BERNADETTE ARDE

NURSING ETHICS

Barbara Carpers patterns of knowing try to explicate or expound

how we know what we already know. She discusses four types of
knowing: empirical, personal, ethical and aesthetic.
Empirical knowledge is what we know through our physical
senses. Like on what we hear, see, taste or touch. These are handled
through quantitative methods of discovery. It is also based on scientific
evidence, factual and objective descriptions. An example of ethical
dilemma of this is, a nurse is admitting a patient having chest pain.
And if by chance without any further assessment, the doctor/nurse
may have misinterpreted the patients situation. Some assessments
also include with audible wheezes, crackles and is short of breath. The
patient also stated that he has history of COPD and has used home O2.
With these symptoms it may appear that the patient is having COPD
exacerbation. The empirical way of knowing, the nurse and the doctor
gain a clearer picture of the patient get the care she needed.
Ethical knowledge requires us to make judgment on what is right
or wrong, good or bad, desirable or undesirable varies with different
cultures. An example of this is comparing Filipinos to Americans. Family
life in the US they leave home at the age of 18 and the state take care
of the parents in old age. Here in the Philippines the children never
leave home and care for their parents till they die. None of this is
negative, just different. Science has very little to say about right or
wrong. This really comes from culture and personal beliefs.
Personal knowledge is based on firsthand experience and selfawareness. It enables the nurse practitioner to relate to the patient
with empathy in an authentic manner. An example of this is, patient XX
likes to eat apple with rice and enjoys eating it to bits. The patient feel
it is of significance, but no-one else sees it or feels that way, then that
is his personal experience and is relative to anyone elses. It is largely
subjective and works as an explanation of the self-perception for
individual. As for explaining why we feel as we do and react to thing it
has value. However for everyday practical issues it is fairly useless in
terms of being able to explain any other shared experience or
phenomena.
Aesthetic knowledge is attenuated with art of nursing. Calls of
recognizing and appreciating the unique qualities of individual
patients, as well as responding with comparison and understanding to
help patients navigate to recovery process. It is based on intuitive and
abductive reasoning process which we know are flawed processes in

truth processing rationale. An example of this is, empathy is hugely

problematic for us health practitioners, as we are not our patients, and
so trying to put ourselv es in their situation would seem very unwise as
it will reflect what we think we would feel if we were them, not what
they actually feel.
BERNADETTE R. ARDE
BIOETHICS
Does the emphasis of patients right weakens or strengthens the
relationship between them and the nurse? Does the emphasis on patients
right improve or lower the quality of Health Care?
All patients have the right to receive safe service that respects
all of their core values. The basic rights of human beings, such as
concern for personal dignity, are always of great importance. The
function of patient rights is to help improve patient outcomes by
respecting each patient's rights and conducting clinical and health
organization relationships in an ethical manner. The nurses primary
professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care. In
providing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which the
human rights, values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual,
family and community are respected. The nurse ensures that the
individual receives accurate, sufficient and timely information in a
culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for care and
related treatment. The nurse holds in confidence personal information
and uses judgment in sharing this information. All of these are
responsibilities of the nurse to her clients. And yes I do believe that this
Patients right strengthens the relationship between the client and the
nurse. For these rights will stand as their mutual understanding and a
start for their rapport and relationship towards the end of the clients
treatment. So it is very important and crucial for these Rights to be
followed. But just as the patients, It is not only the patients who have a
Bill of Rights. Nurses too, have one. A good example is the one
advocated by the American Nurses Association and adopted by its
Board of Directors on June 26 2001 which is produced as follows:
1.Nurses have the right to practice in a manner that fulfills their
obligations to society and to those who receive nursing care.2.Nurses
have the right to practice in environment that allow them to act in
accordance with professional standards and legally authorized scopes
of practice.3.Nurses have the right to a work environment that
supports and facilitates ethical practice, in accordance with the Code

of Ethics for Nurses and its interpretive statements. 4. Nurses have

the right to freely and openly advocate for themselves and their
patients, without fear of retribution. 5. Nurses have the right to fair
compensation for
their work
consistent
with their
knowledge,
experience, and professional responsibilities. 6. Nurses have the
right to a work environment that is sale for themselves and their
patients. 7. Nurse have the right to negotiate the conditions of their
employment, either as individuals or collectively, in all practice
settings. Just as any relationship, Mutual respect is indeed needed.

Justify your moral decision in the right of the ethical theory of your presence
in the situation.
You were nurse in the Middle East and were raped by terrorist
when they invaded your workplace, for instance, that you failed to
prevent conception after the sexual assault, and you became pregnant
as a result, would you or would you not bring your pregnancy to term?
I might feel a range of emotions, from fear to confusion
and numbness. I may feel like deny that I am pregnant, or that
the pregnancy could be a result of the rape. I may be wondering
what on earth Im going to do. But I will try my very best to
engage good support as you weigh up my options.
Rape-related pregnancy is something that many people have
strong opinions about. I might hear advice that, though well
intentioned, is not what is suitable for me and my life. People
with a pro-abortion, pro-life or pro-adoption position may use
language about what is right for I that can feel coercive and
pressurizing. Of course, many people who hold definite positions
are also able to be respectful of other's opinions and beliefs
without imposing their own; it's just something else for I to be
aware of. And That I need options.
I would be a fool if I say straight up; I will not abort the
baby and not think twice. Having the thought of having a baby
inside of my womb from a person terrorist itself is a nightmare
for me and for anyone. And to think that I need to endure the 9
months of having a baby being a raped victim would be a torture
for me. Every day of my life then will remind me of what had
happened to me under the arms of a monster( I cannot think of
any other words to describe these kinds of people).

In my opinion, a baby that is a product of rape should not

be killed. It is not the fault of the baby that it has been brought
into the world. Why should the life of the baby be sacrificed
because of the indignity suffered against the woman? Yes, I
know rape is horrible, and that it is wrong. I know the woman
has the right of self-protection and emotional security. But I also
know that love is greater than all these things, and few things on
earth have greater love than a mother for her child.
I know some will strongly object and say that my attitude is
callous and insensitive to the needs of the woman. Indeed, a
woman impregnated through rape has suffered greatly; and
bearing the child would certainly be a reminder of the horrible
incident. The "father" would not support the child, and the
mother would be left to raise the child on her own. Without a
doubt, the woman gets the raw end of the deal.
It is only natural, then, for a woman to want to protect
herself physically, emotionally, and financially by removing from
her very body that which has invaded her through rape. I cannot
blame a woman for desiring to justify an abortion intellectually
and emotionally in this case. But still, in spite of the great
indignity against the woman and in spite of the emotional and
financial hardships she would bear in the future, must the child
be required to pay for the sin of the rapist? Is it right to kill the
child who is not at fault? Is it right to take the life of someone
who has done nothing wrong? In civilized nations, protection of
the innocent is a primary concern. In the hearts of mothers, love
should win out. Love that sacrifices and gives life, instead of
taking it, should be the goal. Just as Jesus loved us and
sacrificed Himself for us so that we might have life, so too should
the mother give life to the child. Is it fair? No. It wasn't fair for
Jesus to die for us either, but He did it anyway. He showed us
what true love really is.
For those who place no credence in God's word nor the
sacrifice of Christ, it all comes down to the person's values. If a
woman considers the life in her womb to have human nature,
even though it is the product of rape, then she will be more likely
to spare its life. However, if she considers what is alive in her to

be nothing more than an invasive parasite, then killing it would

be easier to do.

You have a 13 year old daughter who have been sexually

assaulted by her own grandfather and has become pregnant. Would
you have the fetus be aborted or advise your daughter to give birth to
it?
This would be a disaster if such thing would happen to my
daughter in the future. First and foremost I will ask her what she
would like to happen, If she would want to keep the baby or not.
But at her age, being a mother and a rape victim would be too
much for her to take.
I am a nurse and a pro life. But having this situation
happen to a 13 year old and is my daughter. I will not be
arrogant and tell I will let her keep the child. But I think Aborting
the baby would be my choice. I cannot take the thought that my
child will carry a rapist child for 9months and just watch her
endure the pain whether its physically emotionally. That would
be the hardest part. Seeing your precious child hurt everyday of
her young life. This would be too much for her, for me and for the
family. It might be cruel but to me cruelty is not giving her the
normal life she deserves.

Jerome Sumabat
Ethics

Nursing

Carper Four Ways of Knowing and Different Types of Nursing Theories It

is essential in nursing to continue learning and applying knowledge to the
everyday practice. In doing so, it is important to understand how to organize,
test, and apply knowledge to nursing. Barbara Carper identified four
fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing which are necessary for the
teaching and learning of nursing. Carper's four fundamental patterns of
knowing in nursing are defined as empirical, ethical, personal and aesthetic.

With empirical knowing, science of nursing can be categorized into

general law and theories Nursing attempts to assess knowledge, question its
validity and take the information and incorporate it into specific situations.
This can be expressed in facts, specific concept or theory which can be used
to predict specific outcomes. An example of ethical dilemma of this is, a
nurse is admitting a patient having chest pain. And if by chance without any
further assessment, the doctor/nurse may have misinterpreted the patients
situation. Some assessments also include with audible wheezes, crackles and
is short of breath. The patient also stated that he has history of COPD and
has used home O2. With these symptoms it may appear that the patient is
having COPD exacerbation. The empirical way of knowing, the nurse and the
doctor gain a clearer picture of the patient get the care she needed.
Ethical knowledge is based on attitude/knowledge derived from an
ethical framework, including awareness of moral questions and choices.
Requires us to make judgment on what is right or wrong, good or bad,
desirable or undesirable varies with different cultures. An example of this is
comparing Filipinos to Americans. Family life in the US they leave home at
the age of 18 and the state take care of the parents in old age. Here in the
Philippines the children never leave home and care for their parents till they
die. None of this is negative, just different. Science has very little to say
about right or wrong. This really comes from culture and personal beliefs.
Personal knowledge is based on firsthand experience and selfawareness. It enables the nurse practitioner to relate to the patient with
empathy in an authentic manner. An example of this is, patient XX likes to
eat apple with rice and enjoys eating it to bits. The patient feel it is of
significance, but no-one else sees it or feels that way, then that is his
personal experience and is relative to anyone elses. It is largely subjective
and works as an explanation of the self-perception for individual. As for
explaining why we feel as we do and react to thing it has value. However for
everyday practical issues it is fairly useless in terms of being able to explain
any other shared experience or phenomena.
Aesthetic
knowledge
is
attenuated with art of nursing. Calls of recognizing and appreciating the
unique qualities of individual patients, as well as responding with comparison
and understanding to help patients navigate to recovery process. It is based
on intuitive and abductive reasoning process which we know are flawed
processes in truth processing rationale. An example of this is, empathy is
hugely problematic for us health practitioners, as we are not our patients,
and so trying to put ourselv es in their situation would seem very unwise as
it will reflect what we think we would feel if we were them, not what they
actually feel.
JEROME SUMABAT
BIOETHICS

Does the emphasis of patients right weakens or strengthens the

relationship between them and the nurse? Does the emphasis on patients
right improve or lower the quality of Health Care?
All patients have the right to receive safe service that respects
all of their core values. The basic rights of human beings, such as
concern for personal dignity, are always of great importance. The
function of patient rights is to help improve patient outcomes by
respecting each patient's rights and conducting clinical and health
organization relationships in an ethical manner. The nurses primary
professional responsibility is to people requiring nursing care. In
providing care, the nurse promotes an environment in which the
human rights, values, customs and spiritual beliefs of the individual,
family and community are respected. The nurse ensures that the
individual receives accurate, sufficient and timely information in a
culturally appropriate manner on which to base consent for care and
related treatment. The nurse holds in confidence personal information
and uses judgment in sharing this information. All of these are
responsibilities of the nurse to her clients. And yes I do believe that this
Patients right strengthens the relationship between the client and the
nurse. For these rights will stand as their mutual understanding and a
start for their rapport and relationship towards the end of the clients
treatment. So it is very important and crucial for these Rights to be
followed. But just as the patients, It is not only the patients who have a
Bill of Rights. Nurses too, have one. A good example is the one
advocated by the American Nurses Association and adopted by its
Board of Directors on June 26 2001 which is produced as follows:
1.Nurses have the right to practice in a manner that fulfills their
obligations to society and to those who receive nursing care.2.Nurses
have the right to practice in environment that allow them to act in
accordance with professional standards and legally authorized scopes
of practice.3.Nurses have the right to a work environment that
supports and facilitates ethical practice, in accordance with the Code
of Ethics for Nurses and its interpretive statements. 4. Nurses have
the right to freely and openly advocate for themselves and their
patients, without fear of retribution. 5. Nurses have the right to fair
compensation for
their work
consistent
with their
knowledge,
experience, and professional responsibilities. 6. Nurses have the
right to a work environment that is sale for themselves and their
patients. 7. Nurse have the right to negotiate the conditions of their

employment, either as individuals or collectively, in all practice

settings. Just as any relationship, Mutual respect is indeed needed.

Justify your moral decision in the right of the ethical theory of your presence
in the situation.
You were nurse in the Middle East and were raped by terrorist
when they invaded your workplace, for instance, that you failed to
prevent conception after the sexual assault, and you became pregnant
as a result, would you or would you not bring your pregnancy to term?
I might feel a range of emotions, from fear to confusion
and numbness. I may feel like deny that I am pregnant, or that
the pregnancy could be a result of the rape. I may be wondering
what on earth Im going to do. But I will try my very best to
engage good support as you weigh up my options.
Rape-related pregnancy is something that many people have
strong opinions about. I might hear advice that, though well
intentioned, is not what is suitable for me and my life. People
with a pro-abortion, pro-life or pro-adoption position may use
language about what is right for I that can feel coercive and
pressurizing. Of course, many people who hold definite positions
are also able to be respectful of other's opinions and beliefs
without imposing their own; it's just something else for I to be
aware of. And That I need options.
I would be a fool if I say straight up; I will not abort the
baby and not think twice. Having the thought of having a baby
inside of my womb from a person terrorist itself is a nightmare
for me and for anyone. And to think that I need to endure the 9
months of having a baby being a raped victim would be a torture
for me. Every day of my life then will remind me of what had
happened to me under the arms of a monster( I cannot think of
any other words to describe these kinds of people).
In my opinion, a baby that is a product of rape should not
be killed. It is not the fault of the baby that it has been brought
into the world. Why should the life of the baby be sacrificed
because of the indignity suffered against the woman? Yes, I
know rape is horrible, and that it is wrong. I know the woman
has the right of self-protection and emotional security. But I also
know that love is greater than all these things, and few things on
earth have greater love than a mother for her child.

I know some will strongly object and say that my attitude is

callous and insensitive to the needs of the woman. Indeed, a
woman impregnated through rape has suffered greatly; and
bearing the child would certainly be a reminder of the horrible
incident. The "father" would not support the child, and the
mother would be left to raise the child on her own. Without a
doubt, the woman gets the raw end of the deal.
It is only natural, then, for a woman to want to protect
herself physically, emotionally, and financially by removing from
her very body that which has invaded her through rape. I cannot
blame a woman for desiring to justify an abortion intellectually
and emotionally in this case. But still, in spite of the great
indignity against the woman and in spite of the emotional and
financial hardships she would bear in the future, must the child
be required to pay for the sin of the rapist? Is it right to kill the
child who is not at fault? Is it right to take the life of someone
who has done nothing wrong? In civilized nations, protection of
the innocent is a primary concern. In the hearts of mothers, love
should win out. Love that sacrifices and gives life, instead of
taking it, should be the goal. Just as Jesus loved us and
sacrificed Himself for us so that we might have life, so too should
the mother give life to the child. Is it fair? No. It wasn't fair for
Jesus to die for us either, but He did it anyway. He showed us
what true love really is.
For those who place no credence in God's word nor the
sacrifice of Christ, it all comes down to the person's values. If a
woman considers the life in her womb to have human nature,
even though it is the product of rape, then she will be more likely
to spare its life. However, if she considers what is alive in her to
be nothing more than an invasive parasite, then killing it would
be easier to do.

You have a 13 year old daughter who have been sexually

assaulted by her own grandfather and has become pregnant. Would
you have the fetus be aborted or advise your daughter to give birth to
it?

This would be a disaster if such thing would happen to my

daughter in the future. First and foremost I will ask her what she
would like to happen, If she would want to keep the baby or not.
But at her age, being a mother and a rape victim would be too
much for her to take.
I am a nurse and a pro life. But having this situation
happen to a 13 year old and is my daughter. I will not be
arrogant and tell I will let her keep the child. But I think Aborting
the baby would be my choice. I cannot take the thought that my
child will carry a rapist child for 9months and just watch her
endure the pain whether its physically emotionally. That would
be the hardest part. Seeing your precious child hurt everyday of
her young life. This would be too much for her, for me and for the
family. It might be cruel but to me cruelty is not giving her the
normal life she deserves.