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  • 00 - Pendahuluan Pesawat Angkat

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    Hasyim Maulana Abdul Malik
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    This document provides information on various types of cranes used in industrial and construction settings. It discusses overhead cranes, gantry cranes, jib cranes, mobile cranes, tower cranes, derricks, and their components and uses. It also covers crane safety hazards such as electrocution, tipping over, and rigging failures. Methods to control hazards include inspections, training, following load charts, and proper outrigger use. International standards organizations that issue crane safety standards are also listed.

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    00_pendahuluan Pesawat Angkat

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    This document provides information on various types of cranes used in industrial and construction settings. It discusses overhead cranes, gantry cranes, jib cranes, mobile cranes, tower cranes, derricks, and their components and uses. It also covers crane safety hazards such as electrocution, tipping over, and rigging failures. Methods to control hazards include inspections, training, following load charts, and proper outrigger use. International standards organizations that issue crane safety standards are also listed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    69 views43 pages

    00 - Pendahuluan Pesawat Angkat

    Uploaded by

    Hasyim Maulana Abdul Malik
    This document provides information on various types of cranes used in industrial and construction settings. It discusses overhead cranes, gantry cranes, jib cranes, mobile cranes, tower cranes, derricks, and their components and uses. It also covers crane safety hazards such as electrocution, tipping over, and rigging failures. Methods to control hazards include inspections, training, following load charts, and proper outrigger use. International standards organizations that issue crane safety standards are also listed.

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    of 43

    MS 416 Pesawat

    P
    t angkat
    k t

    MACAM-MACAM PESAWAT
    ANGKAT
    Tito Shantika, Meng
    Mechanical Engineering Department

    Prinsip dasar
    2

    Outline
    3

    Crane Hazards
    Crane types
    IIndustrial
    d t i l cranes
    Construction cranes
    Rigging (and sling angle)

    Controlling hazards
    Inspections and training
    Power lines
    Equipment failure and crane stability
    Other

    Crane Hazards
    4

    Over 250,000 cranes in operation


    125,000
    125 000

    in construction
    80,000 general and maritime

    80 fatalities per year


    ear
    One death per thousand crane operators in
    their working lifetime (45 years)
    Risk to citizens and other workers

    Causing accident
    5

    Electrocution

    39%

    Crane assembly/disassembly

    12%

    Crane upset/overturn

    7%

    Rigging failure

    7%

    Overloading

    4%

    Struck by moving load

    4%

    Manlifts

    4%

    Struck by counterweight

    2%

    Two-blocking
    Two
    blocking

    2%

    Hoist limitations

    2%

    Other

    6%

    A. Suruda,et al, Crane-Related Deaths in the U.S. Construction Industry, 1984-94

    Crane Types
    6

    "Industrial
    Industrial cranes
    cranes
    Overhead
    Gantry
    Jib

    "C
    "Construction
    t ti cranes
    Mobile
    Tower
    Derricks

    Industrial Cranes
    7

    Overhead Cranes
    Common

    in industrial facilities
    Supported by overhead rails
    Components
    Bridge
    B id
    Trolley
    Hoist
    Often

    pendant or remote operated


    Easy to use, little training required, no stability
    p
    problems

    Industrial Cranes
    8

    Gantry cranes
    Similar

    to overhead cranes,
    but supported by a mobile
    frame which travels on the
    g
    ground
    Smallll (1000 10,000
    S
    10 000 pound
    d
    capacity) gantry crane
    Large (600 ton capacity)
    gantry crane

    Industrial Cranes
    9

    Jib cranes
    Pivot

    mounted boom
    with trolley and hoist

    Floor-mounted
    Fl
    t d
    jib crane
    Wall-mounted jib crane

    Industrial Cranes
    10

    Power hoist
    Usually

    electric
    or air operated

    Chain hoist (or


    " h i fall")
    "chain
    f ll")
    Hand

    operated

    Construction Cranes
    11

    Tower cranes
    Variable
    height
    climbing
    cranes
    Used for
    b ildi
    building
    construction

    Construction Cranes
    12

    Mobile cranes
    Crawler

    cranes
    Truck cranes
    Hydraulic cranes
    Boom
    B

    telescopes
    t l
    May have jib
    Equipped with outriggers
    y
    for stability

    Hydraulic Cranes
    13

    Hydraulic Cranes
    14

    Construction cranes
    15

    Derricks
    Boom

    angle changes
    to adjust horizontal
    distance
    Often used
    sed in
    shipyards, building
    construction,
    t ti
    etc.
    t
    Gin

    pole
    Chicago boom
    Stiff-leg
    Etc.
    Etc

    Mine-shaft rescue using a


    gin
    i pole
    l d
    derrick
    i k iimprovised
    i d
    from an extension ladder
    Stiff l construction
    Stiff-leg
    t ti derrick
    d i k
    16

    H d
    Hay
    derrick
    i k
    17

    COM ON N CRANES
    COMPONEN
    C AN S

    Rigging
    19

    Rigging: The hardware


    and equipment used to
    safely attach a load to a
    lifti device
    lifting
    d i

    Wire rope

    Usually
    U
    ll a ""core"" member
    b tto
    increase flexibility
    Fiber Core (FC)
    Wire Strand Core (WSC)
    Independent Wire-rope Core
    (IWRC)

    Rigging
    20

    Fittings sheaves
    Fittings,
    Shackles
    Blocks
    Sockets
    Hooks
    May

    have safety latch

    Eyes
    Turnbuckles

    Rigging
    21

    Always use rigging to connect the load to the


    hook
    Materials
    Wire rope
    Fabric
    Chain

    Slings
    Straight (regular)
    Choker
    Ch k
    Basket
    Double,
    Double triple,
    triple etc.
    etc

    Rigging
    22

    Sling angle
    Stress
    St

    on sling
    li llegs
    varies with the angle
    Divide
    Di id the
    h lload
    db
    by the
    h
    number of sling legs,
    and divide by sin of the
    angle
    For

    a two-legged sling,
    2000 lb load and 60
    d
    degree,
    stress
    t
    = 1155 lb
    lbs
    on the sling leg

    2000 lbs
    1
    1155 lbs

    =
    2 legs sin 60
    leg
    2000 lbs
    1
    2000 lbs

    =
    2 legs sin 30
    leg

    L d Chart
    Load
    Ch t
    23

    Load charts inside


    the cab include
    Structural capacity
    and tipping limits for
    the crane
    Capacity
    p
    y is highest
    g
    for short radius over
    front loads with
    outriggers extended
    extended.

    Rad
    dius

    Load Chart
    Rear Over
    18.8
    18
    8'
    Boom

    24
    24'
    Boom

    65 600*
    65,600

    57,250*

    56,510*

    10

    50,760*

    49,230*

    12

    44,970

    15
    18
    20

    Over Side
    29.8
    29
    8'
    Boom

    18.8
    18
    8'
    Boom

    24
    24'
    Boom

    Over Front
    29.8
    29
    8'
    Boom

    65 600*
    65,600

    18.8
    18
    8'
    Boom

    24
    24'
    Boom

    29.8
    29
    8'
    Boom

    66 720*
    66,720

    57,250*

    56,510*

    61,150*

    56,510*

    47,060*

    50,760*

    49,230*

    47,060*

    52,520*

    49,230*

    47,060*

    43,250*

    41,310*

    45,540*

    43,250*

    41,310*

    46,390*

    43,250*

    41,310*

    33,180

    33,290

    33,350

    39,370

    37,090

    35,080

    39,620

    37,090

    35,080

    25,960

    26,250

    26,310

    27,540

    28,370

    28,490

    27,540

    32,471

    30,730

    22,940

    23,010

    22,910

    23,030

    29,820

    28,430

    25

    16 910
    16,910

    15 330
    15,330

    23 770
    23,770

    29

    13,030

    11,870

    16,750

    Preventing Crane Accidents


    25

    Dropped loads
    Operating anti-two block device (upper limit switch)
    Proper
    p rigging
    gg g
    Inspection

    Boom collapse
    Inspection
    Stable base
    No overloading
    No horizontal loading
    g

    Crushing by the counter weight

    Stayy awayy from the rear of the crane

    Preventing Crane Accidents


    26

    Proper outrigger use


    Level
    Fully

    extended
    Stable base
    Use
    U

    cribbing
    ibbi tto
    distribute the load

    Preventing Crane Accidents


    27

    Rigging failure
    Inspection
    Proper
    p use
    temperature, angles, etc.

    Falls

    Fall protection for


    f workers
    suspended by crane "man basket"
    or "suspended
    suspended work platform
    platform

    Outrigger Use
    28

    Outrigger
    with
    cribbing

    Links
    29

    Managing Mobile Crane Hazards


    http://www.elcosh.org/en/document/96/d000104/m
    h //
    l h
    / /d
    /96/d000104/

    anaging-mobile-crane-hazards.html

    Crane, Derrick, and Hoist Safety


    http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cranehoistsafety/index
    http://www osha gov/SLTC/cranehoistsafety/index

    .html

    Standard
    30

    ASME B30.5 Code of Safetyy Standards for Cranes


    (American Society of Mechanical Engineers)
    ANSI B 30.2 Safety Codes for Cranes, Derricks, and Hoists
    (American National Standards Institute)
    ANSI B30.5, Safety Code for Crawler, Locomotive and Truck
    Cranes
    Crane and Derrick Negotiated Rulemaking Advisory
    Committee (C
    (C-DAC)
    DAC) under the Negotiated Rulemaking Act
    (NRA), the
    Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act)
    Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA)

    American Society of Mechanical


    Engineers (ASME)
    These are the principle U.S. consensus standards.

    B30.1 Jacks

    B30 2 Overhead and Gantry Cranes


    B30.2

    B30.3 Construction Tower Cranes

    B30.4 Portal, Tower, and Pedestal Cranes

    B30.5 Mobile and Locomotive Cranes

    B30.6 Derricks

    B30.7 Base-Mounted Drum Hoists

    B30.8 Floating Cranes and Floating Derricks

    B30.9 Slings

    B30 10 Hooks
    B30.10

    B30.11 Monorails and Underhung Cranes

    B30.12 Handling Loads Suspended from Rotorcraft

    B30.13 Storage/Retrieval (S/R) Machines and Associated Equipment

    B30.14 Side Boom Tractors

    American Society of Mechanical


    Engineers (ASME) cont.

    B30.15 Mobile Hydraulic Cranes (withdrawnnow included in the latest edition of B30.5)
    B30.16 Overhead Hoists (Underhung)
    B30 17 Overhead and Gantry Cranes
    B30.17
    B30.18 Stacker Cranes
    B30.19 Cableways
    B30.20 Below-the-Hook Lifting Devices
    B30.21 Manually Lever-Operated Hoists
    B30.22 Articulating
    g Boom Cranes
    B30.23 Personnel Lifting Systems
    B30.24 Container Cranes
    B30 25 Scrap and Material Handlers
    B30.25
    B30.26 Rigging Hardware
    B30.27 Material Placement Systems
    B30.28 Self-Erect Tower Cranes

    Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)


    These are industrial consensus standards.
    J220 Crane Boom Stops
    J376
    3 6 Load-Indicating
    d d
    Devices in Lifting
    f
    Crane
    C
    Service
    S
    J765 Crane Load Stability Test Code
    J88
    J881 Lifting
    g Crane
    C a e Drum
    u and
    a d Sheave
    S eave Sizes
    S es
    J959 Lifting Crane, Wire-Rope Strength Factors
    J983 Crane and Cable Excavator Basic Operating Control Arrangements
    J987 Crane Structures Method of Test
    J1028 Mobile-Crane Working Area Definitions
    J1078 A Recommended Method of Analytically Determining the Competence of
    Hydraulic Telescopic Cantilevered Crane Booms
    J1289 Mobile-Crane Stability Ratings
    J1305 Two-Block
    Two Block Warning and Limit Systems in Lifting Crane Service
    J1939 Latticed Crane Boom SystemsAnalytical Procedure

    Australian Standard

    AS1418 Cranes, hoists and winches

    Canadian Standards Association (CSA)


    These are consensus standards.
    Z150 Mobile Cranes
    Z248 Tower Cranes

    Fdration Europene de la
    Manutention (FEM)
    These are European industrial consensus standards.
    FEM 1.001
    1 001 Rules
    R les for the Design of Hoisting
    Appliances
    FEM 1.004 Recommendation for the Calculation of
    Wind Loads on Crane Structures
    FEM 1.005 Recommendation for the Calculation of
    Tower Cranes Structures in Out
    Out-of-Service
    of Service
    Conditions
    FEM 1.007
    1 007 Recommendation
    R
    d ti to
    t maintain
    i t i tower
    t
    cranes in safe conditions

    International Standards Organization


    (ISO)

    ISO 2374 Lifting AppliancesRange of Maximum Capacities for Basic Models


    ISO 4301 Cranes and Lifting AppliancesClassification
    ISO 4302 Wind Load Assessment
    ISO 4304 Cranes Other than Mobile and Floating Cranes General Requirements for Stability
    ISO 4305 Mobile CranesDetermination of Stability
    ISO 4306 Vocabulary
    ISO 4308 Cranes and Lifting AppliancesSelection of Wire Ropes
    ISO 4309 Wire RopesCare, Maintenance, Installation, Examination and Discard
    ISO 4310 Test Code and Procedures
    ISO 7296 Graphic Symbols
    ISO 7363 Cranes and Lifting AppliancesTechnical Characteristics and Acceptance Documents
    ISO 7752 Lifting AppliancesControlsLayout
    Appliances Controls Layout and Characteristics
    ISO 8087 Mobile CranesDrum and Sheave Sizes
    ISO 8566 Cabins and Control Stations
    ISO 8686 Design
    D i Principles
    P i i l ffor LLoads
    d and
    d Load
    L d Combinations
    C bi ti

    International Standards Organization


    (ISO) cont.

    ISO 9373 Cranes and Related EquipmentAccuracy Requirements for Measuring


    Parameters During Testing
    ISO 9374 Information to Be Provided for Enquiries
    Enquiries, Orders
    Orders, Offers and Supply
    ISO 9926 Training of Drivers (Operators)
    ISO 9927 Inspections
    ISO 9928 Crane Driving Manual
    ISO 9942 Information Labels
    ISO 10245 Limiting and Indicating Devices
    ISO 10972 Requirements for Mechanisms
    ISO 10973 Spare Parts Manual
    ISO 11629 Measurement of the Mass of a Crane and Its Components
    ISO 11630 Measurement of Wheel Alignment
    ISO 11660 Access,
    Access Guards and Restraints
    ISO 11661 Mobile CranesPresentation of Rated Capacity Charts

    International Standards Organization


    (ISO) cont.

    ISO 11662 Mobile CranesExperimental Determination of Crane Performance


    ISO 11994 AvailabilityVocabulary
    ISO 12210 Anchoring Devices for In
    In-Service
    Service and Out
    Out-ofof Service Conditions
    ISO 12478 Maintenance Manual
    ISO 12480 Safe Use
    ISO 12482 Condition Monitoring
    ISO 12485 Tower CranesStability Requirements
    ISO 12488 Tolerances for Wheels and Travel and Traversing Tracks
    ISO 13200 Safety Signs and Hazard PictorialsGeneral Principles
    ISO 13202 Measurement of Velocity and Time Parameters
    ISO 14518 Requirements for Test Loads
    ISO 15442 Safety Requirements for Loader Cranes
    ISO 15513 Competency Requirements for Crane Drivers (Operators), Slingers, Signalers and Assessors
    ISO 15696 List of Equivalent Terms
    ISO 16880 Bridge
    B id and
    d Gantry
    G t CranesInternational
    C
    I t
    ti l St
    Standards
    d d ffor D
    Design
    i and
    dM
    Manufacturing
    f t i
    Requirements and Recommendations
    ISO 16881 Design Calculation for Rail Wheels and Associated Trolley Track Supporting Structure

    International Standards Organization


    (ISO) cont.

    ISO 19961 Safety Code on Mobile Cranes


    ISO 20332 Proof of Competence of Steel Structures
    ISO 22986 StiffnessBridge and Gantry Cranes
    ISO 23813 Training of Appointed Persons
    ISO 23814 Competency Requirements for Crane Inspectors
    ISO 23815 Maintenance
    ISO 23853 Training of Slingers and Signalers
    ISO 25599 Jib CranesInternational Standards for Design,
    Manufacturing Use and Maintenance Requirements and
    Manufacturing,
    Recommendations
    ISO 27245 Tower CranesInternational Standards for Design,
    M f
    Manufacture,
    Use and M
    Maintenance Requirements and
    Recommendations

    European Committee for


    Standardization (CEN)
    These are mandatory standards that must be adopted
    b all co
    by
    countries
    ntries in the EU.
    EU
    EN 13000 Mobile Cranes
    EN13001 General Design
    EN13852 Offshore
    Off h
    Cranes
    C
    EN
    N 14439
    9 Tower Cranes
    EN14492 Power-Driven Hoists and Winches
    EN14985 Slewing Jib Cranes

    Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS)

    JIS D6301 Safety Regulations for Cranes and


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