Insights Into IFRS Overview 2014 15

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Insights
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An overview
September 2014
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Insights into IFRS: An overview | 1
CONSISTENCY BUT ALSO RELEVANCE

Last year, our introduction to this publication focused on consistency both of application
and of enforcement. This continues to be a key theme in the preparation of financial
statements, and the last year has certainly been busy: the new consolidation suite of
standards and the fair value measurement standard have been in effect for a complete
annual reporting cycle, and the practical implementation issues are starting to become clear.
Attention will now turn to the new revenue standard. The 2017 effective date might seem
a long way off, but already companies are analysing the implications for both external
financial reporting and the core systems used to produce the numbers and looking
at their transition options, including the ability to early adopt. And as we go to print, the
complete version of IFRS 9 has just been released, bringing fundamental changes and
expected to have a massive impact on the way that banks account for credit losses on
their loan portfolios. With the IASBs financial instruments project now substantially
complete, implementation efforts can finally begin in earnest.
But as we think about these financial reporting developments, we also find ourselves
thinking more and more about the relevance of financial information. Financial statements
are not just a compliance exercise. You stand to maximise their value to investors and
get more from your efforts if the most important information is prominent, disclosures
are clear and avoid immaterial points that obscure key information, and the messaging in
financial statements aligns with other published information, such as the management
report and earnings releases.
So our recommendation is twofold Use the interpretative guidance in Insights into IFRS
as your tool to help you apply IFRS to real transactions and arrangements. And to start or
further your thinking about financial reporting in the wider sense, visit our Better Business
Reporting website.
This companion guide, Insights into IFRS: An overview, is designed to help Audit
Committee members and others by providing a structured guide to the key issues arising
from the standards.
Audit Committee Institute

September 2014
2014 KPMG IFRG Limited, a UK company, limited by guarantee. All rights reserved.
2 | Insights into IFRS: An overview
CONTENTS
How to navigate this publication
1 Background
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Conceptual Framework
5
6
2 General issues
2.1 Form and components of financial statements

2.2 Changes in equity
2.3 Statement of cash flows
2.4 Fair value measurement
2.5 Consolidation
2.6 Business combinations
2.7 Foreign currency translation
2.8 Accounting policies, errors and estimates
2.9 Events after the reporting date
2.10 Hyperinflation
3 Statement of financial position
23
3.1 General
3.2 Property, plant and equipment
3.3 Intangible assets and goodwill
3.4 Investment property
3.5 Associates and the equity method
3.6 Joint arrangements
3.7 [Not used]
3.8 Inventories
3.9 Biological assets
3.10 Impairment of non-financial assets
3.11 [Not used]
3.12 Provisions, contingent assets and liabilities
3.13 Income taxes
4 Statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income
4.1 General
4.2 Revenue
4.2A Revenue
4.3 Government grants
4.4 Employee benefits
4.5 Share-based payments
4.6 Borrowing costs
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9
10
11
13
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21
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23
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26
28
30
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33
34
35
37
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41
41
43
45
48
49
51
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5 Special topics
5.1 Leases
5.2 Operating segments
5.3 Earnings per share
5.4 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations
5.5 Related party disclosures
5.6 Investment entities
5.7 Non-monetary transactions
5.8 Accompanying financial and other information
5.9 Interim financial reporting
5.10 [Not used]
5.11 Extractive activities
5.12 Service concession arrangements
5.13 Common control transactions and Newco formations
6 First-time adoption of IFRS
6.1 First-time adoption of IFRS
6.2A Regulatory deferral accounts and first-time adoption of IFRS
7 Financial instruments
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7A
Scope and definitions

Derivatives and embedded derivatives
Equity and financial liabilities
Classification of financial assets and financial liabilities
Recognition and derecognition
Measurement and gains and losses
Hedge accounting
Presentation and disclosures
Financial instruments: IFRS 9 (2013)
8 Insurance contracts
8.1 Insurance contracts
Appendix I
New standards or amendments for 2014 and forthcoming requirements
Keeping you informed
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HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS PUBLICATION

This guide provides a quick overview of the key requirements of IFRS, for easy reference,
and is organised by topic.
This edition is designed for companies with a year end of 31December 2014. It is based
on IFRS in issue at 1 July 2014, and includes standards and interpretations that are
effective at that date1 (currently effective requirements) and significant amendments
that are effective in later periods (forthcoming requirements).
Appendix I lists new standards or amendments for 2014 and forthcoming requirements,
other than minor amendments.
1 IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans and the IFRS for Small and Medium-sized
Entities are excluded.
1 BACKGROUND
1.1 Introduction

Currently effective: IFRS Foundation Constitution, IASB and IFRS Interpretations

Committee Due Process Handbook, Preface to IFRSs, IAS 1
International Financial Reporting Standards

IFRS is a set of globally accepted standards for financial reporting applied primarily by
listed entities in over 120 countries.
Individual standards and interpretations are developed and maintained by the IASB and
the IFRS Interpretations Committee.
IFRS is designed for use by profit-oriented entities.
Compliance with IFRS
Any entity claiming compliance with IFRS complies with all standards and
interpretations, including disclosure requirements, and makes an explicit and
unreserved statement of compliance with IFRS.
The overriding requirement of IFRS is for the financial statements to give a fair
presentation (or a true and fair view).
1.2 The Conceptual Framework

Currently effective: Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
Purpose
The Conceptual Framework is a point of reference:
for the IASB and the IFRS Interpretations Committee in developing and maintaining
standards and interpretations; and
for preparers of financial statements in the absence of specific guidance in IFRS.
The Conceptual Framework does not override any specific IFRS.
Objective of general purpose financial reporting
The objective of general purpose financial reporting is to provide financial information
about the reporting entity that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and
other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the entity.
Qualitative characteristics of useful financial information
For financial information to be useful, it needs to be relevant to users and faithfully
represent what it purports to represent. The usefulness of financial information is
enhanced by its comparability, verifiability, timeliness and understandability.
Building blocks of financial statements
The Conceptual Framework sets out the definitions of assets and liabilities. The
definitions of equity, income and expenses are derived from the definitions of assets
and liabilities.
Measurement basis
Financial statements are prepared on a modified historical cost basis, with a growing
emphasis on fair value.
Going concern
Financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis, unless management
intends, or has no alternative other than, to liquidate the entity or to stop trading.
GENERAL ISSUES
2.1 Form and components of financial statements

Currently effective: IFRS 10, IFRS 11, IAS 1, IAS 27, IAS 28
Complete set of financial statements

A complete set of financial statements comprises the following.
A statement of financial position.
A statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
A statement of changes in equity.
A statement of cash flows.
Notes, including accounting policies.
Comparative information.
A statement of financial position as at the beginning of the preceding period (third
statement of financial position) in certain circumstances.
Reporting date
The reporting date may change only in exceptional circumstances.
Comparative information
Comparative information is required for the immediately preceding period only.
Additional comparative information may be presented if it is compliant with IFRS;
however, it need not comprise a complete set of financial statements.
Types of financial statements
IFRS sets out the requirements that apply to consolidated, individual and separate
financial statements.
Consolidated financial statements
An entity with one or more subsidiaries presents consolidated financial statements
unless it is a qualifying investment entity (see 5.6) or specific exemption criteria are met.
Individual financial statements

An entity with no subsidiaries but with investments in associates or joint ventures
prepares individual financial statements if such investments are accounted for using the
equity method, unless specific exemption criteria are met.
Separate financial statements
A parent, an investor in an associate or a venturer in a joint venture that is not required
to prepare consolidated or individual financial statements is permitted, but not required,
to present separate financial statements. Alternatively, separate financial statements
may be prepared in addition to consolidated or individual financial statements.
Presenting pro forma information
In our view, it is acceptable to present pro forma information if it is allowed by local
regulations and relevant stock exchange rules and if certain criteria are met.
2.2 Changes in equity

Currently effective: IAS 1
General
A statement of changes in equity (and related notes) reconciles opening to closing
amounts for each component of equity.
All owner-related changes in equity are presented in the statement of changes in equity
separately from non-owner changes in equity.
Entities with no equity
Entities that have no equity as defined in IFRS may need to adopt the financial
statement presentation of members or unit holders interests.
Changes in accounting policies and errors
Generally, accounting policy changes and corrections of prior-period errors are made by
adjusting opening equity and restating comparatives unless this is impracticable.
An entity presents separately in the statement of changes in equity:
the total adjustment resulting from changes in accounting policies; and
the total adjustment resulting from the correction of errors.
2.3 Statement of cash flows

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents for the purposes of the statement of cash flows include
certain short-term investments and, in some cases, bank overdrafts.
Operating, investing and financing activities
The statement of cash flows presents cash flows during the period, classified by
operating, investing and financing activities.
An entity presents its cash flows in the manner most appropriate to its business.
An entity chooses its own policy for classifying each of interest and dividends. The
chosen presentation method is applied consistently.
Taxes paid are classified as operating activities unless it is practicable to identify them
with, and therefore classify them as, financing or investing activities.
Direct vs indirect method
Cash flows from operating activities may be presented under either the direct method
or the indirect method.
Foreign currency cash flows
Foreign currency cash flows are translated at the exchange rates at the dates of the
cash flows (or using averages when appropriate).
Offsetting
Generally, all financing and investing cash flows are reported gross. Cash flows are
offset only in limited circumstances.
2.4 Fair value measurement

Currently effective: IFRS 13
Scope
The standard applies to most fair value measurements and disclosures (including
measurements based on fair value) that are required or permitted by other IFRSs.
Fair value principles
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability
in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date i.e. an
exit price.
Market participants are independent of each other, they are knowledgeable and have
a reasonable understanding of the asset or liability, and they are willing and able to
transact.
Fair value measurement assumes that a transaction takes place in the principal market
(i.e. the market with the greatest volume and level of activity) for the asset or liability
or, in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset
orliability.
Valuation approaches and techniques
There are three general approaches to valuation, with various techniques applied under
those approaches:
the market approach e.g. quoted prices in an active market;
the income approach e.g. discounted cash flows; and
the cost approach e.g. depreciated replacement cost.
Inputs to valuation techniques
A fair value hierarchy is established based on the inputs to valuation techniques used to
measure fair value.
A premium or discount (e.g. a control premium) may be an appropriate input to a
valuation technique, but only if it is consistent with the relevant unit of account.
Fair value hierarchy

The inputs are categorised into three levels (Levels 1, 2 and 3), with the highest priority
given to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities and
the lowest priority given to unobservable inputs.
Appropriate valuation technique(s) should be used, maximising the use of relevant
observable inputs and minimising the use of unobservable inputs.
Measuring fair value
Fair value on initial recognition generally equals the transaction price.
Non-financial assets are measured based on their highest and best use i.e. the use
that would maximise the value of the asset (or group of assets) for a market participant.
In the absence of quoted prices for the transfer of the instrument, a liability or an
entitys own equity instrument is valued from the perspective of a market participant
that holds the corresponding asset. Failing that, other valuation techniques are used to
value the liability or own equity instrument from the perspective of a market participant
that owes the liability or has issued the equity instrument.
The fair value of a liability reflects non-performance risk, which is assumed to be the
same before and after the transfer of the liability.
Certain groups of financial assets and financial liabilities with offsetting market or credit
risks may be measured based on the net risk exposure.
For assets or liabilities with bid and ask prices, an entity uses the price within the bidask spread that is most representative of fair value in the circumstances. The use of bid
prices for assets and ask prices for liabilities is permitted.
Guidance is provided on measuring fair value when there has been a decline in the
volume or level of activity in a market, and when transactions are not orderly.
Disclosures
A comprehensive disclosure framework is designed to help users of financial
statements assess the valuation techniques and inputs used in fair value
measurements, and the effect on profit or loss or other comprehensive income of
recurring fair value measurements that are based on significant unobservable inputs.
2.5 Consolidation

Currently effective: IFRS 10, IFRS 12
Entities included in consolidated financial statements

An entity that controls one or more entities presents consolidated financial statements
unless it is a qualifying investment entity (see 5.6) or specific exemption criteria are met.
Venture capital organisations, mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities that do not
qualify as investment entities (see 5.6) are not exempt from the requirements of the
standard and their subsidiaries are consolidated.
Single control model
An investor controls an investee when the investor is exposed to (has rights to) variable
returns from its involvement with the investee, and has the ability to affect those
returns through its power over the investee. Control involves power, exposure to
variability of returns and a linkage between the two.
Control is assessed on a continuous basis.
Step 1: Understand the investee
Control is generally assessed at the level of the legal entity. However, an investor may
have control over only specified assets and liabilities of the legal entity (a silo), in which
case control is assessed at that level if certain conditions are met.
The purpose and design of the investee does not in itself determine whether the investor
controls the investee. However, it plays a role in the judgement applied by the investor
in all areas of the control model. Assessing purpose and design includes considering the
risks that the investee was designed to create and to pass on to the parties involved in the
transaction, and whether the investor is exposed to some or all of those risks.
The relevant activities of the investee i.e. the activities that significantly affect the
investees returns need to be identified. In addition, the investor determines whether
decisions about the relevant activities are made based on voting rights.
Step 2: Power over relevant activities
Only substantive rights are considered in assessing whether the investor has power
over the relevant activities of the investee.
If voting rights are relevant for assessing power, then the investor considers potential
voting rights that are substantive, rights arising from other contractual arrangements
and factors that may indicate de facto power e.g. the investor has a dominant
shareholding and the other vote holders are sufficiently dispersed.
If voting rights are not relevant for assessing power, then the investor considers
evidence of the practical ability to direct the relevant activities (the most important
factor), indications of a special relationship with the investee, and the size of the
investors exposure to variable returns from its involvement with the investee.
Step 3: Exposure to variability in returns
Returns are broadly defined and include not only direct returns (e.g. dividends, interest
and changes in the fair value of an investment), but also indirect returns (e.g. achieving
economies of scale, cost savings and other synergies).
Step 4: Linkage
If the investor (decision maker) is an agent, then the link between power and returns
is absent and the decision makers delegated power is treated as if it were held by its
principal(s).
To determine whether it is an agent, the decision maker considers:
substantive removal and other rights held by a single or multiple parties;
whether its remuneration is on arms length terms;
its other economic interests; and
the overall relationship between itself and other parties.
An entity takes into account the rights of parties acting on its behalf in assessing
whether it controls an investee.
Subsidiaries accounting periods and policies
The difference between the reporting date of a parent and its subsidiary cannot
be more than three months. Adjustments are made for the effects of significant
transactions and events between the two dates.
Uniform accounting policies are used throughout the group.
Non-controlling interests
Ordinary non-controlling interests (NCI) are measured at fair value, or at their
proportionate interest in the net assets of the acquiree, at the date of acquisition.
Ordinary NCI are present ownership interests that entitle their holders to a
proportionate share of the entitys net assets in the event of liquidation. Other NCI are
generally measured at fair value.
Losses in a subsidiary may create a debit balance in NCI.
NCI in the statement of financial position are classified as equity but are presented
separately from the parent shareholders equity.
Profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI) for the period are allocated
between NCI and the shareholders of the parent.
Intra-group transactions
Intra-group transactions are eliminated in full.
Loss of control
On the loss of control of a subsidiary, the assets and liabilities of the subsidiary and
the carrying amount of the NCI are derecognised. The consideration received and any
retained interest (measured at fair value) are recognised. Amounts recognised in OCI
are reclassified as required by other IFRSs. Any resulting gain or loss is recognised in
profit or loss.
Changes in ownership interest while retaining control
Changes in the parents ownership interest in a subsidiary without a loss of control are
accounted for as equity transactions and no gain or loss is recognised.
Disclosures
Detailed disclosures are required, including in respect of unconsolidated structured
entities.
2.6 Business combinations

Scope
Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method (acquisition
accounting), with limited exceptions.
Identifying a business combination
A business combination is a transaction or other event in which an acquirer obtains
control of one or more businesses.
A business is an integrated set of activities and assets that is capable of being
conducted and managed to provide a return to investors by way of dividends, lower
costs or other economic benefits.
Identifying the acquirer
The acquirer in a business combination is the combining entity that obtains control of
the other combining business or businesses.
Determining the date of acquisition
The date of acquisition is the date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree.
Consideration transferred
Consideration transferred by the acquirer, which is generally measured at fair value
at the date of acquisition, may include assets transferred, liabilities incurred by
the acquirer to the previous owners of the acquiree and equity interests issued by
theacquirer.
Determining what is part of the business combination
Any items that are not part of the business combination transaction are accounted for
outside the acquisition accounting.
Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

The identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are recognised separately
from goodwill at the date of acquisition if they meet the definition of assets and
liabilities and are exchanged as part of the business combination. They are measured at
the date of acquisition at their fair values, with limited exceptions.
Measurement of non-controlling interests
The acquirer in a business combination can elect, on a transaction-by-transaction
basis, to measure ordinary non-controlling interests (NCI) at fair value, or at their
proportionate interest in the net assets of the acquiree, at the date of acquisition.
Other NCI are generally measured at fair value.
Goodwill or a gain on bargain purchase
Goodwill is measured as a residual and is recognised as an asset. When the residual is a
deficit (gain on a bargain purchase), it is recognised in profit or loss after reassessing the
values used in the acquisition accounting.
Subsequent measurement and accounting
Adjustments to the acquisition accounting during the measurement period reflect
additional information about facts and circumstances that existed at the date
ofacquisition.
In general, items recognised in the acquisition accounting are measured and accounted
for in accordance with the relevant IFRSs subsequent to the business combination.
2.7 Foreign currency translation

Currently effective: IAS 21, IAS 29
Determining the functional currency

An entity measures its assets, liabilities, income and expenses in its functional
currency, which is the currency of the primary economic environment in which it
operates.
Translation of foreign currency transactions
Transactions that are not denominated in an entitys functional currency are foreign
currency transactions; exchange differences arising on translation are generally
recognised in profit or loss.
Translation of the financial statements of foreign operations
The financial statements of foreign operations are translated as follows:
assets and liabilities are translated at the closing rate;
income and expenses are translated at actual rates or appropriate averages; and
equity components are translated at the exchange rates at the date of the relevant
transactions.
Exchange differences arising on the translation of the financial statements of a foreign
operation are recognised in other comprehensive income (OCI) and accumulated in a
separate component of equity. The amount attributable to any non-controlling interests
(NCI) is allocated to, and recognised as part of, NCI.
Translation from the functional currency to a different presentation currency
An entity may present its financial statements in a currency other than its functional
currency (presentation currency). An entity that translates its financial statements into
a presentation currency other than its functional currency uses the same method as for
translating the financial statements of a foreign operation.
Foreign operations with the functional currency of a hyperinflationary economy

If the functional currency of a foreign operation is the currency of a hyperinflationary
economy, then its financial statements are first adjusted to reflect the purchasing power
at the current reporting date and then translated into a presentation currency using
the exchange rate at the current reporting date. If the presentation currency is not the
currency of a hyperinflationary economy, then comparative amounts are not restated.
Sale or liquidation of a foreign operation
If an entity disposes of its entire interest in a foreign operation, or loses control over
a foreign subsidiary or retains neither joint control nor significant influence over an
associate or joint arrangement as a result of a partial disposal, then the cumulative
exchange differences recognised in OCI are reclassified to profit or loss.
A partial disposal of a foreign subsidiary without the loss of control leads to a
proportionate reclassification of the cumulative exchange differences in OCI to NCI.
A partial disposal of a joint arrangement or an associate with retention of either
joint control or significant influence results in a proportionate reclassification of the
cumulative exchange differences recognised in OCI to profit or loss.
Convenience translations
An entity may present supplementary financial information in a currency other than its
presentation currency if certain disclosures are made.
2.8 Accounting policies, errors and estimates

Selection of accounting policies

Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices
that an entity applies in preparing and presenting financial statements.
If IFRS does not cover a particular issue, then management uses its judgement based
on a hierarchy of accounting literature.
Unless otherwise specifically permitted by an IFRS, the accounting policies adopted by
an entity are applied consistently to all similar items.
Changes in accounting policy and correction of prior-period errors
An accounting policy is changed in response to a new or revised IFRS, or on a voluntary
basis if the new policy provides reliable and more relevant information.
Generally, accounting policy changes and corrections of prior-period errors are made by
adjusting opening equity and restating comparatives unless this is impracticable.
Changes in accounting estimates
Changes in accounting estimates are accounted for prospectively.
If it is difficult to determine whether a change is a change in accounting policy or a
change in estimate, then it is treated as a change in estimate.
Change in classification or presentation
If the classification or presentation of items in the financial statements is changed, then
comparatives are restated unless this is impracticable.
Key judgements and estimation uncertainties
Disclosure is required for judgements that have a significant impact on the financial
statements and for key sources of estimation uncertainty.
2.9 Events after the reporting date

Adjusting events
The financial statements are adjusted to reflect events that occur after the reporting
date, but before the financial statements are authorised for issue by management, if
those events provide evidence of conditions that existed at the reporting date.
Non-adjusting events
Financial statements are not adjusted for events that are a result of conditions that
arose after the reporting date, except when the going concern assumption is no longer
appropriate.
Identifying the key event
It is necessary to determine the underlying causes of an event and its timing to
determine whether the event is adjusting or non-adjusting.
Current vs non-current classification
The classification of liabilities as current or non-current is based on circumstances at the
reporting date.
Earnings per share
Earnings per share is restated to include the effect on the number of shares of certain
share transactions that happen after the reporting date.
Going concern
If management determines that the entity is not a going concern after the reporting
date but before the financial statements are authorised for issue, then the financial
statements are not prepared on a going concern basis.
2.10 Hyperinflation

Currently effective: IAS 21, IAS 29, IFRIC 7
General requirements
If an entitys functional currency is hyperinflationary, then its financial statements are
restated to express all items in the measuring unit current at the reporting date.
Indicators of hyperinflation
Hyperinflation is indicated by the characteristics of the countrys economy, and it is a
matter of judgement when restatement for hyperinflation becomes necessary.
Restating the financial statements for hyperinflation
Step 1: Restate the statement of financial position at the beginning of the reporting
period by applying the change in the price index during the current period to all items.
Step 2: Restate the statement of financial position at the end of the reporting period by
adjusting non-monetary items to current purchasing power terms.
Step 3: Restate the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income.
Step 4: Calculate the gain or loss on the net monetary position.
Ceasing hyperinflationary accounting
If an entitys functional currency ceases to be hyperinflationary, then the amounts
reported in the latest financial statements restated for hyperinflation are used as the
basis for the carrying amounts in subsequent financial statements.
Supplementary historical cost information
If an entity presents financial statements restated for hyperinflation, then in our view it
is not appropriate to present additional supplementary financial information prepared on
a historical cost basis.
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION
3.1 General

Format of statement of financial position

Although IFRS requires certain items to be presented in the statement of financial
position, there is no prescribed format.
Generally, an entity presents its statement of financial position classified between
current and non-current assets and liabilities. An entity may present assets and
liabilities in the order of liquidity if this presentation provides reliable and more
relevantinformation.
Current vs non-current
An asset is classified as current if it is expected to be realised in the normal operating
cycle or within 12 months, it is held for trading or is cash or a cash equivalent.
A liability is classified as current if it is expected to be settled in the normal operating
cycle, it is due within 12 months, or there are no unconditional rights to defer its
settlement for at least 12 months.
A liability that is payable on demand because certain conditions are breached is
classified as current even if the lender has agreed, after the reporting date but before
the financial statements are authorised for issue, not to demand repayment.
Assets and liabilities that are part of working capital are classified as current even if they
are due to be settled more than 12 months after the reporting date.
Offsetting
A financial asset and a financial liability are offset if the criteria are met. Similarly,
income tax balances are offset under certain circumstances. Other non-financial assets
and non-financial liabilities cannot be offset.
3.2 Property, plant and equipment

Currently effective: IFRS 13, IAS 16, IFRIC 1, IFRIC 18

Forthcoming: Amendments to IAS 16, IFRS 15
Initial recognition
Property, plant and equipment is initially recognised at cost.
Cost includes all expenditure directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location
and working condition for its intended use.
Cost includes the estimated cost of dismantling and removing the asset and restoring
the site.
Subsequent measurement
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised if it is probable that it will give rise to future
economic benefits.
Changes to an existing decommissioning or restoration obligation are generally added
to or deducted from the cost of the related asset.
Depreciation
Property, plant and equipment is depreciated over its expected useful life.
Estimates of useful life and residual value, and the method of depreciation, are
reviewed as a minimum at each reporting date. Any changes are accounted for
prospectively as a change in estimate.
Component accounting
When an item of property, plant and equipment comprises individual components
for which different depreciation methods or rates are appropriate, each component is
depreciated separately.
Revaluations
Property, plant and equipment may be revalued to fair value if fair value can be
measured reliably. All items in the same class are revalued at the same time, and the
revaluations are kept up to date.
When the revaluation model is chosen, changes in fair value are generally recognised in
other comprehensive income.
Retirements and disposals
The gain or loss on disposal is the difference between the net proceeds received and
the carrying amount of the asset.
Compensation for the loss or impairment of property, plant and equipment is
recognised in profit or loss when it is receivable.
3.3 Intangible assets and goodwill

Currently effective: IFRS 3, IFRS 13, IAS 38, IFRIC 12, SIC-32
Forthcoming: Amendments to IAS 38, IFRS 15
Definitions
An intangible asset is an identifiable non-monetary asset without physical substance.
An intangible asset is identifiable if it is separable or arises from contractual or legal
rights.
Initial recognition and measurement
In general, intangible assets are initially recognised at cost.
The initial measurement of an intangible asset depends on whether it has been
acquired separately, has been acquired as part of a business combination or was
internally generated.
Goodwill is recognised only in a business combination and is measured as a residual.
Internal development expenditure is capitalised if specific criteria are met. These
capitalisation criteria are applied to all internally developed intangible assets.
Internal research expenditure is expensed as it is incurred.
Expenditure relating to internally generated goodwill, customer lists, start-up costs,
training costs, advertising and promotional activities, and relocation or a reorganisation
is expensed as it is incurred.
Indefinite useful lives
Acquired goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not
amortised, but instead are subject to impairment testing at least annually.
Finite useful lives
Intangible assets with finite useful lives are amortised over their expected useful lives.
Subsequent expenditure
Subsequent expenditure on an intangible asset is capitalised only if the definition of an
intangible asset and the recognition criteria are met.
Revaluations
Intangible assets cannot be revalued to fair value unless there is an active market.
Retirements and disposals
The gain or loss on disposal is the difference between the net proceeds received and
the carrying amount of the asset.
3.4 Investment property

Currently effective: IFRS 13, IAS 16, IAS 17, IAS 40
Scope
Investment property is property (land or building) held to earn rentals or for capital
appreciation, or both.
Property held by a lessee under an operating lease may be classified as investment
property if:
the rest of the definition of investment property is met; and
the lessee measures all of its investment property at fair value.
A portion of a dual-use property is classified as investment property only if the portion
could be sold or leased out under a finance lease. Otherwise, the entire property is
classified as property, plant and equipment, unless the portion of the property used for
own use is insignificant.
If a lessor provides ancillary services and such services are a relatively insignificant
component of the arrangement as a whole, then the property is classified as
investment property.
Recognition and measurement
Investment property is initially recognised at cost.
After initial recognition, all investment property is measured under either:
the fair value model, subject to limited exceptions; or
the cost model.
When the fair value model is chosen, changes in fair value are recognised in profit or
loss.
Subsequent expenditure is capitalised only if it is probable that it will give rise to future
economic benefits.
Reclassification
Transfers to or from investment property are made only if there has been a change in
the use of the property.
The intention to sell an investment property without redevelopment does not justify
reclassification from investment property into inventory; the property continues to be
classified as investment property until disposal unless it is classified as held-for-sale.
Disclosures
Disclosure of the fair value of all investment property is required, regardless of the
measurement model used.
3.5 Associates and the equity method

Currently effective: IAS 28, IFRS 12
Assessing whether an investee is an associate

The definition of an associate is based on significant influence, which is the power to
participate in the financial and operating policy decisions of an entity.
There is a rebuttable presumption of significant influence if an entity holds 20 percent or
more of the voting rights of another entity.
Potential voting rights that are currently exercisable are considered in assessing
significant influence.
Exceptions from applying the equity method
Generally, associates and joint ventures are accounted for under the equity method in
the consolidated financial statements.
Venture capital organisations, mutual funds, unit trusts and similar entities may elect to
account for investments in associates and joint ventures at fair value through profit or
loss.
Equity accounting is not applied to an investee that is acquired with a view to its
subsequent disposal if the criteria are met for classification as held-for-sale.
Applying the equity method
In applying the equity method, an investees accounting policies should be consistent
with those of the investor.
The investees reporting date cannot differ from that of the investor by more than three
months, and should be consistent from period to period. Adjustments are made for the
effects of significant events and transactions between the two dates.
If an equity-accounted investee incurs losses, then the carrying amount of the
investors interest is reduced but not to below zero. Further losses are recognised as
a liability by the investor only to the extent that the investor has an obligation to fund
losses or has made payments on behalf of the investee.
Unrealised profits and losses on transactions with associates are eliminated to the
extent of the investors interest in the investee.
Changes in the status of equity-accounted investees

On the loss of significant influence or joint control, the fair value of any retained
investment is taken into account in calculating the gain or loss on the transaction that
is recognised in profit or loss. Amounts recognised in other comprehensive income are
reclassified to profit or loss or transferred within equity as required by other IFRSs.
3.6 Joint arrangements


Forthcoming: Amendments to IFRS 11
Identifying joint arrangements

A joint arrangement is an arrangement over which two or more parties have joint
control. There are two types of joint arrangements: a joint operation and a joint venture.
Classifying joint arrangements
In a joint operation, the parties to the arrangement have rights to the assets and
obligations for the liabilities related to the arrangement.
In a joint venture, the parties to the arrangement have rights to the net assets of the
arrangement.
A joint arrangement not structured through a separate vehicle is a joint operation.
A joint arrangement structured through a separate vehicle may be either a joint
operation or a joint venture. Classification depends on the legal form of the vehicle,
contractual arrangements and an assessment of other facts and circumstances.
Accounting for joint arrangements
A joint venturer accounts for its interest in a joint venture in the same way as an
investment in an associate i.e. generally under the equity method (see 3.5).
A joint operator recognises its assets, liabilities and transactions including its share
in those arising jointly in both its consolidated and separate financial statements.
These assets, liabilities and transactions are accounted for in accordance with the
relevantIFRSs.
A party to a joint venture that does not have joint control accounts for its interest as a
financial instrument, or under the equity method if significant influence exists (see3.5).
A party to a joint operation that does not have joint control recognises its assets,
liabilities and transactions including its share in those arising jointly if it has rights to
the assets and obligations for the liabilities of the joint operation.
3.8 Inventories


Forthcoming: IFRS 15
Definition
Inventories are assets:
held for sale in the ordinary course of business (finished goods);
in the process of production for sale (work in progress); or
in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process or in
the rendering of services (raw materials and consumables).
Measurement
Generally, inventories are measured at the lower of cost and net realisable value.
Cost includes all direct expenditure to get inventory ready for sale, including attributable
overheads.
The cost of inventory is generally determined under the first-in, first-out (FIFO) or
weighted-average method. The use of the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method is prohibited.
Inventory costing methods e.g. the standard cost or retail methods may be used
when the results approximate the actual cost.
If the net realisable value of an item that has been written down subsequently
increases, then the write-down is reversed.
Recognition as an expense
The cost of inventory is recognised as an expense when the inventory is sold.
3.9 Biological assets

Currently effective: IFRS 13, IAS 41

Forthcoming: Amendments to IAS 41
Scope
Living animals or plants are in the scope of the standard if they are subject to a process
of management of biological transformation.
Measurement
Biological assets are measured at fair value less costs to sell unless it is not possible to
measure fair value reliably, in which case they are measured at cost.
Gains and losses from changes in fair value less costs to sell are recognised in profit
orloss.
Agricultural produce
Agricultural produce harvested from a biological asset is measured at fair value less
costs to sell at the point of harvest. After harvest, the inventories standard generally
applies (see 3.8).
3.10 Impairment of non-financial assets

Currently effective: IFRS 13, IAS 36, IFRIC 10
Scope
The standard covers a variety of non-financial assets, including:
property, plant and equipment;
intangible assets and goodwill; and
investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures.
Identifying the level at which assets are tested for impairment
Whenever possible, an impairment test is performed for an individual asset. Otherwise,
assets are tested for impairment in cash-generating units (CGUs). Goodwill is always
tested for impairment at the level of a CGU or a group of CGUs.
A CGU is the smallest group of assets that generates cash inflows from continuing use
that are largely independent of the cash inflows of other assets or groups thereof.
Goodwill is allocated to CGUs or groups of CGUs that are expected to benefit from the
synergies of the business combination from which it arose. The allocation is based on
the level at which goodwill is monitored internally, restricted by the size of the entitys
operating segments before aggregation (see5.2).
Determining when to test for impairment
Impairment testing is required when there is an indication of impairment.
Annual impairment testing is required for goodwill and intangible assets that either are
not yet available for use or have an indefinite useful life. This impairment test may be
performed at any time during the year, provided that it is performed at the same time
each year.
Measuring an impairment loss

An impairment loss is recognised if an assets or CGUs carrying amount exceeds the
greater of its fair value less costs to sell and value in use.
Estimates of future cash flows used in the value in use calculation are specific to the
entity, and need not be the same as those of market participants. The discount rate
used in the value in use calculation reflects the markets assessment of the risks
specific to the asset or CGU, as well as the time value of money.
Recognising an impairment loss
An impairment loss for a CGU is allocated first to any goodwill and then pro rata to other
assets in the CGU that are in the scope of the standard.
An impairment loss is generally recognised in profit or loss.
Reversal of impairment
Reversals of impairment are recognised, other than for impairments of goodwill.
A reversal of an impairment loss is generally recognised in profit or loss.
3.12 Provisions, contingent assets and liabilities

Currently effective: IAS 37, IFRIC 1, IFRIC 5, IFRIC 6, IFRIC 21

Definitions
A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount that arises from a past event that
is expected to result in an outflow of the entitys resources.
A contingent liability is a present obligation with uncertainties about either the
probability of outflows of resources or the amount of the outflows, or a possible
obligation whose existence is uncertain.
A contingent asset is a possible asset whose existence is uncertain.
Recognition
A provision is recognised for a legal or constructive obligation if there is a probable
outflow of resources and the amount can be estimated reliably. Probable in this
context means more likely than not.
A constructive obligation arises when an entitys actions create valid expectations of
third parties that it will accept and discharge certain responsibilities.
A provision is not recognised for future operating losses.
A provision for restructuring costs is not recognised until there is a formal plan and
details of the restructuring have been communicated to those affected by the plan.
Provisions are not recognised for repairs or maintenance of own assets or for selfinsurance before an obligation is incurred.
A provision is recognised for a contract that is onerous.
Contingent liabilities are recognised only if they are present obligations assumed in a
business combination i.e. there is uncertainty about the outflows but not about the
existence of an obligation. Otherwise, contingent liabilities are disclosed in the notes to
the financial statements unless the likelihood of an outflow of resources is remote.
Contingent assets are not recognised in the statement of financial position. If an
inflow of economic benefits is probable, then details are disclosed in the notes to the
financialstatements.
Measurement
A provision is measured at the best estimate of the expenditure to be incurred.
Provisions are discounted if the effect of discounting is material.
Reimbursements
A reimbursement right is recognised as a separate asset when recovery is virtually
certain, capped at the amount of the related provision.
3.13 Income taxes

Currently effective: IAS 12, SIC-25
Scope
Income taxes are taxes based on taxable profits, and taxes that are payable by a
subsidiary, associate or joint arrangement on distribution to investors.
Current tax
Current tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in respect of the
taxable profit (loss) for a period.
Deferred tax
Deferred tax is the amount of income taxes payable (recoverable) in future periods as a
result of past transactions or events.
Deferred tax is recognised for the estimated future tax effects of temporary differences,
unused tax losses carried forward and unused tax credits carried forward.
A deferred tax liability is not recognised if it arises from the initial recognition
ofgoodwill.
A deferred tax asset or liability is not recognised if:
it arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a
business combination; and
at the time of the transaction, it affects neither accounting profit nor taxable profit.
Deferred tax is not recognised in respect of temporary differences associated with
investments in subsidiaries, associates and joint arrangements if certain conditions
aremet.
A deferred tax asset is recognised to the extent that it is probable that it will be realised.
Measurement
Current and deferred tax are measured based on rates that are enacted or substantively
enacted at the reporting date.
Deferred tax is measured based on the expected manner of settlement (liability)
or recovery (asset). There is a rebuttable presumption that the carrying amount of
investment property measured at fair value will be recovered through sale.
Deferred tax is not discounted.
Classification and presentation
The total income tax expense (income) recognised in a period is the sum of current
tax plus the change in deferred tax assets and liabilities during the period, excluding
tax recognised outside profit or loss i.e. in other comprehensive income or directly in
equity or arising from a business combination.
Income tax related to items recognised outside profit or loss is itself recognised outside
profit or loss.
Deferred tax is classified as non-current in a classified statement of financial position.
An entity offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities only when it has a legally
enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities, and it
intends either to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability
simultaneously.
An entity offsets deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities only when it has a
legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities,
and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied
by the same taxation authority on the same taxable entity, or different taxable
entities that intend either to settle on a net basis or to realise the asset and settle the
liabilitysimultaneously.
STATEMENT OF PROFIT OR LOSS AND

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
4.1 General

Format of statement of profit or loss and OCI

Profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI) may be presented in either:
a single statement, with profit or loss and OCI presented in two sections; or
two statements a statement of profit or loss displaying components of profit or
loss, followed immediately by a statement of comprehensive income beginning
with profit or loss and displaying components of OCI.
Although IFRS requires certain items to be presented in the statement of profit or loss
and OCI, there is no prescribed format.
Other comprehensive income
OCI comprises items of income and expense that are not recognised in profit or loss.
Items of OCI are grouped into items that may be reclassified subsequently to profit or
loss and those that will not be.
Reclassification adjustments from OCI to profit or loss are disclosed in the statement of
profit or loss and OCI or in the notes.
Use of the description unusual or exceptional
In our view, use of the terms unusual or exceptional should be infrequent and
reserved for items that justify a greater prominence.
Extraordinary items
The presentation or disclosure of items of income and expense characterised as
extraordinary items is prohibited.
Offsetting
Items of income and expense are not offset unless this is required or permitted by
another IFRS, or when the amounts relate to similar transactions or events that are
individually not material.
Alternative earnings measures
The presentation of alternative earnings measures (e.g. EBITDA) in the statement of
profit or loss and OCI is not generally prohibited, although national regulators may have
more restrictive requirements.
4.2 Revenue

Currently effective: IAS 11, IAS 18, IFRIC 13, IFRIC 15, IFRIC18, SIC-31
Overall approach
Revenue is recognised only if it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to
the entity and these benefits can be measured reliably.
Revenue recognition does not require cash consideration. However, when goods
or services exchanged are similar in nature and value, the transaction does not
generaterevenue.
When an arrangement includes more than one component, it may be necessary to
account for the revenue attributable to each component separately.
When two or more transactions are linked so that the individual transactions have no
commercial effect on their own, they are analysed as one arrangement.
Measurement
Revenue is measured at the fair value of consideration received, taking into account any
trade discounts and volume rebates.
If a transaction includes a financing element, then revenue is measured by discounting
all future cash receipts at an imputed rate of interest.
Sale of goods
Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when:
the entity has transferred the significant risks and rewards of ownership to the buyer;
and
it no longer retains control or has managerial involvement in the goods.
Construction contracts
Construction contracts are accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method.
The completed-contract method is not permitted.
Service contracts
Revenue from service contracts is recognised in the period during which the service is
rendered, generally under the percentage-of-completion method.
Gross vs net presentation
Revenue comprises the gross inflows of economic benefits received by an entity for its
own account.
In an agency relationship, amounts collected on behalf of the principal are not
recognised as revenue by the agent.
4.2A Revenue

IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts with Customers is effective for annual periods beginning
on or after 1January 2017. Early adoption is permitted.
Overall approach
The core principle of the standard is that revenue is recognised in the way that
depicts the transfer of the goods or services to the customer at the amount to which
the entity expects to be entitled. The core principle is implemented by an entity
applying a five-step, contract-based model to recognise and measure revenue from
contracts with customers.
Step 1: Identify the contract
An entity accounts for a contract in accordance with the model when the contract is
legally enforceable and all of the following criteria are met:
the contract is approved and the parties are committed to their obligations;
rights to goods or services and payment terms can be identified;
the contract has commercial substance; and
collection of the consideration is considered probable.
Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract
A performance obligation is a promise to deliver a good or service that is distinct in
other words:
the customer can benefit from the good or service either on its own or together
with other resources that are readily available to the customer; and
the entitys promise to transfer the good or service to the customer is separately
identifiable from other goods or services in the contract.
An entity accounts for a series of distinct goods and services as a single performance
obligation if they are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer.
Step 3: Determine the transaction price

The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which an entity expects to
be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods or services to the customer.
In determining the transaction price, an entity considers the effects of variable
consideration (including the constraint), whether there is a significant financing
component in the arrangement, consideration payable to the customer and non-cash
consideration.
Sales- and usage-based royalties arising from licences of intellectual property are
excluded from the transaction price and are generally recognised as the subsequent
sale or usage occurs.
Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the
contract
The transaction price is generally allocated to the performance obligations in a
contract on the basis of relative stand-alone selling prices.
Discounts and variable consideration may be allocated to one or more specific
performance obligations in certain circumstances.
Step 5: Recognise revenue
Except for distinct licences of intellectual property, which are subject to specific
guidance in the standard, revenue is recognised over time if one of the following
criteria is met.
The customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the
entitys performance as the entity performs.
The entitys performance creates or enhances an asset that the customer controls
as the asset is created or enhanced.
The entitys performance does not create an asset with an alternative use to
the entity and the entity has an enforceable right to payment for performance
completed to date.
If a performance obligation is not satisfied over time, then the entity recognises
revenue at the point in time at which it transfers control of the goods or services to
the customer.
Costs
The standard includes guidance on accounting for incremental costs to obtain and
costs to fulfil a contract that are not in the scope of another IFRS.
Presentation
An entity recognises a contract asset when it transfers goods or services before it
has an unconditional right to payment, and a contract liability when the customer
makes a payment before it receives the goods or services.
Disclosures
An entity provides specific quantitative and qualitative disclosures to enable users of
the financial statements to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of
revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.
Transition
An entity may make the transition to the standard using one of two methods.
Apply the standard retrospectively (with optional practical expedients) and
record the effect of applying the standard at the start of the earliest presented
comparative period.
Apply the standard to open contracts at the date of initial application and record
the effect of applying the standard at that date. The comparative periods presented
are not restated.
4.3 Government grants

Currently effective: IAS 20, IAS 41, SIC-10
Definition
Government grants are transfers of resources to an entity by a government entity in
return for compliance with certain conditions.
Unconditional government grants related to biological assets measured at fair value less
costs to sell are recognised in profit or loss when they become receivable; conditional
grants for such assets are recognised in profit or loss when the required conditions
aremet.
Government grants that relate to the acquisition of an asset, other than a biological
asset measured at fair value less costs to sell, are recognised in profit or loss as the
related asset is depreciated or amortised.
Other government grants are recognised in profit or loss when the entity recognises as
expenses the related costs that the grants are intended to compensate.
If a government grant is in the form of a non-monetary asset, then both the asset
and the grant are recognised either at the fair value of the non-monetary asset or at a
nominal amount.
Forgivable or low-interest loans from a government may include components that need
to be treated as government grants.
Presentation
Government grants related to assets are presented as deferred income or as a
deduction from the carrying amount of the related asset.
Government grants related to income are presented separately in profit or loss, or as a
deduction from the related expense.
4.4 Employee benefits

Currently effective: IAS 19, IFRIC 14

Forthcoming: Amendments to IAS 19
Overall approach
The standard specifies the accounting for various types of employee benefits, including:
benefits provided for services rendered e.g. pensions, lump-sum payments on
retirement, paid absences and profit-sharing arrangements; and
benefits provided on termination of employment.
Post-employment plans are classified as:
defined contribution plans plans under which an entity pays a fixed contribution into
a fund and will have no further obligation; and
defined benefit plans all other plans.
Liabilities and expenses for employee benefits that are provided in exchange for
services are generally recognised in the period in which the services are rendered.
The costs of providing employee benefits are recognised in profit or loss or other
comprehensive income (OCI), unless other IFRSs permit or require capitalisation.
Defined benefit post-employment plans
To account for defined benefit post-employment plans, an entity:
determines the present value of a defined benefit obligation by applying an actuarial
valuation method;
deducts the fair value of any plan assets;
adjusts for any effect of the asset ceiling; and
determines service costs and net interest (recognised in profit or loss) and
remeasurements (recognised in OCI).
Multi-employer plans
If insufficient information is available for a multi-employer defined benefit plan to be
accounted for as a defined benefit plan, then it is treated as a defined contribution plan
and additional disclosures are required.
If an entity applies defined contribution plan accounting to a multi-employer defined
benefit plan and there is an agreement that determines how a surplus in the plan would
be distributed or a deficit in the plan funded, then an asset or a liability that arises from
the contractual agreement is recognised.
Group plans
If there is a contractual agreement or stated policy for allocating a groups net defined
benefit cost, then participating group entities recognise the cost allocated to them.
If there is no agreement or policy in place, then the net defined benefit cost is
recognised by the entity that is the legal sponsor, and other participating entities
expense their contribution payable for the period.
Other employee benefits
Short-term employee benefits i.e. those that are expected to be settled wholly within
12months after the end of the annual reporting period in which the employees render
the related service are expensed as they are incurred, except for termination benefits.
The expense for long-term employee benefits, calculated on a discounted basis, is
usually accrued over the service period.
Termination benefits
A termination benefit is recognised at the earlier of:
the date on which the entity recognises costs for a restructuring in the scope of the
provisions standard (see3.12) that includes the payment of termination benefits; and
the date on which the entity can no longer withdraw the offer of the termination
benefits.
4.5 Share-based payments

Basic principles
Goods or services received in a share-based payment transaction are measured at fair
value.
Equity-settled transactions with employees are generally measured based on the grantdate fair value of the equity instruments granted.
Equity-settled transactions with non-employees are generally measured based on the
fair value of the goods or services obtained.
Equity-settled transactions with employees
For equity-settled transactions, an entity recognises a cost and a corresponding
increase in equity. The cost is recognised as an expense unless it qualifies for
recognition as an asset.
Initial estimates of the number of equity-settled instruments that are expected to vest
are adjusted to current estimates and ultimately to the actual number of equity-settled
instruments that vest unless differences are due to market conditions.
Cash-settled transactions with employees
For cash-settled transactions, an entity recognises a cost and a corresponding liability.
The cost is recognised as an expense unless it qualifies for recognition as an asset.
At each reporting date and at settlement date, the recognised liability is remeasured at
fair value. The remeasurements are recognised in profit or loss.
Employee transactions with a choice of settlement
Grants in which the counterparty has the choice of equity or cash settlement are
accounted for as compound instruments. Therefore, the entity accounts for a liability
component and a separate equity component.
The classification of grants in which the entity has the choice of equity or cash
settlement depends on whether the entity has the ability and intent to settle in shares.
Modifications and cancellations of employee transactions

Modification of a share-based payment results in the recognition of any incremental
fair value but not any reduction in fair value. Replacements are accounted for as
modifications.
Cancellation of a share-based payment results in accelerated recognition of any
unrecognised expense.
Group share-based payment arrangements
A share-based payment transaction in which the receiving entity, the reference entity
and the settling entity are in the same group from the perspective of the ultimate
parent is a group share-based payment transaction and is accounted for as such by both
the receiving and the settling entities.
A share-based payment that is settled by a shareholder external to the group is also in
the scope of the standard from the perspective of the receiving entity, as long as the
reference entity is in the same group as the receiving entity.
A receiving entity that has no obligation to settle the transaction accounts for the sharebased payment transaction as equity-settled.
A settling entity classifies a share-based payment transaction as equity-settled if it is
obliged to settle in its own equity instruments; otherwise, it classifies the transaction
as cash-settled.
Share-based payments with non-employees
Goods are recognised when they are obtained and services are recognised over the
period in which they are received.
4.6 Borrowing costs

Overall approach
Borrowing costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or
production of a qualifying asset generally form part of the cost of that asset.
Qualifying assets
A qualifying asset is one that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to be made
ready for its intended use or sale.
Borrowing costs eligible for capitalisation
Borrowing costs may include interest calculated under the effective interest method,
certain finance charges and certain foreign exchange differences.
Borrowing costs are reduced by interest income from the temporary investment of
borrowings.
Period of capitalisation
Capitalisation begins when an entity meets all of the following conditions:
expenditure for the asset is being incurred;
borrowing costs are being incurred; and
activities that are necessary to prepare the asset for its intended use or sale are in
progress.
Capitalisation ceases when the activities necessary to prepare the asset for its intended
use or sale are substantially complete.
SPECIAL TOPICS
5.1 Leases

Currently effective: IAS 17, IFRIC 4, SIC15, SIC27

Definition
An arrangement that at its inception can be fulfilled only through the use of a specific
asset or assets, and that conveys a right to use that asset or those assets, is a lease or
contains a lease.
Classification
A lease is classified as either a finance lease or an operating lease.
Lease classification depends on whether substantially all of the risks and rewards
incidental to ownership of the leased asset have been transferred from the lessor to the
lessee.
A lessee may classify a property interest held under an operating lease as an
investment property (see 3.4). If this is done, then the lessee accounts for that lease as
if it were a finance lease, measures investment property using the fair value model and
recognises a lease liability for future lease payments.
A lease of land with a building is treated as two separate leases: a lease of the land and
a lease of the building; the two leases may be classified differently.
In determining whether the lease of land is a finance lease or an operating lease, an
important consideration is that land normally has an indefinite economic life.
Lease classification is made at inception of the lease and is not revised unless the lease
agreement is modified.
Accounting for finance leases

The lessor derecognises the leased asset and recognises a finance lease receivable.
The lessee recognises the leased asset and a liability for future lease payments.
Special requirements for revenue recognition apply to manufacturer or dealer lessors
granting finance leases.
Accounting for operating leases
Under an operating lease, both parties treat the lease as an executory contract. The
lessor and the lessee recognise the lease payments as income/expense over the lease
term. The lessor recognises the leased asset in its statement of financial position; the
lessee does not.
Lessors and lessees recognise incentives granted to a lessee under an operating lease
as a reduction in lease rental income/expense over the lease term.
Sale-and-leaseback transactions
Immediate gain recognition from the sale-and-leaseback of an asset depends on
whether the leaseback is classified as a finance or as an operating lease and, if the
leaseback is an operating lease, whether the sale takes place at fair value.
Linked transactions
A series of linked transactions in the legal form of a lease is accounted for based on the
substance of the arrangement; the substance may be that the series of transactions is
not a lease.
5.2 Operating segments

Scope
An entity presents segment disclosures if its debt or equity instruments are traded in
a public market or it files, or is in the process of filing, its financial statements with a
securities commission or other regulatory organisation for the purpose of issuing any
class of instruments in a public market.
Management approach
Segment disclosures are provided about the components of the entity that
management monitors in making decisions about operating matters i.e. they follow a
management approach.
Such components (operating segments) are identified on the basis of internal reports
that the entitys chief operating decision maker (CODM) regularly reviews in allocating
resources to segments and in assessing their performance.
Aggregating operating segments
The aggregation of operating segments is permitted only when the segments have
similar economic characteristics and meet a number of other specified criteria.
Determining reportable segments
Reportable segments are identified based on quantitative thresholds of revenue, profit
or loss, or assets.
Disclosing segment information
The amounts disclosed for each reportable segment are the measures reported to
the CODM, which are not necessarily based on the same accounting policies as the
amounts recognised in the financial statements.
Because segment profit or loss, segment assets and segment liabilities are disclosed
as they are reported to the CODM, rather than as they would be reported under
IFRS, disclosure of how these amounts are measured for each reportable segment is
alsorequired.
Reconciliations between total amounts for all reportable segments and financial
statement amounts are disclosed with a description of all material reconciling items.
General and entity-wide disclosures include information about products and services,
geographical areas including country of domicile and individual foreign countries,
if material major customers, and factors used to identify an entitys reportable
segments. Such disclosures are required even if an entity has only one segment.
Comparative information
Comparative information is normally restated for changes in reportable segments.
5.3 Earnings per share

Scope
An entity presents basic and diluted earnings per share (EPS) if its ordinary shares or
potential ordinary shares are traded in a public market, or it files, or is in the process of
filing, its financial statements with a securities commission for the purpose of issuing
any class of ordinary shares in a public market.
Basic EPS
Basic EPS is calculated by dividing the earnings attributable to holders of ordinary equity
of the parent by the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during
the period.
Diluted EPS
To calculate diluted EPS, an entity adjusts profit or loss attributable to ordinary equity
holders, and the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for the effects of all
dilutive potential ordinary shares.
Potential ordinary shares are considered dilutive only if they decrease EPS or
increase loss per share from continuing operations. In determining whether potential
ordinary shares are dilutive, each issue or series of potential ordinary shares is
consideredseparately.
Contingently issuable ordinary shares are included in basic EPS from the date on which
all necessary conditions are satisfied and, when they are not yet satisfied, in diluted EPS
based on the number of shares that would be issuable if the reporting date were the
end of the contingency period.
If a contract may be settled in either cash or shares at the entitys option, then it is
presumed that it will be settled in ordinary shares and the resulting potential ordinary
shares are used to calculate diluted EPS.
If a contract may be settled in either cash or shares at the holders option, then the more
dilutive of cash and share settlement is used to calculate diluted EPS.
For diluted EPS, diluted potential ordinary shares are determined independently for
each period presented.
Retrospective adjustment
If the number of ordinary shares outstanding changes without a corresponding change
in resources, then the weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during
all periods presented is adjusted retrospectively for both basic and diluted EPS.
Basic and diluted EPS for both continuing and total operations are presented in
the statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI) with equal
prominence, for each class of ordinary shares that has a differing right to share in the
profit or loss for the period.
Separate EPS information is disclosed for discontinued operations, either in the
statement of profit or loss and OCI or in the notes to the financial statements.
Adjusted basic and diluted EPS based on alternative earnings measures may be
disclosed and explained in the notes to the financial statements.
5.4 Non-current assets held for sale and discontinued

operations

Currently effective: IFRS 5, IFRS 13, IFRIC 17
Held for sale: Classification

Non-current assets and some groups of assets and liabilities (known as disposal
groups) are classified as held-for-sale when their carrying amounts will be recovered
principally through sale.
Held for sale: Measurement and presentation
Assets classified as held-for-sale are not amortised or depreciated.
Non-current assets and disposal groups held for sale are generally measured at the
lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell, and are presented
separately on the face of the statement of financial position.
The comparative statement of financial position is not re-presented when a non-current
asset or disposal group is classified as held-for-sale.
Held for distribution
The classification, presentation and measurement requirements that apply to items
that are classified as held-for-sale are also applicable to a non-current asset or disposal
group that is classified as held-for-distribution.
Discontinued operations: Classification
A discontinued operation is a component of an entity that either has been disposed of
or is classified as held-for-sale.
Discontinued operations are limited to those operations that are a separate major line of
business or geographical area, and to subsidiaries acquired exclusively with a view to resale.
Discontinued operations: Presentation
Discontinued operations are presented separately on the face of the statement of profit
or loss and other comprehensive income (OCI).
The comparative statement of profit or loss and OCI is re-presented for discontinued
operations.
5.5 Related party disclosures

Identifying related parties

Related party relationships include those involving control (direct or indirect), joint
control or significant influence.
Key management personnel and their close family members are also parties related to
an entity.
There are no special recognition or measurement requirements for related party
transactions.
Disclosures
The disclosure of related party relationships between a parent and its subsidiaries is
required, even if there have been no transactions between them.
No disclosure is required in consolidated financial statements of intra-group
transactions eliminated in preparing those statements.
Comprehensive disclosures of related party transactions are required for each category
of related party relationship.
Key management personnel compensation is disclosed in total and is analysed by
component.
In certain instances, government-related entities are allowed to provide less detailed
disclosures on related party transactions.
5.6 Investment entities

Currently effective: IFRS 10, IFRS 12, IFRS 13, IAS 39
Overall approach
A qualifying investment entity is required to account for investments in controlled
entities as well as investments in associates and joint ventures at fair value through
profit or loss.
As an exception, an investment entity consolidates a subsidiary that provides
investment-related services or engages in permitted investment-related activities with
investees.
Qualifying investment entities
To qualify as an investment entity, an entity is required to meet three essential tests,
and is expected to have one or more typical characteristics.
The essential tests are as follows:
the entity obtains funds from one or more investors to provide those investors with
investment management services;
the entity commits to its investors that its business purpose is to invest for returns
solely from capital appreciation and/or investment income; and
the entity measures and evaluates the performance of substantially all investments
on a fair value basis.
The typical characteristics are as follows:
the entity has more than one investment;
the entity has more than one investor;
the investors are not related parties; and/or
the entity has ownership interests in the form of equity or similar interests.
Parents of investment entities

The consolidation exception is mandatory for the parent of an investment entity that
itself meets the definition of an investment entity.
The consolidation exception is not carried through to the consolidated financial
statements of a parent that is not itself an investment entity i.e. the parent is
nevertheless required to consolidate all subsidiaries.
Disclosures
An investment entity discloses quantitative data about its exposure to risks arising from
unconsolidated subsidiaries.
To the extent that an investment entity does not have typical characteristics, it
discloses the significant judgements and assumptions made in concluding that it is an
investment entity.
5.7 Non-monetary transactions

Currently effective: IAS 16, IAS 18, IAS 38, IAS 40, IFRIC 18, SIC31
Definition
A non-monetary transaction is an exchange of non-monetary assets, liabilities or
services for other non-monetary assets, liabilities or services with little or no monetary
consideration involved.
Exchanges of assets held for use
Exchanges of assets held for use are generally measured at fair value and result in the
recognition of gains or losses.
As exceptions, exchanged assets held for use are recognised based on historical cost
if the exchange lacks commercial substance or if fair value cannot be measured reliably
for either the asset received or the asset given up.
Barter transactions
Revenue is recognised for barter transactions unless the transaction is incidental to the
entitys main revenue-generating activities or the items exchanged are similar in nature
and value.
Donated assets
Donated assets may be accounted for in a manner similar to government grants unless
the transfer is, in substance, an equity contribution.
Transfers of assets from customers
Property, plant and equipment that is contributed from customers and is used to
provide access to a supply of goods or services is recognised as an asset if it meets the
definition of an asset and the recognition criteria for property, plant and equipment.
5.8 Accompanying financial and other information

Currently effective: IAS 1, IFRS Practice Statement Management Commentary
General
An entity considers its legal or regulatory requirements in assessing what information is
disclosed in addition to that required by IFRS.
Financial and non-financial information in addition to that required by IFRS is generally
presented outside the financial statements as accompanying information, but may be
presented within the financial statements if appropriate.
Types of financial and non-financial information
IFRS Practice Statement Management Commentary provides a broad, non-binding
framework for the presentation of management commentary.
Corporate governance disclosures
Although they are not required by IFRS, corporate governance disclosures may need to
be provided under local legal or regulatory requirements.
5.9 Interim financial reporting


Scope and basis of preparation

Interim financial statements contain either a complete or a condensed set of financial
statements for a period shorter than an annual reporting period.
Form and content
The following, as a minimum, are presented in condensed interim financial statements:
condensed statement of financial position;
condensed statement of profit or loss and other comprehensive income;
condensed statement of cash flows;
condensed statement of changes in equity; and
selected explanatory notes.
Items are generally recognised and measured as if the interim period were a
discreteperiod.
As an exception, income tax expense for an interim period is based on an estimated
average annual effective income tax rate.
Accounting policies
Generally, the accounting policies applied in the interim financial statements are those
that will be applied in the next annual financial statements.
5.11 Extractive activities

Currently effective: IFRS 6, IFRIC 20
Scope
Entities identify and account for pre-exploration expenditure, exploration and evaluation
(E&E) expenditure and development expenditure separately.
There is no industry-specific guidance on the recognition or measurement of preexploration expenditure or development expenditure. Pre-exploration expenditure is
generally expensed as it is incurred.
E&E expenditure
Each type of E&E cost can be expensed as it is incurred or capitalised, in accordance
with the entitys selected accounting policy.
Capitalised E&E costs are classified as either tangible or intangible assets, according to
their nature.
Stripping costs
Stripping costs incurred in the production phase of surface mining activities that
improve access to ore to be mined in future periods are capitalised if certain criteria
aremet.
Impairment
Some relief is provided from the general requirements of IFRS (see3.10) in assessing
whether there is any indication of impairment of E&E assets.
The test for recoverability of E&E assets can combine several cash-generating units, as
long as the combination is not larger than an operating segment (see5.2).
5.12 Service concession arrangements

Currently effective: IFRIC 12, SIC29

Forthcoming: IFRS 15, Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 38
Scope
IFRS provides specific guidance on the accounting by private sector entities (operators)
for public-to-private service concession arrangements.
The interpretation applies only to those service concession arrangements in which
the public sector (the grantor) controls or regulates the services provided, prices to be
charged and any significant residual interest in the infrastructure.
Operators rights over the infrastructure
For service concession arrangements in the scope of the interpretation, the
operator does not recognise public service infrastructure as its own property, plant
and equipment if the infrastructure is existing infrastructure of the grantor, or if the
infrastructure is built or acquired by the operator as part of the service concession
arrangement.
Items provided by the grantor
If the grantor provides other items to the operator that the operator may retain or sell
at its option, then the operator recognises those items as its assets, with a liability for
unfulfilled obligations.
Recognition of construction or upgrade revenue
The operator recognises and measures revenue for providing construction or upgrade
services by applying guidance for construction contracts and revenue for other services
in accordance with the general revenue standard (see 4.2).
Recognition of consideration receivable for construction or upgrade services

The operator recognises consideration receivable from the grantor for construction or
upgrade services including upgrades of existing infrastructure as a financial asset
and/or an intangible asset.
The operator recognises a financial asset to the extent that it has an unconditional right
to receive cash (or another financial asset) irrespective of the use of the infrastructure.
The operator recognises an intangible asset to the extent that it has a right to charge for
use of the infrastructure.
Subsequent accounting for financial and intangible assets
Any financial asset recognised is accounted for in accordance with the relevant financial
instruments standards (see section 7), and any intangible asset in accordance with the
intangible assets standard (see 3.3). There are no exemptions from these standards
foroperators.
Maintenance obligations and upgrade services
The operator recognises and measures contractual obligations to maintain or restore
infrastructure in accordance with the provisions standard (see 3.12), except for any
construction or upgrade element, which is accounted for by applying the guidance for
construction contracts (see 4.2).
Borrowing costs
The operator generally capitalises attributable borrowing costs incurred during
construction or upgrade periods to the extent that it has a right to receive an intangible
asset. Otherwise, the operator expenses borrowing costs as they are incurred.
5.13 Common control transactions and Newco

formations

Currently effective: Not explicitly covered, but IFRS 3, IFRS 10 and IFRIC 17 are relevant
Common control transactions

In our view, the acquirer in a common control transaction has a choice of applying
either book value accounting or acquisition accounting in its consolidated financial
statements.
In our view, the transferor in a common control transaction that is a demerger has
a choice of applying either book value accounting or fair value accounting in its
consolidated financial statements. In other disposals, in our view judgement is required
in determining the appropriate consideration transferred in calculating the gain or loss
on disposal.
In our view, an entity generally has a choice of accounting for a common control
transaction using book value accounting, fair value accounting or exchange amount
accounting in its separate financial statements when investments in subsidiaries are
accounted for at cost.
Common control transactions are accounted for using the same accounting policy to
the extent that the substance of the transactions is similar.
If a new parent is established within a group and certain criteria are met, then the cost
of the acquired subsidiaries in the separate financial statements of the new parent is
determined with reference to its share of total equity of the subsidiaries acquired.
Newco formations
Newco formations generally fall into one of two categories: to effect a business
combination involving a third party; or to effect a restructuring among entities under
common control.
In a Newco formation to effect a business combination involving a third party,
acquisition accounting generally applies.
In a Newco formation to effect a restructuring among entities under common control,

in our view it is first necessary to determine whether there has been a business
combination. If there has been, then the same accounting choices are available as for
common control transactions in consolidated financial statements.
If a Newco is used in a conditional initial public offering, then in our view the transaction
can be analysed in the same way as either a Newco formation to effect a business
combination involving a third party, or a Newco formation to effect a restructuring
among entities under common control.
FIRST-TIME ADOPTION OF IFRS
6.1 First-time adoption of IFRS


Forthcoming: IFRS 9, IFRS 14, IFRS 15, Amendments to IFRS 11
General requirements
IFRS sets out specific transition requirements and exemptions available on the firsttime adoption of IFRS.
An opening statement of financial position is prepared at the date of transition, which is
the starting point for accounting in accordance with IFRS.
The date of transition is the beginning of the earliest comparative period presented on
the basis of IFRS.
At least one year of comparatives is presented on the basis of IFRS, together with the
opening statement of financial position.
The transition requirements and exemptions on the first-time adoption of IFRS are
applicable to both annual and interim financial statements.
Selection of accounting policies
Accounting policies are chosen from IFRS effective at the first annual IFRS reporting
date.
Generally, those accounting policies are applied retrospectively in preparing the opening
statement of financial position and in all periods presented in the first IFRS financial
statements.
Mandatory exceptions
Retrospective application of changes in accounting policy is prohibited in some cases
generally, when doing so would require hindsight.
Optional exemptions
A number of exemptions are available from the general requirement for retrospective
application of IFRS accounting policies.
Disclosures
Detailed disclosures on the first-time adoption of IFRS include reconciliations of equity
and profit or loss from previous GAAP to IFRS.
6.2A Regulatory deferral accounts and first-time

adoption of IFRS

IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral Accounts is effective for annual periods beginning on or after
1January 2016. Early adoption is permitted, but an eligible entity can choose to apply
this interim standard only if it is a first-time adopter of IFRS after 30January 2014. The
standard does not affect other entities.
Overall approach and scope
The standard permits an eligible entity to continue to recognise and measure
regulatory deferral account balances in accordance with its previous GAAP when it
adopts IFRS i.e. to apply a grandfathering approach.
An entity is eligible to apply the standard only if it:
is subject to oversight and/or approval from an authorised body (the rate regulator);
accounted for regulatory deferral account balances in its financial statements
under its previous GAAP immediately before adopting IFRS; and
elects to apply the requirements of the standard in its first IFRS financial
statements.
Adoption of the standard is optional for eligible entities, but the decision to apply it
has to be taken in an entitys first IFRS financial statements.
The grandfathering approach does not apply to presentation. Regulatory deferral
account balances are presented separately from assets, liabilities, income and
expenses that are recognised in accordance with other IFRSs.
Application of other IFRSs
The normal requirements of other IFRSs apply to regulatory deferral account
balances, subject to some exceptions, exemptions and additional requirements that
are specified in the interim standard, including:
presentation of earnings per share both including and excluding the net movement
in regulatory deferral account balances;
application of the requirements of the impairment standard (see 3.10) to a cashgenerating unit that includes regulatory deferral account balances;
exclusion from the measurement requirements of the standard on non-current
assets held for sale and discontinued operations (see 5.4);
application of uniform accounting policies to the regulatory deferral account
balances of all of an entitys subsidiaries, associates and joint ventures in its
consolidated financial statements, regardless of whether such investees account
for those balances;
application of business combinations guidance, with an exception for the
recognition and measurement of an acquirees regulatory deferral account
balances;
additional disclosure requirements if an entitys interests in its subsidiaries,
associates or joint ventures contain regulatory deferral account balances; and
the option to use the deemed cost exemption on transition to IFRS for items of
property, plant and equipment or intangible assets that are, or were previously,
used in operations that are subject to rate regulation.
Disclosures
An entity provides disclosures that enable users of the financial statements to
evaluate the nature of, risks associated with and effects of rate regulation on an
entitys financial position, financial performance and cash flows.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
7.1 Scope and definitions

Currently effective: IFRS 7, IAS 32, IAS 39

Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Scope
The standards on financial instruments generally apply to all financial instruments. They
also apply to a contract to buy or sell a non-financial item if the contract can be settled
net in cash including if the non-financial item is readily convertible to cash unless
the contract is held for delivery of the item in accordance with the entitys expected
purchase, sale or usage requirements.
Financial instruments subject to scope exclusions include certain loan commitments
and financial guarantee contracts as well as financial instruments in the scope of other
specific IFRSs e.g. investments in subsidiaries and associates, insurance contracts
and employee benefits. However, certain investments in subsidiaries, associates and
joint ventures are in the scope of the financial instruments standards.
Definition
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one
entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Financial instruments include a broad range of financial assets and financial liabilities.
They include both primary financial instruments (e.g. cash, receivables, debt, shares
in another entity) and derivative financial instruments (e.g. options, forwards, futures,
interest rate swaps, currency swaps).
7.2 Derivatives and embedded derivatives


Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Derivatives
A derivative is a financial instrument or other contract in the scope of the financial
instruments standard, the value of which changes in response to some underlying
variable (other than a non-financial variable that is specific to a party to the contract),
that has an initial net investment smaller than would be required for other instruments
that have a similar response to the variable and that will be settled at a future date.
Embedded derivatives
An embedded derivative is a component of a hybrid contract that affects the cash flows
of the hybrid contract in a manner similar to a stand-alone derivative instrument.
A hybrid instrument also includes a non-derivative host contract that may be a financial
or a non-financial contract.
An embedded derivative is not accounted for separately from the host contract if it is
closely related to the host contract, if a separate instrument with the same terms as
the embedded derivative would not meet the definition of a derivative or if the entire
contract is measured at fair value through profit or loss. In other cases, an embedded
derivative is accounted for separately as a derivative.
7.3 Equity and financial liabilities

Currently effective: IAS 32, IAS 39, IFRIC 2, IFRIC 17, IFRIC 19
Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Classification
An instrument, or its components, is classified on initial recognition as a financial
liability, a financial asset or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of
the contractual arrangement and the definitions of a financial liability, a financial asset
and an equity instrument.
If a financial instrument has both equity and liability components, then they are
classified separately.
Gains and losses on transactions in an entitys own equity instruments are recognised
directly in equity.
Incremental costs that are directly attributable to issuing or buying back own equity
instruments are recognised directly in equity.
Dividends and other distributions to the holders of equity instruments are recognised
directly in equity.
Reclassification of instruments between liability and equity
The classification of an instrument is made at initial recognition and is not generally
revised as a result of subsequent changes in circumstances. However, a reclassification
between equity and liability or vice versa may be required in some cases.
Presentation
Treasury shares held are presented as a deduction from equity.
Non-controlling interests in the statement of financial position are classified as equity
but are presented separately from the parent shareholders equity.
7.4 Classification of financial assets and financial

liabilities


Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Classification
Financial assets are classified into one of four categories: at fair value through profit or
loss; loans and receivables; held-to-maturity; or available-for-sale. Financial liabilities
are categorised as either at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), or other liabilities.
The categorisation determines whether and where any remeasurement to fair value
isrecognised.
Financial assets and financial liabilities classified at FVTPL are further subcategorised
as held-for-trading (which includes derivatives) or designated as at FVTPL on
initialrecognition.
Reclassification of financial assets
Reclassifications of financial assets may be permitted or required if specific conditions
are met.
Financial assets may not be reclassified into the FVTPL category after initial recognition.
Reclassifications or sales of held-to-maturity assets may require other held-to-maturity
assets to be reclassified as available-for-sale.
Reclassification of financial liabilities
Reclassification of financial liabilities into and out of FVTPL is not permitted.
7.5 Recognition and derecognition


Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Initial recognition
Financial assets and financial liabilities, including derivative instruments, are recognised
in the statement of financial position when the entity becomes a party to the contract.
However, regular-way purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised either at
trade date or at settlement date.
Derecognition of financial assets
A financial asset is derecognised only when the contractual rights to the cash flows
from the financial asset expire or when the financial asset is transferred and the transfer
meets certain specified conditions.
An entity does not derecognise a transferred financial asset if it retains substantially all
of the risks and rewards of ownership.
An entity continues to recognise a transferred financial asset to the extent of its
continuing involvement if it has neither retained nor transferred substantially all of the
risks and rewards of ownership, and it has retained control of the financial asset.
Derecognition of financial liabilities
A financial liability is derecognised when it is extinguished i.e. it is discharged or
cancelled or expires or when its terms are substantially modified.
7.6 Measurement and gains and losses

Currently effective: IFRS 13, IAS39, IAS 18, IAS 21

Forthcoming: IFRS 9, IFRS 15
Measurement on initial recognition

On initial recognition, financial assets and financial liabilities are generally measured at
fair value plus directly attributable transaction costs if the instruments are not classified
as at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL).
Subsequent measurement
Financial assets are subsequently measured at fair value, except for loans and
receivables and held-to-maturity investments (which are measured at amortised cost)
and investments in unlisted equity instruments in the rare circumstances that fair value
cannot be measured reliably (which are measured at cost).
Changes in the fair value of available-for-sale financial assets are recognised in other
comprehensive income (OCI), except for foreign exchange gains and losses on
available-for-sale monetary items and impairment losses, which are recognised in profit
or loss. On derecognition, any gains or losses accumulated in OCI are reclassified to
profit or loss.
Financial liabilities, other than those classified at FVTPL, are generally measured at
amortised cost.
Changes in the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities at FVTPL are
All derivatives (including separated embedded derivatives) are measured at fair value
with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss.
Recognition of interest
Interest income and interest expense are calculated using the effective interest
method. The effective interest rate is calculated at initial recognition based on estimated
cash flows considering all of the contractual terms of the financial instrument but
excluding future credit losses. For floating rate instruments, the effective interest rate is
updated to reflect movements in market rates of interest.
Impairment of financial assets

An entity assesses whether there is objective evidence of the impairment of financial
assets not measured at FVTPL. When there is objective evidence of impairment, any
impairment loss is recognised in profit or loss.
Objective evidence of impairment arises from loss events that have occurred after initial
recognition of the financial asset that have an impact on the estimated future cash
flows of the asset.
For investments in equity instruments, a significant or prolonged decline in fair value
below cost is also objective evidence of impairment. Impairment losses on equity
instruments cannot be reversed.
Impairment is assessed individually for assets that are individually significant and
collectively for other assets. A collective assessment of impairment is also performed
for assets that have not been identified as impaired on an individual basis.
The measurement of impairment depends on whether a financial asset is measured at
amortised cost (i.e. classified as loans and receivables or held-to maturity) or classified
as available-for-sale.
7.7 Hedge accounting


Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Introduction
Hedge accounting allows an entity to measure assets, liabilities and firm commitments
selectively on a basis different from that otherwise stipulated in IFRS or to defer the
recognition in profit or loss of gains or losses on derivatives.
Hedge accounting is voluntary. However, it is permitted only when strict requirements
related to documentation and high effectiveness are met.
Hedge accounting models
There are three hedge accounting models:
fair value hedges of fair value exposures;
cash flow hedges of cash flow exposures; and
net investment hedges of currency exposures on net investments in foreign
operations.
Qualifying hedged items
Qualifying hedged items can be:
recognised assets or liabilities;
unrecognised firm commitments;
highly probable forecast transactions; or
net investments in foreign operations.
Qualifying hedging instruments

In general, only derivative instruments entered into with an external party qualify as
hedging instruments.
However, for hedges of foreign exchange risk only, non-derivative financial instruments
may qualify as hedging instruments.
Qualifying hedged risks
The hedged risk should be one that could affect profit or loss.
Effectiveness testing
Effectiveness testing is conducted on both a prospective and a retrospective basis. In
order for a hedge to be highly effective, changes in the fair value or cash flows of the
hedged item attributable to the hedged risk should be offset by changes in the fair value
or cash flows of the hedging instrument within a range of 80125 percent.
Discontinuing hedge accounting
Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively if:
the hedged transaction is no longer highly probable;
the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised;
the hedged item is sold, settled or otherwise disposed of;
the hedge is no longer highly effective; or
the entity revokes the designation.
7.8 Presentation and disclosures

Currently effective: IFRS 7, IFRS 13, IAS 1, IAS 32

Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Offsetting
A financial asset and a financial liability are offset only when the entity:
currently has a legally enforceable right to set off; and
has an intention to settle net or to settle both amounts simultaneously.
Disclosure objectives
An entity is required to disclose information that enables users to evaluate:
the significance of financial instruments for the entitys financial position and
performance; and
the nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments and how the entity
manages those risks.
Significance of financial instruments for financial position and performance
Specific disclosure requirements include information on:
carrying amounts and fair values;
items designated at fair value through profit or loss;
reclassification of financial assets between categories;
offsetting of financial assets and financial liabilities and the effect of potential netting
arrangements;
collateral; and
hedge accounting.
Nature and extent of risks arising from financial instruments

Disclosure of both qualitative and quantitative information is required.
Qualitative disclosures describe managements objectives, policies and processes for
managing risks arising from financial instruments.
Quantitative data about the exposure to risks arising from financial instruments is based
on information provided internally to key management. However, certain disclosures
about the entitys exposures to credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk arising from
financial instruments, and about transfers of financial assets, are required, irrespective of
whether this information is provided to management.
Fair value disclosures
Disclosure of fair value is required per class of assets and liabilities in a way that permits
comparison with carrying amounts.
7A Financial instruments: IFRS 9 (2013)

Forthcoming: IFRS 9
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments is not yet effective. It has a mandatory effective date of
1January 2018.
This chapter is based on the version of IFRS 9 published in November 2013 (IFRS9 (2013)).
On 24 July 2014, shortly before Insights into IFRS (and this overview) was finalised,
the IASB published the complete IFRS 9 that includes all three phases of the project to
replace IAS 39: classification and measurement, impairment and hedge accounting. For
further information, see kpmg.com/ifrs.
Scope
IFRS 9 will supersede IAS 39. IFRS 9 (2013) includes guidance on classification
and measurement, recognition and derecognition of financial assets and financial
liabilities and general hedge accounting.
IFRS 9 (2013) does not include the chapters on impairment of financial assets and
limited amendments to the guidance on the classification and measurement of
financial assets issued in July 2014 as part of the complete version of IFRS 9.
In addition, the IASB is working on a macro hedge accounting project that has been
carved out of IFRS 9.
Classification of financial assets
There are two primary measurement categories for financial assets: amortised cost
and fair value.
The IAS 39 categories of held-to-maturity, loans and receivables and available-for-sale
are eliminated.
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if both of the following conditions
aremet:
the asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in
order to collect contractual cash flows; and
the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise, on specified dates, to cash
flows that are solely payments of principal and interest.
All other financial assets are measured at fair value.

Entities have an irrevocable option to classify financial assets that meet the
amortised cost criteria as at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) if doing so
eliminates or significantly reduces an accounting mismatch.
Classification of financial liabilities
The classification requirements for financial liabilities in IFRS 9 are similar to those in
IAS 39.
Entities have an irrevocable option to classify financial liabilities that meet the
amortised cost criteria as at FVTPL similar to the fair value option in IAS 39.
Embedded derivatives
Embedded derivatives with host contracts that are financial assets in the scope of
IFRS 9 are not separated; instead, the hybrid financial instrument is assessed as a
whole for classification under IFRS 9.
Hybrid instruments with host contracts that are not financial assets in the scope of
IFRS 9 are assessed to determine whether the embedded derivative(s) are required
to be separated from the host contract using the same guidance as in IAS 39.
Reclassification
The classification of a financial asset or a financial liability is determined on initial
recognition.
Reclassifications of financial assets are made only on a change in an entitys business
model that is significant to its operations. These are expected to be very infrequent.
No other reclassifications are permitted.
Measurement
If a financial asset is measured at fair value, then all changes in fair value are generally
On initial recognition of an investment in an equity instrument that is not held

for trading, an entity has the irrevocable option, on an instrument-by-instrument
basis, to recognise gains and losses in other comprehensive income (OCI) with no
reclassification of gains and losses into profit or loss and no impairments recognised
in profit or loss. If an equity investment is so designated, then dividend income is
generally recognised in profit or loss.
There is no exemption that allows unquoted equity investments and related
derivatives to be measured at cost.
For financial liabilities designated as at FVTPL, a split presentation of changes in fair
value is generally required. The portion of the fair value changes that is attributable
to changes in the financial liabilitys credit risk is recognised directly in OCI. The
remainder is recognised in profit or loss. The amount presented in OCI is never
reclassified to profit orloss.
Hedge accounting
As under IAS 39, hedge accounting is voluntary. However, voluntary discontinuation
when the hedging criteria are met is prohibited.
As an alternative to hedge accounting, a new fair value option for certain credit
exposures is introduced.
The hedge accounting models fair value, cash flow and net investment hedges of
currency exposures remain unchanged from IAS 39.
Additional exposures compared with IAS 39 may be hedged items.
Additional items compared with IAS 39 may qualify as hedging instruments.
The hedged risk should be one that could affect profit or loss or OCI in the case of
an equity investment for which changes in fair value are presented in OCI. Additional
risks compared with IAS 39 may qualify as the hedged risk.
Effectiveness testing is conducted on a prospective basis only. IFRS 9 removes the
bright line effectiveness range of 80125 percent included in IAS 39 and instead
requires application of judgement to determine whether a hedge is effective.
Hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively if it ceases to meet the qualifying

criteria after the rebalancing for example:
the risk management objective for the hedging relationship has changed;
the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised;
there is no longer an economic relationship between the hedged item and the
hedging instrument; or
the effect of the credit risk starts dominating the value changes that result from
the economic relationship.
For a fair value hedge of the interest rate exposure of a portfolio of financial
instruments, an entity may apply the hedge accounting requirements of IAS 39
rather than IFRS 9.
INSURANCE CONTRACTS
8.1 Insurance contracts


Forthcoming: IFRS 9
Scope
An insurance contract is a contract that transfers significant insurance risk. Insurance
risk is significant if an insured event could cause an insurer to pay significant additional
benefits in any scenario, excluding those that lack commercial substance.
A financial instrument that does not meet the definition of an insurance contract
(including investments held to back insurance liabilities) is accounted for under the
general recognition and measurement requirements for financial instruments.
Financial instruments that include discretionary participation features are in the scope
of the standard i.e. existing accounting policies may be applied, although these are
subject to the general financial instrument disclosures(see7.8).
Generally, entities that issue insurance contracts are required to continue their existing
accounting policies with respect to insurance contracts except when the standard
requires or permits changes in accounting policies.
Changes in existing accounting policies for insurance contracts are permitted only if the
new policy, or a combination of new policies, results in information that is more relevant
or reliable, or both, without reducing either relevance or reliability.
The recognition of catastrophe and equalisation provisions is prohibited for contracts
not in existence at the reporting date.
A liability adequacy test is required to ensure that the measurement of an entitys
insurance liabilities considers all contractual cash flows, using current estimates.
The application of shadow accounting for insurance liabilities is permitted for
consistency with the treatment of unrealised gains or losses on assets.
Insurance contracts acquired in a business combination

An expanded presentation of the fair value of insurance contracts acquired in a
business combination or portfolio transfer is permitted.
Significant disclosures are required of the terms, conditions and risks related to
insurance contracts, consistent in principle with those required for financial assets and
financial liabilities.
APPENDIX I
New standards or amendments for 2014 and
forthcoming requirements
Since the September 2013 edition of this overview, a number of standards, amendments
to or interpretations of standards have been issued. This Appendix lists these new
pronouncements in issue at 1 July 2014, which were not yet effective for periods
beginning on 1 January 2013 and therefore may need to be considered for the first
time when preparing IFRS financial statements for an annual period beginning on
1January2014.
New currently effective requirements
Effective date
1 January 2014
1.
New standards or amendments
Chapter in this overview

(otherKPMGguidance)
Investment Entities (Amendments

to IFRS10, IFRS 12 and IAS 27) 1
5.6
(First Impressions: Consolidation
relief for investment funds)
Offsetting Financial Assets and

Financial Liabilities (Amendments
to IAS 32)
7.8
(First Impressions: Offsetting
financial assets and financial
liabilities)
Recoverable Amount Disclosures

for Non-Financial Assets
(Amendments to IAS36)
2.4, 3.10
(IFRS Breaking News)
Novation of Derivatives and

Continuation of Hedge Accounting
(Amendments to IAS39)
7.17.7
(In the Headlines Issue2013/13)
IFRIC 21 Levies
3.12
(In the Headlines Issue2013/09)
An illustration of the disclosures for investment funds that early adopt these amendments is available
in Appendix I of our publication Guide to annual financial statements Illustrative disclosures for
investment funds.
Forthcoming requirements
Effective date
New standards or amendments
KPMGguidance
Defined Benefit Plans: Employee

Contributions (Amendments to
IAS19)
In the Headlines Issue2013/20
Annual Improvements to IFRSs

20102012 Cycle 2
IFRS Newsletter:The Balancing

Items Issue 6
Annual Improvements to IFRSs

20112013 Cycle 2
IFRS Newsletter:The Balancing

Items Issue 6
IFRS 14 Regulatory Deferral

Accounts
Accounting for Acquisitions of

Interests in Joint Operations
(Amendments to IFRS 11)
Clarification of Acceptable Methods

of Depreciation and Amortisation
(Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS 38)
Agriculture: Bearer Plants

(Amendments to IAS 16 and IAS41)
1 January 2017
IFRS 15 Revenue from Contracts

with Customers
1 January 2018
IFRS 9 Financial Instruments
Inthe Headlines Issue2013/19
1 July 2014
1 January 2016
2. The amendments to IFRS 2 and IFRS 3 are applied to share-based payment transactions whose grant
date is on or after 1 July 2014 and to business combinations whose date of acquisition is on or after
1July 2014, respectively.

The amendment to IFRS 13 is applied from the beginning of the annual period in which IFRS 13 was
initially applied.
KEEPING YOU INFORMED

Visit kpmg.com/ifrs to keep up to date with the latest developments in IFRS and browse
our suite of publications. Whether you are new to IFRS or a current user of IFRS, you
can find digestible summaries of recent developments, detailed guidance on complex
requirements, and practical tools such as illustrative disclosures and checklists. For a local
perspective, follow the links to the IFRS resources available from KPMG member firms
around the world.
All of these publications are relevant for those involved in external IFRS reporting. The In
the Headlines series provides a high-level briefing for audit committees and boards.
Your need
Publication
series
Purpose
Briefing
In the Headlines
Provides a high-level summary of significant

accounting, auditing and governance changes
together with their impact on entities.
IFRS
Newsletters
Highlights recent IASB and FASB discussions on the

financial instruments, insurance and leases projects.
Includes an overview, analysis of the potential impact
of decisions, current status and anticipated timeline
for completion.
The Balancing
Items
Focuses on narrow-scope amendments to IFRS.
New on the
Horizon
Considers the requirements of consultation

documents such as exposure drafts and provides
KPMGs insight. Also available for specific sectors.
First Impressions
Considers the requirements of new pronouncements

and highlights the areas that may result in a change in
practice. Also available for specific sectors.
Insights into
IFRS
Emphasises the application of IFRS in practice and

explains the conclusions that we have reached on
many interpretative issues.
Application
issues
Your need
Publication
series
Purpose
Application
issues
(continued)
IFRS Practice
Issues
Addresses practical application issues that an entity

may encounter when applying IFRS. Also available for
specific sectors.
IFRS Handbooks
Includes extensive interpretative guidance and

illustrative examples to elaborate or clarify the
practical application of a standard.
Guide to financial
statements
Illustrative
disclosures
Illustrates one possible format for financial

statements prepared under IFRS, based on a fictitious
multinational corporation. Available for annual and
interim periods, and for specific sectors.
Interim
and annual
reporting
To start answering the question How can I

improve my business reporting?, visit kpmg.com/
betterbusinessreporting.
Guide to financial
statements
Disclosure
checklist
Identifies the disclosures required for currently

effective requirements for both annual and interim
periods.
GAAP
comparison
IFRS compared
to USGAAP
Highlights significant differences between IFRS and

US GAAP. The overview version provides a highlevel
briefing for audit committees and boards.
Sectorspecific
issues
IFRS Sector
Newsletters
Provides a regular update on accounting and

regulatory developments that directly impact specific
sectors.
Application of
IFRS
Illustrates how entities account for and disclose

sector-specific issues in their financial statements.
Impact of IFRS
Provides a high-level introduction to the key IFRS

accounting issues for specific sectors and discusses
how the transition to IFRS will affect an entity
operating in that sector.
For access to an extensive range of accounting, auditing and financial reporting guidance
and literature, visit KPMGs Accounting Research Online. This web-based subscription
service can be a valuable tool for anyone who wants to stay informed in todays dynamic
environment. For a free 15-day trial, go to aro.kpmg.com and register today.
Publication name: Insights into IFRS: An overview
Publication number: 131890
Publication date: September 2014
KPMG International Standards Group is part of KPMG IFRG Limited.
KPMG International Cooperative (KPMG International) is a Swiss entity that serves as a coordinating entity for a network
of independent firms operating under the KPMG name. KPMG International provides no audit or other client services.
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AUDIT COMMITTEE INSTITUTE

2 | Section or Brochure name

About the Audit

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 1

CONSISTENCY BUT ALSO RELEVANCE

Audit Committee Institute

2 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

2.1 Form and components of financial statements

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 3

Scope and definitions

4 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS PUBLICATION

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 5

Currently effective: IFRS Foundation Constitution, IASB and IFRS Interpretations

International Financial Reporting Standards

6 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

1.2 The Conceptual Framework

Currently effective: Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 7

2.1 Form and components of financial statements

Complete set of financial statements

8 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

Individual financial statements

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 9

2.2 Changes in equity

Currently effective: IAS 1

10 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

2.3 Statement of cash flows

Currently effective: IAS 7

Cash and cash equivalents

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 11

2.4 Fair value measurement

Currently effective: IFRS 13

12 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

Fair value hierarchy

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 13

Currently effective: IFRS 10, IFRS 12

Entities included in consolidated financial statements

14 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 15

16 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

2.6 Business combinations

Currently effective: IFRS 3, IFRS 13

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 17

Identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed

18 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

2.7 Foreign currency translation

Currently effective: IAS 21, IAS 29

Determining the functional currency

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 19

Foreign operations with the functional currency of a hyperinflationary economy

20 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

2.8 Accounting policies, errors and estimates

Currently effective: IAS 1, IAS 8

Selection of accounting policies

Insights into IFRS: An overview | 21

2.9 Events after the reporting date

Currently effective: IAS 1, IAS 10

22 | Insights into IFRS: An overview

Currently effective: IAS 21, IAS 29, IFRIC 7