-2. Landing Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)*
427
* Boeing granted permission for use of this charts.
18
7/30/2013
428
(2) Recommended Takeoff Lengths.
429
430
(a) Determine the design temperature, using the mean daily maximum
temperature of the hottest month at the airport.
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
(b) Locate the takeoff chart with dry runway conditions for the appropriate
temperature, using zero wind (Figure 3-3). The Boeing 737-900 APM provides a takeoff chart at
SDT + 27F (SDT + 15C) applicable to the various flap settings. This chart is reproduced
as Figure 3-3. Referring to Table 3-1 and interpolating between elevations of sea level and 2000
ft., the SDT is 55F. So this chart can be used for an airport at 1000 ft. MSL where the mean
daily maximum temperature of the hottest month is equal to or less than 85.5F (29.7C). Since
the given temperature for this example of 84F (28.9C) falls within this range, select this chart.
(c) Enter the horizontal weight axis with the maximum takeoff weight of
438
439
164,000 pounds.
440
441
(d) Proceed vertically and interpolate between the airport elevation curves
of sea level and 2,000 feet for the 1,000-foot value.
442
443
(e) Proceed horizontally from the airport elevation curve to the runway
length axis to read the takeoff runway length of 9,000 feet.
444
445
446
(f) Adjust the takeoff runway length for runway elevation range by
increasing the length by 10 feet (3 m) per foot (0.3m) of difference between the high and low
points of the runway centerline.
447
9,000 + (20 x 10) = 9,000 + 200 = 9,200 feet
448
(g) The takeoff length recommendation is 9,200 feet.
449
Landing Length: 7,000 Feet
450
Takeoff Length: 9,200 Feet
451
452
Select the longest length for airport design. In this case, the takeoff length of 9,200 feet is the
19
453
454
455
456
457
7/30/2013
F.A.R. TAKEOFF RUNWAY LENGTH REQUIREMENTS

STANDARD DAY +27oF (SDT + 15oC), DRY RUNWAY
MODEL 737-9001-900W (CFM56-7B24/-7B26 ENGINES AT 24,000 LB SLST)

JULY 2010
Figure 3-3. Takeoff Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)*
458
459
* Boeing granted permission for use of this chart.
460
310.
461
462
463
464
Use published information in the airplane manufacturers airport planning manual (APM). The
runway length. This example involves a short haul and an airport at 4000 ft. MSL.
20
Example 2.
7/30/2013
465
466
a.
Design Conditions.
The calculations will use the following design conditions (see also Table 3-3).
467
468
469
470
471
b.
Airplane
Boeing 737-900 with winglets

(CFM56-7B27 Engines)

Airport elevation
4,000 feet
146,000 pounds
Length of haul
1000 NM
30 feet
Calculations.
applicable conditions. Figure 3-4, Figure 3-5, and Figure 3-6 are used for the calculations.
(1)
472
473
474
(a) Locate the landing chart with the highest landing flap setting: The
Boeing 737-900 APM provides only one landing chart: for a flap setting of 30-degrees. This
475
476
477
478
479
480
equal to the maximum certificated landing weight (MLW). The MLW = 146,000 pounds. Note
that this APM does not provide landing length curves for the MLW of an airplane with winglets.
It is not acceptable to use the lower MLW shown in the chart for an airplane with winglets, as
this would result in a shorter runway than necessary. In such a case, it is necessary to contact the
airplane manufacturer.
481
482
(c) Proceed vertically to the airport elevations wet curve for 4,000-feet.
The wet curve is selected because the airplane is a turbo-jet powered airplane.
483
484
length of 7,500 feet.
21
485
486
7/30/2013
(e) Do not adjust the obtained length since the wet runway curve was
used. See paragraph 306.e if only dry curves are provided.
(f) The length recommendation is 7500 feet.
487
488
Figure 3-4. Landing Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)*
489
490
22
7/30/2013
491
(2)
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
(a) Determine the design temperature, using an airport temperature of the

mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month at the airport. The Boeing 737-900 APM
provides a takeoff chart at the standard day + 27F (SDT + 15) temperature applicable to the
various flap settings. This chart is reproduced as Figure 3-6. Referring to Table 3-1, the SDT at
4000 ft. MSL is 45F. So this chart can be used for an airport at 4000 ft. MSL where the mean
daily maximum temperature of the hottest month is equal to or less than 45F + 27F + 3F =
75F (7.2C + 15C + 1.7C = 23.9C). Since the given temperature for this example of 74F
(23.3C) falls within this range, select this chart.
500
501
temperature, using zero wind (Figure 3-6).
502
503
504
505
(c) Determine the operating takeoff weight based on a haul length of 1000
NM. Enter the horizontal haul length axis of the payload/range chart (Figure 3-5) at 1000 NM
and proceed vertically to the MZFW limit of 138, 300 lbs., intersecting the diagonal line
representing an operating takeoff weight of 160,000 lbs.
506
507
(d) Enter the horizontal weight axis of the takeoff length chart (Figure
3-6) with the operating takeoff weight of 160,000 pounds.
508
(e) Proceed vertically to the airport elevation curve for 4,000 feet MSL.
509
510
(f) Proceed horizontally from the airport elevation curve to the runway
511
512
513
(g) Adjust the takeoff runway length for runway elevation range by
514
515
10,000 + (30 x 10) = 10,000 + 300 = 10,300 feet

The takeoff length recommendation is 10,300 feet.
23
516
Figure 3-5. Payload/Range for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)*
517
518
24
7/30/2013
7/30/2013
519
Figure 3-6. Takeoff Runway Length for Boeing 737-900 (CFM56-7B Engines)*
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
311.
527
528
Use published information in the airplane manufacturers airport planning manual (APM). The
Example 3.
25
529
530
531
532
runway length. This example also assumes that the length of haul is of sufficient range so that the
takeoff operating weight is set equal to the MTOW. However, the example also involves a high
airport elevation, requiring a check of climb limited takeoff weight.
a.
533
534
7/30/2013
Design Conditions.
The calculations will use the following design conditions (see also).
535
26
Airplane
Embraer 120 Brasilia RT

Airport elevation
6,000 feet
24802 pounds
Maximum takeoff weight
25353 pounds
30 feet
7/30/2013
536
537
538
Table 3-6. Embraer 120 General Airplane Characteristics*
27
b.
539
540
541
7/30/2013
Calculations.
applicable conditions. Figure 3-7, Figure 3-8, and Figure 3-9 are used for the calculations.
(1)
542
543
544
545
(a) Locate the landing chart with the highest landing flap setting: The
Embraer Brasilia APM provides only one landing chart: for a flap setting of 45 degrees. This
546
547
equal to the maximum certificated landing weight (MLW). The MLW = 24,802 pounds.
548
549
(c) Proceed vertically to the airport elevations dry curve for 6,000-feet.
The dry curve is selected because the airplane is not a turbo-jet powered airplane.
550
551
length of 5,000 feet.
28
7/30/2013
552
553
554
Figure 3-7. Landing Runway Length for Embraer 120 Brasilia RT*
29
(2)
555
7/30/2013
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
(a) Determine the design temperature, using an airport temperature of the

mean daily maximum temperature of the hottest month at the airport. The Embraer Brasilia APM
provides a takeoff chart at the standard day + 27F (SDT + 15) temperature applicable to the
various flap settings. This chart is reproduced as Figure 3-9. Referring to Table 3-1, the SDT at
6000 ft. MSL is 38F. So this chart can be used for an airport at 6000 ft. MSL where the mean
daily maximum temperature of the hottest month is equal to or less than 38F + 27F + 3F =
68F (3.3C + 15C + 1.7C = 20C). Since the given temperature for this example of 64F
(17.8C) falls within this range, select this chart.
564
565
temperature, using zero wind (Figure 3-9).
566
567
568
569
(c) Determine the operating takeoff weight based on climb limited

performance, using the STD. Enter the horizontal haul length axis of the climb limited takeoff
weight chart (Figure 3-8) at the STD of 38F (3.3C) and proceed vertically to the diagonal line
representing an airport elevation of 6000 ft. MSL.
570
571
572
(d) Proceed horizontally to the weight axis to read the operating takeoff
weight of 26,500 pounds (12,000 kg). This is above the MTOW, so no adjustment based on
climb performance is required. Use the MTOW.
573
574
(e) Enter the horizontal weight axis of the takeoff length chart (Figure
3-9) with the MOTW of 25,353 pounds (11,500 kg).
575
(f) Proceed vertically to the airport elevation curve for 6,000 feet MSL.
576
577
(g) Proceed horizontally from the airport elevation curve to the runway
578
579
580
(h) Adjust the takeoff runway length for runway elevation range by
7,100 + (30 x 10) = 7,100 + 300 = 7,400 feet
581
582
The takeoff length recommendation is 7,400 feet.
583
584
585
586
30
7/30/2013
587
588
589
Figure 3-8. Climb Limited Takeoff Weight Embraer 120 Brasilia RT*
31
590
Figure 3-9. Takeoff Runway Length for Embraer 120 Brasilia RT*
591
592
32
7/30/2013
7/30/2013
593
594
Appendix 1
Appendix 1. Websites of Airplane Manufacturers

Table 1-1. Websites of Airplane Manufacturers
Manufacturer
Website
Airbus
www.airbus.com
Antonov
www.antonov.com
BAE Systems
(military aircraft)
www.baesystems.com
Boeing
www.boeing.com/airports
Bombardier
www.bombardier.com
Bristol
(British Aircraft Corporation)
www.baesystems.com
Canadair
www.bombardier.com
Dassault Aviation
www.dassault-aviation.com
de Havilland
(Hawker Siddley Group, now British
Aerospace)
www.dhsupport.com
Embraer
www.embraer.com
Fokker
www.fokker.com
General Dynamics
(Gulfstream Aerospace Corporation)
www.generaldynamics.com
Gulfstream
(General Dynamics Corporation)
www.gulfstream.com
Hawker Siddeley Group

(British Aerospace Corporation)
www.bombardier.com
Ilyushin
www.ilyushin.org
Kawasaki
(military aircraft)
www.khi.co.jp
33
Appendix 1
34
7/30/2013
Manufacturer
Website
Lockheed Martin
(military aircraft)
www.lockheedmartin.com
Merlin Aircraft
www.merlinaircraft.com
McDonnell Douglas
www.boeing.com
Northrop Grumman
www.northropgrumman.com
Saab Aircraft
www.saabaircraft.com
Short Brothers
(Bombardier)
www.bombardier.com
Tupolev
www.tupolev.ru
7/30/2013
Appendix 2. Selected Advisory Circulars, Orders, and Regulations Concerning

Runway Length Requirements
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
Appendix 3
A2-1. Related Advisory Circulars
AC 150/5060-5, Airport Capacity and Delay

AC 150/5300-13, Airport Design
AC 120-27, Aircraft Weight and Balance Control
A2-2. Related Orders
Order 5100.38, Airport Improvement Program Handbook

Table A2-1. Selected Regulations Concerning Runway Length Requirements
Part
Section
Part 23: Airworthiness standards: Normal, utility,

acrobatic, and commuter category airplanes
Section 45: General
Part 25: Airworthiness standards: Transport

category airplanes
Section 105: Takeoff

category airplanes
Section 109: Accelerate-stop distance

category airplanes
Section 113: Takeoff distance and takeoff

run
Part 91: General operating and flight rules
Section 605: Transport category civil

airplane weight limitations
Part 121: Operating requirements: Domestic, flag,

and supplemental operations
Section 173: General

Section 177: Airplanes: Reciprocating

engine-powered: Takeoff limitations

Section 189: Airplanes: Turbine engine

powered: Takeoff limitations


powered: Landing limitations: Destination
airports
35
Appendix 3
7/30/2013
Part
Section


powered: Landing limitations: Alternate
airports

Section 199: Non-transport category

airplanes: Takeoff limitations


airplanes: Landing limitations: Destination
airport


airplanes: Landing limitations: Alternate
airport
Part 135: Operating requirements: Commuter and Section 367: Large transport category
on demand operations and rules governing persons airplanes: Reciprocating engine powered:
on board such aircraft
Takeoff limitations
Landing limitations: Destination airports
Landing limitations: Alternate airports
on demand operations and rules governing persons airplanes: Turbine engine powered and
Takeoff limitations
on demand operations and rules governing persons airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing
limitations: Destination airports
on demand operations and rules governing persons airplanes: Turbine engine powered: Landing
limitations: Alternate airports
Part 135: Operating requirements: Commuter and Section 393: Large non-transport category
on demand operations and rules governing persons airplanes: Landing limitations: Destination
airports
36
7/30/2013
Appendix 3
Part
Section
Part 135: Operating requirements: Commuter and Section 395: Large non-transport category
on demand operations and rules governing persons airplanes: Landing limitations: Alternate
airports
Part 135: Operating requirements: Commuter and Section 398: Commuter category airplanes
on demand operations and rules governing persons performance operating limitations
37
Appendix 3
7/30/2013
604
38

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U.S.

Subject: Runway Length

2. Does this AC cancel any prior ACs?

3. To whom does this AC apply?

4. Are there any related documents?

Related documents to this AC are indicated in Appendix 2.

5. What are the principal changes in this AC?

This page intentionally left blank.

Runway Lengths for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes ................................... 5

Design Guidelines. .................................................................................................. 5

Runway Lengths for Large Airplanes and Light Jets ..................................... 11

Design Airplane(s). ............................................................................................... 11

Appendix 1. Websites of Airplane Manufacturers ................................................................ 33

Appendix 2. Selected Advisory Circulars, Orders, and Regulations Concerning Runway

Table 1-1. Runway Length for Additional Primary Runways ........................................................ 3

* Boeing and Embraer granted permission for use of their charts.

f. Maximum Certificated Takeoff Weight (MTOW). The maximum certificated weight

Perform the following steps, then proceed to Chapter 2 or Chapter 3 as appropriate,

Procedure and Rationale for Determining Recommended Runway Lengths.

Runway Service Type, User

Runway Length for Additional Primary

Capacity Justification, Noise Mitigation

100% of the primary runway

Separating Airplane Classes Smaller,

Recommended runway length for the less

Table 1-2. Runway Length for Crosswind Runway

Runway Length for Crosswind Runways

100% of the primary runway length when built

100% of the recommended runway length

Minimum Runway Lengths.

Runway Length Based on Declared Distances Concept.

This page intentionally left blank.

Runway Lengths for Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes

Table 2-1. Families of Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes for Runway Length

Airplane Weight Category

Approach Speeds less than 30 knots

Approach Speeds of at least 30 knots but less than 50 knots

With Fewer than 10 Passengers

Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of Less Than 30 Knots.

Small Propeller-Driven Airplanes with Approach Speeds of 50 Knots or More.

Development of the Runway Length Curves.

Zero headwind component.

Maximum certificated takeoff and landing weights.

Optimum flap setting for the shortest runway length.

Variable airport elevation and temperature.

Mean Daily Maximum Temperature of the Hottest Month of

Runway Length Curves

Runway Length (FT)

Mean Daily Maximum Temperature of

Example: Temperature (mean day max hot month) 90F (32C)

(Excludes Pilot and Co-pilot)

This page intentionally left blank.

Runway Lengths for Large Airplanes and Light Jets

General Design Procedure.

(1) Long-haul routes. Use the maximum certificated takeoff weight.

(b) Obstacle clearance takeoff weight. Information necessary for runway

Landing Weight. Use the maximum certificated landing weight.

Airport Planning Manual (APM).

Airplane Manufacturer Websites.