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    General Characteristics

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    deman
    Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a key source of energy and for structural purposes in plants. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include hexoses like glucose and pentoses like ribose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction that releases water. Examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides and provide structure and energy storage. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides.

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    General Characteristics

    Uploaded by

    deman
    123 views24 pages
    Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a key source of energy and for structural purposes in plants. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include hexoses like glucose and pentoses like ribose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction that releases water. Examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides and provide structure and energy storage. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides.

    Original Description:

    carbs and their uses

    Original Title

    Carbs

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    Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a key source of energy and for structural purposes in plants. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include hexoses like glucose and pentoses like ribose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction that releases water. Examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides and provide structure and energy storage. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as KEY, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as key, pdf, or txt
    123 views24 pages

    General Characteristics

    Uploaded by

    deman
    Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a key source of energy and for structural purposes in plants. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include hexoses like glucose and pentoses like ribose. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharides bonded together via a glycosidic bond through a condensation reaction that releases water. Examples are sucrose, maltose, and lactose. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides and provide structure and energy storage. Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are examples of polysaccharides.

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    General characteristics

    the term carbohydrate is derived from the


    french: hydrate de carbone
    compounds composed of C, H, and O
    (CH
    2
    O)
    n
    when n = 5 then C
    5
    H
    10

    CARBOHYDRATES
    Living things use carbohydrates as a
    key source of
    ENERGY
    !
    Plants use carbohydrates for structure
    (
    CELLULOSE
    )
    include sugars and complex carbohydrates
    (starches)
    contain the elements carbon, hydrogen,

    General characteristics
    Most carbohydrates are found naturally in
    bound form rather than as simple sugars
    Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, inulin, gums)
    Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones, blood group
    substances, antibodies)
    Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
    Glycosides
    Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
    Nucleic acids

    Functions

    sources of energy
    intermediates in the biosynthesis of other
    basic biochemical entities (fats and proteins)
    associated with other entities in vitamins and
    antibiotics
    form structural tissues in plants and in
    microorganisms (cellulose)
    participate in biological transport, cell-cell
    recognition, activation of growth factors, modul
    the immune system

    Classification of
    carbohydrates
    Monosaccharides (monoses or glycoses)
    Trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses

    Oligosaccharides

    Di, tri, tetra, penta, up to 9 or 10


    Most important are the disaccharides

    Polysaccharides

    Complex carbohydrates

    Carbohydrates

    have the following basic composition:

    Monosaccharides
    - simple sugars with multiple OH groups. Based
    on number of carbons (3, 4, 5, 6), a
    monosaccharide is a
    triose
    ,
    tetrose
    ,
    pentose
    or

    Monosaccharides
    also known as simple sugars
    classified by the number of carbons
    most (99%) are straight chain compounds
    sugars have the ending
    ose
    (glucose, galactose, ribose, lactose, etc)

    Monosaccharides
    Aldoses
    (e.g., glucose) have an
    aldehyde
    group at one end.

    Ketoses
    (e.g., fructose) have a
    keto
    group, usually at C2.

    Monosaccharides (simple sugars)


    all have the formula C
    6
    H
    12
    O
    6
    all have a single ring structure
    (glucose is an example)

    Pentoses and
    hexoses can
    cyclize
    as the ketone
    or aldehyde
    reacts with a distal
    OH.

    Cyclization of glucose produces a new


    asymmetric center
    at
    C1
    . The 2 stereoisomers are called
    isomers
    ,

    Glycosidic Bonds

    The C1 hydroxyl and a hydroxyl of


    another sugar or some other compound ca
    together, splitting out water to form a
    glycosidic bond:
    H
    +
    HO
    -R'

    Disaccharides (double sugars)


    all have the formula C
    12
    H
    22
    O
    11
    sucrose (table sugar) is an example

    Disaccharides

    :
    Maltose
    , a cleavage product of starch (e.g.,
    amylose), is a disaccharide with an

    (1
    4)
    glycosidic
    link between C1 - C4 OH of 2 glucoses.
    It is the

    anomer (C1 OH points down).

    Other
    disaccharides
    include:
    Sucrose
    , common table sugar, has a glycosidic bond
    linking
    glucose
    &
    fructose
    .
    Lactose
    , milk sugar, is composed of
    galactose
    &
    glucose

    Polysaccharides
    Formed of three or more simple sugar
    units
    Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver
    & muscles
    Cellulose - indigestible in humans forms cell walls
    Starches - used as energy storage

    Polysaccharides

    :
    Plants
    store glucose as
    amylose
    or
    starch
    Amylose
    is a glucose polymer with

    (1

    Cellulose
    , a major constituent of
    plant cell walls
    , consists of long linear chains of glucose with

    (1
    4)
    linkages.

    Dehydration Synthesis
    Combining simple molecules to form a
    more complex one with the
    removal of water
    ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide
    ----> disaccharide + water
    (C
    6
    H
    12
    O
    6

    Hydrolysis
    Addition of
    WATER
    to a compound to
    SPLIT
    it into smaller subunits
    (also called chemical digestion)
    ex. disaccharide + H
    2
    O ---> monosaccharide +
    monosaccharide

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