MODERN LOGGING PROGRAMS AND INTERPRETATION METHODS

by
R. p. Alger

To be presented at the
Formation Evaluation Symposium
November 21-22, 1960, University of Houston

MODERN LOGGING PROGRAMS AND INTERPRETATION METHODS

R. p. Alger

Recent logging developments have provided more dependable data for reservoir
evaluation. These new methods, ~bich include both resistivity and porosity measuring devices, have nOw been adequately checked against older techniques, core
analysi~and production results.
Their responses with respect to varied boreho~e and formation conditions are sufficiently understood to permit the proper
selection of legs for most efficient interpretation.
These devices, including the Induction Log (medium and deep), Laterolog,
Proximity Log, Sonic Log, and Gamma-Gamma Density, have largely solved the problems of thin-bed resolution and borehole effects. All are essentially focused
devices and have improved and predictable response where flushing or invasion
is a problem. Their uti1ity is such that any logging program today is likely to
include one or several of them. When detailed reservoir information is required,
where reservoir conditions are complex, and when wildcats or outposts are drilled,
the best available logging combination should be used.
The first and most important use of logs is to identify zones for testing or
further evaluation. Although the discussion to follow presupposes that logs will
provide complete information, it must be remembered that additional data, such as
sidewall cores, conventional cores, drill-stem and wire-line formation tests, and
cuttings, will assist in the final analysis.
The objectives of this paper are twofold: first, to discuss the new logs,
briefly indicating where each fits in the several families of logging devices,
and, second, to outline essential logging combinations or programs by mud and
formation type.
The basic requirements of any logging program should be:
1.

Correlation - the program should include curves that may be reliably

correlated with logs (sometimes old logs) from nearby wells. The SP,
Short Normal, and Gamma Ray curves are normally used for this purpose.
The Laterolog is often used in salt muds. The Sonic Log can give
unique correlations in carbonate reservoirs, evaporite sequences, or
in lignite or coal. l

2.

Depth control - the tops and bottoms of beds should be accurately

defined. Pad devices, such as the Microlog and Microlaterolog, pinpoint bed boundaries.

3. Net pay definition - the net thickness of the productive zones (the
sand count) is reqUired for recovery computations. The oldest, and.
still useful, method involves the SP. The modern combination of the
Microlog2 with a caliper gives maximum efficiency. Net pay may also

be determined by selecting a cut-off value for porosity logs (Sonic,

Neutron, or Gamma-Gamma).
4.

Location and evaluation of oil or gas shows - the first and most
important use of logs is to find zones worthy of further evaluation
or testing. After such zones are identified a more quantitative
evaluation, involving both porosity and fluid saturation, can be
effected.

All of the above listed uses of logs, are important; however, this paper
deals primarily with the location and evaluation of oil or gas shows. For this
purpose certain fundamental formation properties must be provided by the logging
program. The program must provide values of true formation resistivity, porosity, and formation water resistivity.
True Resistivity Determination
The true formation resistivity is required for a quantitative evaluation of
hydrocarbon saturation. Determination of true resistivity is accomplished by
one of three logging devices--the conventional Electrical Survey, the Induction
Log, or the Laterolog.
The conventional Electrical Survey can give approaches to Rt measurement
under favorable conditions: when the mud resistivity is not much lower than Rt,
when borehole size is known and is not very large, when the beds are thick and
have resistivities not sharply different from those of surrounding beds, and
when invasion is not excessive. These conditions are so rarely encountered in
normal practice that the use of focused devices is becoming essential where
reliable quantitative or qualitative interpretation is desired; as a result,
there is a steady shift from conventional Electrical Logging to Induction Logging in all parts of the country.
Choice of the Induction Log for fresh mud cases and of the Laterolog for
salt mud cases practically resolves all problems due to the borehole and bed
thickness. In regard to invasion, the performance of each tool is known for all
invasion ranges, so proper corrections can be applied. The extent of invasion
may be estimated on the basis of the rock type and porosity.4 More accuracy is
gained by using a suitable combination of resistivity curves. 5 Detailed studies
of these curves show that the invasion diameter can be quite variable, even in
the same zone; the variation in Di in sandstones seems to depend more on permeability than on porosity.
The Rt tool selection should be based on the levels of mud and formation
resistivities. The Induction Log is always preferred when Rt is less than 5
ohm-m. Conversely, the Laterplog is required when Rt exceeds 200 ohm-m. The
mud resistivity must always be considered in selecting the appropriateresistivity device ,for intermediate ranges of Rt These values refer to what is to
be measured in the reservoir rocks, not in the surrounding impermeable zones.
Porosity Determination (Direct Measurement)
Porosity information is essential for both qualitative and quantitative
evaluations. Porosity data are of course necessary for reservoir volume; they

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are equally important as a basis for saturation determinations. Sonic., Neutron,

and Gamma-Gamma Density Logs are more or less directly related to porosity:
Each has certain advantages and disadvantages.
Sonic

Gamma-Gamma

Neutron

Size

no effect

very small effect

must be accurately
known

Irregularity

large at boundary

large effect

large effect

Mud cake

no effect

small (except)
weighted mud)

some effect

Fluid type

no effect

very small effect

some effect

No fluid

not used

small effect

large effect

Clean rocks

need Vm

need grain density

usually no effect

Gypsum impurity

small effect

large effect

adversely affected

Shaliness

large effect, but

correctable
(shaly sands)

small effect

very large effect

no effect
(if invaded)

no effect
(if invaded)

gas may affect

too

high
(correctable)

small effect
(correctable)

too low for gas

5000'/hr.

3000' /hr.

1800'/hr.

Borehole

Lithology

Oil or Gas
Effect
In low

In high

Max. Recording
Speed

When rocks are composed of alternating beds of sandstone (or chert), limestone, dolomite, gypsum, or anhydrite, the problem of finding a correct porosity
can become very difficult. Sometimes the Gamma Ray can distinguish sandstones,
and thus will govern the Vm to be used on Sonic Logs. If matrix changes are not
too complex, the use of two of the porosity devices can yielg improved porosity
and also some lithologic information. Several cases are cited:

Sandstone-Limestone-Dolomite Beds. When Neutron deflection is plotted

against A~ from a Sonic Log, the grouping of the points permits lithologic identification.
This is due to the characteristic variations in matrix velocity and
possibly some matrix effects on the Neutron-. For such a plot the Neutron readings should be normalized to a single hole size. Actual porosity values should

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be obtained from the Sonic Log, using established ~t-porosity relations for the
lithology found. Illustrating this method is Figure 1, which is from the
Devonian section of a well in Utah. Core descriptions verified the lithologic
identification obtained from the plot.
Dolomite-Anhydrite or Dolomite-Limestone Mixtures. Actually, the Neutron
is theoretically sati~factory for these sequences. In some ca~es, better and
more detailed results are obtained when the Sonic and Gamma-Gamma Logs are compared. The difference ~n matrix effects is used to advantage. Figure 2 shows
porosity logs from a portion of the Montoya formation of New'Mexico, together
with a lithology-porosity chart involving Sonic and Gamma-Gamma data. An
assumption was made that anhydrite usually occurs in dolomite rather than in
limestone, so to this extent the chart is an approximaM:on. The points entered
on the chart are taken from the entire Montoya section and show an interesting
trend.
Porosity Determination (Indirect Measurement)
Porosity evaluation is often achieved by use of a resistivity device. The
formation factor (F) is determined, and it is converted to porosity through an
empirical formula. When saturation is to be computed, it is the F, rather than
porosity (), which is required; consequently, where F- relationship is in
doubt, F determination should be made from an appropr~ate device for the measurement of the resistiVity of the flushed zone (Rxo)'(
.
Formation factors can be found from two sources: 1) noninvaded waterbearing zones, 2) invaded zones. In both cases the fluid resistivity must be
known. In the invaded case, presence of residual hydrocarbons must be accounted
for. Usually for the invaded cases, one or more of the following devices are
used: Microlog, Microlaterolog, Proximity Log, Short Normal. Pad devices should
be used because of their superior vertical resolution and shallow penetration.
They measure Rxo, the flushed-zone resistiVity, when conditions are correct.
Microlog. To properly measure Rxo, an. invasion diameter (Di) of at least
16" is required (adequate invasion should be present if R16":::: 2 Ro in sa;ltwater sands drilled with fresh mud). Accurate values for mud resistivity are
needed for good results. When,porosities are low, results are no longer reliable.
Microlaterolo~~ This device requires slightly deeper invasion than does the
Microlog to measure Rxo. It is reliable in low porosities if the mud cake thickness does not exceed 1/4".

proximit~ Log.
This is not truly an Rxo tool, since an invasion diameter
of at least 0" is needed for the device to read Rxo It is'practically unaffected by moderate to high resi~tivity mud'cake~ Its true place is as an
auxiliary resistiVity measurement for invasion study in fresh mud. The ProximitySonic combination makes an excellent oil locator.
~

Short Normal (R16"). W~en invasion is moderate, as is frequently the case

in medium and low porosit~rocks, the Short Normal will yield an Ri value
(resistivity of the invaded zone). From this, porosity is found by the relation
= c JRm!Ri, where Rm is tge mud resistivity" and c is a function~of the SP and
presence or absence of oil.

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Source of Data on Rw
Much data on produced formation water has been assembled and is very helpful
to the log analyst. However, Rw can be quite variable in some regions; it- is
important to check it by $P analysis. Where no SP is available and where water
zones are present, use of a porosity device with an Rt device can provide a good
value for Rw. Sonic-Resistivity methods are particularly helpful for this. 9
The problem of recognizing or estimating static SP in shaly sand regions
can be solved if both Sonic and Gamma-Gamma Density are available. The latter
provides effective porosity if the sand is not too shaly, while the Sonic porosityl is too high by a factor of about (2 - a), where a is the SP shale reduction
factor. In clean sand the Sonic and Gamma-Gamma should yield the same porosity
value. Table I shows data from a South Texas well. The ratio of apparent
porosities is p19tted versus PSP, the trend being extrapolated to a ratio of
unity, where the SSP is read (see Figure 3). Curve A shows a trend for a complete range in shaliness. When the SP is greater than 30 mv., the trend seems
to be linear; Curve B is a replot of this portion of the data on an expanded
scale Remember that for proper use of the Gamma-Gamma Log, fuud cake thickness
and the extent of hole enlargement must be known, possibly from a microcaliper.
Logging Programs and Interpretation Methods
Choice of logging combinations depends on both the borehole and formation
environments. The former relates to the type of drilling fluid, the latter to
the type of porosity and to the salinity of the interstitial water.
Tpe selection of the appropriate interpretation methods depends a good deal
on the log combination used, so each method will be discussed along with the
example of the logs in each category. In these examples, we will assume that
location and evaluation of potential pay zones is the primary objective.
1)

Fresh Mud
a)

High Porosity Formations

These are sometimes called "soft" formations and typically their
porosity exceeds 25% Shale-free or "clean" formations are easiest both
to log and to interpret. The minimum recommended combination is the
Induction-Electrical Survey plus Sonic Log or Microlog.
In the example {Figure 4-A) from California, both the Sonic and the
Microlog are shown- Two methods of interpretation were applied: one
utilizing the Induction Log for Rt and the Sonic for porosity, the other
employing the ratio method with Rxo obtained from the Microlog and Rt
obtained from the Induction Log. Results are tabulated below:
Induction-Sonic

o:L

Induction-Micr~

~32

28%

30

29%

1.00

29%

75

38%

Zone

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Sand A is a gas producer; sidewall cores gave

permeability = 27 md.

28~

and

The Induction-Microlog interpretation yielded good results in the

pay zone but led to a high value of porosity in Zone B. In the latter
case the invasion was too shallow to yield a suitable flushed zone for
the Microlog to~'measure. The falsely high value of porosity led to
the computation of a low value of water saturation. In Zone A the
values of Rxo and Rt were similar; therefore, insufficient invasion did
not constitute a problem.
In moderately shaly sands logged with Induction and Microlog the
ratio interpretation method ll is quite effective if invasion is sufficient. When the shaliness increases so that only a very small PSP
exists, this method has poor resolution. Stud~es have shown that a
Sonic-Resistivity approach will qualitatively locate oil or gas shows
where the Microlog is not effective.
, In a recent paper 9 it was shown that Rwa (apparent water resistivity) can be computed from Rt and FS' an apparent formation factor
which is derived from the Sonic Log. The relation is Rwa = Rt/F.s and
it is solve4 by Chart 5-B. In clean water sands Rwa = Rw, in shaly
water sands Rwa may approach 2 Rw, and in shaly oil sands Rwa should
exceed 2 Rw Basing interpretation on knowledge of Rw is an uncertain
practice in shaly sand regions. Therefore, a study was undertaken to
see if use of the resistivity and the Llt in shale would help. When
pure shales are used to compute Rwa by the same method-as is used to
find Rwa in sands, the ratio of these two values qualitatively locates
shows. When Rwa (sand) - 1 the zone is of interest. When a can be
Rwa ( shale) ::::>
estimated, this ratio can be used to approximate SW' Figure 5-C was
prepared for this purpose. The dashed curve is provisionally used as
a critical line, such that points plotted above it may have shows. Any
point of interest should have some SP. Points falling to the left of
the ordinate scale indicate limey zones Use of the chart is illustrated by a South Louisiana well (Fig. 5-A). For this 12,000 ft. well
cLltsh was taken as 100. Commercial gas production was obtained from
the interval including levels 9 and 10. It appears that level 9 contributes most of the production, since it has higher porosity. Levels
11, 12, and 13 also probably contain gas or oil.
To. summarize for high porosity formations, the most effective log
combination which will locate potential pay zones consists of the
Induction-Electrical Log plus Sonic Log. When invasion is just right,
the Microlog may replace the Sonic, but even here very shaly sands may
be ,missed. For clean'or shaly sands the Sonic-Rwa technique should be
used for saturation; when Rw is properly known, sw~JRw7Rwa(sd)'
Porosity in shaly sand'13 requires determination of a both for tpe Sonic
and Micrologmethods. 'The Gamma-G~mma Density seems to give close to
effective porosity in not-too-shaly sands; corrections are required
only for the borehole and mud cake.
b)

Medium Porosity Formations

These are the "Mid-Continent" types and exhibit porosities in the
13 to 25~ range In this class we can have moderate to deep invasion,

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so the new deep investigation Induction-Electrical Log9 (6FF40) is

recommended. The Sonic Log is definitely the best source of porosity
information and does not require correction for compaction or fluid
effects. A mud-cake detector such a~ a caliper--or better, a Microlog-is advisable for location of permeable zones and for sand count.
When the 6FF40 log and the Sonic Log are used, the plotting method
gives a fast, visual interpretation. 9 When no trend to establish Vm
is seen, the control line (equal to Ro) can be quickly drawn from
knowledge of Rw and lithology.
Figures 6-A and 6-B show an application of the plotting method for
the Strawn formation. Here, the 6FF40 Induction device reads Ro in
some of the water-bearing zones (points 2, 5, and 7). The Rw value
computed from this plot (0.052) is close to the SP-derived value of
0.06. The invasion is eVidently not excessive as the Short Normal
leads to plots above FRz, the line representing moderately invaded
water zones. The exceptions are points 9 and 10 which contain shows.
Point 10 is definitely pay, since the Induction plot falls on a line
equal to 20 Ro and since the Short Normal plot is greater than twice
FRz The water saturation is computed to be 022.
Ratio methods of interpretation, when checked by porosity balance, .
are effective in these medium porosity zones The example interpreted
above by the plotting technique was also interpreted by the ratio
methods (see Fig. 7). After balancing, Sw is of the order of 0.21 to
0.25 (see Fig. 8).
The lower porosities of this class sometimes invade so deeply that
even the 6FF40 reads too high in water-bearing zones. An example of
this is taken from a well in Mississippi (Fig. 9) Taking the Induction
value as Rt and solVing the Archie Saturation formula leads to Sw = 0.47
The ratio method (using the Rocky Mountain Chart) provides Sw = 075
Since the sand is actually 100% water-saturated, the ratio method is
more diagnostic. The fact that no residual hydrocarbons are present is
confirmed by the Short Normal and PrOXimity Log reaalng approximately
the same while the Induction reading is significantly lower.
This example points to the difficulty in log analysis when Rmf /Rw >10
and invasion is very deep. For oil zones in this well, interpretation
is straightforward, since Ri and Rt values are fairly close.
For maximum refinement in determining Sw and for studying invasion
effects, a suite of focused resistivity 10gs,5 popularly called the
"Grand Slam," is available. In terms of increasing penetration, they
include a Proximity Log, a Laterolog with shallow investigation, a
medium Induction Log (5FF40), and a deep Induction Log (6FF40). The
Sonic Log is also vital for porosity control. With the additional resistivity curves the effects of invasion may be more precisely determined
and accounted for. This is particularly beneficial when unusual invasion
conditions, such as inefficient flushing or annulus, exist.
Figure 10, from the Texas Panhandle, shows the set of resistivity
curves that were obtained on three trip,sinto the borehole. All are

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recorded on a logarithmic scale. A detailed analysis of these logs is

beyond the scope of this paper; however, results were obtained and are
presented below:
Zone
A
B

Remarks

Rxo!Rt
23
60"

100

15

37

Inefficient flushing
Annulus present

If deep invasion is a problem, hydrocarbons can be located by using

an invaded resistivity value plus the Sonic Log.9 Since the filtrate
resistivity is known from mud samples, the resistivity from a Microlaterolog, Proximity Log, or Short Normal will give an apparent formation factor, FR, which is compared to the FS from a Sonic Log. When the
ratio FR!FS is greater than one, shows of oil should be present. If the
SP is very high, ratios less than this may still be significant. The
FR!FS ratio method has been very successful in tight sandstones with
small sp. 1 3
.
c)

Low Porosity Formations

When low porosity reservoirs are predominantly of a granular type
and Rw is low, the best logging combination is 6FF40 with Sonic. The
Microlog gives a clear picture of net pay, whereas the caliper and SP
are not as easy to use for this purpose. Interpretation methods are
those found under medium porosity, except the ratio method requires
replacement of the 16" normal by the Laterolog-8, a new Ri device run
with the 6FF40 Induction Log. Although the Laterolog-8 has slightly
shallower penetration than the Short Normal, it can be used uncorrected
as the Ri value in the Rocky Mountain Method Chart (Fig. 7) with very
satisfactory results.
When secondary porosity is predominant in these reservoirs, the
pay section can have very high resistivity. In such cases invasion
into the matrix is usually limited, so the choice of tools should
take this into account. The combination Gamma Ray-Neutron-Laterolog-3
is recommended for carbonates in this class. The Laterolog will not
read true resistivity in the water zones (Ro), but the Rt values in
the pay should be good.
An example of this (Fig. 11) is from the Abo trend in New Mexico.
The presence of considerable anhydrite complicates the use of a Sonic
Log; however, the Neutron does a good job for porosity. The water contact is easily seen on the log. For saturation interpretation use the
Archie Method, with the Neutron porosity having been converted to
formation factor by a high U m" exponent of the order of 2.2.

d)

Fresh Formation Waters

In some regions, particularly in mountainous areas, the formation
waters can be fresh. This complicates SP analysis and also produces
very high resistivities in pay zones. A typical example (Fig. 12-A)

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is the Tensleep sandstone of Wyoming. Minimum logs required are Laterolog,

Gamma Ray, Sonic, and a permeability indicator such as the Midrolog.
Interpretation is by Sonic-Resistivity plotting (Fig. 12-B).
The producing level is at point 12, where the plotting technique
indicates the Sw = 0.22 and the porosity is approximately 20%. Perforations from 3362-77', after a small acid job and sand frac, yielded
630 BOPD, 163 gravity, 11% water. With low gravity oils a very low Sw
is required, probably less than 35%, to keep the water cut reasonable.
Agreement of the Sonic Log with core-analysis porosity is good except for
a dolomitic section at level 6. One of the weaknesses in the singleresistivity-curve method is lack of means to recognize, or correct for,
deep invasion. This can sometimes be done by using a Microlaterolog,
but the possibility of mud cake influence must be recognized. Proximity
Logs should be helpful.
In summary, for fresh mud logging the deep Induction is the best Rt tool
except when formation resistivities become too high. For porosity, the basic
tool,is the Sonic Log; in some cases the Neutron or the Gamma-Gamma may be preferable, and in others, two porosity devices are required for good results. The
most universal log analysis method is Sonic-Resistivity plotting or a modification of it, such as the Rwa fluid comparison method For problems related to
invasion a resistivity ratio method is often safer, especially when followed by
a porosity balance or checked with additional resistivity spacings. When the
complete ,set of logs which comprises the "Grand Slam" is run, the type and depth
of invasion, as w~ll as values for. porosity and water saturation, may be obtained.
2)

Salt Muds

A completely satisfactdry definition of a salt mud cannot be made. In

general, either of two conditions can give some limits: 1) salt concentration
equal to or above sea water; 2) the resistivity of the filtrate is close to or
less than formation water resistivity. The former gives borehole effects on
some devices (e.g., 5FF40, Microlog, SP, Short Normal, etc.); the latter tends
to give Rxo~Ro in water zones and Rxo<Rt in oil zones, thus producing invasion
effects opposite to those which occur in fresh muds.
a)

High'Porosity
The 6FF40 Induction-Electrical Survey is the best Rt device in
such conditions. Even with salt-saturated muds the borehole signal is
negligible. The response is better than that of the Laterolog in spite
of conditionswhere Rxo < Rt
Micrologs are often poor in salt muds, so a Sonic Log is safer for
porosity control. Also, a Gamma Ray can be simultaneously run with it
to give sand-shale identification. The SP is often reversed; it is
usable if Rmf ~ Rw. The Gamma Ray will be of added utility for correlation with perforating depth control logs.
Figure 13 shows a section beneath a salt overhang, shown on the
logs by the very high resistivity and the constant Sonic reading of
69 ~ec./ft. The SP is reversed (recording polarity was changed to

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give the usual SP appearance). The porosity in the pay zone is found
to be between 26 and 33~; the Sw is as low as 0.24 near the top of the
sand. Note that the Micrologqualitatively shows the oil/water contact,
but its interpretation would be rather difficult.
b)

Medium and Low Porosity

In salt muds the Sonic plotting method is highly advantageous since
invasion does not appreciably affect water-zone rerastivities. Figs.
l4-A and l4-B show the application of this method.
Here Rmf:::: Rw,
the ideal situation. Note that the Microlaterolog gives the required
control for the FRw line, possibly due to better thin-bed matching with
the l-foot Sonic. The pay zone is easily picked; points 7, 8, 9, and
10 are included. Production of 113 BOPD was obtained from this zone.
For accurate values of Sw the Laterolog values should be cor~ected for
invasion. Using the correction method shown as Chart 4 in the Williston
Basin reference,4 the estimated values of Rt are plotted as XIS on
Fig. l4-B. Sw should be taken from these new values.
Other popular salt-mud combinations are the Gamma Ray-Neutron +
Laterolog or Laterolog + Microlaterolog. An example from Kansas (Fig.
15) provides a study of the use of all these devices. Table II gives
the data and results. The interval 4291 to 4326 ft. is Mississippian
conglomerate. When the porosity index (PI) from the Microlaterolog,
uncorrecte~ for reSidual oil saturation (ROB), is compared with the
Neutron porosity (N), the percent ROS can be found. The upper three
levels in Table II show N <PI, a definite indication of gas. In the
bottom, the N PI, showing the l'arge ROO.
Sw is found in two ways. First, use the Microlaterolog/Laterolog
ratio in a chart similar to Fig. 4-B, using a nom~nal invasion correction
of 3d. The results of ~his flushed zone method show an apparent water
contact at 4316 ft. Second, application of the Archie Method based on
N for F and the Laterolog reading for Rt gives a true picture of Sw
in the oil pay, but not in the gas pay. The fact is, there is no way
of accurately computing the porosity in the gas section from this combination of logs. Addition of a Sonic Log would have permitted this.
The function of the Neutron would be for gas location and that of the
Microlaterolog to stUdy flushing and to provide a good basis for invasion correction of the Laterolog. Zones A and B were produced together,
making 64 BOPD and 500 Mcf/D . g'a~
The Viola section "c" was perforated and made"mostly salt water.
While the interpretation shows this, the Neutron has poor resolution
in such high porosity and the Sonic Lbg is preferable. Note that the
Microlaterolog scale and the Laterolog ~onductivity scale were changed
for this section. The Laterolog is very good for measuring low Rt in
salt mud and with the addition of the Sonic Log is the preferred logging program in "chat" reservoirs

3)

Oil, Oil-Base, or Inverted-Oil-Emulsion Muds

Since these fluids are nonconductive, the only way to obtain Rt is by

Induction Logging. Invasion or borehole effects are no prOblem, so that
Rt is read very accurately. For porosity, the Sonic, Neutron, or GammaGamma may be used. For interpretation, the Sonic-Resistivity methods
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are so effective that the Sonic Log becomes the preferred porosity tool. A
Gamma Ray is required to identify shales. Figure 16 shows logs from a shaly
sand in California. Levels 3, 4, and 5 show Rwa values well above those from
shale levels, thus indicating pay. This section produces gas. Corrections
on porosity for shaliness by using the Gamma Ray could be made, following an
empirical study somewhat as is being done for the Delaware Sand. 15

4)

Empty or Gas-Drilled Holes

Here the problems are similar to those of oil-base mud, in that the Induction
is the only Rt tool a~d it is unaffected by the hole or invasion. For porosity
onl~radiation tools can be used, and the Gamma-Gamma device has been found to
be best except where the hole caves slightly. Since the caves usually occur in
shale, this is not too important; but it does mean that a caliper should be run
The temperature log is very helpful in locating the producing interval. l 6
Figure 17-A shows'typical logs for such holes.
Quantitative interpretation in gas reservoirs is accomplished by a combination chart, such as shown as Figure 17-B. A correction for gas is automatically made on the Gamma-Gamma by relating iit to percent liquid saturation.
Knowledge of lithology and Rw are important and cannot be obtained directly from
logs. Assuming that Rw = 0.2 and the formation is composed only of silica,
levels A and B are plotted. The temperature c~rve confirms the presence of
producible gas at level A, where Sw = 0.25 and = 13~
Permeability
Direct measurement of the very important parameter of permeability cannot
be accomplished with eXisting logging devices. There are, however, many
approaches to the recognition of the existence of permeability. Under most conditions the Microlog-Caliper indicates permeability by detecting the. presence
of filter cake.
The SP curve has long been used to locate permeable zones; however, it is
well to remember that this curve responds to ionic rather than to hydraulic
permeability. Careful analysis of curve shapes is necessary to use the curve
for this purpose.
Whenever curve separation (not due to hole or bed thickness effects) exists.
on resistivity logs, it is obvious that invasion has taken place. Such separation thus indicates that at least some hydraulic permeability exists.
Where permeability is rather low, analysis of pressure bUild-up from the
Formation Tester,3 can give permeability ranges.
When permeability values are available, they may be,used to better predict
production on the basis of computed Sw and porosity figures.
If the zone has principally a granular type of porosity, the Sw and should
be plotted on a permeability chart lO (Fig. 19). If the permeability shown is
reasonable, or close to known values, the zone,shpuld produce clean 9il. 'If the
chart value of k is much too low, a transition zone is suggested. If,the chart
value is much too high (e.g., by a factor of 10), the zone likely contains gas.
The interpretation of the log on Figure 4-A may be checked by this technique.
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Summary
The appropriate usage of tools can be recapitulated as follows:
POROSITY
SINGLE TOOL APPLICATIONS

I
S on1.c

Neu t ron

Gamma-Gamma

Micro;

Oil

Micro 1atero 1 og

Prox1.mi;y
t
L og

Basic
porosity
tool in
most
types of
lithology

Low matrix
plus
secondary

Empty hole

For some
anhydritedolomite
formations

Shaly sands

If inva.sion adequate, can be

used as porosity tools.

Shallow sands
Hig~

sd.

Med-low

Med-low

Shaly sd.

Salt mud

Fresh mud

Permeability
location

To correct
Laterolog

Di indication

other Uses
Integrated
travel
time

Gas indicator

Geophysical
(Density)

MULTIPLE TOOL APPLICATIONS

Sonic + Microlaterolog or Proximity Log - - Plotting to find Vm, FR/Fs method,
study of flushing
Sonic + Neutron - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gas location,
beds
Sonic + Gamma-Gamma - - - - - - - - - - -- -

II.

in

sandstone-carbonate

in
in

anhydrite-carbonate mixtures
sandstone-limestone mixtures
Estimation of compaction corrections
Estimation of SSP

TRUE RESISTIVITY
Deep investigation Induction
Fresh mud--all formations if Rt< 200 in pay zones
Salt mud--high porosity formation
Standard Induction devices
Empty hole, oil-base mud
High porosity in fresh mud
Laterolog
Salt mud--all formations
Fresh mud--high resistivity, Rt > 200

- 12 -

INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES APPLICATION

III .

Sonic-Resistivity plots
Salt mud
Fresh mud--medium and low porosity
Oil-base mud
Sonic-Resistivity comparison
Rwa Method---high and medium ; shaly sl:!-nds (any hole fluid)
FR/Fs--medium and low (if SP< 100 mv.)
Gamma-Gamma Density-Induction
Gas-filled holes
ResistiVity Ratio Methods
Flushed Zone (Rxo/Rt) Method--shaly sands
Rocky Mountain Method + Porosity Balance--medium and low

Often several porosity classes, formation water changes, or diffe+ent

lithologies are present in the same hole. For such cases care must be taken to
choose the proper logs; sometimes additional logs will be essential. When rank
wildcats are to be logged, a complete logging program is especially important to
insure full evaluation of all possible intervals before the well is plugged or
cased. Location of noncommercial shows can point the way to an oil or gas field.
To do this, a combination of refined logging todls and careful interpretation--the
ultimate of which is the Grand Slam technique--are vital. Finally, in proven
fields the essential logs will produce data on reserves and for geology and will
prOVide a basis for correlating all engineering information.
Acknow~edgements

The author acknowledges the able assistance of W. P. Biggs and F. Segesman

in the preparation of this paper. The courtesy of oil companies which released
log data for illustration of this paper is appreciated.

- 13 -

LOGGING SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols
Rmf

Rxo
Rw
Ro
Rz

Ei

R16 c

Rt
F

FS
FR
m

PI
Vm
.6t
Rwa
SSP
PSP

a
Di
d

Sw

Resistivity of mud filtrate

Resistivity of flushed zone
Resistivity of formation water
True resistivity of zone when completely filled with formation water
Resistivity of a mixture of filtrate and formation water
Average resistivity of the invaded zone
Apparent resistivity from 16n normal, after borehole and bed corrections
True formation resistivity
Formation resistivity factor
An F derived from Sonic Log
An F derived from a Resistivity Log
Cementation exponent
Porosity: percentage of pore space
Porosity index: computed apparent porosity without residual oil correction
Matrix velocity: acoustic velocity of rock at zero porosity
Acoustic travel time in ~sec. per foot
Apparent fluid resistivity from Sonic-Resistivity Logs: Rwa = Rt/Fs
Static spontaneous potential in thick shale-free permeable zones
Pseudo static SP: Value of SP obtained in thick shaly sands
SP reduction factor: PSp/SSp
Average electrical equivalent diameter of invaded zone
Diameter of the borehole
Formation water saturation, fractional portion of pore space

Abbreviations of Logging Curves

IL
SN
LL
ML
MLL
PL
GR
1-1

N
SL

Induction Log
Short Normal
Laterolog
Microlog
MicroLaterolog
Proximity Log
Gamma Ray Log
Gamma-Gamma Density Log
Neutron Log
Sonic Log

TABLE I

SP deflection compared to apparent porosities from Sonic and Gamma-Gamma Density Logs - South Texas
(See Fig. 3)
Depth

SP

Sonic
6t

Sonic
Porosity

Density Log
(cps)

Density Log
Porosity

Ratio of Apparent
Porosities (s.!.,-7)

8445

79

175

420

45

39

70

75

145

450

55

2.63

8532

40

825

203

620

150

135

52

45

82

198

650

163

1.21

60

50

81

190

660

170

1.12

95

50

85

22.0

750

205

1.07

99

55

825

203

740

20.0

1.02

8625

36

825

203

635

155

131

62

32

86

22.8

630

153

1.49

90

36

825

203

600

145

1.40

8705

47

83

20.8

675

16.7

1.25

80

20

81

190

530

110

1.83

8820

76

153

430

50

305

30

15

75

145

450

55

2.60

53

50

80

183

690

185

1.02

TABLE II
Data and Results for Laterolog-MicroLaterolog and Laterolog-Neutron Interpretation - Edwards County, Kansas
(See Fig. 15)
Neutron
cps

by
Neutron

Laterolog-3
Value

4291-94

1000

8.0

165

94-96

980

8 5

96-00

1100

4302-06

Porosity
Index

Residual Oil
Saturation i

70

8.6

(0

.43

53

12.0

65

8.8

(0

50

50

55

17 5

10.0

73

<0

52

.83

830

14.8

45

30

130

12

58

58

06-12

900

115

8.0

6.0

92

20

.65

57

12-14

870

130

55

50

10.1

22

.80

.64

Depth

MicroLaterolog
Value

Sw, Based On
Flushed Zone
Archie (Neutron)

"-

14-16

790

170

30

2.0

155

58

58

16-18

870

130

20.0

250

54

56

1.00

36

18-20

760

190

50

50

10.1

47

90

.45

20-24

800

16,5

70

6,5

8.8

47

.80

.45

24-26

730

21.0

2.8

25

14.0

33

.80

58

670

270

075

0.6

270

90

90

Viola
(43 65)

~N - PIndex 'fo
N
Laterolog-3 corrected for Di

ROS

R~

Rmf

= 100

= Q.044

when ROS < 30'f0

at 110 0 in Miss., 0.057 in Viola

= 0.058

Levels

= 3d

at 110

include~

for production

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

REFERENCES

1.

Tixier, M P., Alger, R. p. and Doh, C. A.:

AIME (1959) 216, 106.

"Sonic Logging,lI Trans.,

2.

Doll, H G.: liThe Microlog - A New Electrical Logging Method for Detailed
Determination of Permeable Beds," Trans., AIME (1950) 189, 155.

Finklea, Ernest E: "Formation Testing on Logging Cable - New Applications

in Consolidated Formations," API Spring Meeting, Amarillo, April 22, 1959.

4.

McVicar, B M, Heath, J. L. and Alger, R. p.: "New Logging Approaches for

Evaluations of Carbonate Reservoirs;" First Williston Basin Symposium.

Doll, H G, Dumanoir, J. L. and Martin, Maurice: "Suggestions for Better

Electrical Log Combinations and Improved Interpretations," Geophysics,
Vol. 25 No.4, Aug. 1960, p. 854.

6.

Chambliss, G. F: "Devonian Lithology Identification utilizing Porosity

Logs," Four Corners Geological Society ThirdField Conference, Moab, Utah,
Oct. 5, 1960.

7.

Chombart, L. G: "Well Logs in Carbonate Reservoirs," Geophysics, Vol. 25

No.4, Aug. 1960, p. 779

8.

Tixier, M. p.: "Porosity Index in Limestone from Electrical Logs," Oil

and Gas Journal, Nov. 15 and 22, 1951.

9.

Tixier, M P., Alger, R. p. and Tanguy, D R.:"New Developments in Induction

and Sonic Logging," Journal of Petroleum Technology (May, 1960) p. 79

10.

Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation (Editor), Log Interpretation Charts,

Houston, August, 1960.

11.

Poupon, A., Loy, M E and Tixier, M. p.: "A Contribution to Electrical

Log Interpretations in Shaly Sands," Journal of Petroleum Technology (June,
195 4 ), p. 27

12.

Tixier, M. p.: "Electric-Log Analysis in the Rocky Mountains, 11 Oil and Gas
Journal, June 23, 1949

13.

Burton, R. P.: "New Log Interpretation Techniques for the Gulf Coast," 9th
Annual Convention of GCAGS and the 1959 Fall Regional Meeting of AAPG,
Houston, Nov. 11-13, 1959

14.

Tixier, M P., McVicar ~ B. M. and Burton, R. P ~: "Progress in Sonic Log Application," The First Joint Tech. Meeting of the CIM Petroleum and Natural Gas
Div. and Rocky Mountain Sections of SPE of AIME, Calgary, Alberta, May 4-6, 1960.

15.

Millican, M. L.: "The Sonic Log and the Delaware Sand," Journal of Petroleum
Technology, Vol. 12 (Jan. 1960) p. 71.

16.

Kunz, K S. and Tixier, M p.: "Temperature Surveys in Gas Producing Wells,"

Journal of Petroleum Technology (July, 1955) p. 111.

Sonic and Neutron Logs used for porosity determination In a bedded lithology.

DEVONIAN
SONIC VS. NEUTRON

13001

SONIC

NEUTRON

-1/

I -21

"

I \

(J

GAMMA RAY
8200

POROSITY LOGS

_7

IJJ

en

.......

SANDSTONE

en

....
(J

I 2001

)~

ci

....

en
I

z
o

~ 11001
=>

I \

I \

1\

ILIMESTONE

-j

".

- - - '"

r 18 I

........... "\i:

IJJ

DOLOMITE

10001
40

50

SONIC -

)J. S EC./

F~~

70

26

micrograms

o Ra - eq/ton 7

...-::..::,

cts.lsec.
1020
1320 162

JJ. sec./ft.

421

FIG. 1

Sonic and Gamma-Gamma Density Logs used for porosity determination in a mixed lithology.

MONTOYA DOLOMITE

SONIC -

500.

GAMMA RAY

~-

NEUT RON

61

1160

~GAMMA GA~MA
3 0

450

560

~ ~

COMBINATION
I

l:::>i

L -+---t,~;;>?J-

150

4001

300,

r--~-r

')
"~

~
,/

'S' ;:

~,

<.;;

6600

.:::::>

-"'>
......
;;,
<

~ ~

LOG
2001

/;> / -

>:

<X

>-

'?

I-

~.

//I~

100 % ANHYDRITE
100,
40

,
50

LU -

60
SONIC

70

FIG. 2

Ratio of apparent porosities from Sonic and Gamma-Gamma Density Logs compared to SP in shaly sands.

4.0

3.0 I

(/)s

(/) '1 'if

2.0 I

1.0

In
~

I \0:

CURV
A

I\

1\

I I. 5

11.4

II. 3

o
I\:I

10

20

30

40

SP

(/) S

0'671
I

11.2

1\

II. I

50

70
FIG. 3

Interpretation in clean sands of high porosity (Cal ifornla).

POROSITY
SONIC a

SATURATION FROM
RESISTIVITY LOGS

Unconsolidated or Shaly Sands

HIGH POROSITY

Clean Gas Sand

Clean Oil Sand

5
10 9 . 3
(Woter Sand)
20

.-

~
-

50

30

~93
100 (Pay Sand)

Start here when

11t(shale) <: 100 -

Rmf 1.3

WL

IOOc

(s hale)

l1ig

tj zT~kI

= 5.3

fj. t

M (Unconsolidated Sand)
FIG. 4 - C

FIG. 4-.0.

@ Schlutnberger

SATURATION

DETERMINATION

5
1.0
A. Analysis of Induction-Electrical Survey and Sonic Lag.

I.

10

30

RmflRw

Normalize Sonic for compaction effects In Sand B.

SP (5lI mv.) gives Rw = 0.26

o,

20
'

40
ROS
,

1.0

.8

.6 Sxo

Then Rt/Rw = 2.4/0.26 = 9.3

This Is entered on ordinate scale of Fig. 4-e, move to the 100% Sw
line, thence downward until At (121) for this zone Is met. This establishes
2.

c lltshale (170) and provides the base for At entry for Zone
Analysis of Zone A

.o..

Rt/Rw = 24/0.26 = 93 Is entered and a horizontal line Is drawn.

&t (145) Is entered at bottom on line for cb.tshal. = 170, and a vertical

R XO
Rt

line Is drawn. The Intersection shows Sw Is low, so a fluid correction Is

required and Is made by upper part af chert. Corrected (I = 28%, and a
vertical line, dropped to Rt/Rw = 93, gives
.

I~~

Sw "" 0.32.

Analysis of Induction-Electrical Survey and Mlcrolog.

1. Analysis of Zone &

2.7

Rxa/Rt = 6.5/2.4 = 2.7; Rmf/Rw = 5.0

Fig. 4-& shows Sw = 0.75

2.

. 1:/1

2t--+-

Rxa/Rmf = 6.5/1.3 = 5; (I = 38% (see Ref. 10, page C-12)

(lhls shows Invasion Is tao shallow for the ML to read Rxa.)
Analysis of Zone A
Rxa/Rt = 18/24 = 0.75; Rmf/Rw = 5.0,
ROS=22%.

41

tt
1
ISw

in %

Sw = 0.30, and corresponding

Rxa/Rmf= 18/1.3= 13.8; (1=29%, USing ROS=22%.

WATER

SATURATION WITH

AVERAGE

ROS ASSUMED
@ Schlumberger

K=

igB

Y-40 k SD
PSP

jA2D

lig

=K

SSP
FIG. 4-&

Interpretation in very shaly sands (South Louisiana).

SONIC

.~

125

.75~SP 14~'r22.4 ~
88 ",'/

9 ,1,..--'

"

25.3

I~.l:l

25.4

1---:='0;-

Rwa AND FR/Fs

~t

16
1. ~ 18
.Q44
22.5

90

=:::-z

100

.027

23

1/>5

COMPARISON METHODS

Fs

"r

100

I .........

.........1

1.0

20

20

110-1

50

10

I 15

.5

---- -5

120

30.4 ~
30.2 g

~ t::~

16
140

21.7

12.5

21.7

12.5

lS:- I 16H

33.4
12

24.6

...

50

~t

140

RESISTIVITY

100

120

.02

FIG. 5 - B

@ Schlumberger

tty
~~

./

./

V
0.6.....

V VVV

r::V
~
le. l4

...... ,
~ _xIO

-'t

..&:,

13 ~

>"

j.-o'"

II--- I-- l -

14

V
~ ~..... V

I-SHAL ELINE

ret-,

j....--

0.2

t-"

~15
19

9x

a. = 0

~ . / / /V
)'fi~ V/

~///

~r~

Iii

SATU
AiiolN
~;%
70%
2346810
RESISTIVITY INDEX

56",

25%
20

20"0
30

FIG. 5 - C
@ Schl umberger

.05

Rwo - FLUID RES.

~-

I.

.1

.5

FIG. 5-A

Rwa(sd)
Rwa (sh)

.2

L.2

180
~

----

1.0

160

JI~I~IA

~5_

..-"---"---

14

27

10

sn.

Sonic-Resistivity Method for fresh muds--medium to low porosity

INDUCTlON- ELECTRICAL

f,

-200+1
SP

10~00

,~

Taylor County, Texas I

~ov

VI

_.\

SONIC V5. RESISTIVITY

= DEEP INDUCTION

~?i

l
n

''1''4

15

Rw

\.

RI6e

50
100

500

,r

40

115 0 F

46

58

FIG. 6 -

70
15

10

400

100

FIG. 6 - A

Rocky Mountain Method for saturation.

64

52

Vm = 21,000

,=

-~t

'"

'I'

45
F
(for m = 2.0)

Rocky Mountain Method for porosity and porosity balance.

Rz

R z Rmf

SP

Rmf

Rw Rw

K=90

12
.20
. 0

,-

10

,-

.40

,-

100
.0

.60

_70

-180
-160

-tOO

- .0
- .0

""

"" "
"
t\." I""

- .0
- 40

.7

.7

20

'0

"

+ '0

SA
7

10

"

'"'" f'\

U ATIJN IN 'Yo
20

'0

40 50

TAYLOR COUNTY
EXAMPLE

@l Schlumberger

~j

7~1

~~

100

,t

",!SO

770

10

.00

"'.

20

.00

'0

".

40

'00

Sw

MISSISSIPPI
EXAMPLE

1. If RIL I. correct-move horlzontolly, Sw. 0.21

2. If R16c I. correc.---..-o 01 450 , Sw. 0.25

SA TURATION IN %
2.0
so "0 SO 70

IS

"

D-"-

....
...
..

'"

...

\-

.\....:
\\

'"\

l...

-.l--jj-

....\

1-

'" 1\'

~--I-

~4

\".\
0."" ~

'"\

\\\; ~\

.~r
0\1

\-

"- .
'\,;'.\

---r
1

~.

1\\

.~

\~
\

.\

1\

..

~
-\--

..

r\i

'\.[

POROSITY

ISO

i\

"

"

100

.1'-

"'

RI6e/llIL 1.5 and Rmf/Rw 26

Entering t..... In Fig. 7, Swe 0.17
Thl. "chocked by knowing
the _ (16%j ond using Fig. 8.
Rllftw 040/0.052 770
Plotting thl. with Swe 0.17 shows
lie 19%. Either Rt or RII. IncOl78Ct .Inco 0 bolonce I. not obtolned.
Tho point mull bo moved to tho correct _ (16%)

'".00
.00

FIG. 7

''''''

... 10

,,-'I..

I"

''''

20

~-l

f"\

".,

'0

~:t
-~
':->"j

",

40

-~

"1'\. " f\...

.r-.... "- "- 1"- '\
1"::1".... I'.... '\1'-

50.00

60

s:
~I

"-

"-

'0
70

,,"'i

~O;'....

"

.0

10,000

~ '0

0.4,'\1:'....

RYRt I!\

+ '0
+ 40

15,000

120

1.0

0.'

"0 I

10

+ 20
.4

"

20,000

110
100

,,~

"-

""
"
"1'\
f\:I"
t\.
"- 1"1"- ,"
I.'

"- "I"....

- '0
2

.4

,~

- 70 ' "
- 60
4

17
Rt/R

130

~r

~120

'0

f:

'-

-30- 1

"

SP
K = 70

,F
FOR

POROSITY BALANCE
ROCKY MOUNTAIN METHOD

If balorn;e does not eleiit,

move from thit calculated
porosity.
a) along

Cl

45 Itne until

:=(=c~~~i.*

(Ri Method)

b) along a horl;lontal I1ne

rt~tt'(:=~c~i~~::;r
i.e. FRz >

(Archie Method)

R16~

This Fino! po,nt ind,'catei a

more CorAct
Beware of

Sow.

high Sf'

when the finol Sw

~~

The;lane may be wet.

11m,

E>cceplion: When Induction is used,

and Rl6c/RIL < 1.2 for SFF-40,

and < 1.4 for 6FF40, RtL::::: Rt.

"'St1

r\

'. \1
.

,j
FIG

@l Schlumberger

Log combination for very deep invasion (Mississippi).

PROXIMITY MICROLOG
6

CALIPER

"'-.l

10

161

IND. - ELEC'I
1090

5aO

510

"

Resistivity logs used in ~I Grand Slam~1 interpretation (Texas Panhandle).

SONIC

100

40

10

100

\
,~

"

JfL.INDUCTION

'--_c

/I I-

5FF40

) 'C

"

')

",
)

,, /

,:>
,

-200

"

--;i
,

::I'

----"'

FIG. 9

FIG. 10

Logs in anhydritic dolomite--reef structure (Abo,

i

---

--:;7'11---Data used to obtain Sonic-porosity relation.

113

Proximity
20 ohm"'"

Sonic l>t
73 Itsec./ft.

30"

69.5

"

40"
66"
277
22"
72.5 "
Porosity Is scaled using Vm = 20,500 and Vf =5300
At f1 = 10%, RPL = 60; Rmf = 60/90 = 0.67
254

10

60
5

Sw =

R1WRIL = 23/3 = 7.7; Rmf/Rw =

Fig. 7 gives Sw = 0.75

11,.1.30

...---~
..::.:.
,:>

'---

'0

;~

70
15

= at
lb

90

( far F

..-:.::::.
-'

,-

1<...

--:':;~

184001

..

=~)
f1 2.15

- - ::--=-:

-I=lcJ2SQ
~

c.:.-- -

J2 "" 0.47

Rocky Mountain Solution

10

1000

= 33 x 0.02 = 0.66

RIL = 3.0,

12

<1>.... ,

100

150

Measured Rmf = 0.68. Therefare trend line shows no oil.

Zone at 10,110, average l>t = 72 Itsec . '. f1 = 16%
Archie Solution

Ro =FRw

1560

.,;;;;;;;;;',...::;;;;;;;

NEUTRON

50 R P L

'"

NEUTRON

360

j/i",20

Depth
10,110

New Mexico).

i 10

= 34

o
w
I

~'........

<:::
GAMMA RAY

18700

5~
LATEROLOG
c-_-=-~
-_-_-

-,>

-l~

<

_ _ _ .. J

,..:>

~===-

:=::1::r=-----I
~-~~
Z
I Rmf ~-;:o-- - d = 7-7/8
-- -

11

FIG. 11

Logs and interpretation--fresh formation waters (Tensleep, Wyoming)

I

ML

- - ; .... -

.",.

Xi"----.-

j-

dOO

Rw = 0.78
150

e.,i{

-1250

IOJ

X: 13

RLL

: X8

~ __ XII -1500
\01
12

X3

1000
2000
5000
10000
FIG. 12-A

46

Logs in salt mud--high porosity sands (South Louisiana).

INDUCTION- ELECTRICAL

I sp

11 !
.J ll.;1-"

90

Ii

4 0 1 7 M 10

\6" NORM.
----

<[ )

f-----f---llJ'l

'J

10500

~.

. .~
t
"-

.-

'J?{~

}')

,L

Rmf 02 (Q) 180 0

Irr

R me . 06 (Q) 180 0
FIG. 13

SP = +.j() mv.; Rmf= 0.02 at ISO; (Rmfle = 0.009

(Rmflel(Rwle = 0.33; (Rwle = 0.027; Rw = 0.035 at ISO"
In Water ICInd
Ra=O.#; F= 12.5; ",'=25%
l>t=90, andwlthVm= 18,000, '=26%
In all >and

Max. Rt near tcp of sand = 4.0; Rt/Rw= 114; 01= 105

Fig. 4-Cslve. Sw= 0.24,'.33%

58

64

70
II'

FIG. 12-8

MICROLOG

SONIC

10140

52
10

17

76

CO

(for m = 2.0)

The Laterolog value at point 12 Is 570 and the 10 Me value directly above Is

265. The Resl.tlvlty Index I. therefare 570/26.5 or 21.5.

_LH

r/)

Interpretation in salt mud--carbonate rocks {North Dakota}.

M ICROLA TEROLOG
10

16

RES.

SONIC

20

60

10

GR

......

MICROCALIPER

I
I

Salt mud methods using Laterolog plus Microlaterolog or Neutron (Kansas).

o
20
----,.

40

LATEROLOG
RES. 1500
CONDo

MICROLATEROLOG
RES.
501

010

'-~

3.0

<~

_--

_ ..JI .;::----=:- ..
~- _::::.,

\
79< ~? I?
_",::- -::::l:$

21

.-

B~f ~i ~cl~~ _i!--=

IZE

-,

- 13

,,>

--c--"

.-'

Il

./

o GAMMA

1""':'--

_C3

>

1000

= .02

Rm BHT

RAY 7.

480 NEUTRON 1280

FIG. 15

(cj) 215F
FIG. 14 - A

SO~IC

yS. R~SISJTIVIT,\ ,1.0

MLL
oLL3

Inverted oil emulsion mud--shaly sands {California} .

9 -d.5
GAMMA RAY

13

>

~OLI.

40500
3.8

IRwa
.27

--12.5

I I

SONIC LOG

RESISTIVITY!CONDUCTIVITY
RIL

~'/~O

INDUCTION LOG

Rmf =: Rw

0150

1M
fiOO

4.8

.32

98

5.7

1.2

130~

40

4.4

.50

6.0

.52

110
105

29.5
26

3.9

.27

100

.28

107

y~5

I ./1I
1./

/X

10

r
20

~p/
~~o, I 1_::

45

51

57 10 63

100
~I'"

lA_O

69

75

29

25

~A t

NOTE: LHsh 113 at 2470

C 1.2

C1>

(for m

=2.0>

FIG. 16

Permeabi Iity in oil sands.

Logs and interpretation for gas-filled holes--gas reservoir.

INDUCTION IGAMMA GAMMAITEMPERATURE

DENSITY

JQ.O

560

,,

.7

,,:

"
t"

'"

c:
o
N .6

",.

c:

",,

en
c:
~ .5

i
:
,,

000

I-

'"o>

t,
:.------::.--i420

J:l

<til
c:

r'>'---

-;.---:-

1340

."

2000

:::J

"'---"$.

~.30

.........

(/)

(":-

4000

FIG. 17-A

o
:;t .20

INDUCTION - GAMMA GAMMA

6 1/4" GAS-FILLED HOLE
2000,

1\11

I ,"

I
iI:
(/)

I
.10

1000 I

I ,\

I.

I I " ..... I

I
5

4001

\B'J I

II

"k I

200

Rw

1001

_
'{,' 'J
-11~Y\1v+~~-J--

401

VI

It' """

Ir

'~J

(,,)

"E

0>

....>-

2.9

II

"",b''' I

01>L]::0

u; 2.8
z

ILl

<
0::

~1---l----4-+--l------,4----ILI

MESTONE
/
I
L...t---l--....4---+-'---l----ISA NOSTONE

(!)

FIG. 17 - 8
@

Schlumberger

15

<1>-%

20

25

30

35

40

Porosity
FIG. 1"8

...lit.

'0

Schlumberger